'■i^i]i'i\iii\;mitt<^^'"^''^^^^^^^^-- (PROCEEDINGS OF The Academy of Niatural Sciences OF PHILADELPHIA Volume LXX 1918 philadelphia : The Academy of Natural Sciences LOGAN SQUARE 1919 The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. AprH 10, 1919. I hereby certify that printed copies of the Proceedings for 1918 were mailed as follows: Pages 1-64 April 11, 1918 65-96 May 28,1918 97-112 May 30,1918 113-138 July 19,1918 139-186 September 6, 1918 187-234 October 2, 1918 235-280 '. December 4, 1918 281-328 February 21, 1919 329-360 April 10, 1919 EDWARD J. NOLAN, Recording Secretary. PUBLICATION committee: Henry Skinner, M.D., Sc.D., Witmer Stone, A.M., Sc.D., Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., William J. Fox, Edward J. Nolan, M.D., Sc.D. The President, J OKN Cadwalader, A.M., LL.D., ex-officio. EDITOR: Edward J. Nolan, M.D., Sc.D. CONTENTS. For Announcements, Reports, etc., see General Index. PAGE BoDiNE, Joseph Hall. Experimental results in Ischnura and Enallagma 103 Cadwalader, John. Legal attainments of Doctor Dixon 116 Calvert, Philip P. Eruptions of the Costa Rican Volcano Irazuin 1917-18 73 Carroll, Mitchel, The hind-gut, abdominal tracheae and rectal respiration in the larva of Mecistogaster modes- tus from Costa Rica 86 CoNKLiN, Edwin Grant. In memoriam, Samuel Gibson Dixon, M.D., LL.D., Sc.D 115 Cullen, Anna M. Rectal tracheation of Argia putrida 75 CuLLEN, Anna M., Janet P. Jamieson, Mitchel Carroll, and Joseph Hall Bodine. The rectal tracheation and rectal respiration of the larvae of Odonata zygoptera 75 Fowler, Henry W. New and little-known fishes from the Philippine Islands 2 A new Characin from Paraguay. 141 In memory of Samuel Gibson Dixon, M.D., LL.D., Sc.D 115 Jamieson, Janet P. The tracheal supply of the rectum of the larvae of Argia talamanca from Juan Vinas, Costa Rica 81 Jordan, David Starr. Notes on Gistel's Genera of Fishes 335 New Genera of Fishes 341 PiLSBRY, Henry A. On the generic position of Sonorella wolcottiana Bartsch 139 Pilsbry, Henry A. and James H. Ferriss. Mollusca of the southwestern States — IX. The Santa Catalina, Rin- con, Tortillita and Galiuro Mountains — X. The mountains of the Gila headwaters. Plates III-VII 282 Rehn, James A. G. On a collection of Orthoptera from the State of Pard, Brazil (Plates I, II) 144 RoYER, B. Franklin. Dr. Dixon's work in sanitary science 127 Stone, WiTMER. Dr. Dixon's life and services to the Academy 120 Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel 239 Vanatta, E. G. Two new shells from Hayti 237 Wade, Bruce. New generic names for Upper Cretaceous Gastropoda...... 114 / (. 3 "^ !>' PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 1918. January^l5. Henry Skinner, M.D., Sc.D., in the Chair. Thirty-one persons present. The PubUcation Committee reported the presentation of papers for pubHcation as follows: "The Meteor Crater of Arizona," by Beeby Thompson. "Contributions a I'histoire naturelle du f er du Canyon Diablo," par Stanilas Meunier. "New and little-known fishes from the Philippine Islands," by Henry W. Fowler. Dr. Harley Stamp made a communication entitled: An Anthro- pological Amateur in Alaska, Siberia, and the Arctic, illustrated by colored lantern slides. (No abstract). The deaths of Caleb Cresson, December 30, 1917, and Joseph P. Remington, January 1, 1918, members, were announced. Andrew J. Carty and Annabella E. Richards, were elected members. The following was ordered to be printed: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN FISHES FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. BY HENRY W FOWLER. During the past summer the writer had opportunity to study the collection of fishes in the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia, obtained some years previously from the Philippine Government. Dr. William P. Wilson, the Director of the Commercial Museums, very kindly offered every assistance in this work and through him a series of the duplicates, including the more important species of scientific interest, have been received into the collection of the Acad- emy. Though the specimens are usually without detailed localities, most were probably obtained near Manila. Others were collected and shipped to Manila, so that no localities are here noted other than the islands as a whole. In some instances the native names were also preserved, although many have been lost prior to my examination. The characteristic richness in species of the great East Indian fauna is at once apparent in even a cursory study of such a collection. Twenty-six species are described as new and figured. An imperfectly known rare cardinal-fish is redescribed. Scoliodon walbeehmii (Bleeker). Four small examples, the largest about 305 mm. Mouth little longer than wide. Teeth entire or nearly so. Upper jaw with short labial fold. Anal fin length little less than its distance from ventrals. Outer pectoral angle nearly a right angle. Mobula eregoodoo-tenkee (Cuvier). Young example with umbilical cord and egg-sac. Tail short, not half length of disk. Teeth numerous, little distinct. Cephalic fins curved inward, and front flange folds upward so tips well overlap. Last gill-openings each side wider than interspace. Small dorsal over ventral. Skin smooth. Color uniform pale brown, edges of cephalic fins darker. Eyes slaty. Disk length 254 mm., width much greater. PisoodonopMs cancrivorus (Richardaon). Giinther gives coloration uniform, with more or less distinct blackish spot forward on dorsal. Bleeker quotes Richardson that the lateral line is not present and in the latter's figure it is so indicated. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 3 My five examples all show it. Richardson's figure has a much smaller eye and has no pores behind the eye. Jordan and Richard- son give the chin and throat pale yellow in life, and the pectoral yellowish; in my examples, muzzle and head below dusky or soiled blackish. Pisoodonophis boro (B. Hamilton). Several, with very fine longitudinal wrinkles or grooves, mostly parallel, on pharynx Jordan and Richardson omit this species from their check-list, though Giinther previously recorded an adult from Zebu.i Hemiramphus limbatUS Valenciennes. Large series, all small, and with broken beaks. These show: Head 4^ to 41; depth 7f to 8f ; D. ii, 12 or 13; A. in, 12 or 13; scales 46 to 52 in lateral row to caudal base, and 6 to 9 more on latter; predorsal scales 42 to 47 ; snout 2| to 3 in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye 3f to 4|; maxillary 3 to 3f ; interorbital 3| to 4; rakers 5 to 7 + 10 to 17, lanceolate, about f of filaments and latter 2 in eye; length 80 to 118 mm. Probably Oxyporhamphus hrevis Seale belongs in Arrhamphus Giinther (type A. sclerolepis Giinther) or the short-billed forms with short pectorals. Mugil ruthveni sp. nov. Fig. 1. Head 3|; depth 3f ; D. IV-I, 8; A. HI, 8, i; P. i, 14; V. I, 5; scales 30 in lateral series from gill-opening above to caudal base, and 3 more large ones on latter; 11 scales between second dorsal and anal origins; 20 predorsal scales; head width 1^ its length; head depth If; snout 3f ; eye 4^; mouth width 3f ; interorbital 2|; first dorsal spine If; first dorsal ray If; third anal spine 2^; first anal ray If; least depth of caudal peduncle 2^; pectoral 1|; ventral 1^. Body elongate, with fusiform contour, compressed, deepest at spinous dorsal origin. Caudal peduncle compressed, least depth about 1| its length. Head robust, somewhat constricted below, profiles alike. Snout moderately broad, convex as viewed above, length nearly half its 1 The American species described by Goode and Bean and referred to Pisoo- ■donophis is evidently different in its serpent-like head, strong neck-muscles and constriction of the head somewhat as in Derichthys. It may, therefore, stand as a distinct subgenus. Omochelys subgen. nov. Type Pisoodonophis cruentifer Goode and Bean. Differs from subgenus Pisoodonophis in having the dorsal inserted behind the pectoral. {Qijoc, cruel; £YX^''^vg^ eel; with reference to its savage habits.) PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., width. Eye circular, hind edge about half a pupil-diameter before center in head length. Adipose-eyelids well developed, posterior extends over last tliird of eye and anterior very narrow. Mouth slightly inferior, corner falls about opposite front nostril. Mandib- ular angle very broad, obtuse, symphysis forming little knob which fits in depression above. Teeth minute, uniserial in upper jaw, obsolete in mandible. Lips rather fleshy, upper jaw width about half of pupil. Inner buccal folds moderately broad, upper little broader. Tongue small, tip free, elongate. Maxillary exposed, not quite to eye. Lower preorbital edge straight, with minute denticles. Front nostril about last f in snout, simple pore with slight cutaneous rim. Hind nostril short vertical slit, little nearer front nostril than eye. Interorbital broadly convex. Mugil ruthveni sp. nov. Gill-opening forward about midway in eye. Rakers about 30+46, slender, fine, 2| in filaments and latter about equal eye. Pseudo- branchiae about half of gill-filaments. Isthmus narrowly con- stricted, smooth. Scales large, in even longitudinal series. Head scaly, scales smaller below, and extends well forward on snout though not to its edge. Scaly pointed flap along spinous dorsal base If in fin. Short scaly pectoral flap (damaged). Axillary ventral flap 2| in fin. Broad scaly flap between ventral bases half of fin. Soft dorsal and anal scaly over basal halves. Caudal largely covered with small scales. Pectoral with small scales basally. Ventral scaly. Three scales be- tween dorsal spine tips and soft dorsal origin. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 5 Spinous dorsal inserted about midway between front of eye and caudal base, first spine longest and depressed fin 1| to soft dorsal origin. Latter nearly an eye-diameter nearer caudal base than spinous dorsal origin, depressed fin 1| to caudal base. Anal origin nearer caudal base than ventral origin, depressed fin If to caudal base. Caudal emarginate behind, 3| in head and trunk, lobes about equal. Pectoral short, broad, Ij to spinous dorsal origin. Ventral inserted about opposite middle in depressed pectoral, If to anal. Vent close before anal origin. Color in alcohol dull brownish generally, slightly tinted olivaceous on back. Fins all pale, and hind caudal edge narrowly dusky. Iris pale slaty. Peritoneum blackish. No dark blotch at shoulder or pectoral base. Length 240 mm. Type, No. 47,478, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Only the type known. The dark hind caudal edge is suggestive of Mugil sundanensis Bleeker,- but that species has 9 branched anal rays, preorbital deeply notched, snout long as eye, etc. (Named for Dr. Alexander G. Ruthven, of the University of Michi- gan, well known among leading herpetologists, who has written on Michigan fishes.) Mugil ogilbyi sp. nov. Fig. 2. Head 3|; depth 3f ; D. IV-I, 8; A. Ill, 9; P. i, 14; V. I, 5; scales 28 in lateral series from gill-opening above to caudal base and 4 more large ones on latter; 10 scales between second dorsal and anal origins; 20 predorsal scales; head width 1| its length; head depth 1|; snout 3|; eye 4|; mouth width 3^; interorbital 2j; first dorsal spine 1^; first dorsal ray 1|; third anal spine 2f ; first anal ray 1|; least depth of caudal peduncle 2|; pectoral 1^; ventral 1^. Body elongate, contour fusiform with lower profile slightly more convex, deepest at spinous dorsal origin. Caudal peduncle com- pressed, least depth 1| its length. Head robust, very slightly constricted below, lower profile slightly more convex and inclined. Snout broad, widely convex as viewed above, length about | its width. Eye circular, hind edge anterior to center in head length about diameter of pupil. Adipose-eyelids 2 Nat. Tijds. Ned. Indie, IV, 1853, p. 265. Benctilen-Sumatra. Batavia, Java. Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., Ill, 1861, p. 425 (copied). 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP [Jan.^ little developed, posterior extends over last fifth of eye and anterior very narrow. Mouth little inferior, and corner falls opposite front nostril. Mandibular angle very broad, obtuse, symphysis forming little knob which fits in depression above. Teeth very minute, uniserial in upper jaw, apparently absent in lower. Lips rather fleshy, width of upper about y of pupil. Inner buccal folds mod- erately broad, upper little broader. Tongue small, tip free, elongate. Maxillary exposed, about to eye. Lower preorbital edge slightly curved, with few very minute obsolete denticles. Front nostril about last f in snout, simple pore with slight cutaneous rim. Hind nostril short vertical slit, little nearer front nostril than eye. Interorbital broadly convex. Fig. 2. — Mugil ogilbyi sp. nov. Gill-opening forward about opposite front pupil edge. Rakers about 35-F52, slender, fine, 2 J in filaments and latter 1| in eye. Pseudobranchiae about 1| in gill-filaments. Isthmus narrow, constricted, with median groove. Scales large, in even lengthwise series. Head scaly, scales smaller below, and extend well forward on snout, though not to its edge. Scaly pointed flap along spinous dorsal base half depressed fin length. Scaly flap in pectoral axil | of fin. Axillary ventral scaly flap 2| in fin. Broad scaly flap between ventral bases 2 in fin. Soft dorsal and anal scaly over basal halves. Caudal largely scaly, fewer scales about pectoral basally. Ventral with many small scales. Four scales between dorsal spine tips and soft dorsal origin. 1918.] NATUKAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 7 Spinous dorsal inserted midway between hind nostril and caudal base, first spine very slightly longer than second' depressed fin 1| to soft dorsal origin. Last slightly nearer caudal base than spinous dorsal origin, depressed fin 1| to caudal base. Anal origin little nearer caudal base than ventral origin, depressed fin If to caudal base. Caudal emarginate behind, about equals head in length, lobes about equal. Pectoral short, broad, 1^ to spinous dorsal. Ventral inserted near last third of depressed pectoral, reaches half way to anal. Vent close before anal origin. Color in alcohol dull brownish generally, upper surface tinged with olivaceous. Pockets of fallen scales exposed with more or less dusky. Traces of darker lengthwise streaks, one to each row of scales along back. Dorsals and caudal tinted with pale dusky, though hind edge of latter not dark. Pectoral brownish and other fins pale. Iris pale slaty. Peritoneum blackish. No dark shoulder spot or at pectoral base. Length 210 mm. Type, 47,479, A. N. S. P. Pliilippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Also No. 47,480, paratype, same data. Head 3|; depth 3|; D. IV-I, 8; A. Ill, 9, i; scales 29 in lateral series from gill-opening above to caudal base; 11 scales between second dorsal and anal origins; 20 predorsal scales; snout 3f in head; eye 4|; mouth width 3f ; inter- orbital 2J; length 205 mm. This species is closely allied with Mugil alcocki Ogilby,^ but differs in the larger head, deeper body, longer snout, etc. Giinther does not give the length of the first dorsal spine, though Ogilby remarks "it is noteworthy that neither Cantor or Bleeker have recorded any mullet having the first dorsal spine prolonged, from any part of the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago." (Named for Mr. J. Douglas Ogilby, the accomplished Australian Ichthyologist of the Queensland Museum.) Mugil philippinus sp. nov. Fig. 3. Head 3|; depth 31; D. IV-I, 8; A. Ill, 8; P. i, 13; V. I, 5; scales 30 in lateral series from gill-opening above to caudal base and 3 more large ones on latter; 10 scales between second dorsal and anal origins; 19 predorsal scales; head width 1\ in its length; head depth If; . 3 Ann. Queensland Mus., No. 9, 1908, pp. 21-2. Based on Mugil suhviridis Day (non Valenciennes). —Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., Ill, 1861, p. 423, fig. (head below). Madras. 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., snout 4; eye 4; mouth width 3f ; interorbital 2f ; first dorsal spine If; first dorsal ray 1|; third anal spine 3; first anal ray 1|; least depth of caudal peduncle 21; pectoral If; ventral If. Body elongate, with fusiform contour, compressed, deepest at spinous dorsal origin. Caudal peduncle compressed, least depth about 1| its length. Head robust, somewhat constricted below, profiles alike. Snout broad, widely convex as viewed above, length about f its width. Eye circular, hind edge little anterior to center in head length. Adipose-eyelids well developed, posterior extends over last third of eye and anterior about half so wide. Mouth little inferior, corner falls very slightly behind front nostril. Mandibular angle very Fig. 3. — Mugil philippinus sp. nov. broad, obtuse, symphysis forming little knob which fits in depression above. Teeth very minute, uniserial in upper jaw, and obsolete in mandible. Lips rather fleshy, width of upper about f of pupil. Inner^buccal folds moderately broad, upper little wider. Tongue small, tip free, elongate. Maxillary exposed, about reaches eye. Lower preorbital edge not notched, with a few obsolete denticles. Front nostril about last third in snout, simple pore with slight cutaneous rim. Hind nostril short vertical slit midway between front nostril and front eye edge. Interorbital broadly convex. Gill-opening forward about opposite hind pupil edge. Rakers about 38+48, slender, fine, 2| in filaments and latter equal eye. Pseudobranchise about If in gill-filaments. Isthmus narrow, with slight depression. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 9 Scales large, in even longitudinal series. Head scaly, scales smaller below and extend well forward on snout, though not to its edge. Scaly pointed flap along spinous dorsal base about If of first spine length. Scaly flap in pectoral axil about 3| in fin. Axillary ventral scaly flap about 2f in fin. Broad scaly flap between ventral bases 2| in fin. Soft dorsal and anal scaly over basal halves. Caudal largely covered with small scales from base, pectoral likewise. Three scales between dorsal spine tips and soft dorsal origin. Spinous dorsal inserted about midway between eye front and caudal base, first spine about as long as second, depressed fin 1| to soft dorsal origin. Last about midway between first dorsal origin and caudal base, depressed fin If to caudal base. Anal origin slightly nearer caudal base than ventral origin, depressed fin U to caudal base. Caudal emarginate behind, 3f in head and trunk, lower lobe slightly longer. Pectoral short, broad, 1| to spinous dorsal. Ven- tral inserted about opposite last fourth of depressed pectoral, If to anal. Vent close before anal origin. Color in alcohol dull brownish generally, back and upper surfaces with dull olive shades, belly and below paler. Dorsals and caudal tinted with pale dusky. Iris pale slaty. Fins whitish. Peritoneum blackish. Length 237 mm. Type, No. 47,481, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Also No. 47,482, paratype, same data. Head 3f; depth 3f; D. IV-I, 8; A. Ill, 8; scales 30 in lateral series from gill-opening above to caudal base; 11 scales between second dorsal and anal origins; 19 predorsal scales; snout 3f in head; eye 4|; mouth width 3|; inter- orbital 2|; length 254 mm. This example figure 3. Differs from M. ogilbiji in the fewer (3) scales after depressed spinous dorsal, slightly larger body scales and first dorsal spine not longer than the second. Mugil lepidopterus sp. nor. Fig. 4. Head 4; depth 3f ; D. IV-I, 8; A. Ill, 9; P. i, 12; V. i, 5; scales 30 in lateral series from gill-opening above to caudal base and 3 more large ones on latter; 10 scales between second dorsal and anal origins; 20 predorsal scales; head width If its length; head depth If; snout 3|; eye 4; mouth width 3; interorbital 2^; first dorsal spine If; first dorsal ray If; third anal spine 2|; first anal ray If; least depth of caudal peduncle 2; pectoral 1|; ventral 1^. 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Body moderately elongate, contour fusiform, compressed, deepest at spinous dorsal origin. Caudal peduncle compressed, least depth 1| its length. Head moderately robust, somewhat constricted below, profiles alike. Snout broad, convex as viewed above, length nearly half its width. Eye nearly impinging on upper profile, little advanced before center in head length. Adipose-eyelids well developed, posterior extends over last third of eye and anterior very narrow. Mouth slightly inferior, and corner falls about opposite front nostril. Man- dibular angle very broad, obtuse, symphysis forming little knob fitting in depression above. Teeth very minute, feeble and uniserial in upper jaw, apparently absent in lower jaw. Lips little fleshy, Fig. 4. — Mugil lepidopterus sp. nov. upper jaw width about half of pupil. Inner buccal folds rather narrow. Tongue small, tip free, elongate. Maxillary exposed, reaches eye. Lower preorbital edge slightly convex and finely denticulate. Front nostril about last | in snout, simple pore with slight cutaneous rim. Hind nostril short vertical slit, over and little nearer front nostril than eye. Interorbital broadly and slightly convex, depressed medially. Gill-opening forward nearly opposite front pupil rim. Rakers about 30+48, slender or finely lanceolate, 3 in filaments and latter about equal eye. Pseudobranchise about half of gill-filaments. Isthmus narrowly constricted, with median groove forward. Scales large, in even longitudinal series, mostly uniform. Head scaly, smaller scales below, extend forward on snout though not 1918.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 11 quite to its edge. Scaly pointed flap along spinous dorsal base 1| in fin. Short scaly axillary pectoral flap 4 in fin. Axillary scaly ventral flap 2| in fin. Broad scaly flap between ventral bases (damaged). Soft dorsal, anal and caudal all densely scaled, only hind edge of last naked. Pectoral and ventral largely scaly over basal portions. Three scales between dorsal spine tips and soft dorsal origin. Spinous dorsal midway between snout tip and caudal base, first and second spines subequal, fin 1| to soft dorsal origin. Latter nearly midway between spinous dorsal origin and caudal base, depressed fin 1| to caudal base. Anal origin much nearer caudal base than ventral origin, depressed fin If to caudal base. Caudal well emarginate behind, about long as head, lobes about equal. Pectoral short, broad, If to spinous dorsal origin. Ventral inserted about opposite last fourth in pectoral, extends slightly over half way to anal. Vent a scale width before anal. Color in alcohol faded, dull, uniform brown, slightly olive above. Dorsals slightly dusky above, and same tint very slight along hind caudal edge. Iris dull slaty. Peritoneum black. No dark blotch at shoulder or pectoral base. Length 206 mm. Type, No. 47,483, A. N. S. P. Pliilippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. This species is allied with Mugil dussumieri Valenciennes^ in its densely scaled soft dorsal and anal fins. As described by Day^ M. dussumieri would differ in the bent and emarginate preorbital, spinous dorsal origin midway between front eye edge and caudal base, and first spine longest and strongest. Day's fish is also slightly more slender than my example. (Ast:]?^ scale; T^rcpdv, fin; with reference to the scaly rayed vertical fins.) Corythroichtliys matterni sp. nov. Fig. 5. Head 3i to vent; depth 7i; D. 25; A. 2; P. 15; C. 6; rings 15+39; snout 2| in head; eye 5|; pectoral 5^; caudal 1| in snout; inter- orbital 2^ in eye. Body very long, trunk well compressed and deepest midway in its length, and combined with head Itt in long slender tapering tail. Upper keel each side on back not extending beyond last fourth of * Hist. Nat. Poiss., XI, 1836, p. 109. Bombay, Coromandel. 6 Fishes of India, II, 1876, p. 352 (non PI. 74, fig. 4). 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., dorsal. This replaced by siinilar parallel keel beginning little below opposite dorsal origin and continued to end of tail. Median lateral keel from pectoral axil, slopes clown beliind close to lower body keel, and ends opposite beginning of hind section of upper keel along back. Median keel on belly complete from breast to vent. Lower keel along each side of body from head to caudal base, and not interrupted. Head short, compressed, and upper profile concave. Snout little longer than postocular region, profile concave. Eye circular, rather small, supraorbital keel moderate. Mouth terminally superior, small. Maxillary short, about half of eye. Interorbital concave. Opercle with well-developed horizontal keel, and fine striae radiate above and below. Slight mecUan keel on snout above occiput, and then continued back obsoletely to dorsal, each one being broken at segment junctures. Gill-opening small superior oblique slit about its own length above pectoral origin, 1| in eye. Fig. 5. — Corythroichthys matterni sp. nov. Rings all firm, and keels without spines. Each ring with numerous transverse striae. Dorsal origin slightly behind vent and beginning of second section of upper lateral keel, and extends over 6 abdominal rings. Anal very small, about long as pupil, insertion near last third of ring before dorsal origin. Caudal small, oblong, median rays longest. Pectoral broad basally, long as eye. Color faded dull brownish in alcohol, ground-color uniform, speckled and finely dotted minutely and irregularly with deeper or darker brown to burnt umber. Side of head with brownish dots and bars, especially on opercle below. Eye crossed by several deep brown radiating bars. Broad deep brown streak from eye along side of snout. From beliind each eye obliquely down below deep brown bar, but not united on lower surface of head. Fins all plain and unmarked. Iris pale slaty. Length 138 mm. Type, No. 47,484, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 13 This species differs from the precechng chiefly in its greatly elon- gated tail and shorter snout. Of the various synonyms located with C. spicifer some approach the present species. Perhaps Syngnathus biserialis Kaup^ is closer, it having D. 26 or 27, rings 16+46 and a much shorter tail. The Indian Microphis tenuis Blyth^ is equally with long tail as my example, snout half the head, D. 24? and rings 16+36. (For Mr. Edwin S. Mattern of AUentown, Pa., who collected many local fishes for the Academy.) Doryichthys philippinus sp. nov. Fig. 6. Head 3tV to vent; depth 14^; D. 40; A. 5; P. 21; C. 5; rings 21+24; snout If in head; eye 8|; pectoral 8|; caudal 5|; interorbital 1| in eye. Body very long, especially greatly elongated trunk which broad as deep, and deepest midway in its length, tail 1| in combined head and trunk. Tail tapers moderately, and not especially slender at caudal base. Upper keel along each side of back to about last Fig. 6. — Donjichthys philippinus sp. nov. fifth of dorsal. This replaced by similar parallel keel beginning little beloAv about opposite dorsal origin and continued to end of tail. Median lateral keel from pectoral axil, slopes down to lower body edge extent of first three keels along dorsal base and continuous then to caudal base. Median keel on belly complete from breast to vent. Lower keel along each side of body from head to vent, when slightly approximate over first two abdominal keels, then give place to lateral keels. Head elongate, well compressed, and profiles largely alike. Snout little over twice length of postocular region, profile sloping up behind. Eye circular, moderate, center at last third in head. Mouth ter- minally superior, small. Maxillary short, about If in eye, expansion equals pupil. Interorbital slightly concave. Well-developed mecUan keel along snout edge above and one each side which extend to middle of interorbital. Occiput and first 2 rings with mecUan keel. Opercle with well-developed horizontal keel, and from its front end 4 less distinct keels radiate obliquely down and back. Opercle and side of rostrum with fine flutings, reticulate and variable. «Cat. Lophobr. Fish., 1856, p. 33. ' Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1858, p. 272. 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Gill-opening small, horizontal, well elevated and little before pectoral origin, about long as pupil. Rings all firm, and keels each minutely serrate, each ending in slight spine at sutures. Surface of each keel with many fine vertical strise. Dorsal origin about opposite vent or about opposite beginning of second section of upper lateral keel, and base extends over 9 abdominal rings. Anal small, length about half of eye, and its insertion on first abdominal ring slightly behind dorsal origin. Caudal small, oblong, median ray longest. Pectoral very broad basally, so its base equals eye-diameter, and length slightly less than its base. Color in alcohol rather dull brown generally, sides and belly minutely dusted or speckled with dark brownish. Fom side of snout end to eye deep brown streak, then this as well defined dark brown line over postocular region, on side of back to caudal. Also on sides below this dark line various dusky mottlings, most distinct on trunk rings. Iris pale slaty. Fins largely colorless. Length 173 mm. Type, No. 47,485, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Allied with Microphis pleurostidus Peters, M. caudatus Peters and M. jagorii Peters, all from the Philippines, but differs at once in the much longer snout. Scomberoides tala (Cuvier). Five examples. Eleira Jordan and Seale, based on the present species, does not appear really of generic rank. It is characterized by the diverging front canine each side of the lower jaw tip. My examples show this most pronounced in the young, and the teeth gradually erect and inconspicuous with age. Young also without black apical dorsal blotch. S. moadetta has enlarged front canines, besides the black apical dorsal blotch. SELAB Bleeker. Selar Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Indie, I, 1850, pp. 343, 352, 353. Type Caranx boops Cuvier, first species. Trachurops Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 431. Type Scomber crmnenophthalmus Bloch, monotypic. The type of Selar has not been formally designated, so the above may be adopted. Trachurops is thus superseded, as its type species like that of Selar, has a deep cross-furrow at the shoulder-girdle at 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 15 its juncture with the isthmus, also a small fleshy knob above the furrow. Jordan and Starks recently contend^ the use of Selar for the Caranx kalla, C. ire and C. affinis group. Selar boops (Cuvier). Four adults. Selar orumenophthalmus (Bloch). Several examples. Leiognathus philippinus sp. nov. Fig. 7. Head 3; depth 2|; D. Ill, 16; A. Ill, 14; P. ii, 15; V. I, 5; tubes 55 in lateral line to caudal base; about 13 scales in vertical series between spinous dorsal origin and lateral line; about 20? scales in Fig. 7. — Leiognathus philippinus sp. nov. vertical series between spinous anal origin and lateral line; head width 1| its length; head depth at occiput 1; second dorsal spine If; first dorsal ray 3; second anal spine 1|; first anal ray 2f ; upper caudal lobe IJ; pectoral 1|; ventral 2; snout 3|; eye 2|; maxillary 2|; interorbital 3j; least depth of caudal peduncle 4^. 8 Ann. Carnegie Mus., XI, 1917, p. 443. 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Body rather elongate, compressed, deepest near middle or origin of spinous anal, and upper profile little more convex anteriorly than lower. Caudal peduncle compressed, least depth If its length. Head rather deep, compressed, profiles similarly inclined. Snout obtuse, convex over surface, protrudes little beyond lower jaw, long as wide. Eye large, close to upper profile, hind pupil edge midway in head length. Mouth small, with short gape horizontal about half way to eye. Lips thin, narrow. Profile of mandible slightly concave to articulation below, which about opposite front pupil edge. Mouth protractile downward. Teeth fine, small, weak, uniform, brush-like, single row in each jaw. No teeth on mouth roof or tongue. Inner buccal folds rather narrow. Tongue thick fleshy, not distinct. Maxillary hangs down from preorbital about f eye-diameter below eye, its expansion 3 in eye. Nostrils together, close before eye about level with upper pupil edge. Interorbital concave. Two short sharp-pointed spines above nostrils. Supra- ocular ridge finely serrated. Lower preopercle edge well serrated, and serrae largest behind, hind edge entire. Supraocular spine almost meets that of predorsal process. Gill-opening extends forward about opposite hind pupil edge. Rakers 6+19, lanceolate, trifle less than filaments, which about 2| in eye. Pseudobranchiae little longer than gill-filaments. Shoul- der-girdle edge within gill-opening with 2 firm low processes, upper trifle above and lower trifle below, pectoral base. Isthmus width 2^ in eye, membranes broadly joined. Scales small, narrowly imbricated, caducous, and extend forward on chest. Well-developed scaly sheaths along bases of spinous dorsal and anal. Soft dorsal and anal with a series of inconspicuous spines each side basally, fin ray l)etween each pair, and all directed evenly backward. Axillary scaly ventral flap f length of spine. Caudal base scaly. Abdomen narrowly compressed, lower face of preanal spine with median groove, spine to vent or midway in space between ventral and anal origins. Short median groove on process of chest. Two small keels extend forward from ventral bases, converge slightly in front. Lateral line convex most its course, reaches caudal base, though with scale interrupted here and there behind. Pores in lateral line simple, each well exposed, and form nearly continuous series. Spinous dorsal inserted slightly behind pectoral origin, second spine longest, and others graduated down behind to uniformly low soft dorsal. Spinous anal inserted trifle nearer caudal base than 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 17 snout tip, first spine about 3 in second, and third about |. Soft anal like soft dorsal. Caudal well forked, pointed lobes about equal. Pectoral pointed, reaches soft anal origin. Ventral inserted below pectoral origin, fin | to anal and spine f of fin. Front basal edges of third dorsal and anal spines finely serrated. Color in alcohol largely' pale brownish. Pale diffuse streak from shoulder to caudal base. Below this and on sides of head many dusky dots, crowded at first but becoming sparse below. Along back, close to dorsal base, dusky line. Along anal basally dusky blotch between each basal spine. Near hind opercle edge blackish short line above and another below. Also shorter bar or blotch above pectoral base and another below, axil with dark brown dots. Opercle shaded dusky, also inside of gill-opening. Chest and cheek with dusky dots like on trunk below. Side of snout dusky-brown. Iris slaty-gray. Black blotch on outer portions of second to fifth spinous dorsal membranes. Length 65 mm. Type, No. 47,486, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Also Nos. 47,487 to 47,490, same data, paratypes. These show: Head 3| to 3i; depth 2^; D. VIII, 16; A. Ill, 13 or 14; snout 3^ to 3 J in head; eye 2| to 3; maxillary 2 J to 2f ; interorbital 2| to 3|; length 63 to 68 mm. Easily distinguished from L. splendens by its colors. Falls within Eubleekeria. AURIGEQUULA subgen. nov. Type Clupea fasciata Lacepede. Breast and lower part of belly naked. Lateral line complete. Second dorsal spine twice or more length of third, conspicuously produced. Second anal spine also elongate. Characterized chiefly by its elongated second dorsal and anal spines. (Auriga, coachman; Equula an old name for Leiognathus; with reference to the long whip-like dorsal and anal spines.) Leiognathus fasciatus (Lac6pMe). One example. Amia melas sp, nov. Fig. 8. Head 2|; depth 2f ; D. VII-I, 9; A. II, 8; P. ii, 12; V. I, 5; scales about 21? (according to pockets) in median lateral series from 2 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF fJan, shoulder to caudal base and possibly 4 more on latter; apparently 2 ? scales above 1.1. to spinous dorsal origin and 6? in vertical series below to spinous anal origin; 3 predorsal scales; head width 2| in its length; head depth at occiput 1^; mandible 1|; fourth dorsal spine 2; second anal spine 2; second dorsal ray If; fourth anal ray If; least depth of caudal peduncle 2f ; caudal If; pectoral If; ventral 1^; snout 3| in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye 2f ; maxillary 21; interorbital 3|. Body well compressed, deep, back moderately elevated, deepest at spinous dorsal origin, slight mecUan predorsal keel and other Fig. 8. — Amia melas sp. nov. edges rounded convexly. Caudal peduncle well compressed, least depth about 1| its length. Head large, deep, well compressed, flattened sides nearly evenly sloping above and below, and upper profile little more steep than lower. Snout short, surface convex, though profile little concave, and length f its width. Eye very large, rounded, impinging on upper profile slightly, and center in head length near hind pupil edge. Mouth large, oblique, and closed lower jaw slightly protruding. Maxillary large, oblique, entirely along upper edge slipping below narrow preorbital, and reaches to pupil center. Terminal maxillary expansion 2| in eye, hind edge little emarginate. Preorbital width 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 19 about 4 in eye. Lips little developed, narrow, firm. Teeth fine, even, short, in moderately wide bands in jaws. Narrow band of similar teeth over vomer to each palatine. Tongue free, depressed, smooth, rounded in front. Front nostril simple pore nearly midway in snout length and hind nostril little larger, close before front eye edge. Interorbital with slight furrow each side in front, slightly convex behind. Preopercle ridge entire, and hind edge minutely serrate. Opercle with 2 small spines along hind edge. Gill-opening extends forward about opposite front pupil edge. Rakers iv, 1 + 10, iv, lanceolate, slender, twice length of filaments or 2 in eye. Pseudobranchise long as gill-filaments. Isthmus long, constricted forwards, and with deep trenchant keel over greater portion anteriorly. Scales large, at present mostly fallen, finely ctenoid, and apparently in lengthwise rows. Head scaly, and evidently 2 rows of large scales on cheek. Occiput with number of mucous channels. Appar- ently scaly flap between ventral bases. At present no axillary ventral scale. Caudal base scaly, otherwise fins naked. Lateral line apparently complete, and largely concurrent with dorsal profile. Tubes? Suprascapula entire. Spinous dorsal inserted about opposite pectoral origin, fourth spine longest though little longer than third or fifth, second and sixth subequal, and first much shorter than seventh. Soft dorsal inserted about midway between eye centre and caudal base, second ray highest, and depressed fin 1| to caudal base. Spinous anal inserted opposite soft dorsal origin, first spine about 5 in second. Soft anal like soft dorsal, though much lower, 1| to caudal base. Caudal (damaged) apparently rounded. Pectoral moderate, reaches about opposite last basal fourth of soft dorsal. Ventral origin slightly before pectoral origin, fin reaches soft anal origin and ventral spine but little short of spinous anal origin. Vent about opposite last seventh of depressed ventral spine. Color in alcohol rather dark chocolate-brown generally, pockets of fallen scales deeper brownish. Except pectorals all fins blackish- brown, very dark and without spots or markings. Pectoral pale brown. Muzzle and mandible slightly paler than rest of head. Iris dull slaty. Length 55 mm. Type, No. 47,491, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Allied with Apogon nigricans Day,^ but differs in the much lower anal, pectoral with pale base, and apparently without traces of the dark vertical bars. (i/7jAa9, black.) Amia sealei sp. nov. Fig. 9. Head 2|; depth 2|; D. VII-I, 9; A. II, 8; P. ii, 12; V. I, 5; scales 22 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 2 scales above 1.1. to spinous dorsal origin, and 6 in vertical series below to spinous anal origin; 4 predorsal scales; head width 2+ in its length; head depth at occiput If; snout 4^; eye 2|; maxillary 2|; interorbital 5; third dorsal spine 2|; second anal spine 3; second dorsal ray If; Fig. 9.— Amia sealei sp. nov. first anal ray 2|; least depth of caudal peduncle 2f ; caudal (damaged) about If?; pectoral 1|; ventral 2. Body well compressed, rather deep, back not elevated, deepest at spinous dorsal origin, and edges rounded convexly, though slight median predorsal keel. Caudal peduncle well compressed, least depth about l^- its length. Head large, moderately long, compressed, flattened surfaces nearly evenly sloping above and below, upper profile much more inclined than lower, and rather convex. Snout short, surface convex, ^ Fishes of India, I, 1875, p. 58, PI. 16, fig. 3. Madras. 1918.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 21 also profile, length about f its width. Eye large, circular, impinging slightly on upper profile, and head center in length midway between hind pupil and hind eye edges. Mouth moderately large, scarcely inclined from horizontal, and closed lower jaw included within upper. Maxillary large, little inclined, nearly straight, and reaches past eye center nearly opposite hind pupil edge. Terminal maxillary expansion 3 in eye, little emarginate behind, and whole upper max- illary edge slips below preorbital. Preorbital rather narrow, width about 4 in eye. Lips rather narrow, fleshy, firm. Teeth fine, even, short, in narrow bands in jaws. Also similar narrow band over vomer to and on each palatine. Tongue free, depressed, smooth, rather rounded in front. Front nostril lateral on snout, slightly nearer snout tip than eye, in short tube. Hind nostril short vertical slit close before front eye edge. Interorbital with slight furrow each side in front, slightly convex behind. Preopercle ridge entire, and hind edge minutely serrate. Opercle with small spine above and smaller one median on hind edge. Gill-opening about opposite front pupil edge. Rakers ii, 3 + 12, IV, lanceolate, rather robust, about f of filaments and latter 3 in eye. Pseudobranchise large as filaments. Isthmus long, constricted forward, and with median trenchant keel anteriorly. Scales large, finely ctenoid, above lateral line in rows parallel with its course, and below in horizontal rows. Head scaly, cheek Avith 2 rows of large scales, though hind row greatly crowded or concealed under front row, and scales on opercles moderate. Suborbitals and upper surface of head with numerous mucous channels. Large scaly flap between ventral bases nearly half length of fin. Axillary ven- tral scale small and inconspicuous. Caudal base covered with small scales, otherwise fins naked. Lateral line complete, largely concurrent with dorsal profile. Tubes simple, extend well over scales, and with appearance as if located on somewhat small obscure accessory scale. Spinous dorsal inserted about opposite pectoral origin, third spine longest, second and seventh subequally short, though longer than first. Soft dorsal inserted about midway between caudal base and hind eye edge, second ray apparently highest, and depressed fin If to caudal base. Spinous anal inserted opposite second dorsal origin, first spine scarcely j of second. Soft anal smaller than soft dorsal, otherwise similar. Depressed anal If to caudal base. Caudal very slightly emarginate behind, lobes rounded. Pectoral mod- erate, reaches anal, upper rays longest. Ventral inserted slightly 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., before pectoral origin, reaches vent or | to anal. Ventral spine I of fin. Color in alcohol pale brownish generally, slightly paler below. Fins all pale or whitish, except brownish shade on spinous dorsal and scales at caudal base. Latter also with small jet-black round spot, less than half of pupil diameter, just above lateral line. From snout tip narrow blackish-brown line to front of eye and slopes evenly from hind eye edge to caudal base medianly, in straight course, also ends just below black caudal spot. Above this line on snout another given off each side of snout tip, extends up over interorbital then just above lateral line and finally fades out on caudal peduncle above and behind. Pale brown median line from interorbital and borders dorsal bases, continued medially behind to caudal. Opercle with 2 brownish vertical bars. Iris slaty. Length 66 mm. Type, No. 47,492, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Also Nos. 47,493 to 47,499, paratypes, same data. These show: Head 2| to 2|; depth 2f to 2|; D. VII-I, 9, i, A. II, 8; scales 23 to 26 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; snout 3f to 4 in head, measured from upper jaw tip, eye 2| to 3; maxillary 2yo to 2|; interorbital 4f to 4f ; length 63 to 68 mm. This species appears to differ chiefly in its coloration, especially the narrow lengthwise dark lines and the small black caudal spot above the lateral line, as in A. exostigma Jordan and Scale. Though very much narrower, the disposition of these lengthwise dark bands is like those of A. quadrifascatus Cuvier. (For Mr. Alvin Scale, in slight recognition of his work in the Philippine fisheries.) Amia wilsoni sp. nov. Fig. 10. Head 2f ; depth 2|; D. VIII-I, 9, i; A. II, 8; P. ii, 12; A. I, 5; scales 22 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 2 scales above 1.1. to spinous dorsal origin, and 6 below to spinous anal origin; about 4 predorsal scales; head width about half its length; head depth If; snout 4; eye 2f ; maxillary 2|; interobital 4|; third dorsal spine 1|; first dorsal ray If; second anal spine 2f; second anal ray 2|; least depth of caudal peduncle 2j; caudal 1|; pectoral If; ventral If. Body well compressed, rather deep, back not elevated, deepest at spinous dorsal origin, and edges rounded convexly, though slight median predorsal keel. Caudal peduncle well compressed, least depth about 1^ its length. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 23 Head large, moderately long, compressed, flattened surfaces nearly evenly sloping above and below, profiles about evenly sloping above and below. Snout short, surface convex, length | its width. Eye large, circular, impinging slightly on upper profile, and center in head length about hind pupil edge. Mouth well inclined, moderately large, and closed lower jaw slightly included within upper. Maxil- lary large, well inclined, nearly straight, and reaches eye center. Terminal maxillary expansion 3 in eye, little emarginate behind, and whole upper maxillary edge slips below preorbital. Preorbital rather narrow, width about 4 in eye. Lips rather narrow, fleshy, Fig. 10. — Amia wilsoni sp. nov. firm. Teeth fine, even, short, in narrow bands in jaws. Also similar narrow band over vomer to each palatine. Tongue free, depressed, smooth, rather rounded in front. Front nostril lateral on snout, slightly nearer snout tip than eye, in short tube. Hind nostril simple slit at last fourth in snout. Interorbital level. Pre- opercle ridge entire. Hind and lower preopercle edge finely serrated. Opercle with single small spine. Gill-opening about opposite front pupil edge. Rakers iv, 3 + 12, IV, lanceolate, longer than filaments or 2f in eye. Pseudobranchise little longer than filaments. Isthmus long, constricted forwards and with median trenchant keel. Scales large, finely ctenoid, above lateral line in rows parallel with 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., its course, and below in horizontal rows. Head scaly, cheek with 2 rows of large scales, and hind row of but several under front row. Opercles with scales of moderate size. Suborbitals, muzzle, pre- opercle and upper surface of head with numerous mucous channels marked by great numbers of minute pores. Large scaly flap between bases nearly f fin length. Axillary ventral scale about I of ventral spine. Caudal base covered with small scales, otherwise fins naked. Lateral line complete, largely concurrent with dorsal profile. Tubes simple, extend well over scales, and with appearance as if on some- what small accessory scale. Spinous dorsal inserted about opposite pectoral origin, third spine longest, second little shorter than seventh, and first shortest. Soft dorsal inserted about midway between eye center and caudal base, first ray highest and depressed fin If to caudal base. Spinous anal inserted about opposite soft dorsal origin, first spine scarcely I of second. Soft anal little smaller than soft dorsal, otherwise similar. Depressed anal 1| to caudal base. Caudal very slightly emarginate behind, and lobes rounded. Pectoral moderate, reaches nearly to anal, upper rays longest. Ventral inserted well before pectoral origin, reaches beyond vent or about | to anal. Ventral spine 1| in fin. Color in alcohol pale brownish generally, slightly paler below. Fins all pale, except dusky shade on spinous dorsal terminally. Upper and lower caudal edges slightly dusky. Conspicuous blackish- brown blotch on caudal base just above lateral line, in size about half of pupil. From snout tip narrow blackish-brown line to front of eye, and horizontal from hind eye edge to caudal base medially, also obscure just below caudal spot. On snout and behind eye this line wide as pupil, though on side of body narrows until like other lines. Another parallel narrower line extends from lower eye edge to middle of pectoral base and back towards lower portion of caudal peduncle. On each side of snout above narrow line extends up over interorbital close above lateral line, and fades out behmd on upper surface of caudal peduncle. Finally narrow median brownish line begins on interorbital and extends to spinous dorsal, borders base of each dorsal fin and then forms single median line again on post- dorsal to caudal. Iris slaty. Length 72 mm. Type, No. 47,505, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 25 Greatly resembles the preceding species, but differs at once in coloration. Besides the presence of the third lateral line below, the larger caudal spot and wider median lateral band anteriorly, there are no dark bars on the opercle. (To Dr. William P. Wilson, of the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia, to whom I am indebted for the opportunity to study the present collection.) Amia radclifPei sp. nov. Fig. 11. Head 2|; depth 2|; D. VII-I, 9, i; A. II, 8, i; P. ii, 10; V. I, 5; scales 23 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 2 scales between spinous dorsal origin, and lateral line, and 6 scales in vertical Fig. 11. — Amia radcliffei sp. nov. series to spinous anal origin; 4 predorsal scales; head width 2 in its length; head depth at occiput If; snout 3f; eye 3f; maxillary 2; interorbital 5; third dorsal spine 2^; first dorsal ray If; second anal spine 3|; second anal ray (damaged) 2f ; least depth of caudal pedun- cle 2^; caudal (damaged) about 1|; pectoral 2; ventral 2. Body well compressed, moderately deep, back not elevated, deepest at spinous dorsal origin, and edges rounded convexly, pre- dorsal scarcely with median keel. Caudal peduncle well compressed, least depth If its length. Head large, moderately long, compressed, flattened surfaces slightly swollen below, profiles nearly straight and similarly inclined. Snout moderate, surface convex, length about f of width. Eye 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., large, circular, next to upper profile, and liead center in length nearly at hind eye edge. Mouth large, rather well inclined, and closed lower jaw included within upper. Maxillary large, well inclined, nearly straight and reaches past eye center about to hind pupil edge. Terminal maxillary expansion 2 in eye, slightly emarginate behind, and whole upper maxillary edge slips below preorbital. Latter mod- erate, width 3 in eye. Lips moderate, fleshy, firm. Teeth fine, even, short, in moderately wide bands in jaws. Narrow band over vomer to and on each palatine. Tongue free, depressed, smooth, rounded in front. Inner buccal folds rather narrow. Front nostril short inconspicuous tube about midway in snout. Hind nostril moderate pore close before, and nearer eye, than front nostril. Inter- orbital generally depressed, with slight furrow each side. Preopercle ridge entire, hind edge finely serrate. Opercle with single small spine. Gill-opening forward about opposite hind nostril. Rakers ii, 4-fl2, II, rather robust, lanceolate, nearly long as filaments, which 3 in eye. Pseudobranchise about long as filaments. Isthmus long, constricted forward, and with median keel, especially trenchant forward. Scales large, finely ctenoid, above lateral line in rows parallel with its course, and below in horizontal rows. Head scaly, cheeic with 2 rows, and opercles with moderate scales. Head above and mandible with numerous mucous channels. Large scaly flap between ventral bases about f length of fin. Axillary ventral scale mod- erate, rounded. Caudal base covered with small scales, fins other- wise naked. Lateral line complete, largely concurrent with dorsal profile. Tubes simple, extend well over scales, large, and with appearance as if located on small obscure accessory scale. Spinous dorsal inserted slightly behind pectoral origin, or about midway between snout tip and middle of last depressed dorsal ray, all spines slightly curved, third longest, second little longer than seventh, and first very short. , Soft dorsal inserted nearly midway between hind eye edge and caudal base, spine f of fin, and depressed fin If to caudal base. Spinous anal origin about opposite that of soft dorsal, and with soft anal much smaller than soft dorsal, though reaches about as far posteriorly. First anal spine about I length of second. Caudal broad, slightly emarginate behind, and lobes rounded. Pectoral broad, not quite to anal origin. Ventral inserted well before pectoral origin, fin depressed f to anal origin, spine about y in fin. Vent little nearer depressed ventral tip than anal origin. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 27 Color in alcohol dull brownish, more or less with general dull sooty tint, below well as above. Four obscure dark longitudinal bands, broad at first and narrow behind. First on back above lateral line, then along upper edge of caudal peduncle. Second from shoulder just below lateral line, and crosses latter below hind portion of soft dorsal. Third as band on snout tip, behind eye and crosses opercle back above pectoral to base of lower caudal lobe. Fourth obscurely along lower edge of abdomen. Caudal base with round jet-black spot about size of pupil, slightly above middle. Muzzle sooty-brown. Iris slaty. Fins all pale, outer portion of spinous dorsal brownish, and soft dorsal, anal and caudal all with 3 or 4 rows of small brown spots transversely. Gill-opening edge below broadly dusted dusky-brown, also lower surfaces of ventrals. Leng-th 90 mm. (caudal damaged). Type, No. 47,500, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Also Nos. 47,501 to 47,504, A. N. S. P., paratypes,- same data. They show: Head 2f to 2|; depth 2| to 3; D. VII-I, 9, i, and one VII-I, 10, i; A. II, 8, i; scales 22 to 24 in 1.1. to caudal base and 4 or 5 more on latter; snout 3f to 4 in head; eye 3 to 3f ; maxillary 2; interorbital 5 to 5|; length 75 to 90 mm. Allied with Amia hartzfeldi Bleeker,^" but that species is figured by its author with the dark caudal spot median basally, and but one blackish bar sub-basally on soft dorsal and anal, also scales on cheek in 4 rows, and maxillary longer. (For Mr. Louis Radcliffe, of the Bureau of Fisheries at Washington, who stucUed the cardinal fishes of the Philippines.) Amia savayensis (Giinther). A large series of this very variable species, 40 to 73 mm. in length. Sixteen agree with Gtinther's figure in most cases, but as they have long been in formaline the color-pattern has largely faded. In some the dark vertical stripes are very narrow, as the dark bands in all are margined each side with a still darker tint, and all the inter- vening color fading leaves them increased from the original eight to twice that number. The broad dark band on the caudal peduncle is present only as a saddle above. Every one of these examples have the oblique dark streak from the lower corner of the eye across the cheek. Upon comparison with eight specimens from Apia, 1" Atlas Ich. Ind. Neerl., VIII, 1876-7, PL 69, fig. 2. 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Samoa, all smaller, the dark streak from the eye to the preopercle angle is narrow, not, quite so wedge-shaped as in the Manila exam- ples. Also some show the dark saddle on the caudal peduncle simply as a dark blotch above the lateral line. The rest of the series embraces 115 examples; all seem to agree in the dull unicolored caudal. They show underlaid traces of the three vertical broad dark bands of A. bandanensis, but only one on the caudal peduncle distinct, while others give place to about six vertical and rather broad bands in the space between the head and last dorsal ray's base. Apogon savayensis Day^^ may represent a species distinct from the present one, as it is described and figured with the hind caudal edge dusky. It also has three broad dark vertical bands, one from each dorsal and the other a saddle on the caudal peduncle above. It surely approaches more closely Bleeker's A. bandanensis, which is figured with a uniform caudal. A . yiuhilus Garman^^ is closer to my larger lot of specimens grouped above under the present species, but differs in the dark bar on the caudal basally, the dark broad vertical underlaid shades on the body below the dorsal fins, and the caudal peduncle blotch complete. Jordan and Scale say it is apparently the young of Amia savayensis with the* markings faded. Archamia zosterophora (Bleeker). Fig. 12. Head 2t; depth 2f ; D. VI-I, 9, i; A, II, 15; P. ii, 12; V. I, 5; scales (pockets) 20 in lateral line to caudal base and 4? more on latter; 2 scales (pockets) above 1.1. to spinous dorsal origin, and about 6 below in vertical series to spinous anal origin; 6 predorsal scales; head width 2^ its length; head depth 1^; mandible If; third dorsal spine 2f ; second dorsal ray 1|; second anal spine 2|; first branched anal ray 1|; least depth of caudal peduncle 2f; upper caudal lobe If; pectoral If; ventral 2|; snout 4^ in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye 2|; maxillary 2\; interorbital 3|. Body well compressed, contour rather elongately ovoid with greatest depth at dorsal origin, and edges all convexly rounded. Caudal peduncle well compressed, least depth 1^ its length. Head deep, well compressed, flattened sides slightly approximated below, and lower profile very much more steep and convex than upper. Snout convex over surface, length about half its width. Eye large, close to upper profile, rounded, and hind edge about " Fishes of India, I, 1875, p. 60, PI. 16, fig. 5. 12 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, 1903, p. 230, PI. 1, fig. 1. Suva, Fiji. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 29 midway in head length. Mouth large, well inclined, mandible slightly protruding in front. Maxillary well inclined, straight, reaches opposite last fourth in pupil, and terminal expansion about 2| in eye, its hind edge slightly emarginate. Upper maxillary edge slips below preorbital except very short part of hind edge. Teeth minute, in narrow bands- in jaws and apparently absent from mouth roof. Lips narrow, little fleshy. Tongue free, smooth, depressed, rather narrowly triangular. Inner buccal folds narrow. Front nostril small pore about first third in snout, and hind nostril short slit very close to front eye edge. Interorbital nearly level. Sub- Fig. 12. — Archamia zosterophora (Bleeker). orbital width about half of pupil. Preopercle ridge entire, with broad short spine at angle, and hind edge finely denticulate. Opercle without spine. Gill-opening forward opposite front eye edge. Rakers 6 + 14, lanceolate, twice length of filaments or 2 in eye. Pseudobranchise long as gill-filaments. Isthmus narrowly compressed, slightly attenuated forwards, with trenchant edge, especially anteriorly. Scales caducous, large, narrowly imbricated, in longitudinal series, minutely ctenoid. Scales in 2 rows on cheek, and scales on opercles moderate. Axillary ventral scale moderate, broad, pointed, about f length of spine. Caudal base scaly, also anal base. Lateral line complete, concurrent with dorsal profile. Tubes large, trifid, well exposed. Bones of head rather cavernous. Suprascapula edge jagged. 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Spinous dorsal origin little behind that of pectoral, fin low and spines weak, or slender, third longest with second and fourth sub- equal, depressed fin not quite reaching soft dorsal. Latter inserted about midway between eye center and caudal base, spine about half fin length, which depressed extends f to caudaj base. Anal inserted well before soft dorsal origin or about midway between front eye edge and caudal base, first branched ray longest though second subequal, and when depressed neither reach last dorsal ray base. Caudal emarginate, lobes rounded. Pectoral broad, reaches about first third in anal base. Ventral inserted before pectoral origin, reaches anal, and spine f of fin. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol very pale or light brownish generally, scales on back above obscurely and finely dusted with slightly darker brownish. On postocular, cheek and suborbital a number of dull brown dots, some enlarged slightly. Blackish-brown band from snout tip to eye. On shoulder-girdle behind gill-opening, blackish brown streak forward to breast which same color. This also extends back over belly below, rising up obliquely after ventral bases to second dorsal fin as broad dark band, in width about equal to 1| eye-diameters. It is also reflected out on soft dorsal basally, but not the anal. All dark area noted made up of large crowded dark specks, larger and more sparse below. At caudal base round jet-black spot, median, and less than half of pupil in diameter. Fins, except coloration of soft dorsal and caudal base as noted, all uniform pale or brownish- white. Length 58 mm. Twelve examples from the Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Eleven show: Head 21 to 2|; depth 2f to 2|; D. VI-I, 9, i; A. II, 15, i or 16, i, rarely 14, i; scales 19 or 20 in 1.1. (pockets) to caudal base; snout 4 to 4^ in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye 2f to 3; maxillary If to 2|; interorbital 3f to 4; length 53 to 63 mm. I redescribe this species as my material differs somewhat from both the description and figure by Bleeker.^^ This is especially evident in the broad dark band extending forward on the breast, and the black caudal spot not half the pupil diameter. Bleeker's figure does not show the former before the ventral bases and its forward limit is not mentioned in the description. He shows the caudal spot large as the eye. Weber's note^"* does not add sufficient detail to help solve this point. « Atlas Ich. Ind. Neerl., VII, 1873-6, p. 103. " Siboga Exp., Fische, 1913, p. 5. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 31 Epinephelus mattemi sp. nov. Fig. 13. Head 2f ; depth 3; D. XI, 15, i; A. Ill, 8, i; P. ii, 16, i; V. I, 5; scales 92 in lateral line to caudal base, and about 6 more on latter; tubes in 1.1. 52 to caudal base and 5 more on latter; 17 scales in vertical series above 1.1. to spinous dorsal origin; 11 scales in vertical series between soft dorsal origin and 1.1.; about 27 scales in vertical series between spinous anal origin and 1.1.; head width 1| its length; head depth at occiput If; mandible 2; third dorsal spine 2f ; second branched dorsal ray 2|; second anal spine 2|; second branched anal ray 2^; least depth of caudal peduncle 3|; caudal If; pectoral 1|; ventral 2; snout 4j in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye 5; maxillary 2^; interorbital 6. Fig. 13. — Ejnnephelus mattemi sp. nov. Body robust, elongate, compressed, profiles rather evenly convex, though upper little more so, contour slightly ovoid with greatest depth about base of fifth dorsal spine. Body edges rounded con- vexly, chest and belly broadly so. Caudal peduncle compressed, length about f its least depth. Head rather large, compressed, greatest width slightly swollen below, profiles similarly inclined and nearly straight. ■ Snout convex over surface, profile obliquely straight, and length about f its width. Eye little longer than deep, rounded, close to upper profile and center near first third in head. Mouth oblique, and broad mandible protruding in front. Lips rather broad, thick or fleshy. Maxillary well exposed, reaches about opposite hind pupil edge, and expansion If in eye. Bands of rather small fine teeth in jaws, a few canine-like 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., in front of upper and along rami of manclible posteriorly, where also in but 2 rows on each ramus. Latter but little elevated inside mouth. Bands of much smaller teeth across vomer and on each palatine. Buccal folds moderately broad in mouth. Tongue depressed, smooth, free, and attenuated. Nostrils close together on side of snout, also close before front eye edge, front one with short tube and short cutaneous flap behind. Preorbital narrow, 2| in eye. Interorbital slightly convex. Preopercle edge slightly convex behind, finely serrated and with about 5 enlarged denticles around corner. Opercular spines 3, median largest, closer to lower and little posterior. Gill-opening extending forward opposite front eye edge, and uppermost edge but slightly inclined from horizontal. Rakers IV, 3+9, IV, lanceolate, and longest about equal gill-filaments or 2f in eye. Pseuclobranchiae about f of gill-filaments. Isthmus broad, bevelled in front, with slight keel behind. Scales all finely ctenoid, largest on trunk, smaller along body edges, especially predorsal, breast and belly. Very small scales on head above, with crowded smaller ones basally, these also extend over postocular and suborbital regions, and cheek. Small scales also crowded about upper part of opercular flap. Very small scales over mancUble, and about 10 rows on maxillary.- Scales on trunk in more or less horizontal rows, crossing lateral line. Minute scales over basal portions of all fins more or less. Pectoral axil with pit, sheathed above by broad flap covered with small scales. Though of irregular size scales on cheek in about 25 rows from eye to lower preopercle angle. Lateral line of simple inclined tubes little exposed, and its course nearly concurrent with dorsal profile, out on caudal base medianly. Spinous dorsal inserted little nearer snout tip than origin of soft dorsal, spines graduated down from third which longest, edge deeply notched with cutaneous point behind each spine tip. Soft dorsal inserted midway between spinous dorsal origin and caudal base, fin oblong, rounded in front and behind. Spinous anal inserted little nearer ventral origin than caudal base, second spine longest, third but little shorter, and first | of second. Soft anal rounded, also caudal. Pectoral broad, reaches about f to anal, and mechan rays longest. Ventral inserted close behind pectoral base, depressed fin reaching f to anal, and spine about f fin length. Vent at first third in space between depressed ventral tips and anal origin. Color in alcohol brownish generally, only paler or much lighter 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 33 on extreme lower surface of head, breast and belly. About 5 indis- tinct deep brown obscure slightly inclined band-like saddles on back, first at predorsal, second on spinous dorsal medially, third just before soft dorsal, fourth at front median region of soft dorsal, and fifth at hind portion of soft dorsal. Whole trunk and head with slightly inclined dark streaks, irregularly and obscurely, slightly wavy, and quite numerous, but not parallel with rows of scales. Also ground- color with, many pale blotches, spots or streaks, underlaid and obscure. Head more with speckled or spotted appearance than trunk. Coloration of latter extends on vertical fins more or less basally. Maxillary with brownish streak on scaly area. Fins all with obscure speckled appearance. Iris slaty-gray. Length 178 mm. Type, No. 47,506, A. N. S. P. Phihppine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelpliia. This species is allied with E. honioides (Bleeker), E. megachir (Richardson), E. diacanthus (Valenciennes) and E. maculatus (Bloch) in its biserial mandibular teeth. It most closely approaches E. bontoides in its equidistant opercular spines and mostly ciliated scales. These characters also agree with E. megachir, but that species has the pectoral long as its head. From E. bontoides it differs at once from any material or accounts I have seen, in color. This has been described as brown above with more or less numerous black clots, which may not be present on the fins. RHOMBOPLITOIDES gen. nov. Type Rhomboplitoides megalops sp. nov. This genus of Lutianidce resembles the American Rhombloplites in its scaly soft dorsal and anal fins, but differs in squamation, as the scales above the lateral line in oblique rows and those below in horizontal rows. It falls witliin the Lutianince in its entire inter- orbital and dentition. (Rhomboplites; £T(5<>9, appearance.) Rhomboplitoides megalops sp. nov. Fig. 14. Head 2|; depth 3; D. XI, 11, i; A. Ill, 8; P. ii, 15; V. I, 5; scales 51 in lateral line to caudal base and 7 more on latter; 7 scales above 1.1. to spinous dorsal origin, and 14 below in vertical row to spinous anal origin; 25 predorsal scales; head width 2yo in its length; head depth at occiput 1|; mandible 2yV; third dorsal spine 2|; first branched dorsal ray 3^; third anal spine 2f ; first branched anal ray 2|; least 3 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., depth of caudal peduncle 3|; caudal If; pectoral 1|; ventral If; snout 3f in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye 3; maxillary 2f ; interorbital 4. Body elongate, contour evenly fusiform with greatest depth at fourth dorsal spine base, and edges all convex, or with but slight keel just before dorsal. Caudal peduncle compressed, about long as deep. Head large, well compressed with flattened sides little approxi- mated below, and profiles evenly and slightly convex. Snout rather conic, convex over surface and slightly so in profile, length about f its width. Eye very large, impinging on upper profile, and hind pupil edge near head center in length. Mouth large, oblique, and Fig. 14. — Rhomhoplitoides megalops sp. nov. gape extends about opposite front nostril. Premaxillaries mod- erately protractile. Maxillary ol^lique, upper edge entirely slips below preorbital, reaches first third in eye, and expansion 2^ in eye. Lips thick, firm, tough, largely conceal teeth, lateral in jaws. Teeth in jaws in narrow bands, villiform, and with outer row of simple enlarged well-spaced canines, only visible in profile in front of upper and side of lower. Vomer with an elongate patch of villiform teeth) in outhne similar to a narrow kite. Each palatine with narrow well-developed band of villiform teeth. Mandible rather robust, moderately deep, rami little elevated inside mouth, and symphysis slightly protrudes when closed. Buccal folds within mouth rather narrow. Nostrils rather large, simple, front one near last third in 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 35 snout length and hind one Kttle larger, elevated, close before eye above. Interorbital about level. Preorbital width narrow, entire slightly less than a third of eye. Preopercle edge minutely den- ticulate, with slight indenture above angle. Opercle ends in 2 rather weak points. Gill-opening forward beyond front pupil edge though not quite to front eye edge. Rakers 8+16, lanceolate, robust, nearly half of eye-diameter. Gill-filaments short, about f of rakers. Pseudo- branchiae very large, about long as rakers. Isthmus narrowly constricted, with groove in front. Scales all finely ctenoid, smaller on breast, predorsal, edges of caudal peduncle, and head above. Above lateral scales in sUghtly inclined rows to dorsal profile, below in horizontal rows. Most of head scaly, except muzzle and broad rim around eye. Front of interorbital naked and squamation from occiput forward about opposite center of eye. Cheek with 5 rows of scales to preopercle ridge, and on preopercle flange row of broad scales with several smaller, scattered irregular scales. Subopercle, interopercle and opercle scaly, also sides of head above. Caudal covered with small scales, also bases of soft dorsal, anal, pectoral and ventral. Pointed free axillary ventral scaly flap, 2| in fin. Lateral line complete, largely concurrent with dorsal profile, tubes simple and little exposed. On side of caudal peduncle lateral line little superior at first, median at caudal base. Spinous dorsal inserted little behind pectoral origin, or little nearer soft dorsal origin than snout tip, spines long and slender, fourth longest and others graduated down, fin edge apparently little notched. Soft dorsal origin nearer caudal base than spinous dorsal origin, fin low, rounded or convex, last ray not produced, and not quite reaching caudal base. Anal begins about opposite soft dorsal origin, third spine longest with second little shorter, rayed fin little higher in front than soft dorsal and not extended so far posteriorly. Caudal moderate, hind edge very slightly emarginate. Pectoral long, falcate, reaches vent. Ventral inserted close behind pectoral base or but slightly before spinous dorsal origin, reaches 1^ to anal, spine 1^ in fin. Vent midway between ventral tips and anal origin. Color in alcohol uniform pale brownish, fins scarcely tinted darker. Iris slaty. Length 162 mm. Type, No. 47,507, A. N. S. P. 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Only the type known. [Miyati^ large; ^4', eye.) Nemipterus luteus (Bloch). A single example which agrees with the smaller one figured from Cavite by Jordan and Scale. ^^ Though they state '^scales about 44" their figure shows 48 tubes in the lateral line, a point in agreement with my example. MESOPRISTES Bleeker. Mesopristes Bleeker, Nat. Genees. Arch. Ned. Indie (Topogr. Batav.) II, 1845, p. 523. Type M. macracanthus Bleeker ( = Dalnia argentea Cuvier), monotypic. This genus has been described under Datnia Cuvier by Day,^^ but as Cuvier's type is Coius datnia B. Hamilton by tautonomy, Datnia merges with the sparoids. Mesopristes plumbeus (Kner). Ayungen. Datnia plumbea Kaer, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien (May 12) 49, 1864, p. 484. Vom Capoder der Insel S. Paul. — Kner, Reise. Novara, Fische, 1865, p. 48, PL 3, fig. 2. "Fundort unsicher, angeblich von Java." Therapon brevispinis (non Steindachner) Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1868, p. 256. Quingoa flum., Provinc Bulacan, Luzon, P. I. T. brachycentrus Peters, 1. c, 1869, p. 705. ? T. knerii Bleeker, Atlas Ich. Ind. Neerl., VII, 1873-6, p. 115. Based on T. argenteus (non Cuvier) Kner, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 58, 1868, p. 299, PI. 1, fig. 1. Kandavu, Fiji. Head 3 to 3^; depth 2^ to 2f ; D. XII, 8 to 10; A. Ill, 8; scales 43 to 50 in lateral line to caudal base, and 3 or 4 more on latter; 7 or 8 scales above 1.1. to spinous dorsal origin; 13 to 15 scales below 1.1. to spinous anal origin; 16 to 20 predorsal scales; .snout 3j to 3| in head; eye 3f to 4; maxillary 3 to 3^; interorbital 3f to 3|. Body compressed, deepest at front of spinous dorsal. Head compressed, upper profile slightly concave. Snout convex, length f its width. Eye rounded, close to upper profile, hind edge little posterior from middle in head length. Maxillary slightly beyond front eye edge, not to pupil. Teeth fine, in bands in jaws, outer row little enlarged. Mouth roof toothless. Tongue free, elongate, rounded in front. Jaws about even. Front nostril slightly nearer eye than snout tip, hind one slit above eye. Hind preopercle edge finely serrate. Inter- orbital nearly flat. Rakers 9 or 10+18 or 19, lanceolate, 2 in fila- ments and latter If in eye. Scales small, mostly uniform, smaller 15 Bull. Bur. Fisher., XXV, 1906 (1907), p. 21. 16 Fishes of India, I, 1875, p. 71. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37 along body edges and caudal base. Few small scales on soft dorsal and anal basally, also pectoral. Cheek with 5 rows of scales. L.l. concurrent with back and body scales in nearly parallel rows. Tubes small, simple, greatly exposed. Fourth dorsal spine If in head, fin edge deeply notched. Soft dorsal small, well back, first ray 2| in head. Second anal spine usually longest, 2 in head, though third often subequal. Caudal very slightly emarginate behind, 1 j in head. Pectoral rounded, If in head. Ventral If in head, spine If in fin. Color in alcohol pale olive brownish above, each row of scales with slightly darker line. Spinous dorsal edge dusky, also soft dorsal, anal and caudal tinted with dusky, other fins pale. Iris pale slaty. Length 116 to 140 mm. PhiUppine Islands. A very large series of individuals in the present collection, and they cover the discrepancies found in the accounts listed above. Kner's figure of D. plufnbea does not show any small scales on the soft dorsal and anal bases. Bleeker has separated T. kneri, as Kner gives more numerous scales, and more pointed elevated dorsal and anal, etc. Jordan and Scale entirely overlook^'' Bleeker's reference and list T. kneri as 'T. argenteus Kner," and as the locality Kan- davu is in heavy-faced type, they may have thought it distinct from T. argenteus Cuvier, under which they place it. Upeneoides philippinus sp. nov. Fig. 15. Head 3f ; depth 3f ; D. VIII-I, 8, i; A. I, 6, i; P. ii, 14; V. I, 5; scales 35 in lateral line to caudal base, and 4 more on latter; 3 scales above 1.1. to spinous dorsal origin, and 7 below to spinous anal origin; 16 predorsal scales; head width If its length; head depth at occiput 1|; snout 2^; eye 4f; maxillary 2f; interorbital 3|; second dorsal spine 1|; first branched dorsal ray 2|; anal spine 3; first branched anal ray 2; least depth of caudal peduncle 2f ; pectoral 1^; ventral If. Body elongately ovate, deepest at spinous dorsal origin, edges all broadly convex. Caudal peduncle well compressed, least depth about 1| in its length. Head well compressed, flattened sides slightly converge below, profiles convex and upper more inclined. Snout convex in profile and over surface, nearly long as broad. Eye moderate, rounded, close to upper profile, and hind pupil edge about midway in head length. Mouth moderate, little inclined from horizontal, and lower jaw slightly included in upper. Maxillary reaches about opposite front pupil edge, expansion 1| in eye. Lips rather narrow, fleshy. 17 Bull. Bur. Fisher., 1905 (1906), p. 266. 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Teeth granular, in about 3 irregular rows in each jaw. Patch of granular teeth on vomer and each palatine. Inner buccal folds narrow. Tongue fleshy, thick, not free. Mandible shallow, rami not elevated inside mouth. Barbels short, and scarcely extend beyond hind eye edge. Nostrils greatly distant, front one simple pore about last | in snout, hind one short sUt close before eye. Inter- orbital very sHghtly convex. Preorbital broad, width slightly greater than eye. Preopercle edge entire. Opercle with 2 small concealed spines, close and above. Gill-opening forward about opposite hind nostril. Rakers 6+ 10, VI, lanceolate, slender, 1^ in filaments, and latter 1+ in eye. Fig. 15.— Upeneoides philippinus sp. nov. Pseudobranchiae about half length of gill-filaments. Isthmus narrowly constricted. Scales uniformly large, finely ctenoid, in lengthwise rows parallel with lateral line. Small scales over most of caudal basally and front of soft dorsal and anal. Head scaly, and 2 rows of scales on cheek to preopercle ridge. Several large scales on exposed maxillary expansion. Pectoral axil with firm adipose scale above. Ventral with free pointed scaly flap If in fin. Broad scaly flap between ventral bases | fin length. Lateral line concurrent with dorsal profile, well out on caudal base, tubes well exposed and each with several small branches. Spinous dorsal inserted little nearer front nostril than second dorsal origin, second spine longest with third and fourth subequal, depressed fin | to soft dorsal. Last inserted midway between 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILAl)ELPHIA. 39 spinous "dorsal origin and caudal base, first branched ray longest with spine f its length, and depressed | to caudal base. Anal origin slightly behind second dorsal, fin similar though smaller. Caudal well forked, sharp pointed lobes about equal. Pectoral small, pointed, reaches If to second dorsal origin. Ventral origin close behind pectoral base, though before spinous dorsal origin, reaches 1| to anal. Ventral spine about | of fin. Color in alcohol faded largely uniform dull brownish, lower sur- faces scarcely paler. Spinous dorsal pale, apex broadly jet-black, and mecUan brown horizontal band. Soft dorsal pale with three nearly horizontal dusky bands, uppermost apical and lowermost on hind rays. Caudal whitish, upper lobe crossed l)y three oblique broad dusky-brown bars, and lower lobe with two, but outer very broad and black. Median caudal rays also dusky. All other fins pale brownish. Iris pale slaty. Length 180 mm. Type, No. 47,508, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Also Nos. 47,509 to 47,511, paratypes, same data. These show: Head 3^ to 3f ; depth 3| to 3f ; D. VHI-I, 8, i; A. I, 6, i; scales 35 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 3 scales above 1.1. to dorsal origin, and 6 or 7 below to anal origin; 14 predorsal scales; snout 2f to 3 in head; eye 3| to 4|; maxillary 2j to 2|; interorbital 3^ to 4; rakers 7 or 8+13, iv or 14, iv; length 120 to 149 mm. Allied, if not identical with Upeneoides vittatus (Forskal) , but appar- ently differs in the presence of but two black bars on the lower caudal lobe, the outer quite broad. The oldest synomym of U. vittatus is Mullus handi Shaw,^^ based on Russell's Badi goolivinda}'^ Tliis is doubtless U. vittatus and Russell says "the length seldom exceeds six inches." Shaw apparently copies Lacepede's crude figure, showing lower caudal lobe likely for the present or a closely allied species. Russell's figure has three dark lower caudal bars, but obliquely parallel with those of upper lobe! Russell also shows spinous dorsal tip not black, though fin crossed obliquely Avith three dark bars, and soft dorsal end dark, also fin crossed by two oblique dark bars. Upeneus bita^niatus Bennett^'' is simply diagnosed with two golden bands below lateral line, and dorsal and caudal with oblique black streaks. 18 Gen. Zool., IV, 1803, p. 615, PI. 89. 1^ Fishes of Coromandel, II, 1803, p. 43, PL 158 (-60). Vizagapatam. ^oProc. Zool. Soc. London, 1830-1, p. 59. Mauritius. 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Under Upeneoides vittatus later writers, as Giinther,-^ Bleeker,^^ Day^^ and Sauvage-^ mention the lower caudal lobe with three dark oblique bars. Giinther mentions two or three such bars, with adult material about a foot in length. Bleeker's figure shows greater upper portion of spinous dorsal black, only broad pink lengthwise band below middle. It also has soft dorsal apex black with two yellow lengthwise bands. Its caudal differs from Day's figure in innermost black bars leaving only narrow pale area, also tips of both lobes black, and bar next black tip on lower lobe twice wide as one nearer caudal base. Day's figure shows dark bars on lower caudal lobe evenly spaced, of about even width. Sauvage mentions three dark lower caudal bars, but his figure shows all the fins uniform and the body with four dark transverse bands. He includes in liis table U. tcenio'pterus with U. vittatus, as a group with eight dorsal rays, though Day, who examined Valenciennes type of the former gives but seven. Compared with Upeneoides urge Jordan and Evermann,-^ my ex- amples of the present species differ as the former has pale tipped dorsal and caudal markings different. Jordan and Seale describe as U. vittatus Samoan material-^ closely approaching my specimens and refer to it as uete or vete. Two adult examples of U. vittatus before me from Taliiti, though in poor condition, still have traces of the fin markings, more as indicated in Bleeker's figure, and with four dark bars on each caudal lobe. Smith and Seale report U. vittatus-'^ from Mindanao 4^ to 11 inches long with "each lobe of caudal with 5 or 6 oblique dusky bars." (For the Philippine Islands.) Upeneoides belaque sp. nov. Fig. 16. Head 3i; depth 3i; D. VIII-I, 8, i; A. I, 6, i; P. i, 13; V. I, 5; scales 35 in lateral fine to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 3 scales above 1.1. to spinous dorsal origin, and 7 below to spinous anal origin; predorsal scales 17; head width 2 in its length; head depth at occiput \\; snout 2|; eye 4; maxillary 2j; interorbital 3|; second dorsal spine l\; first branched dorsal ray 1|; first branched anal ray 1 4 . 5 1 21 Cat. F. Brit. Mus., I, 1859, p. 397. — Journ. Mus. Godeffroy (F. Siidsee) II, 1873-5, p. 55. Samoa and Tahiti. 22 Atlas Ich. Ind. Need., IX, 1877, PI. 342 (2), fig. 3. 23 Fishes of India, I, 1875, p. 120, PI. 30, fig. 2. 24 Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Pise, XVI, 1891, p. 219, PI. 27, fig. 2. 25 Bull. U. S. F. Com., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), p. 187. Honolulu. 26 Bull. Bur. Fisher., XXV, 1905 (1906), p. 273. Samoa. 27 Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XIX, 1906, p. 78. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 41 anal spine 2f ; least depth of caudal peduncle 2|; upper caudal lobe 1; pectoral Ij; ventral 1|. Body elongate, compressed, profiles nearly alike and deepest at spinous dorsal origin. Caudal peduncle compressed, least depth Ih its length. Head moderately ovate in contour, well compressed, flattened sides scarcely converge above or below, profiles alike and upper little more inclined. Snout convex in profile and over surface, long as broad. Eye moderate, rounded, elevated close to upper profile, and hind pupil edge about michvay in head length. Mouth moderate, incUned little from horizontal, and lower jaw slightly included in upper. Maxillary about reaches to pupil center, expansion 1| in Fig. 16. — Upeneoides belaque sp. nov. eye. Lips narrow, fleshy. Teeth granular in about 3 irregular rows in each jaw. Patch of granular teeth on vomer and each palatine. Inner buccal folds narrow. Tongue thick, fleshy, adnate. Mandible shallow and rami little elevated inside mouth. Barbels short, reach hind preopercle edge. Nostrils well separated, front one simple pore little nearer eye than snout tip, and hind one short slit close before middle of front eye edge. Interorbital slightly elevated convexly, flattened medially. Preorbital broad, width nearly equals eye. Preopercle edge entire. Opercle ends beliind in 2 small close-set spines above, concealed by scales. Gill-opening forward to front eye edge. Rakers 8+20, lanceolate, 42 PrfbCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., slender, 1^ in filaments, and latter 1| in eye. Pseudobranchise about I of gill-filaments. Isthmus moderately constricted. Scales uniformly large, finely ctenoid, in leng-thwise rows parallel with lateral line. Small scales over most of caudal base and front of soft dorsal and anal. Head scaly, and 2 rows of scales on cheek to preopercle ridge. Several large scales on exposed maxillary expansion. Pectoral with broad scale above its origin. Ventral with pointed axillary scale very slightly over half of fin length. Broad scaly flap (damaged) between ventral bases. Lateral line concurrent with dorsal profile, well out on caudal base, tubes well exposed as arborescent groupings at each scale base. Spinous dorsal inserted about midway between front eye edge and second dorsal origin, first spine longest with second and third subequal, depressed fin | to second dorsal origin. Last inserted about midway between spinous dorsal origin and caudal base, first branched ray longest, with spine f length of first ray and depressed fin 1| to caudal base. Anal origin slightly behind soft dorsal origin, fin similar. Caudal well forked, sharp pointed lobes about equal. Pectoral small, pointed, reaches about 1^ to second dorsal origin. Ventral origin about opposite pectoral origin, reaches 1| to anal. Ventral spine about f of fin. Color in alcohol faded largely dull uniform brownish, lower sur- faces whitish. Fins all pale, at least ground-color. Spinous dorsal with broad black apex, two dusky horizontal bands, and penultimate membrane dusky. Soft dorsal with upper edge dusky and two pale dusky horizontal bands. Caudal uniform pale brownish, hind edge pale dusky. Iris pale slaty. Length 120 mm. Type, No. 47,512, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Also Nos. 47,513 to 47,517, paratypes, same data. They show: Head 3 to 3i; depth 3 to 3f ; D. VIII-I, 8, i; A. I, 6, i, rarely I, 7, i; scales 32 to 35 in l.l. to caudal base and 3 or 4 more on latter; 3 scales above 1.1., and 7 below; 16 or 17 predorsal scales; snout 2| to 3 in head; eye 3| to 4; maxillarj^ 2| to 2|; interorbital 3| to 3|; rakers 8 or 9 + 19 to 22; length 69 to 140 mm. Allied with Upeneoides sulphureus but Avhen compared with Sumatran material differs in coloration and more numerous gill- rakers. U. sulphureus has but one horizontal dark band on each dorsal besides dark end or border. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43 (Belaque, the native name of the alUed U. sulphureus at San Fabian, P. I.) Argyrosomus goldmani (Bleeker). Small example and two adults wliich agree with Bleeker's figure, especially in length of second anal spine. My examples show latter 2| in head, and jaws about even when closed. Sciaena dussumieri (Valenciennes). Several examples. Contrary to the contention by Jordan and Thompson-^ that the "substitution of Scicena for JJnibrina by Bleeker is not warranted bv the rules of the International Zoological Con- gress" in my opinion the type of a genus must be a species originally included in the genus under its distinct original binomial. As Gill designated S. aquila Cuvier the type of Scicena Cuvier-^ which evidently was the Cheilodipterus aquila previously described by Lacepede and therefore definitely indicated a species not recognized by Linnaeus or named in his original account, Gill's action is invalid. The first actual designation of Scicena cirrhosa Linnaeus as the type of Scicena Linnaeus, by Bleeker,^" correctly argues that Scicena supersede Umhrina, and the designation of Scicena umbra by Jordan and others^^ is invalid. Polydactylus plebius (Broussonet). Three examples. Jordan and Evermann are wrong^- in attempting to fix Polynemus paradiseus Linnseus as the type of Polynemus Linnaeus, as Gill designates Polynemus quinquarius Linnaeus^^ many years before 1883. Polydactylus will therefore remain the correct generic name for the present species. Pomacentrus violescens Bleeker. Four examples, which agree in the squamation and general colora- tion as shown by Bleeker. He gives the pectorals as clear violaceus with their bases commonly with a spot or transverse blackish or dusky streak. P. philippinus Evermann and Scale is very closely allied, if not identical. It is figured with 3 rows of scales on the cheek, the lowest on the preopercle limb. Its teeth are said to be small and uniserial. 28Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIX, 1911, p. 246. 29Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 82. 30 Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat. Harlem, XI, 1876, p. 326. 31 Stanford Univ. Pub. (Genera of Fishes), 1917, p. 13. 32 L c. p. 15. 33 Proc! Acad". Nat. Sci. PhUa., 1861, p. 273. 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Pomacentrus grammorhynclius sp. nov. Fig. 17. Head 3f ; depth If; D. XIII, 15, i; A. II, 15, i; P. ii, 16, ii; V. I, 5; tubes in upper arch of lateral line 18, and pores in straight section to caudal base 9; 3 scales between spinous dorsal origin and lateral line, and 10 below 1.1. to spinous anal origin; 23 predorsal scales; head width If in its length; head depth about 1|; snout 3; maxillary 3f ; interorbital 2^; first dorsal spine nearly 4; thirteenth dorsal spine 1|; eighth dorsal ray If; second anal spine 2; sixth anal ray If; least depth of caudal peduncle 1|; ventral spine If. Body robust, compressed, contour rather deeply ellipsoid, with Fig. 17. — Pomacentrus grammorhynchus sp. nov. greatest depth well over mecUan region, predorsal slightly trenchant Just before dorsal, otherwise edges convex, and profiles alike. Caudal peduncle compressed, length f its least depth. Head robust, moderately compressed, sides moderately convex, upper profile at first convex, then concave at occipital and predorsal bulging chstinctly convexly. Snout convex over surface and in profile, length half its width. Eye rounded, little elevated, and hind pupil edge nearly midway in head length. Mouth broad, gape short, oblique, and jaws about even. Lips fleshy, rather 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 45 narrow. Maxillary extends slightly beyond nostril, though not nearly to eye, and slips below preorbital. Teeth rather slender, somewhat compressed, pointed, crowded close to form an even cutting-edge in a single row. No teeth on mouth roof or on tongue. Inner buccal folds broad. Tongue thick, fleshy, apparently free in front. Nostril small pore about midway in snout length. Inter- orbital evenly convex. Preorbital broad, width about If in eye, ends behind in broad posteriorly directed spine. Lower suborbital and hind preopercle edges serrate, serrse on latter graduated longer below, and lower preopercle edge entire. Opercle with 2 blunt and inconspicuous spines, upper concealed by scales. Gill-opening forward about opposite front eye edge. Rakers 6+13, lanceolate, about half length of filaments and latter 1| in eye. Pseudobranchise long as gill-filaments. Brancliiostegal membrane short fold over short and constricted isthmus. Scales finely ctenoid, largest over middle of side of trunk and become much smaller all about edges, in lengthwise rows parallel with upper arch of lateral line. All larger scales narrowly imbricated. All fin bases scaly. Short scale between ventral bases about f length of spine. Suprascapula with 3 blunt points. Exposure of humeral scale little larger than pupil. Axillary ventral scale broad, pointed, I length of spine. Cheek with 3 rows of scales. Sub- orbitals, preorbital, snout edge, hps and chin naked. Upper arch of 1.1. extends below front dorsal rays, concurrent with upper limit of squamation on dorsals. Tubes large, simple, and each extending well over scale exposure. Pores in straight section small, incon- spicuous, simple or double irregularly, and not on caudal base. Spinous dorsal origin about opposite that of pectoral, spines all more or less subequally high, edge of fin notched and slight cutaneous flap behind each spine tip. Soft dorsal inserted about last third in space between upper hind preopercle edge and caudal base, fin rounded with median rays longest. Anal inserted about midway between pectoral origin and caudal base, first spine about I of second. Soft anal similar to soft dorsal. Caudal deeply emarginate, upper lobe much larger, 3| in combined head and trunk. Pectoral broad, about long as upper caudal lobe, reaches hind edge of vent and upper rays longest. Ventral inserted close behind pectoral base, reaches anal, and spine slightly over half length of fin. Color in alcoholjlargely chocolate-brown above and posteriorly, head, breast and belly anteriorly paler or faded in appearance. Iris slaty. Dorsals and anals blackish-brown. Caudal pale brown- 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., ish. Pectoral brownish, with large blackish-brown blotch, nearly- large as eye on base mostly above. Ventral blackish-brown, rays and spine pale. Dusky line from snout tip to eye. Length 115 mm. Type, No. 47,518, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Allied with P. melano'pterus Bleeker, but differs in the presence of the dark line from the eye to the snout. (rpa/j-fxr^j line; p^yz"^) snout.) Pomacentrus hebardi sp. nov. Fig. 18. Head 3; depth 2; D. XIII, 14, i; A. II, 13, i; P. ii, 15; V. I, 5; tubes 17 in upper arch of lateral line and 8? pores in straight section to caudal base; 3 scales above 1.1. to spinous dorsal origin and 9 below in vertical series to anal origin; 20 predorsal scales; head width If its length; head depth 1; snout 3|; eye 2f ; maxillary 3|; interorbital 2|; last dorsal spine 2^; second anal spine 2; eleventh dorsal ray 2?; ninth anal ray If; pectoral 1|; ventral spine 2; least depth of caudal peduncle 2i; caudal 1. Body well compressed, contour evenly and elongately ellipsoid, deepest medianly, and edges convexly rounded. Caudal peduncle compressed, length about f its least depth. Head compressed, moderately large, rather flattened sides evenly converging above and below. Snout rather broad, slightly convex in profile and evenly so over surface, and length f its width. Eye rounded, little elevated, and hind pupil edge nearly midway in head length. Mouth small, short gape oblique, and lower jaw very slightly protruded. Lips moderate, fleshy. Maxillary extends back nearly opposite front eye edge. Teeth small, simple, compressed, rather obtuse and form as crowded in a single series nearly even cutting- edge. No teeth on mouth roof. Tongue pointed, depressed and smooth above, free in front. Inner buccal folds broad. Mandibular rami moderately elevated inside mouth. Nostril simple pore slightly behind middle, in snout length. Interorbital slightly convex. Pre- orbital width 2| in eye, with broad flat short spine directed back from hind edge. Suborbital edge with few irregular serrse below. Preopercle edge obliquely forward not quite opposite eye center, and 18 irregular serrse behind, though graduated larger downwards, and lower edge entire. Opercle with 2 obtuse short spines. Gill-opening forward about opposite last | in eye. Rakers 6 + 13, lanceolate, slightly shorter than filaments, which 2 in eye. Pseudo- 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 47 branchiae a little shorter than gill-filaments. Branchiostegal mem- brane moderately free over short constricted isthmus. Scales finely ctenoid, narrowlj^ imbricated, in even lengthwise rows, smaller along body edges, and at fin bases. Vertical fins covered basally with small scales. Suprascapula entire. Cheek with 3 rows of scales and lowest row on preopercle limb. Lips, chin, pre- orbital, suborbitals and snout edge narrowly, naked. Scales on snout above and top of head all small. Upper arch of lateral line Fig. 18. — Pomacentrus hebardi sp. nov. concurrent with limit of general squamation on dorsals, and extends back opposite soft dorsal origin. Tubes simple, large, extend over first half in each scale exposure. Pores in straight section simple, inconspicuous, and not on caudal base. Spinous dorsal origin opposite pectoral origin, spines graduated up to fourth when largely subequal to last, fin edge notched and with cutaneous flap behind each spine tip. Soft dorsal origin at last third in space between hind eye edge and caudal base, and hind median rays longest. Spinous anal midway between pectoral origin and 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., caudal base, first spine about half length of second. Soft anal like soft dorsal. Caudal moderately emarginate behind. Pectoral long, about reaches anal. Ventral inserted close behind pectoral base, first ray ends in filament reaching second anal spine base. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol largely uniform brownish above, much paler below. Fins all largely pale, though marginal portions of spinous dorsal and anal dusky. Caudal pale to whitish. Very small dusky spot on uppermost scale of opercle. Another dusky spot, similar and about half size of pupil, at uppermost pectoral ray basally and above. Vent dusky. Iris slaty. Length 56 mm. Type, No. 47,519, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Also Nos. 47,520 to 47,525, paratypes, same data. These show: Head 3 to 3^; depth If to 2; D. XIII, 13, i occasionally XIII, 14, i or XIII, 15, i; A. II, 14, i sometimes II, 12, i or II, 13, i; tubes in upper arch of 1.1. 17, vary 14, 15 and 16; pores in straight section of 1.1. 8; snout 3| to 3f in head; eye 2| to 2f ; maxillary 2f to 3; inter- orbital 2f to 3|; length 43 to 54 mm. In these examples dusky vent quite characteristic. Similar to Pomacentrus moluccensis Bleeker, but without a pale lengthwise line across anals, as shown in Bleeker's figure.^* The latter also does not inchcate a suborbital spine, which well developed in all of my examples. (Named for Mr. Morgan Hebard of Philadelphia, an earnest student of Orthoptera, to whom I am indebted for small collections of fishes.) Pomacentrus burroughi sp. nov. Fig. 19. Head 3|; depth 2; D. XIII, 14, i; A. II, 15, i; P. ii, 15; V. I, 5; tubes 13 in upper arch of lateral line, and 10 pores in straight section to caudal base; 3 scales above 1.1. to spinous dorsal origin, and 9 below in vertical series to spinous anal origin; 20 predorsal scales; head width 1| in its length; head depth 1; snout 3|; eye 3|; maxillary 3|; interorbitals 3; last dorsal spine If; second anal spine 1|; fifth dorsal ray 1^; eighth anal ray IJ; pectoral 1; ventral spine 1|; least depth of caudal peduncle 2; caudal about 1. Body well compressed, contour rather deeply ellipsoid with greatest 3" Atlas Ich. Ind. N6erl., IX, 1877, PI. 3, fig. 3. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 49 depth medianly, profiles alike, and edges convexly rounded. Caudal peduncle compressed, length about half its least depth. Head compressed, rather small, rather flattened sides evenly converge above and below. Snout broad, convex, length | its width. Eye rounded, little elevated, hind pupil edge about midway in head length. Mouth small, short gape slightly oblique, and jaws nearly even or with lower very slightly included. Lips rather narrow, fleshy. Maxillary extends back to eye. Teeth small, simple, compressed, pointed, crowded to form rather even cutting-edge, Fig. 19. — Pomacentrus burroughi sp. nov. and in single series. No teeth on mouth roof. Tongue thick, pointed and free in front, smooth. Inner buccal folds broad. Man- dibular rami rather well elevated inside mouth. Nostril simple pore slightly behind middle in snout length. Interorbital evenly convex. Preorbital width 2^ in eye, slips over upper maxillary edge, and with broad backwardly directed spine below at hind edge. Suborbital edge finely serrate below. Preopercle edge slopes forward with 19 serrse behind, lower edge entire. Opercle with 2 blunt points. Gill-opening forward opposite front pupil edge. Rakers 6-flO, 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., lanceolate, nearly long as filaments and latter half of eye. Pseudo- branchiae long as gill-filaments. Branchiostegal membrane narrowly over narrow short constricted isthmus. Scales finely ctenoid, narrowly imbricated, in even lengthwise rows, smaller along body edges except breast and caudal peduncle above and below. Vertical fins with at least basal half covered with fine crowded scales. Suprascapula entire. Cheek with 2 rows of scales. Lips, preorbital, suborl^itals, edge of snout narrowly, and chin, naked. Upper arch of lateral line concurrent with limit of general squamation on dorsals, and extends back to soft dorsal origin. Tubes simple, large, and each well over scale exposure, last nearly to edge. Pores in straight section simple, inconspicuous, one in center of each scale exposure, and not on caudal base. Spinous dorsal origin opposite that of pectoral, spines graduated up to fourth, after which subequally long to last, and fin edge notched, also cutaneous point behind each spine tip. Soft dorsal inserted nearly at last third in space between upper hind preopercle edge and caudal base, fin rounded, with median rays longest. Spinous anal inserted much nearer pectoral origin than caudal base, first spine nearly ^ of second. Soft anal like soft dorsal. Caudal slightly emarginate, and lobes rounded. Pectoral moderate, not quite reaching anal, though slightly beyond vent. Ventral inserted below hind pectoral base, reaches anal, first ray with slender filamentous tip, and spine half length of fin. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol uniform chocolate-brown generally, scarcely paler below. Fins also same general tint, except darker or mostly dusky, pectoral paler, and caudal still more so. Narrow obsolete dark line connects eyes around front of snout, including nostrils in its course. Uppermost opercular scale with conspicuous black blotch, though smaller than pupil. Inner pectoral axil brown, though at base of uppermost ray small black spot, smaller than spot on opercular scale. Length 70 mm. Type, No. 47,526, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Also No. 47,527, paratype, same data. Head 3; depth 2; D. XIII, 14; A. II, 14; upper arch of 1.1. with 16 tubes and straight portion of 9 pores to caudal base; snout 3| in head; eye 2f; maxillary 3|; interorbital 3^; length 57 nmi. Allied with P. tripunctatus Cuvier, but differs in the absence of the 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 51 black ocellus on the back of the tail, which Jordan and Scale state is apparently a distinctive character.^^ Bleeker gives six figures, though none exactly agree with my material. ^^ (For Dr. Marmaduke Burrough, 17987-1844, who obtained fishes at Manila, which found their way to the Academy collection.) Pomacentrus opisthostigma sp. nov. Fig. 20. Head 3|; depth 1|; D. XIV, 12, i; A. II, 15, i; P. ii, 15; V. I, 5; tubes 15 in upper arch of lateral line and 10 pores in straight section to caudal base; 4 scales above 1.1. to spinous dorsal origin, and 10 Fig. 20. — Pomacentrus opislhostigma sp. nov. below in vertical series to spinous anal origin; 22 predorsal scales; head width If in its length; head depth 1 ; snout 3|; eye 3|; maxiUary 3^; interorbital 2f; last dorsal spine 2 in head; second anal spine If; sixth dorsal ray If; eighth anal ray If; pectoral 1; ventral spine If; least depth of caudal peduncle 2|; caudal about 1?, Body well compressed, contour rather deeply ellipsoid with greatest depth medianly, profiles largely alike except slightly humped pre- 35 BuU. Bur. Fisher., XXV, 1905 (1906), p. 281. 3« Atlas Ich. Ind. Neerl., IX, 1877, PI. 7, figs. 1-6. 52 ^ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., dorsal, and edges convexly rounded. Caudal peduncle compressed, length about f its least depth. Head compressed, moderate, rather flattened sides evenly con- verging above and below. Snout wide, profile about straight, surface convex, and length | its width. Eye rounded, little elevated, hind pupil edge nearly midwaj^ in head length. Mouth small, short gape slightly oblique, and jaws about even. Lips rather narrow, fleshy. Maxillary extends back nearly opposite eye. Teeth small, simple, compressed, but little pointed, crowded to form nearly even cutting-edge in single row. No teeth on mouth roof. Tongue tliick, pointed, free in front, smooth. Inner buccal folds broad. Mandibular rami rather well elevated inside mouth. Nostril simple pore slightly behind middle in snout length. Interorbital convex. Preorbital width 2 in eye, slips over most of upper maxillary edge, and hind edge with 2 short spines directed back. Suborbital edge finely serrate below. Preopercle edge obliquely forward not quite opposite eye center, finely serrate except several broader serrse at lower portion, and lower edge entire. Opercle with 2 short blunt points. Gill-opening forward opposite front pupil edge. Rakers 8-t-15, lanceolate, longest | of filaments, which If in eye. Pseudobranchise long as gill-filaments. Branchiostegal membrane narrowly over short constricted isthmus. Scales finely ctenoid, narrowly imbricated, in even lengthwise rows, smaller along body edges and fin bases. Vertical fins finely and closely scaled over basal portions. Suprascapula entire. Cheek with 3 rows of scales. Lips, chin, preorbital, suborbitals and narrow edge of snout naked. Scales on snout above and top of head all small. Upper arch of lateral line concurrent with limit of general squamation on dorsals, extends back opposite twelfth dorsal spine base, though follow by 3 more pores till below front of soft dorsal. Tubes simple, large, well exposed or over first half of scale exposure. Pores in straight section simple, inconspicuous, one in center of each scale exposure, and not on caudal base. Spinous dorsal origin opposite that of pectoral, spines graduated up to fourth, after which subequally long to last, and fin edge notched with cutaneous flap from behind each spine tip. Soft dorsal inserted at last third between suprascapula and caudal base, fin rounded, with median rays longest. Spinous anal inserted about midway between pectoral origin and caudal base, first spine nearly f of second. Soft anal like soft dorsal. Caudal a little emarginate 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 53 behind. Pectoral moderate, reaches | to anal or about opposite vent. Ventral inserted just behind pectoral base and reaches vent, spine f of fin. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol brownish generally, paler on belly and lower surface of head. Dorsals and anals deep l^rown to dusky. Last longest rays of soft dorsal with large black ocellus, not quite large as eye, on terminal portion of fin. Caudal, pectoral and ventral pale brownish. Pectoral axil pale, though external base with black- ish-brown vertical wedge-shaped mark on upper portion. Upper- most opercular scale with dusky blotch, much smaller than pupil. Iris slaty. Length 65 mm. (caudal tips slightly damaged). Type, No. 47,528, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Pliiladelphia. Also Nos. 47,529 and 47,530, paratypes, same data. These show: Head 2| to 3|; depth 2; D. XIV, 13 or XIV, 14; A. II, 15; tubes in upper arch of 1.1. 16 and pores in straight section 10 to 12 to caudal base; snout 3 to 3| in head; eye 2| to 3; maxillary 3 to 3|; interorbital 3 to 3j; length 41 to 61 mm. All show ocellus on soft dorsal well developed, but preorbital spines very variable, and they may be single or double, even in the same inch vi dual. Apparently uniciue in its coloration this species is characterized by the large black ocellus behind and terminally on soft dorsal. With the preceding three species this one appears to fall in Bleeker's subgenus Pseudopomacentrus. ('0-{(tOsWj rear; Gztyiia^ spot.) Pomacentrus lividus (Forster). Two small examples which do not show any scales on the lower limb of the preopercle, as in Bleeker's figure, and only 2 rows occur on the cheek. Cheiloprion labiatus (Day). Two examples. Weber figures the head from his single example" and though his text says the scales on the cheek are in 2| to 3 rows his figure shows 6 or 7. The former numbers are more in agreement with Day's figure, which is called Pomacentrus lahiosus?^ "Siboga Exped. Fische, 1913, p. 342, fig. 73. Beo, Karakelomg I. 38 Fishes of India, III, 1877, PI. 81, fig. 2. 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Abudefduf antjerius (Cuvier). Two, which agree as outlined by Bleeker in his limits of color- variation, with reference to the dorsal ocellus absent or at dorsal base behind and diffusely dusky. Abudefduf philippinus sp. nov. Fig. 21. Head 2|; depth If; D. XIII, 11; A. II, 12; P. r, 14; V. I, 5; tubes in upper part of lateral line 17, and pores in straight section 7; 3 scales above lateral line to spinous dorsal origin and about 8 scales below in vertical row to spinous anal origin; about 14^predorsaI m/TL. Fig. 21. — Abudefduf philippinus sp. nov. scales; head width If its length; head depth 1; snout 3j; eye 21; maxillary 3 J; interorbital 2f ; third dorsal spine 2; thirteenth dorsal spine 2|; fifth dorsal ray If?; second anal spine If; fifth anal ray If; least depth of caudal peduncle 2^; caudal 1|; pectoral 1^; ventral ItV. Body well compressed, contour orbicular, deepest midwaj^ in length, predorsal with slight median keel and other edges convexly rounded. Caudal peduncle compressed, length 1| in its least depth. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 55 Head moderate, well compressed, evenly constricted above and below, profiles similarly inclined. Snout convex over surface, very slightly so in profile, length f its width. Eye large, close to upper profile, and hind pupil edge nearly midway in head length. Mouth well inclined, gape moderate, and jaws about even. Maxillary extends back slightly beyond front eye edge, though not quite to that of pupil, upper edge entirely slips below preorbital. Row, of moderate, even, rather crowded, compressed incisors in each jaw, end of each tooth truncate, and whole forms even cutting-edge. No teeth on tongue or mouth roof. Tongue depressed, pointed, free. Inner buccal folds broad. Lips fleshy, moderately wide. Nostril slightly behind middle in snout length. Interorbital convex. Pre- orbital width Sj in eye. Hind preopercle edge slopes well forward, so that angle would fall nearly opposite center of eye, and like lower preorbital and suborbital edges, entire. Gill-opening forward opposite front pupil edge. Rakers 7 + 16, lanceolate, longest about long as gill-filaments or 3 in eye. Pseudo- branchiae slightly longer than gill-filaments. Isthmus narrowly constricted, trenchant, branchiostegal membrane moderately broad across. Scales finely ctenoid, narrowly imbricated, in even lengthwise rows, smaller along body edges. Fins all scaly basally. Supra- scapula thin, entire, small. Cheek with 4 rows of scales. Opercle with moderate scales, small on interorbital, and still smaller on upper part of snout. Moderate scales on suborbitals and preorbital. Chin, lips, and narrow strip on front of snout naked, though mandible scaly. Scaly ventral flaps damaged. Lateral line with upper branch curving up at first, and then largely concurrent with upper limit of general squamation on dorsal fins, and ends below soft dorsal origin. Tubes simple, large, extend nearly over first half in scale exposure. Pores in horizontal section inconspicuous, small, and one in middle of each scale exposure, not on caudal base. Spinous dorsal inserted opposite pectoral origin, spines rapidly graduated up to third, then subequal, fin edge well notched. - Soft dorsal origin nearl}^ at last third between upper hind preopercle edge and caudal base, rays graduated up to sixth and seventh, wliich form sharp point behind. Spinous anal inserted well before soft dorsal, first spine about 3 in second, or fin origin nearly midway between ventral origin and caudal base. Soft anal like soft dorsal. Caudal (damaged) apparently little emarginate behind. Pectoral reaches anal. Ventral inserted below middle of pectoral base, 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., nearly reaches soft anal origin, and spine nearly f fin length. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol largely faded dull brownish generally, predorsal, head above and front of back with traces of darker mottlings. Fins all pale uniform brownish. Iris slaty. Length 41 mm. (caudal tip damaged). Type, No. 47,531, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. No. 47,532, paratjqoe, same data. It shows: Head 2f; depth If; D. XIII, 11; A. II, 12; tubes in upper arch of 1.1. 17 and pores in straight portion 7; snout 3| in head; eye 2; maxillary 3; inter- orbital 2f ; length 36 mm. Apparently falls within the subgenus Amhlyglyphidodon Bleeker, and without much in common with the four East Indian species Bleeker describes. Abudefduf parasema sp. nov. Fig. 22. Head 3^; depth 2|; D. XIII, 11, i; A. II, 12, i; P. ii, 13; V. I, 5; tubes in upper arch of lateral line 13, followed by oblique row of 4 pores and finally 8 pores in horizontal section to caudal base; 2 scales above 1.1. and spinous dorsal origin, and 9 below in vertical series to spinous anal origin; 15 predorsal scales; head width If in its length; head depth at hind eye edge 1; snout 3f ; eye 2f ; maxillary 2j; interorbital 2|; fifth dorsal spine 2; third dorsal ray If; second anal spine If; third anal ray 1|; least depth of caudal jDeduncle 2^^; caudal (damaged) 1|?; pectoral 1|; ventral spine If. Body well compressed, profiles evenly convex to form even ellipsoid contour, edges rounded, and greatest depth midway in length. Caudal peduncle compressed, leng'th f its least depth. Head moderately large, well compressed, flattened sides evenly and slightly constricted above and below, profiles alike. Snout slightly convex in profile, surface also convex, length f its width. Eye large, rounded, little elevated, well advanced. Mouth small, jaws about even. Maxillary small, reaches very slightly beyond front eye edge. Lips thin, narrow. Teeth small, uniserial, ends truncate. Inner buccal folds narrow. Tongue pointed, free, depressed. Nostril at last third in snout, simple pore with slight cutaneous rim. Interorbital convex. Preorbital width about 3 in eye, deeply notched but entire along edge. Preopercle edge entire and slopes forward about opposite hind eye edge. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 57 Gill-opeiiing forward about opposite front pupil edge. Rakers 4+16, lanceolate, slender, about long as filaments or 2h in eye. Pseudobrancliise about long as gill-filaments. Isthmus narrowly constricted, short. Scales ctenoid, narrowly imbricated, in even lengthwise rows, little smaller along body rows. Fins all scaly basally. Suprascapula thin, entire. Cheek with 2 rows of scales. Scales on opercles moderate, small on top of head. Lips, snout broadly, preorbital and suborbitals naked. Broad scaly flap between ventral bases about half length of fin. Ventral axilla with small pointed scale Fig. 22. — Abudefduf parasema sp. nov. about 3 in spine. Height of large humeral scale equals f of eye- diameter. Lateral line with upper branch curving up at first and then follows concurrently along back with upper limits of general squamation, though continues as several simple pores to caudal peduncle. Pores in horizontal section small, inconspicuous and one in middle of each scale exposure, not on caudal base. Spinous dorsal inserted opposite pectoral origin, spines graduated up to fifth, then subequal, fin edge well notched and slight cutaneous point beliind each spine tip. Soft dorsal origin at last third between 58 • PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jail., spinous dorsal origin and caudal base, rays graduated to fourth which longest. Spinous anal origin little nearer pectoral origin than caudal base, first spine about f of second. Soft anal graduated to fifth or longest ray, fin pointed behind like soft dorsal. Caudal small (damaged) and apparently rounded. Pectoral moderate, rather broad, nearly reaches anal. Ventral inserted close behind pectoral base, fin to second anal spine base, and fin length 3 in combined head and trunk length. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol deep chocolate-brown, caudal peduncle and caudal fin white in contrast. Vertical fin dusky-brown. Muzzle with 4 oblique dusky-chocolate streaks. Dark bar at pectoral origin and base. Each scale with dark blotch on head and dark vertical bar on each larger scale on trunk. Iris pale slaty. Hind caudal edge with moderately broad pale brown shade. Teeth pale. Lengih 43 mm. Type, No. 47,533, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Also, Nos. 47,534 to 47,537, paratypes, same data. These show: Head 3 to 3|; depth 2; D. XIII, 11, i; A. II, 12, i; scales 13 to 15 with tubes, then 3 or 4 pores, and finally 8 or 9 pores in horizontal section of lateral line; 2 or 3 scales above 1.1. and 8 or 9 below; 17 to 19 predorsal scales; snout 3| to 3f in head; eye 2| to 3; maxillary 3 to 3f ; interorbital 2^ to 2|; length 37 to 43 mm. Related to Glyphidodon lacrymatus Quoy and Gaimard,^^ which differs in coloration, the figure without black pectoral blotch and caudal only slightly paler or about same tint as pectoral. G. lacry- matus also shows scattered and rather large obscure bluish spots on back. Ahudefduf sappkirus Jordan and Richardson has somewhat similar head markings, but has the tail and caudal peduncle like rest of body. {UapaffYj/m, streamer, with reference to the pale tail.) CTENOGLYPHIDODON subgen. nov. Type Abudefduf melanopsclion sp. nov. Body of oblong contour. Preorbital broad, with entire edge. Hind preopercle edge entire. Gill-rakers very long and slender, also numerous or about 76 on first arch. Front border of snout, or space before nostrils, naked. Preorbitals and suborbitals scaleless. Of three rows of scales on cheek lowest row on preopercle limb. 39 Voy. Uranie, ZooL, 1825, p. 388, PL 22, fig. 7. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 59 This subgenus appears unique in its very fine and numerous gill-rakers. (h'rsc?, comb; Glyphidodon, an old name for Ahudefduf; with refer- ence to the fine gill-rakers.) Abudefduf melanopselion sp. nov. Fig. 23. Head 3; depth 2|; D. XIII, 14, i; A. II, 15, i; P. ii, 13; V. I, 5; tubes in upper arch of lateral line 16, followed by 3 pores as one on each scale sloping down behind, then 5 pores in straight section on side of caudal peduncle; 5 scales in vertical series between 1.1. and Fig. 23. — Abudefduf melanopselion sp. nov. spinous dorsal origin, and 10 below in vertical series to spinous anal origin; 21 predorsal scales; head width 1| its length; head depth 1; snout 2|; eye 3f ; maxillary 3f ; interorbital 2f ; last dorsal spine If; seventh dorsal ray 1|; least depth of caudal peduncle 2|; second anal spine 2; seventh anal ray If; caudal 1|; pectoral 1|; ventral 1|. Body well compressed, rather deep, and greatest depth median, edges rounded or predorsal scarcely trenchant. Caudal peduncle compressed, least depth twice its length. Head moderately large, well compressed, evenly constricted above and below, upper profile little more inclined. Snout nearl}^ straight 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jail., in profile, convex over surface, lengtli about | its width. 'Eye large, round, close to upper profile and hind pupil edge midway in head length. Mouth slightly inclined, jaws about even, gape short. Maxillary reaches about first f in space between nostril and eye, entirely slips below broad preorbital. Teeth as row of rather even crowded compressed incisors, as single cutting-edge, and each tooth with end rather broad, or truncate, though slightly emarginate medially. No teeth on roof of mouth or tongue. Inner buccal folds broad. Tongue free, pointed and depressed. lips moderately broad. Nostril simple pore slightly before middle in snout length. Interorbital convex. Preorbital width Ij in eye. Hind preopercle edge slopes well forward or about opposite eye center, and both it and preopercle ridge, also preorbital edge, entire. Gill-opening forward about opposite hind maxillary end. Rakers 31+45, lanceolate or very slender, 1| in eye. Gill-filaments 2 in eye, pseudobranchise equally long. Isthmus narrowly constricted forward with narrow branchiostegal membrane. Scales ctenoid, narrowly imbricated, in even lengthwise rows, smaller along body edges. Fins all scaly basally. Suprascapula thin, entire. Cheek with 2 rows of scales. Scales on opercles mod- erate and small on top of head. Lips, preorbital, suborbitals and front edge of snout naked, also front of mandible. Scaly flap between ventral bases barely half of spine, and pointed axillary ventral scale about f of spine. Height of large humeral scale equals eye-diameter. Lateral line with upper branch curving up at first and then follows concurrently along back with upper limits of general squamation to end below front of soft dorsal. Tubes simple, large, over first half of each scale exposure. Pores in horizontal section small and inconspicuous, and one in middle of each scale exposure, not on caudal base. Spinous dorsal inserted opposite pectoral origin, spines rapidly graduated up to third or fourth, then slightly so to last, fin edge well notched, and cutaneous flap from each spine tip behind. Soft dorsal origin little before last third in space between pectoral origin and caudal base, rays graduated to seventh, which longest and forms pointed tip behind reaching back half-way in caudal. Spinous anal origin midway between that of pectoral and caudal base, first spine f length of second. Soft anal graduated to seventh raj^, fin pointed behind like soft dorsal. Caudal (damaged) apparently truncate behind, broad. Pectoral moderate, 1^ to anal, upper rays longest. Ventral inserted about opposite middle of pectoral base, spine f 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 61 length of fin and latter not quite to anal origin. Vent about midway between ventral spine tip and spinous anal origin. Color in alcohol pale russet-brown on front, shading off on front of back to chocolate-brown above medianly and posteriorly, which latter tint uniformly over dorsals. Region above anal, caudal fin, and anal fin chocolate-brown, fins of darker tint. Pale transverse streak on caudal peduncle and caudal base with broad dark transverse area. Median caudal rays dusky, outer pale. Dusky-brown blotch on upper half of pectoral base and slightly on hmneral scale also. Lower surface of head, breast and belly all pale or light brownish. Lips grayish. Iris pale slaty. Pectoral grajdsh, paler below. Ventral blackish-brown, front and hind margins broadly pale. Length 93 mm. Type, No. 47,538, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. (i)/^;.av-^ black; 4'-^^"'-', bracelet; with reference to the black pectoral bases.) Chromis scotochilopterus sp. nov. Fig. 24. Head 3i; depth 2; D. XIII, 11; A. II, 11; P. ii, 16; V. I, 5; tubes in upper arch of lateral line 19, and 9 in straight section to caudal base; 3 scales above 1.1. to spinous dorsal origin, and 9 scales in vertical row below to spinous anal origin; predorsal scales about 32; head width If in its length; head depth 1 ; mandible 2f ; fourth dorsal spine 2; fourth dorsal ray 1|; second anal spine 1|; sixth anal ray If; least depth of caudal peduncle 2; ventral lyV J snout 4 in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye 3; maxillary 2|; interorbital 3. Body well compressed, contour deeply ellipsoid, greatest depth ixddway in its length, edges convex. Caudal peduncle well com- pressed, length f its least depth. Head large, deep, compressed, flattened sides slightly constricted below, and upper profile slightly steeper. Snout slightly convex in profile, length half its width. Eye large, rounded, scarcely elevated, hind edge but slightly behind center in head length. Mouth oblique, gape moderate, lower jaw slightly protruded. Maxillary reaches slightly beyond front eye edge, not quite to pupil. Lips rather narrow, fleshy. Teeth short, strong, conic, in outer row in each jaw, and those in front little larger than others. Inner teeth fine, minute, crowded close behind outer row. No teeth on roof of mouth or on tongue. Inner buccal folds broad. Rami of mandible but little elevated inside mouth. Nostril about last | in snout length. 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., simple, moderate pore. Interorbital convex. Preorbital partly ensheaths upper maxillary edge, width 3 in eye. Hind preopercle edge slightly emarginate, whole edge entire. Gill-opening extends forward opposite hind maxillary edge. Rakers 10 + 13, lanceolate, about | of filaments, and latter If in eye. Pseudobranchise long as gill-filaments. Isthmus narrowly con- stricted forwards, with rather narrow branchiostegal membrane across. Scales finely ctenoid, narrowly imbricated, in even lengthwise rows more or less converging behind, and smaller along body edges. Fig. 24. — Chromis scotochilopterus sp. nov. Fins all scaly basally. Suprascapula small, thin, entire. Head scaly, except lips, and on muzzle, suborbitals and interorbitals smaller scales crowded closely. Cheek with 6 rows of scales, two median rows enlarged. Opercles with moderately large scales. Humeral scale moderate. Ventrals with median scaly flap f of fin, and pointed axillary scale |. Upper branch of lateral line curving up at first, then concurrent with upper limit of general squamation on dorsal fins, and ends below front basal region of soft dorsal. Tubes simple, large, and well over front half of each scale exposure. Pores in horizontal section simple, small, one in middle of each scale exposure, and 2 irregularly on caudal base. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 63 Spinous dorsal inserted about over ventral origin, spines graduated up to fourth after which subequal, fin edge notched and cutaneous flap from behind tip of each spine. Soft dorsal inserted nearly at last fourth in space between pectoral origin and caudal base, rays graduated up to fifth which form.s point extending back well beyond caudal base. Spinous anal inserted midway between pectoral origin and caudal base, first spine 3 in second. Soft anal more rounded than soft dorsal, first 6 rays subequal. Caudal deeplj^ forked, about 21 in combined head and trunk, lobes sharply pointed and upper much longer. Pectoral reaches vent, which close before anal. Ventral reaches slightly beyond vent to anal, and insertion close behind pectoral base. Ventral spine f of fin. Color in alcohol largely dull uniform brownish, scarcely paler below. Some small obscure whitish spots sprinkled on opercles and upper side of head, along middle of side and near depressed pectoral tip. Head brownish above, especially interorbital and upper snout surface. Iris slaty. Spinous dorsal blackish-brown. Soft dorsal blackish-brown basally, which broadly so at first and narrowly behind, rest of fin white. Dark color of this fin also reflected on adjacent region of back. Caudal white, except upper and lower borders broadly, to tips of lobes, which blackish-brown. Anals white, except along front edge of soft anal broad blackish-brown band to hindmost tip of fin. Pectoral pale, with small brownish axillary blotch above, though not extending on outside of fin. Ven- tral brownish, darker terminally. Apparently whole general colora- tion more or less olivaceous when fresh. Length 115 mm. Type, No. 47,539, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Musemns of Philadelphia. Also No. 47,540, paratype, same data: Head 3|; depth 2; D. XIII, 11; A. II, 11; tubes in upper arch of 1.1. 18, and 7 in straight section to caudal base; snout 4 in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye 2f ; maxillary 2|; interorbital 31; length 75 mm. Allied with Chromis xanthochir (Bleeker), l3ut differs in its colora- tion as represented in his colored figure .■*° (^IxoraTu^^ dark; /ji^<>?, edge; r^rspo-^^ fin.) Chromis philippinus sp. nov. Fig. 25. Head 3f ; depth 1|; D. XII, 11; A. II, 11; P. ii, 15; V. I, 5; tubes in upper arch of lateral line about 15, and 9 pores in straight portion « Atlas Ich. Ind. Neerl., IX, 1877, PI. 3, fig. 5. 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., to caudal base; 3 scales above 1.1. to spinous dorsal origin, and 9 below in vertical series to spinous anal origin; about 23 predorsal scales; head width If in its length; mandible 2|; third dorsal spine 2|; twelfth dorsal spine 3; fourth dorsal ray If; second anal spine 2|; sixth anal ray 1|; least depth of caudal peduncle 2; pectoral i; ventral 1; snout 3| in head measured from upper jaw tip; e3'e2§; maxillary 3; interorbital 2f. Body well compressed, contour somewhat ovoid with greatest depth near spinous dorsal front, and edges all convex. Caudal peduncle compressed, about long as deep. Fig. 25. — Chromis philippinus sp. nov. Head rather large, well compressed, flattened sides slightly con- stricted below, profiles similarly and nearly evenly convex. Snout convex in profile and over surface, length f its width. Eye circular, large, but slightly elevated and hind pupil edge about midway in head length. Mouth small, oblique, gape short, and closed lower jaw slightly protrudes. Maxillary small, extends back very slightly beyond front eye edge. Lips fleshy, rather narrow. Teeth fine, simple, conic, strong, in bands in jaws, and entire outer row enlarged, especially anteriorly. No teeth on mouth roof or on tongue. Inner buccal folds broad. Tongue broad, depressed and free. Nostril simple pore at last | in snout. Interorbital convex. Preorbital 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 65 ensheaths upper maxillary edge, its width 2| in eye. Hind pre- opercle edge obliquely forward opposite hind pupil edge, little emarginate below, and entire. Gill-opening forward opposite front eye edge. Rakers 9+20, lanceolate, very slender, slightly less than filaments or latter about 2 in eye. Pseudobranchise about as long as gill-filaments. Isthmus narrowly constricted, especially anteriorly, with rather narrow branchiostegal membrane across. Scales finely ctenoid, narrowly imbricated in even lengthwise rows somewhat converging behind, and smaller along body edges. Fins all scaly basally. Suprascapula small, entire. Head scaly, except lips, and on snout and mandible scales quite small. Cheek with 4 rows of scales, and a single row of broad ones on preorbital. Scales on opercle moderate. Humeral scale large as eye. Small scales on breast and pointed scaly flap between ventral bases 3 in fin, and pointed axillary scaly flap about same. Upper branch of lateral line curves up at first, then concurrent with upper limit of general squamation on dorsal fins, and ending below soft dorsal origin. Tubes simple, large, and extend well over each scale or for about first f its exposure. Pores in horizontal section mostly simple and single, though some few double, all median on each scale exposure, and not on caudal base. Spinous dorsal inserted about opposite hind basal pectoral edge, spines slightly graduated to third, others more or less subequal, and fin edge notched. Soft dorsal inserted about last third in space between liind preopercle edge and caudal base, graduated to fourth and fifth rays, which form point behind extending slightly beyond caudal base. Spinous anal inserted nearer pectoral origin than caudal base, first spine nearly f length of second. Soft anal little more oblong than soft dorsal, little shorter behind. Caudal deeply forked, subequal lobes sharply pointed, 2| in combined head and trunk. Pectoral reaches second anal spine base. Ventral inserted below last half of pectoral base, reaches nearly to anal, and spine about Y o^ fill- Vent about midway between depressed ventral spine tip and anal origin. Color in alcohol dark brown above generally, and lower surface paler. Traces of obscure mottling or spots on head above and back especially anteriorly. Under surface of head, with lips pale. Iris slaty. Dorsals blackish-brown, also anals. Caudal with lengthwise blackish-brown band broadly on upper lobe above and lower lobe 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF ' [Jan., below, rest of fin paler or gray-brown. Pectoral and ventral pale brown. Length 70 mm. Type, No. 47,541, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Also Nos. 47,542 to 47,547, paratypes, same data. These show: Head 3 to Sf; depth If to 2; D. XII, 11, once XII, 10; A. II, 11, rarely II, 10 to II, 12; tubes in upper arch of 1.1. 15, rarely 14; pores in straight portion of 1.1. 10, rarely 9 or 12; snout 3| to 4 in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye 2f to 2|; maxillary 2f to 3|; interorbital 2f to 2|; length 58 to 75 mm. Some of the smaller ones show a slight depression concavely above eye in upper profile. Allied with Chromis ternatensis (Bleeker), especially in its pale anal and dark edged caudal, though differs in its preorbital not half so wide as in Bleeker's figure. ^^ Day's figure of Heliastes lepi- durus^'^ is close in proportions, and is likely identical with the present species. His figure differs in a radiation of scales below the eye and the dark pectoral spot appears above the pectoral base and not on the base of first ray. HOPLOCHROMIS subgan. nov. Type Helioses cceruleus Cuvier. Differs from the subgenus Chromis, as represented by the preceding species, in the presence of external outwardly directed conic teeth in each jaw. ("O-Xdv, armour; Chromis; with reference to the external series of teeth.) Chromis caeruleus (Cuvier). Six examples. Callyodon philippinus sp. nov. Fig. 26. Head 3; depth 2f ; D. IX, 10, i; A. Ill, 9, i; P. ii, 12; V. I, 5; scales in lateral line 19+5 to caudal base and 2 more on latter; 2 scales between spinous dorsal origin and 1.1. and 6 below in vertical series to spinous anal origin; 6 predorsal scales; head width 2 in its length; head depth 1^; snout 2\; eye 6f ; maxillary 5; interorbital 2f ; third dorsal spine 3; first dorsal ray 2f ; third anal spine 3|; third anal ray 2|; least depth of caudal peduncle 2|; caudal If; pectoral If; ventral 14. ^1 Atlas Ich. Ind. Neerl., IX, 1877, PI. 4, fig. 4. « Fishes of India, III, 1877, PI. 82, fig. 1. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 67 Body compressed, contour elongately ellipsoid, deepest about midway in its length, and edges convexly rounded. Caudal peduncle well compressed, length about f its least depth. Head large, compressed, flattened sides about evenly constricted above and below, and upper profile a little more evenly convex than lower. Snout convex in profile and over surface, long as wide. Eye small, a little elevated, rounded, and its center nearly midway in head length. Mouth small, gape inclined forward, jaws even. Lips thin, broad, not covering teeth. Teeth welded into sharp-edged even cutting-edge. Two large upper posterior canines and larger lower one on each side. Inner buccal membranes broad. Tongue Fig. 26. — Callyodon philippinus sp. nov. thick, depressed, apparently not free. Maxillary not half way in snout, not nearly to front nostril. Nostrils small, lateral, incon- spicuous, little separated, hind one about | an eye-diameter before eye and both near level of upper eye edge. Interorbital broadly convex. Opercular flap narrow. Gill-opening extends forward close behind hind nostril. Rakers 32 very short weak flexible points on outer edge of first arch, and about 52 slender setae-like rakers on inner edge, which latter about 3| in gill-filaments. Gill-filaments 2 in snout length. Pseudo- branchiae about I of gill-filaments. Isthmus narrowly constricted, gill-membranes adnate. Scales large, cycloid, and those on middle of sides with exposed 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., width a little less than half of exposed depths. Snout, interorbital, preorbital, muzzle and lower limb of preopercle anteriorly, naked. Cheek with 2 rows of broad scales. Several large scales on opercle. Fins, except base of caudal which covered with large scales, naked. Smaller scales along bases of dorsals and anals. Round scale between ventral bases about ^ of fin, and pointed axillary scale about 2|. Lateral line concurrent with back, slopes down below bases of last dorsal rays and midway along side of caudal peduncle on caudal base. Tubes in first section of lateral line with several branches, all small, main stem most conspicuous and branches small. Origin of spinous dorsal about over that of pectoral, spines more or less equal, rather flexible adipose ends present, and edge of fin entire. Soft dorsal origin little nearer upper corner of gill-opening than caudal base, membranes very shallowly emarginate along fin edge, and rays subequally high. Anal spines graduated to third, which longest, each ending in flexible adipose-like end. Soft anal like soft dorsal. Closed caudal slightly concave behind, when expanded nearly truncate and corners always sharp-pointed. Pec- toral broad, upper rays longest, and fin | to anal. Ventral inserted about opposite pectoral origin, fin about f to anal, and spine ends in flexible adipose-like tip f of fin length. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol faded pale brownish with traces of olivaceous. Dorsals marginally with broad pale band length of both fins. Anal with similar submarginal band lengthwise. Caudal uniform brown- ish. Pectoral pale olive, but second, third and upper portions of fourth branched rays with their intervening rays dark brown, forming a lengthwise dark band. Ventral pale uniform brownish. Upper lip broadly pale, and with narrow line from mouth corner back to eye. Also short pale line from behind eye over postorbital, besides several smaller ones below, at lower edges. Small broken bars and spots of pale brownish on under surface of head. Iris slaty. Length 215 mm. Type, No. 47,548, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. This species somewhat resembles Calhjodon rivulatus (Valenciennes) as figured by Bleeker,*^ but differs in the coloration, as there are no traces of the green median spots on the soft dorsal, the dark pectoral band is lower on the fin, and it does not show the spots and bars of pale color on the under surface of the head. « Atlas Ich. Ind. Neerl., I, 1862, p. 44, PL 9, fig. 3. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 69 Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn). Large series, mostly young. These identical with material from Bacon, P. I., upon comparison. All have a dark shoulder-blotch and dark spots or blotches on trunk. Siganus corallinus (Valenciennes). One which cHffers slightly from a Sumatran example in the smaller dark spots on the head, doubtless due to age. Both agree largely with Miiller and Schlegel's account. The alleged closely related Chcetodon guttatus Bloch shows no dark spots on the head. Surely the figure by Quoy and Gaimard of their Amphacanthus argenteus cannot refer to this genus as it is shown with five dorsal spines and three anal spines. Its trunk is clouded olive and brown, and there is a white bar on the caudal peduncle. DROMBUS Jordan and Seals. ULCIGOBIUS subgen. nov. Type Drombus maculipinnis sp. nov. Differs from subgenus Drombus in the higher spinous dorsal, larger scales and very conspicuous pores on the sides of the head. Ventrals joined, at least for their basal halves. Probably D. tutuilce Jordan and Scale belongs in the present group. {Ulcis, boil, with reference to the pores on the side of the head; Gohius.) Drombus maculipinnis sp. nov. Fig. 27. Head 3; depth 3f ; D. VI-10; A. I, 7; P. i, 14; V. I, 5; scales 23 in median lateral series from shoulder to caudal base and 3 more on latter; about 7 scales between second dorsal origin and anal origin; about 6? predorsal scales; head width If in its length; head depth at occiput If; mandible 3|; first dorsal spine slightly less than head; eighth dorsal ray If; last anal ray If; least depth of caudal peduncle 2yV; pectoral 1; ventral If; snout 3f in head measured from upper jaw tip; eye 4|; maxillary 3|; interorbital about 2 in eye. Body moderately long, compressed though little robust anteriorly and deepest about second dorsal origin. Body edges all rounded convexly. Caudal peduncle compressed, slightly longer than deep. Head large, elongate, profiles similar, cheeks and lower sides greatly and evenly swollen backward, with upper head surface more constricted than lower. Snout convex over profile and surface, length f its width. Eye moderate, superior, advanced, largely directed upward. Mouth small, broad, gape extends about first I in snout. Mandible broad, protrudes, rather shallow. Lips thick, 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., fleshy, firm. Teeth in rather broad villiform bands in jaws, none on vomer, palatines or tongue. Inner buccal folds both rather broad. Tongue large, thick, oblong, adnate, and front end rather broadly truncate. Nostril small pore in depression at base of snout close before eye, but not visible in superior view. Interorbital deep narrow groove between elevated supraorbital ridges. Gill-opening entirely lateral, long as space between mandible tip and front eye edge. Rakers 2+6, iii, lanceolate, slightly less than filaments, and latter about half of eye. Isthmus broad, width equals snout and half of eye. Scales large, ctenoid, moderately exposed, in even lengthwise Fig. 27. — Drombus maculipinnis sp. nov. rows. Caudal base scaly. Head scalj^, with numerous transverse cutaneous narrow areas on cheek, side of head and snout. Cutaneous flap each side of snout tip nearly equal to pupil in length. Fins other than caudal apparently scaleless and without scaly flaps. No 1.1. Spinous dorsal inserted little nearer mandible tip than last dorsal ray base, first spines elongate, flexible and reach about f in second dorsal base. Origin of soft dorsal much nearer caudal base than hind eye edge, median and posterior rays little longer, and last ones reach caudal base. Anal origin close behind dorsal origin, fin similar to soft dorsal only smaller. Caudal elongate and ends in median 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 71 point behind. Pectoral large, with broad base, and reaches little beyond anal origin. Ventral inserted below gill-opening close before pectoral base, fins united for their basal halves, and reach large vent close before anal. Ventral spine small, about f length of fin. Color in alcohol dark chocolate-brown, with basal pockets of scales dusky to blackish, and together with paler spots producing a mottled appearance. Fins all blackish or dusky-brown, barred or spotted with whitish. Cutaneous areas on head dark. Iris slaty. Length 50 mm. Type, No. 47,549, A. N. S. P. Philippine Islands. Presented by the Commercial Museums of Philadelphia. Dromhus palackyi Jordan and Seale*^ has smaller scales, about 31 in a lateral series, body more slender or with the depth 6 and fins not marked with wliite. {Macula, spot; pinna, fin.) « Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1905, p. 797, fig. 15. 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March^ March 19. Henry Skinner, M,D., Sc.D., in the Chair. Fifty persons present. The death, on February 26, of Samuel Gibson Dixon, M.D., LL.D., Sc.D., President of the Academy, having been announced, the following minute prepared for a special meeting of the Council by John Cadwalader, LL.D., Vice President of the Academy, was read: This Academy has met the most serious loss in the death of its President, Samuel Gibson Dixon. The death of ah officer who has been twenty-two years in the service of such an institution inflicts a loss not easily compensated. When a man of Dr. Dixon's earnest character, unusual attain- ments and unflagging zeal in every cause which he espoused, is lost to the community, it becomes a public calamity. It would be hard to find a man whose services had been of more value to his associates, and to the public generally, than were those of Dr. Dixon. ► He was unusually well equipped for efficiency by early education. He thus came to the bar, at that time the commanding profession. The influence of an office discipline as well as Law School instruction still existed, and lawyers were truly men of affairs as well as legal advisers and could adapt themselves to all demands made upon them more readily than could men of any other training. Having a natural trend of thought and interest in the pursuit of science, he entered the other great learned profession — medicine, after a very thorough preparation. A man in mature life who seeks a new vocation is apt to throw a deeper interest into what he under- takes, as he cannot afford to make another experiment. Dr. Dixon's work in his profession and here in The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and for many years in his great office, presiding over the Health Department of the State, cannot be properly dealt with in a brief minute. A fitting tribute to his work and memory will be paid at a suitable time. To-day we meet to record our deep sense of the loss of an able pre- siding officer, a loyal friend to the institution over which he presided, and a personal colleague whose friendship we all treasured. His col- leagues tender to his family profound sympathy in their bereavement. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 73 The death of George Barrie, a member, January 4th, was also announced. Eruptions of the Costa Rican Volcano Irazu in 1917-18. — Dr. Philip P. Calvert stated that the first and greatest known eruption of Irazu occurred in 1723, from February intermittently to December. A contemporary account by the Spanish Governor of Cartago, Don Diego.de la Haya, exists and has been reprinted several times. A recent report by Prof. Tristan refers to eruptions of "smoke" or of vapors seen by visitors to the old craters in 1844, 1847, 1855, 1859, 1870, 1880, 1884, 1888, and 1910. La Informacion, a daily paper of San Jose, for October 6, 1917, published a despatch from a correspondent who visited the craters of Irazii on the preceding day, in which he stated that they were violently exhaling large columns of steam, rising at times to a height of 70 meters, accompanied by sulphurous odors, rumbling sounds and small volcanic stones. This notice led Prof. J. Fidel Tristan, accompanied by Senores Alvaro Fernandez Peralta and Ewald Starke to visit the volcano on October 19 and 20, 1917. A report (that alluded to above) by Prof. Tristan and Senor Ricardo Fernandez Peralta on the observa- tioris made on these days was subsequently published in La Gaceta, Diario Official (Official publication of the Costa Rican Government) , for December 4, 1917. It is accompanied by reproductions of some photographs taken by Prof. Tristan and a plan of the craters in eruption. This report has been reprinted in better form as No. 1, Series A, Puhlicaciones, Colegio de Senoritas, San Jose, 1917. Professor Tristan found that craters D, E, G, H, L and M (fol- lowing the designations of Dr. Karl Sapper) were discharging vapor. A fuller series of the October photographs than were included in this report has been sent by Prof. Tristan to the speaker, as well as others taken by Senores Jose Maria Tristan on December 19, 1917, and Ricardo Fernandez Peralta on December 20, 1917, in the craters, and telephotographs from San Jose by Prof. Tristan in January, 1918. All these photographs were shown on the screen and the speaker added explanatory remarks based on Prof. Tristan and Senor R. F. Peralta's report, articles from various issues of La Informacion and his own visits to the volcano in 1909 and 1910. The later photographs show the chief discharge as being from crater G. A considerable fall of ash and scoriae was reported as occurring on December 19 and January 6 and 7, reaching on the last date to San Jose. Samples of the ash collected in San Jose and forwarded by Mr. J. B. Clark, and of ash from the eruption of Poas, of January, 1910, were exhibited under microscopes. The former is much darker than the latter; Prof. Alfaro, director of the National Museum in San Jose, is quoted in La Informacion of January 8, 1918, as saying that the Irazu ash was produced by decomposition of andesite and contained but little sulphur, while that of Poas was due to calcination of pumice and (when first fallen) contained much sulphuric acid. The communication was illustrated by lantern views. 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mai'ch, Mr. James A. G. Rehn gave an outline of the work of the Southern Arizona Expedition of 1916. (No abstract.) Mr. Francis R. Cope was elected a member. The following were elected Correspondents: George Howard Parker, of Cambridge, Massachusetts; Alfred Goldsborough Mayer, of Tortugas; Charles Richard Van Hise, of Madison, Wisconsin; John Campbell Merriam, of Berkeley, California; John Henry Comstock, of Ithaca, New York; Herbert Spencer Jennings, of Baltimore, Maryland; Frank Rattray Lillie, of Chicago, Rlinois. The following were ordered to be printed: 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 75 THE RECTAL TRACHEATION AND RECTAL RESPIRATION OF THE LARVAE OF ODONATA ZYGOPTERA. I. RECTAL TRACHEATION OF ARGIA PUTRIDA LARVA. BY ANNA M. CULLEN. Argia moesta pidrida Hagen is a Zygopterous dragonfly of wide distribution throughout the eastern United States. Its larvae occur in flowing streams, the material studied having been collected at Cobb's Creek near Beechwood Park, Pennsylvania, May 25, 1914. The larva sectioned was killed in hot Gilson (BoUes Lee, Microtomist's Vade Mecum, Third Edition p. 472). It was stained with Delafield's haematoxylin and alcoholic eosin. The rectal tracheation was studied from a series of paraffin sections extending through the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth segments of the larva. The alimentary canal in this region will be considered first. At the beginning of the hind gut, in the posterior part of the sixth segment, the epithelium has six deep longitudinal folds. In this region the epithelium is somewhat thin. In the anterior half of the seventh segment the alimentary canal is triangular in section. This triangular appearance is caused by three patches of thickened epithelium, one dorsal in position, the others right ventral and left ventral. Between the three patches of thickened epithelium are small areas of thin pigmented epithelium. Tracheae penetrate the thickened epithelium. No tracheae enter the thin pigmented epithelium. The alimentary canal in the posterior half of the seventh segment and the beginning of the eighth segment is extremely thin-walled. Toward the middle of segment seven the patches of thickened epithelium disappear and the alimentary canal becomes thin-walled and folded. At first the folds have no definite arrange- ment but gradually six definite folds appear, three large ones alter- nating with three smaU ones. The six folds soon become equal in size and using the clock face notation of Tillyard, the folds occupy the positions of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 of the clock face. Toward the posterior end of segment seven the folds gradually disappear and the alimentary canal is thin-walled, and oval, almost rectangular in outline. This part of the larva contains few of the smaller tracheae, none of which approach the alimentary canal. In the anterior part 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, of segment eight, the longitudinal rectal folds begin to appear in the epithelium. These folds become deeper and extend all through segment eight and part of segment nine. Of the three folds, one is dorsal, one may be called right latero-ventral and the third left 1 at ero- ventral (Fig. 1); in spite of their positions, shown in this figure, they appear to correspond to folds 12, 4, and 8 of the clock face. Between the folds there are thin pigmented areas. Toward the posterior end of segment nine and continuing through segment ten, the folds become gradually less pronounced until they form merely three thickened areas of the rectal wall. Between these areas of thickened epithelium, the rectal wall is extremely thin and projects inward as a ridge. Since there are three areas of thickened epithelium, of course there are three of these thin inwardly pro- jecting ridges. All along through segments eight and nine tracheae penetrate the thickened epithelium but no tracheae enter the thin areas. Toward the middle of the ninth segment the thin epithelium between the longitudinal folds becomes spongy. These spongy masses continue through the ninth segment and into the tenth segment. In the latter half of the ninth segment tracheae penetrate these spongy masses. Tracheal System. There are two great dorsal longitudinal tracheae, called right dorsal trachea, rdt, and left dorsal trachea, kit, and two longitudinal lateral tracheae, rlt and lit. In the anterior part of segment eight (Fig. 2), each lateral trachea gives off a visceral trachea, the right visceral trachea, rvs, and the left visceral trachea, Ivs, respectively. These extend ventrad, mesad and cephalad in the seventh segment. For some distance there is no branching, but when the right visceral trachea and the left visceral trachea change their course somewhat and each takes up a lateral position a little farther forward, each begins to branch. The branches of the right visceral trachea supply the thickened epithelium on the right side of the alimentary canal, divide and subdivide and finally the smallest tracheoles shown in the diagram penetrate the epithelium. In like manner the branches of the left visceral trachea supply the thickened epithelium of the left side of the alimentary canal. The dorsal thickened epithelium is supplied by small tracheae whose origin is from another branch of the left visceral trachea. About the middle of the eighth segment each dorsal trachea gives off a branch, the right dorsal rectal trachea, rdrt, and the left dorsal 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 77 rectal trachea, Idrti, respectively. Each of these runs mesad and caudad and enters the dorsal longitudinal fold of the alimentary canal (Fig. 1). Here these tracheae divide and subdivide, but no anastomosis between the tracheoles of the right dorsal rectal trachea and the left dorsal rectal trachea was found. cm dv Idrti llpa Idt drf Urti llrj cf \ ^&- ' 1 \ ^ \ f^^HESfl %. ■' 1 S.' ^ * -^ I, ^ ■** ^ ' ^M ^ .Je^l -*• -^ A fi ^\' m Kw^^ ■ '- ^,^B^ ■ ^ ^^ m^— •^K^ ^ Pn-' -^^- ^.- ^^- ^ ^-A \ • x* -^ / V >■ ^ -^ y •^UKHBk^ JHP "' '^ I ^ ^ ^ ^ 3W m"^ ^I-f \ ^ J 1 ->-^ ' 1 ' "- -u. ■ ^ ^ t If 'V jMRm. "^''■v \ • —M- i ' ~* ' \ -IS*- l^s-/" \ ■ -.•■v-v s |e _ _ i „ 1 #■ W ? ' \V \l' S ""^ - * *-- _..^ ^ •py^.j^imMgin^^ ■^':.-' ' V "^^fj^gHMMBH^^mn^ *^ ■ Jv- \ —■'"''' \ \ «- -^ " , / ' -' ■s '"\ * / / / N V \ / / <> 1 1 N. \ / \ 1 t V ■ / V s y ^ » V ts vd rdrt rdt rlpa cm rlrti rlrf n mt mvpa Fig. 1. Transverse section of abdomen of larva of ArQia moesta putrida cf near the middle of the 7th segment (TS. 52, row 4, slide 3) seen from its posterior face. Cuticle and hypodermis removed before embedding. Photo- graphed by Mr. H. A. Walters, using Leitz ocular 4, objective 3. Enlaro-ed 117 diameter.?. cf, connective tissue and fat. cm, circular muscles of gut wall. drf, dorsal rectal fold. dv, dorsal vessel. Idrti, left dorsal rectal trachea. Idt, left dorsal trachea. llpa, left lateral pigmented area. llrf, left lateral rectal fold. llrti, left lateral rectal trachea. mt, Malpighian tubule. 7nvpa, mid-ventral pigmented area. n, nerve. r, rectum. rdrt, fight dorsal rectal trachea. rdt, right dorsal trachea. rlpa, right lateral pigmented area. rlrf, right lateral rectal fold. rlrii, right lateral rectal trachea. ts, testis. vd, vas deferens. 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, Some distance anterior to the origin of the dorsal rectal tracheae there arises, on each side, the right lateral rectal trachea, rlrtu and the left lateral rectal trachea llrti, from the right visceral trachea and left visceral trachea respectively, at a point just mesad of the origin of each visceral trachea from the lateral trachea. The right lateral rectal trachea extends cauclad and sends branches cephalad and caudad which enter the right longitudinal rectal fold. In like manner the left lateral rectal trachea supplies the left longitudinal rectal fold (Fig. 1). Toward the end of the ninth segment a dorsal trachea appears, Idrtw This originates from the left median caudal gill trachea, Imcgt, at the end of the ninth segment. It sends a branch caudad which penetrates the rectal epithelium in the anterior part of the tenth segment. Another branch extends cephalad giving off branches and penetrates the rectal epithelium about the middle of the ninth segment. No trachea corresponding to Idrtn, appears on the right side. Toward the end of the ninth segment small trachese are noticed in the spongy masses between the longitudinal folds of the rectum. The trachea in the ventral mass originates from a branch of the left lateral trachea at the hind end of the ninth seg- ment. This little trachea extends mesad and cephalad and disap- pears in the ventral spongy mass about the middle of the ninth segment. The trachea of the left spongy mass originates at the end of the ninth segment from the left dorsal rectal trachea Idrtu. It runs cephalad a very short distance and disappears in the left spongy mass. The trachea of the right spong}^ mass originates at the end of the ninth segment from the right median caudal gill trachea, rmcgt. It extends mesad and cephalad a short distance in the right spongy mass where it disappears. At the end of the ninth and the beginning of the tenth segment there is an anastomosis between the right and left lateral longitudinal trachese which meet in the midventral line. Two other trachese also take part in this anastomosis. These are a branch from the right and a branch from the left lateral caudal gill trachese, rcgt and Icgt, respectively. "Observation and experiment with carmine particles on living larvae of Argia moesta putrida from the vicinity of Philadelphia showed that a larva watched for two hours may give no sign of rythmic rectal contractions, but that these may suddenly begin and then continue for varying periods. They consisted of sets of three rapidly successive contractions, every third contraction being 1918. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 79 ^^ 1 m c^"t 9 s rmcgt Fig. 2. Diasnim of tracheation of the hind-gut of larva of Argia moesta pidrida, reconstructed from sections. To avoid confusion the trachese are represented as lying farther to right and to left from the gut and from each other than is actually the case (compare Fig. 1). Of the tracheae which supply the gut walls, those which run on the dorsal surface or enter the dorsal longi- tudinal fold are shown in solid lines; those which run on the ventral .surface or enter the lateral folds are shown in broken lines. The tracheae forming the ventral anastomosis are shown by alternating dots and dashes. The Rornan numerals on the left side indicate the anterior ends of the respective abdominal segments, the Arabic numerals on the right the beginning of each row of sections on slide 3 of the series; each row comprises about 60 sections. Abbrevi- ations as in Fig. 1, and as given in the text. 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, of longer duration than the other two; 32 such sets per minute were noted. At other times sets of five contractions were noted. In some larvae, but not in all, the beginning of a set of rectal contractions was often synchronous with a slight shortening of the abdomen; the lengthening of the abdomen began before the contractions had ended. A rhythmic shortening and lengthening of the abdomen may perhaps furnish an indication of the existence of rectal con- tractions in an opaque larva. Successive removal of the three caudal gills in one larva was not followed by any immediate beginning of rectal contractions, although such were seen four hours later; the larva was not under continuous observation during all of that time, however." (Calvert, Ent. News, XXVI, pp. 441-2.) In the diagram of the rectal tracheation of Thaumatoneura larva figured by Calvert, Plate XVI, Ent. News, Vol. XXVI, there is one area of rectal respiration supplied by the right and left dorsal rectal tracheae and the right and left lateral rectal tracheae. It seems from the structure of Argia putrida larva that there may be two areas of respiration in the alimentary canal walls, a small one in segment seven and a larger respiration area in segments eight and nine. The respiration of the seventh segment may be carried on through the tracheae supplied by the branches of the right and left visceral tracheae. The larger respiration area of segments eight and nine is supplied with tracheae through the branches of the right and left dorsal rectal tracheae and the right and left lateral rectal tracheae. In each case the structure of- the epithelium of the ali- mentary canal appears to be the same. In the seventh segment, the three patches of thickened epithelium supply the surface through which respiration may take place. In the eight and ninth segments, the thickened epithelium of the longitudinal rectal folds supplies the surface through which respiration may take place (Fig. 1). At the present time there is considerable doubt in the minds of observers as to the importance of these areas of respiration. When the caudal gills have been removed, the Argia putrida larva continues to live. Respiration may take place all over the surface of the body through the thin body wall. If this is the case, then we may assume that respiration also takes place throughout the length of the hind gut through its wall. The numerous tracheae found penetrating the thickened epithelium can be explained as necessary because respiration is more difficult in these regions owing to the thickness of the walls, hence the many tracheoles penetrating the thickened epithelium. A comparison with the rectal respiration 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 81 areas of Anisopterid larvae seems to strengthen this view. In the rectal gills of these larvae, the minute branches of the trachess are separated from the water of the rectum by a very thin epithelium. This seems to show that respiration takes place most actively through a thin epithelium. II. THE TRACHEAL SUPPLY OF THE RECTUM OF THE LARVA OF ARGIA TAI;AMANCA FROM JUAN VINAS, COSTA RICA. BY JANET P, .TAMIESON. The rectal epithelium of the water-fall dweller, Argia talamanca, presents three main longitudinal folds, one that is "dorsal and a little to the left of the median plane," a second that is "left latero- ventral" and the third that is "right lateral." These folds (Fig. 1.) correspond in position with those of the water-fall dweller Thaumatoneura described by Calvert {Entomological News, Vol. XXVI, p. 387, and plate XVII, fig. 1.) Those of A. talamanca are, however, deeper as may be seen by comparing photographs of the transverse sections, and show a greater complexity. In some parts of the rectum the free edges of the three folds appear to meet in the center of the lumen of the gut. Between the bases of these primary folds the epithelium thins out and becomes darkly pigmented. From the base of each primary fold, is given off a secondary shallower fold, to the right in the case of the dorsal fold, to the left in the case of the left latero-ventral fold and ventrally in the case of the right lateral fold. Toward the hind end of the rectum the secondary folds disappear and the main folds have practically no depth; this gives an almost cylindrical shape to the hind part of the rectum. The larva of Argia putrida from the vicinity of Philadelphia, described in the preceding paper by Miss Cullen, differing from A. talamanca in that it lives in streams of continuously flowing water, shows three simple shallow folds in the rectal epithelium, one dorsal, one right lateral and one left lateral. The epithelium is much denser and thicker than in this water-fall dweller of the same genus, and the thin pigmented areas between the bases of the folds are not so broad. It has been suggested by Calvert that the more extensive surface area afforded by the greater folding of the rectum together with the thinner, less dense nature of the epithelium of the water-fall dwellers may aid these larvae materially in procuring a supply of 6 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, oxygen from the rectum that supplements the supply obtained by the gills when the larva is in the water. The caudal gills of A. talamanca are much shorter than those of A. putrida. This suggests that there may be a definite ratio between the shortness of the gills and the complexity of the rectal epithelial folds. This theor^^ is strengthened by the fact that Anisopterous larvse, as described dim rdrti cf rdt rlpa rlrf rlrli ml vim rlt va — Fig. 1. Transverse section of abdominal organs of larva of Argia talamanca 9 near the hind end of the 8th segment (TS. 12 of row 6, slide 2), seen from its anterior face. Cuticle and hypodermis removed before embedding, also on the left side (right in the figure) the longitudinal muscles. Photographed by Mr. H. A. Walters, using Leitz ocular 4, objective 3. Enlarged 85 diameters. cf, connective tissue and fat. dim, dorsal longitudinal muscle. drf, dorsal rectal fold. dv, dorsal vessel. Idrti, left dorsal rectal trachea. Idt, left dorsal trachea. llpa, left lateral pigmented area. llrf, left latero-ventral rectal fold. llrt, left lateral rectal trachea. lit, left lateral trachea (lies outside of the field of this figure). mt, Malpighian tubule. mvpa, mid-ventral pigmented area. r, rectum. rdrti, right dorsal rectal trachea. rlpa, right lateral pigmented area. rlrf, right lateral rectal fold. rlrti, right lateral rectal trachea. rdl, right dorsal trachea. rlt, right lateral trachea. va, vagina. vim, ventral longitudinal muscle. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 83 by Tillyard (Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 1915, Vol. XL, Part 3, August 25), have a much greater folding of the rectal epithelium and no caudal gills. To quote him: The rectum presents "six longitudinal double rows of lamellate folds." It is within the thicker, unpigmented portion of the rectal epithelium of A. talamanca that the fine ends of the tracheoles which reach the epithelium are embedded. Though the number of these embedded tracheoles is small, numerous tracheae were traced into the folds and almost to the epithelium. This would suggest that diffusion of oxygen takes place more easily through the unpigmented portions of the folds. The secondary folds increase the diffusion area. The fact that no tracheoles were traced through or even up to the pigmented epithelium between the folds suggests that these areas are reserved for the osmosis of carbonic acid gas from the body tissues into the rectum. For says Tillyard, "It is well known . . . that chitin is a colloid substance which admits of the passage through it of gases by cUffusion, and is partic- ularly- partial to carbonic acid gas. " The absence of folding of the epithelium at the extreme end of the rectum probably merely facilitates the quick and constant flow of water. The rectal trachece.— The tracheae that supply the rectum of A. talamanca have been studied from a series of transverse sections prepared by and in the possession of Dr. Calvert. Owing to the decay of the anterior rectal epithelium some smaller tracheoles may have been lost. Two main dorsal longitudinal tracheae have been traced, one on the left (Idt of figs. 1 and 2), the other on the right {i^dt). These divide at the posterior end of the ninth segment respectively into the left caudal gill trachea (Icgt) and left median caudal gill trachea (Imcgt) and into the right caudal gill trachea (rcgt) and the right median caudal gill trachea (rmcgt). Within the posterior half of segment VIII arise from the longi- tudinal dorsal tracheae, a right dorsal rectal trachea (rdrti) and a left dorsal rectal trachea (Idrti), both of which pass mesad and caudad into the dorsal longitudinal rectal fold where they divide and subdivide. Some of the smaller tracheoles enter the epithelium, but no anastomoses were observed. From the lateral tracheae {rlt and lit), which are connected with the dorsal longitudinal trunks in the middle of segment VIII, there come off ventrally in the anterior half of segment VIII, the lateral 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, rmc^t ^ Fig. 2. Diagram of the tracheation of the rectum of larva of Argia talaynanca, reconstructed from sections. To avoid confusion the tracheae are represented as lying farther to right and to left from the gut and from each other than is actually the case (compare Fig. 1). Of the trachese which supply the gut walls, those which run on the dorsal surface or enter the dorsal longitudinal fold are shown in solid lines; those which run on the ventral surface or enter the lateral folds are shown in broken lines. The ventral anastomosis is shown in dots and dashes. The Roman numerals on the left side indicate the boundaries of the respective abdominal segments; the larger Arabic numerals on the right, the microscopic slides and the smaller Arabic numerals the rows of sections on each slide of the series corresponding to that part of the diagram represented as at the same horizontal level. Each row comprises about 30 sections. Abbrevia- tions as in Figure 1 and as explained in the text. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 85 rectal tracheae (rlrti and llrti). Each of these passes mesacl and caudad and enters the lateral longitudinal rectal fold of its respective side. The origin of the right lateral rectal trachea differs slightly from that of Thaumatoneura as worked out by Calvert. Subdivision of these tracheae occurs and some of the tracheoles enter the epithelium. No anastomosis has been found here. A smaller posterior rectal supply (llrtu and rlrtn), is received by the lateral rectal folds from the left and right median caudal gill tracheae respectively. Some of these tracheoles also enter the epithelium, but no anastomosis occurs. A small posterior dorsal supply (Idrtn) is received by the dorsal longitudinal fold and by the epithelium from the left median caudal gill trachea. The corresponding (?) group on the right has been traced laterad through and around the muscle fiber mass toward the periphery of the body. The last two paragraphs show slight differences between Thaumci' toneura and Argia talamanca. Calvert's statement for Thaumatoneura may be quoted here for A. talamanca. "The only anastomosing tracheae which have been discovered are the posterior terminations of the right and left [?] lateral longitudinal tracheae which, assuming a ventral position, meet on the mid-ventral line ventrad of the alimentary canal; in this anastomosis {anas) take part also a branch from the right and a branch from the left [?] lateral caudal gill trachea." The inter- rogation marks signify an incomplete tracing in Argia talamanca due to maceration of parts of the anastomosing tracheae from the left side. I think I may say that all the tracheae, large and small, that were traced possessed a black pigment that added materially to the ease of tracing. As has been observed for Thaumatoneura, this pigment presents the same appearance as that of the areas between the three longitudinal folds of the rectal epithelium. For material, directions and suggestions in my work I am indebted to Dr. P. P. Calvert, whose treatment of Thaumatoneura I have followed for Argia talamanca. The sections studied were of "larva No. 2," 9, from the "nearer waterfall," Juan Vinas, Costa Rica, March 23-26, 1910, which died in attempted rearing; its condition is, therefore, histologically poor. The locality has been described by Calvert in his Thaumatoneura paper cited. 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, III. THE HIND-GUT, ABDOMINAL TRACHEA AND RECTAL RES- PIRATION IN THE LARVA OF MECISTOGASTER MODESTUS FROM COSTA RICA. BY MITCHEL CARROLL. The abdominal viscera, including the rectum, of Mecistogaster modestus have been described by Calvert (1911 b, p. 452) from a dissection of larva No. 1 (male). The slides for the following study were loaned by Dr. Calvert from his personal collection. They contain the serial transverse sections of the last five abdominal segments and bases of the median and right caudal gills of female larva No. 3. This larva was one of those obtained by Dr. Calvert from the water collected between the bases of the leaves of a Bromeliad at Juan Vifias, Costa Rica, April 26, 1910 (1911 a, pp. 407-408). It was killed in hot water and preserved in alcohol. Before sectioning the chitinous cuticle was removed from the abdominal segments. The stains used were Delafield's haematoxylin and alcoholic eosin. The sections were cut .015 mm. thick. The Hind-Gut. The hind-gut may be divided into six distinct parts. A brief description of these divisions is given below. The Malpighian tubes are attached to the gut at the junction of segments VI and VII., (Calvert, 1911 h, Plate XVII, Fig. 8). From this point caudad to section 35 there are twelve longitudinal folds in the epithelium lining the lumen of the gut. The position of these, adopting the "Clock Face Notation" of Tillyard (1916, p. 132), is 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12, where the larger figures indicate longer folds, the small figures shorter folds (Fig. 1 of sect. 20). All the figures accompanying this paper are of the larva of Mecistogaster modestus Selys. The photographs reproduced in Figures 1-5, were made by Mr. H. A. Walters, using Leitz ocular 4, objective 3. They represent the posterior surfaces of the several sections. Fig. 1. Part of photograph of transverse section 20 (Short Intestine). Enlarged 142 diameters. b, basement membrane. Im, bands of longitudinal muscle. cm, circular muscle coat of the gut. mt, Malpighian tubule. dim, dorsal longitudinal muscle. nc, nerve cord. dv, dorsal vessel. pe, pigmented epithelium. e, epithelial layer. rad, radial muscle strands. /, longitudinal epithelial fold project- ret, reticulate connective tissue. ing caudad into a pouch (Fig. 3). vim, ventral longitudinal muscle. i, chitinous intima. Tracheae as in Figure 6. Fig. 2. Part of photograph of transverse section 55 (Prerectal Ampulla). Enlarged 100 diameters. Abbreviations as in Figure 1. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. cm dv h 87 dim Idt lit Ivs vim nc rdl ret mt e mt i TVS dim Idl ret Im lit ml ll'S ret vim "Xl ^-^i .VI < t >^r>.W' rdl cm b rlt rvs Im nc 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, This part of the hind-gut, from about section 1 to section 35, anterior part of segment VII (Fig. 6), seems to be homologous with the ileum or small intestine of the Orthoptera (Minot, 1880, pp. 209, 217; Packard, 1898, pp. 316, 317; Bordas, 1898, pp. 48 and 52), and with the small intestine of Anisopterous larvae (Sadones, 1895, pp. 277, 279, 291; Faussek, 1887, p. 708; Tillyard, 1916, p. 131). In his recent book on the Dragonflies (Tillyard, 1917, pp. 101, 113, 114) Tillyard calls this division of the hind-gut the short intestine; but there is present here no ventral pad of thick columnar epithelium as described by that author and Sadones. In Fig. 1 of sect. 20, we have from within outward: the chitinous intima, ?"; the epithelial layer, e; the basement membrane, 6; and the circular muscular coat, cm. The cells of the epithelial layer are not all of the same size. The largest are those of the apical portions of the longer folds. Here the cells are elongate and, in the transverse sections of the ileum, appear somewhat wedge-shaped, with the bases of the wedges next the intima. In the shorter folds, and in the furrows between the folds, the cells are much flatter. The basement membrane follows the folds of the epithelium mesad, leaving, as a result, triedral spaces between itself and the circular muscle coat; these spaces are filled with blood. Just posterior to section 20 (Fig. 1 and 6, row 4 of slide 1), three (Nos. 4, 8, and 12) of the above six large folds gradually broaden out, become flatter, and transform into the three broad longitudinal bands of thick columnar epithelium seen at section 55 (Fig. 2, row 5 of slide 1). The other nine folds, i. 2. 3 — 5. 6. 7 — 3. 10. n, consisting of the epithelium mentioned in the preceding paragraph, are also present at this point. Figure 2 represents the appearance of the hind-gut between sections 35 and 80. It is probably homolo- gous with the prerectal ampulla of some Orthoptera (Bordas, 1898, pp. 52, 48) and of Anisopterous larviB (Sadones, 1895, pp. 280, 295; Tillyard, 1916, Plate 31). Sadones describes two broad bands of thick epithelium separated from one another by folds of a different kind of thin epithelium, in the prerectal ampulla of the larva of LiheUula depressa. Tillyard's description of this section of the gut agrees with that of Sadones (Tillyard, 1917, pp. 101, 113, 114). The diameter of the gut, too, is here greater than in the parts of the digestive tube immediately preceding and following. But both Sadones and Faussek (1887, pp. 708, 709) state that two kinds of epithelia also occur in the ileum of Anisopterous larvse. Faussek, indeed, does not mention the occurrence of a prerectal ampulla in Aeschnid larvse. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 89 Whatever be the true homology of this portion of the gut, it is clearly differentiated from the preceding and following divisions of the alimentary canal by the presence of the three bands of thick columnar epithelium. Histologically this columnar epithelium appears similar to the longitudinal folds of columnar epithelium found further caudad, in the rectal part of the hind-gut. The three bands of columnar epithelium referred to in this, and the preceding paragraph, extend from about section 35 or 40 to section 8 J (Fig. 6), that is, through about the middle third or fourth of segment VII. In Fig. 2, in addition to the parts already discussed, we see the intima, i, basement membrane, 6, circular muscular coat, cm, and the bands of longitudinal muscle, Im. There are six of the latter, but they are not all visible in the photograph. They are located outside the circular muscles, near the bases of the folds, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11. The musculature of the posterior intestine of Mecistogaster seems to be similar to that of the insects described by the authors mentioned in this paper. Caudad to section 80 the gut narrows and the three bands of columnar epithelium gradually assume again the appearance they had cephalad to section 35. That is, the epithelium of these folds becomes indistinguishable histologically from that of the other folds. Indeed, in transverse section, the gut has much the same appearance posterior to section 80 that it has anterior to section 35 (Fig. 1). This portion of the gut, from about section 80 to section 140 (Fig. 6), may correspond to the colon of some Orthoptera (Minot, 1880, pp. 209, 217). Or (which is unlikely), if the portion of the digestive tube immediately following this, instead of the one immediately preceding, is homologous with the prerectal ampulla of Anisopterous larvae (Sadones, pp. 280, 295), this is homologous with the small intestine of Anisopterous larvse (Sadones, p. 279; Tillyard, p. 131; Faussek, pp. 708, 709). At section 110 (Fig. 6), posterior part of segment VII, there are six large folds (Nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12), which practically fill the lumen of the gut. At section 140 the above folds have decreased in size and the gut has become pouched. This pouching increases greatly the diameter of the lumen so that from sections 150 to 160 (Fig. 3 of sec. 150) it is relatively very wide. The longitudinal epithelial folds project caudad into these pouches for some distance. It may be that this pouched portion of the intestine is homologous with the prerectal ampulla of some Orthoptera (Bordas, 1898, pp. 48, 52) and Ani- 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, sopterous larvae (Sadones, 1895, pp. 280, 295; Tillyard, 1916, p. 131 and 1917, pp. 101, 113, 114), but the character of the epithelium does not correspond to that described by Tillyard and Sadones. The latter describes and figures two lateral plates of thick epithelium separated from one another by numerous folds of thin epithelium. In this portion of the Mecistogaster intestine there is only one kind of epithelium. In the larva under discussion it is not very well preserved, but seems to be similar to that already described as cccurring in the first and third divisions of the hind-gut. Then, too, there is no narrowing or constriction of the intestine posterior to this pouched or csecal region as in the other insects mentioned above; the pouched region passes without any very apparent change in diameter into the rectum. In the diagram (Fig. 6), the gut between sections 50 and 80 (the part which, as has been suggested, is probably homologous with the prerectal ampulla of other insects) is seen to be supplied with branches from the left and right visceral tracheae (Ivs, rvs). Some of these tracheoles end just within and some, just without, the basement membrane of the large columnar cells of the three broad folds (4, 8 and 12) or bands referred to above. The mid-dorsal (12) and the left ventro-lateral (8) folds are supplied by tracheoles from the left visceral trachea (Ivs); the right ventro-lateral fold (4) is supplied by branches from the right visceral trachea (rvs). No tracheoles have been found penetrating any of the other folds of the gut epithelium thus far mentioned. The next, or fifth, division of the posterior intestine is the rectum proper. (Minot, 1880, pp. 209, 210, 218; Packard, p. 318; Tillyard, 1916, pp. 131, 140-189 and 1917, pp. 101, 114, 115, 116; Sadones, 1895, pp. 277, 280, 294-315; Faussek, 1887, pp. 708-711; Bordas, 1898, pp. 48, 52.) In Anisopterous larvae it is this region which functions as the branchial basket (Tillyard). In Mecistogaster there is, of course, nothing corresponding to a branchial basket. The so-called rectal glands, which Tillyard (1916, pp. 179-189) has shown to be homologous with the rectal gills, are represented by thr^e broad longitudinal folds of thick columnar epithelium (Fig. 4 of sect. 250), instead of six as in Anisopterous larvae. These folds occupy the same relative positions (Nos. 4, 8 and 12, of the Fig. 3. Part of photograph of transverse section 150 (Pouched Part of the Rectum). Enlarged 115 diameters. Abbreviations as in Figure 1. Fig. 4. Part of photograph of transverse section 250 (Rectum). Enlarged 114 diameters. Abbreviations as in Figure 1. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 91 X rdl lit Ivs m'-Lm rll mt ret Idrti K^ Idt cm pe vim ret - rdt rlrti mt ~ vim III nc rll 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, "Clock Face Notation") as the three folds of columnar epithelium seen from sections 40 to 80 (Figs. 6 and 2). Histologically, too, the epithelia of the folds 4, 8 and 12 of these two portions of the gut appear similar. These folds have been described by Calvert in the larva of this species (1911 b, p. 452, Plate XVII, Fig. 10). The rectum extends from about section 160 to section 380 (Fig. 6), that is, through nearly all of segment VIII, all of segment IX, and the anterior fourth of segment X. Figure 4 represents the appear- ance of the rectum from section 200 to section 300. From within outward can be seen: the chitinous intima, ?'; the folds of columnar epithelium, e; the basement membrane, b; the non-continuous circular muscular coat, cm; and the longitudinal strands of muscle, Im. (These last are located at the positions 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, of the clock face notation, but do not stand out very clearly in the photo- graph). Spaces between the basement membrane and the circular muscle coat are filled with blood, and Malj^ighian tubules also extend into them, e.g., in TS. 315, 319, 324, 327, 342, etc. In this part of the rectum almost the entire lining of the gut consists of the epithelium of the three longitudinal folds. The latter are, however, separated by three small pigmented areas (Fig. 4). These are the "non-cellular" bands described by Calvert in larva No. 1, (1911 b, p. 452, Plate XVII, Fig. 10). I have examined the original slide containing the rectum of larva No. 1 and found no trace of cells or nuclei in these three areas. In Fig. 4, one of these pigmented bands (mvpa) is seen to be midventral, the other two (rlpa and llpa) are dorso-lateral in position. At section 320, where the longitudinal folds 2, 6, 10 begin to appear in the pigmented bands, the cellular nature of these areas becomes somewhat more apparent. (Compare Cullen, 1918, fig. 1, and Jamieson, 1918, fig. 1.) Mecistogaster larva No. 1, described by Calvert, was older than No. 3, the subject of this paper. Whether the age of the larva has anything to do with the presence or absence of epithelial cells in the pigmented rectal bands I am unable to say. It does not seem likely that it is a matter of fixation as larvae No. 1, 2, and 3 were all fixed in the same way (hot water) and at the same time. The three broad folds of the rectal epithelium and the three small pigmented areas mentioned in the two preceding paragraphs are homologous with similar folds and areas in the rectum of Thauma- toneura (Calvert, 1915, p. 387) and Argia (Cullen, 1918, p. 77, Fig. 1). The folds are, however, much shallower than in Thaumatoneura (Cal- vert, 1915, Plate XVII, Fig. 1) and Argia talamanca (Jamieson, 1918, 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 93 p. 82, Fig. 1). They resemble more the folds seen in Argia moesta putrida (Cullen, I.e.) The epithelium, too, is much thicker (41 to 83 m) in Mecistogaster modestus than in the first two larvae named above, resembling more Argia moesta putrida in this respect also. But on slide 7 of Thaumatoneura larva No. 7 (female, Dr. Calvert's parsonal collection), I found sections where the epithelium of the rectal folds was about as thick (50 or 60 m) as that of the corresponding region in Meeistogaster.^ About section 310 (Fig. 6) the three folds (4, 8, 12) of thick columnar epithelium begin to occupy less, and the pigmented areas separating them more, of the gut wall. At section 370 the folds (or rather bands, for they are no longer folds) of columnar epithelium have contracted so as to form only about half of the gut wall. The epithelium of these bands has, however, become much thicker (83/>-) than further cephalad. Between these bands are seen three folds (Nos. 2, 6 and 10) of spongy or reticulate connective tissue covered on the lumen side by the more or less broken down epithelium of the pigmented areas mentioned above. While spaces filled with blood and an occasional jMalpighian tubule exist between the basement membrane of folds 4, 8 and 12 and the circular muscle coat, the circular muscle fibres are in contact with the spongy tissue of folds 2, 6 and 10. Folds of spongy tissue, homologous to those in Mecistogaster, occur in the rectum of Thaumatoneura larva. On slide 7 of Thauma- toneura larva No. 7, female, (Dr. Calvert's collection), there are three such folds of reticulate tissue covered by a pigmented epithelium. About section 373 (Fig. 6) some of the spongy tissue extends out into the hsemocoele. From section 383 (Fig. 6), anterior part of segment X, caudad to the end of the gut no more is seen of the large columnar cells of the longitudinal folds. This region, from about section 380 to the end of the gut, corresponds to the vestibule or anal part of the rectum of Anisopterous larvae (Sadones, 1895, pp. 277, 280, 315; Tillyard, 1916, p. 131 and 1917, pp. 101, 114, 115, 116; Faussek, 1887, p. 45). But there are not two kinds of epithelia as described by Sadones for Libellula depressa, nor is there any indication of a (^ As the larvae of Thaumatoneura and of Argia talamanca figured in the papers above cited were unavoidably those which died in attempted rearing, it is perhaps not impossible that the thinness of their epithelia may be a starvation effect. — P. P. Calvert.) 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, stratification of the epithelium as mentioned by that author (Sadones, Fig. 49) . The epitheUum covering the six longitudinal folds, although it is not as well preserved in this region as one would wish, seems to consist of a single layer of elongate cells. These, except for the presence of more pigment, are similar to those described for the folds of the first part of the hind-gut. The musculature of the anal part of the Mecistogaster intestine is homologous, as is pointed out below, to the musculature of the corresponding region in Anisopterous larvae. Imcgt rmcgt ret dim, — , Icgt e rad e ret rcgt rad vim lit rlt Fig. 5. Part of photograph of transverse section 393 (Anal Part, or Vestibule, of the Rectum). Enlarged 125 diameters. Abbreviations as in Figure 1. Figure 5 is a photograph of section 393. It illustrates the appearance of this sixth and last division of the hind-gut. In section 393 the following parts can be made out: intima, i; pigmented epithelium of the six longitudinal folds, e (the epithelium of folds 2, 6 and 10 is continuous with the more or less disintegrated epithe- lium of the pigmented areas of the preceding division of the gut) ; basement membrane, 6; reticulate connective tissue, ret; circular muscle layer, an; and the radial muscle strands, rad. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 95 Summary of the Divisions of the Hind-Gut, with Homologies. s ^ HOMOLOGIES TEXT FIGURE FOLDS LOCATION T-H 1—1 o 1. Ileum (Orthop- tera) Short Intestine (Anisoptera). Fig. 1 12 folds (Nos. 1.2.3.4.5.6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12). Anterior part segment VII Sections 1-35. o >> 3 t— 1 2. .3. 4. 5. Prerectal Am- pulla (Anis- optera, some Orthoptera). Fig. 2 3 folds of thick columnar M i d d 1 e part epithelium (Nos. 4, 8, 12)! segment VII and 9 other folds (Nos. Sections 35- 1. 2.3—5. 6. 7—9. 10. 11). 80. O 0) .4-3 la Colon (some Or- thoptera). (Not fig- ured, similar to Fig. 1) 12 folds (Nos. 1.2.3.4. 5. 6. 7. 8.9. 10. 11. 12). Posterior part segment VII Sections 80- 140. S" I-H r-l ■^ Pouched Region (no reference to such a region found in the litera- ture). Fig. 3 Anterior part segment VIII Sections 140- 160. 1—1 O 1—1 d a, s 1—1 1 >> Anterior part of Rectum (most insects) B r anchial Basket (Anis- optera). Fig. 4 3 folds (Nos. 4, 8, 12) of thick columnar epithe- lium. Toward posterior end folds 2, 6 and 10 are also present. Segments VIII, IX, X Sec- tions 160-380. s o 6. Anal part of Rectum; Ves- tibule (Anis- optera). Fig. 5 6 folds (Nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12). Segment X Sec- tion 380 to anus. 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, There are six of the radial muscle strands. They connect with the rectum at the points 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, of the clock notation as described by Tillyard. Radiating outward they are attached at their peripheral ends to the body wall. They correspond to the radial rectal dilator muscles of Anisopterous larvae (Tillyard, 1916, pp. 139, 140; Sadones, 1895, p. 316). As indicated in the above table, Tillyard in his recent excellent book, The Biology of Dragonflies (1917, pp. 101, 113, 114, 115, 116), divides the hind-gut of Odonate larvae into two main parts, the small intestine or ileum and the rectum. The small intestine is subdivided into the short intestine and prerectal ampulla. The first two divisions of the hind-gut in the present larva are evidentlj^ homologous with these two parts. But histologically the structure of this part of the intestine in Mecistogaster differs from the descrip- tion given by Tillyard or the other authors mentioned above. The third division of the small intestine, which is called the colon in the table, is not described by Tillyard. Tillyard's statement (1917, footnote, p. 101) that ''in Zygopterid larvae the rectum is undivided," is hardly true for Mecistogaster. In the present larva, as indicated in the above table and described on preceding pages, the rectum (as the term is used by Tillyard) is divided into three distinct regions. These differ from one another both in gross morphology and finer histological structure. The Trachea (Fig. 6). In the diagram (Fig. 6), in order to represent more clearly the main trunks with their branches, most of the tracheae have been drawn far laterad to their true position. The correct orientation may be obtained by referring to the photographs of the transverse sections (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). The diameters of the tracheae and gut have been drawn on a scale twice as great as their length. A glance at Fig. 4, of section 250, shows that the rectum is slightly asymmetrical with respect to the epithelial folds of the gut wall. By comparing the mid-dorsal fold (No. 12) with the same fold in Thaumatoneura larva (Calvert, 1915, Plate XVII) it was possible to determine the true right and left sides. The latter are correctly represented in the diagram. Fig. 6, showing the distribution of the abdominal tracheae as seen from the dorsal side. From the anterior part of segment VII (Fig. 6) the two great dorsal longitudinal trunks {rdt, Idt) run caudad, dorso-lateral to the gut, as far as sections 40 and 60 respectively. At these points 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 97 transverse connectives (die) are given off to the lateral longitudinal tracheae (lit, rlt). From about sections 95 to 130 the dorsal trunks are almost in contact with one another and lie dorsal to the gut. At about section 170 on the right, and 180 on the left, two more transverse connectives (die) connect the dorsal and lateral longitudinal trunks. At section 190 the dorsal tracheae have moved out laterally and are entirely lateral at section 240 (Fig. 4 of section 250, kit and rdt), where they lie on opposite sides of the gut. The anterior or chief left (Idrti) and right (rdrti) dorsal rectal tracheae are given off from the dorsal longitudinal trunks about section 250, posterior part of segment VIII. These dorsal rectal tracheae run mesad and supply the cokminar epithelium of the dorsal rectal longitudinal fold (No. 12), (Figs. 4, and 6, Idrti and rdrti). By the time they have reached section 260, posterior end of segment VIII, the dorsal trunks are really ventro-lateral in position with respect to the gut. At section 320 they are again dorso-lateral in position, and at section 328, caudad to the middle of segment IX, they divide into the median (Imegt, rnicgt) and lateral (Icgt, rcgt) caudal gill tracheae (Figs. 5 and 6). The lateral gill tracheae pass to the ventral side of the gut and thence into the lateral gills. From the left median caudal gill trachea (Imcgt) small branches (Idrtn) are given off to the dorsal rectal fold at section 345, segment IX, and section 362, segment X. About section 352 a small branch (llrtn) is given off to the left ventro-lateral rectal fold. From the right median caudal gill trachea (rnicgt) a branch (rlrtn) is given off to the right ventro-lateral rectal fold at section 356. Two other small branches whose course could not be followed, are also given off at about this point. In the anterior part of segment VII the lateral longitudinal tracheae (lit, rlt) lie on opposite sides of the gut, beneath the dorsal trunks (Figs. 1 and 6). They remain lateral in position as far as section 180, anterior part of segment VIII. A little caudad to this they pass between the hypodermis and the ventro-lateral muscle masses to the ventral side of the abdomen. They run thence caudad beneath the gut (Figs. 6 and 4, lit, rlt), but never in contact with it and giving off no branches to it, to section 373, segment X. Here the right lateral longitudinal trachea (rlt) passes over to the left side and joins (section 388) the left lateral longitudinal trachea (lit), forming an anastomosis (arias); separating again almost immedi- ately after (section 391, Fig. 5), they join respectively tracheae rcgt and Icgt. 7 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, Closed spiracles (Fig. 6, Sp. 7) connect with the lateral longitudinal tracheae (rlt, lit) at sections 45-49 and 60, segment VII, where the dorsal lateral connectives (die) are given off to the dorsal longitudinal trunks {kit, rdt). There are closed spiracles {Sp. 8) also at the corresponding points on the lateral tracheae in segment VIII, sections 165 and 171. But in addition to the dorsal lateral con- nectives, there originate here the tracheae which bifurcate at about section 190 to form the right {rvs) and left {Ivs) visceral tracheae, and the right (rlrti) and left {Urti) lateral rectal tracheae. The latter may be considered as prolongations caudad of the visceral tracheae (Figs. 6 and 4). The left visceral trachea {Ivs), as shown in Fig. 6, runs cephalad as far as section 1, anterior end of segment VII. Between sections 190 and 155 it lies ventrad to, but not in contact with the gut (Fig. 3, Ivs); anterior to section 155 it assumes a lateral position (Fig. 1). At section 120 the main trachea divides into three branches. One of these supplies the left ventro-lateral fold (No. 8) of columnar epithelium (Sect. 60). The third branch runs forward to the Fig. 6. Diagram of the hind-gut and rectal tracheae. The abdominal segments are numbered in Roman numerals on the left side of the figure, the microtome sections are numbered in Arabic on the right. The sections are numbered in order (1-420) beginning at the anterior end of the hind-gut (anterior end of segment VII) and proceeding caudad to the posterior end of segment X. The short horizontal lines immediately above the Roman numerals indicate the approximate boundaries of the segments. The meanings of the abbrevia- tions designating the tracheae are given below. Those portions of the lateral longitudinal tracheae which lie ventrad to the gut are represented by lines of alternating dots and dashes, thus .-.-.-.-.-. This has been done to distinguish them from the tracheoles which either run along, or pass into the ventral rectal walls, and are represented by broken lines, thus . The tracheoles which run along or pass into the dorsal rectal wall are represented by solid lines. Abbreviations. anas, anastomosis. die, transverse tracheae connecting the dorsal and lateral longitudinal tracheae. Icgt, left caudal gill trachea. /c///i, anterior or chief left dorsal rectal trachea. Idrln, posterior or secondary left dorsal rectal trachea. Idt, left dorsal longitudinal trachea. lit, left lateral longitudinal trachea. llrti, anterior or chief left lateral rectal trachea. llrtu, posterior or secondary left lateral rectal trachea. Imcgt, left median caudal gill trachea. Irs, left visceral trachea. r, rectum. rcgt, right caudal gill trachea. rdrti, anterior or chief right dorsal rectal trachea. rdt, right dorsal trachea. rlrti, anterior or chief right lateral rec- tal trachea. rlrtn, posterior or secondary right lat- eral rectal trachea. rlt, right lateral trachea. rtncgt, right median caudal gill trachea. rvs, right visceral trachea. sp7, unopened spiracle of the 7th ab- dominal segment. sp8, unopened spiracle of the 8th ab- dominal segment. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 99 rrncgt rcgt 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, junction of the Malpighian tubes with the gut where it breaks up into small tracheoles ramifying among these tubes and about the circular muscular coat of the gut. The distribution of the right visceral trachea (I'vs) and its branches is similar to that of the left; except that, while it gives off tracheoles to the right ventro-lateral fold (No. 4) of the intestinal epithelium, it gives off none to the dorsal fold. The left lateral rectal trachea (llrfi) and the right lateral rectal trachea (rlrti) give off tracheoles respectively, to the left ventro- lateral rectal longitudinal fold (No. 8) and the right ventro-lateral rectal longitudinal fold (No. 4), (Figs. 6 and 4). It will be seen that, in the main, the abdominal tracheal system of this Mecistogaster larva is similar to that described by Calvert for Thaumatonetira (1915, Plate XVI, and pp. 388, 389) and by Cullen and by Jamieson for Argia (1918, pp. 77, 79, figs. 1, 2; pp. 82, 84, figs. 1,2). For convenience in comparison I have used the same nomen- clature and abbreviations as employed by those authors. Rectal Respiration. A glance at Figure 6, shows that the tracheole supply of the hind-gut is not rich, and is limited to those portions of the latter which have been described as having longitudinal folds of thick columnar epithelium. All of the tracheoles have been traced, as far as possible, to their terminations. Owing to the fact that cell boundaries in the intestinal epithelium are indistinct, it could not be absolutely determined if any tracheoles terminate inside cells. Usually the twigs appear to end just within the basement membrane of the columnar epithelium of the rectal folds; so seem to end, for instance, the twigs seen between sections 300 and 320. Sometimes, like the terminations of llrti (sections 320 to 340) and the caudal branch of rdrti (sections 260-280). the twigs seem to end outside the basement membrane. Sometimes, as in the twigs running cephalad from llrti and rlrti in sections 178 to 200, the terminations may possibly be within the cells. Others may pass between the cells. But one fact is clearly evident and seems to be significant: all the tracheal twigs end on the basement membrane side of the thick columnar epithelium. The tracheoles are at all points separated from the lumen of the gut by the thickness (41 to 83 micra) of the columnar epithelium. Furthermore, the columnar epithelium is the only part of the internal rectal wall which has a tracheal supply. No twigs to the 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 101 pigmented areas between these folds could be found. The extensive folds of spongy or reticulate tissue, covered on the inside by a thinner epithelium, and extending from about the middle of segment IX to the end of segment X, also seem destitute of tracheoles. In view of the above facts it seems improbable that any diffusion takes place between gases in the rectal tracheoles and those in the water in the rectum. This conclusion is strengthened if the position of the rectal tracheal twigs in Mecistogaster is contrasted with the position of the tracheal gill capillaries in Anisopterous larvae, where diffusion of oxygen is known to take place. The gill capillaries in Anisopterous larvae (Tillyard, 1915, p. 425, Figs. 3 and 5; also 1916) lie "in a thin layer of very flattened cells," the gill epithelium. They lie, too, "fairly close up" to the chitinous cuticle of the gill. They are very numerous, excessively fine, and each forms a complete loop. In Mecistogaster the tracheal twigs are separated from the chitinous lining of the gut lumen by a thick epithelium, they are not excessively fine, do not form loops, and are not numerous. They are absent, except for one small area (sections 60 to 80), in segment VII, in which, together with segment VIII, lies the gill basket of Anisopterous larvae (Tillyard, 1916, p. 139). Nevertheless, there must be other means of respiration in Zygopterid larvae than that through the caudal gills. Calvert (1911 b, p. 455) found in Mecistogaster modestus, "as in most, perhaps all, Zygopterous larvae, the caudal gills may be lost without inter- fering with growth, development and transformation." Mr. Bodine (1918), has recently succeeded in keeping Zygopterid larvae, from which the gills had been removed, alive for three and four days when confined at the bottom of a Mason jar filled with stagnant water. If we exclude respiration through the integument, the only alternative seems to be some sort of rectal respiration. In support of the latter we have Calvert's observations on living larvae of Calopteryx maculata, Hetaerina americana, and Argia moesta putrida (Calvert, 1915, pp. 437-442). He found regular rhythmic pulsa- tions of the rectum, with inhalations and expirations of water, in these forms may be carried on for long periods. Tillyard (1916, pp. 410-413) found regular rectal pulsations in newly hatched larvae of Austrolestes leda up until they were half an hour or more old, when the movements became intermittent. If rectal respiration occurs in the larvae of Mecistogaster modestus the only areas which seem morphologically suitable for an exchange 102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, of gases are the longitudinal folds of spongy or reticulate tissue. In this connection it may, or may not, be worth noting that Calvert (1911 h, p. 453 and Plate XVII), in dissecting Mecistogaster larva No. 1, found, "when the viscus was first opened the three non-cellular bands [folds of spongy tissue just referred to] had the shiny, silvery appearance which suggests enclosed air." But, since these areas either lack entirely or have a very scanty tracheal supply, the oxygen would have to be taken up and carried by the blood.^ We are not able to correlate any peculiarity of the tracheation of the larva of Mecistogaster modestus with its habit of living in the water between the leaf-bases of epiphytic bromeliads (Calvert, 1911 a). In the study of these slides and in the preparation of the manu- script I am indebted to Dr. Calvert for suggestions, directions, and corrections. Literature Cited. (For a more complete bibliography on the respiratory organs and the physiology of respiration of Zygopterous Odonate larvae see Calvert, Ent. News, Vol. XXVI, p. 444). BoDiNE, J. H. — 1918. Papers on the Rectal Tracheation and Rectal Respiration of the Larvae of Odonata Zygoptera. IV. Experimental Results in Ischnura and Enallagma. Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, LXX, pp. 103-113. BoRDAS, L. — 1898. Appareil Digestif des Orthopteres. Ann. des Sc. Nat., Zoo. VIII, 5. Calvert, P. P. — ^1911, a. The Habits of the Plant-dwelling Larva of Mecistogaster modestus. Ent. News, Vol. XXII, pp. 402-411. — 1911, b. Structure and Transformation of the Larva of Mecistogaster modestus. Ent. News, Vol. XXII, pp. 449-460. — 1915. Internal Organs of Thaumatoneura Larva and the Respiration and Rectal Tracheation of Zygopterous Larvae in General. Ent. News, Vol. XXVI, pp. 385-395, Nov.; pp. 435-447, Dec. CuLLEN, A. M. — 1918. Papers on the Rectal Tracheation and Rectal Respiration of the Larvae of Odonata Zygoptera. I. Rectal Tracheation of Argia putrida larva. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., LXX, pp. 7.5-81. Faussek, V. — 1887. Histologie des Darmkanals der Insekten. Zeit. f. wissench. Zool., 45. Jamieson, J. P. — 1918. Papers on the Rectal Tracheation and Rectal Res- piration of the Larvae of Odonata Zygoptera. II. The Tracheal Supply of the Rectum of the larva of Argia talamanca from Juan Vinas, Costa Rica. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., LXX, pp. 81-85. MiNOT, C. S. — 1880. Histology of the Locust (Caloptenus) and the Cricket (Anabrus). Second Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., pp. 183-222. 2 Tillyard suggests (1917, p. 116) that in Zygopterid larvae the rectal pads (glands or folds) act as blood-gills, liberating carbonic acid gas from the blood into the rectal water supply, by diffusion, and receiving air in exchange. This hardly seems likely. The blood is separated from the water in the rectum by the basement membrane, the thick (41 to 83 micra) columnar epithehum and the chitinous intima. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 103 Packard, A. S.— 1898. A Text-book of Entomology. Sadones, J. — 1895. L'Appareil Digestif et Respiratoire Larvaire des Odonates. La Cellule, Tome XI. TiLLYARD, R. J.— 1915. On the Physiology of the Rectal Gills in the Larvae of Anisopterid Dragonflies. Proc. of Linn. Soo. of N. S. Wales, Vol. XL, Part 3, Aug. 25th. — 1916. A Study of the Rectal Breathing Apparatus in the Larvae of Anisopterid Dragonflies. Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zool. Vol. XXXIII. November. — 1917. The Biology of Dragonflies. Cambridge Zoological Series, Cam- bridge, University Press. IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS IN ISCHNURA AND ENALLAGMA. BY JOSEPH HALL BODINE. (The following paper was written out by Mr. Bodine in nearly the form here presented. Owing to his having entered the war service of the United States, it is unlikely that he will be able to continue these researches for many months. He has placed his manuscript in my hands with the wish that I do with it as I think best. I have made some slight verbal changes, but otherwise the paper represents the author's own observations and conclusions. — Philip P. Calvert.) The problem of the physiology of respiration among insects is by no means a settled one and presents a great many obstacles to its solution, especially in certain aquatic stages. The types, theories, etc., of respiration found in insects have been much discussed and can be easily learned from any of the more recent text-books of entomology and comparative physiology and hence need not be taken up here. I shall deal entirely with the phenomena among the dragonflies, restricting the problem to the suborder Zygoptera. The morphological studies upon the structure of the rectum and caudal gills of the larvae of Zygoptera bring forward several questions, as to the exact function of these parts. The organs generally supposed to be concerned in the respiration of these larvae are the caudal tracheal gills, the so-called rectal gills or folds, the body surface and the spiracles. The structure of the rectal gills or folds, especially as regards the distribution of tracheae to the same is discussed in the papers of Calvert, Jamieson, CuUen and Carroll, and need only be referred to here. (The structure of the caudal gills has been described by Tillyard in 1917, in a paper published after Mr. Bodine's work ceased.— P. P. C.) Various theories of respiration for these larvae have been pro- posed, some of which are quite conflicting and the remainder are based rather upon philosophical, than physiological, ideas. Briefly stated and outlined these theories are as follows: Reaumur (1742) and Roesel von Rosenhof (1749) regarded the caudal gills 104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, as having a fin-like or rudder-Uke function, mentioning no respiratory function whatever. Dufour (1852) and Roster (1886) ascriVjed to them the functions of respiration and locomotion. Sharp (1895), remarking that the nymphs lived after removal of the caudal gills, thought their respiratory function must be of an accessory nature. Heymons (1904) held that the entire body surface serves for respiration in addition to the gill-appendages. A respiratory function was first attributed to the rectum in this group bj^ Roesel von Rosenhof (1749). Dufour (1852) described the gills in the rectum and from this time on a respiratory function has often been assigned to them. Calvert (1915) has given a detailed account of the manner in which water is taken into and expelled from the rectum, and from these observations, we must undoubtedly ascribe to the rectum a relation to the respiratory functions of the nymph. Tillyard (1916) asserts that in early larval life, immediately after hatching, for a period of half an hour or so, the rectum contracts vigorously and to these contractions assigns a respirator}'- function, especially since he thinks the caudal gills of the very young larvae are incapable of carrying on respiration. This con- clusion is undoubtedly true, but in later periods of the larval life, he attributes to these intermittent contractions only a possible respiratory function, governed ''by the efficacy of the total of other respiratory activities. Respiration through caudal gills, through lateral abdominal gills when they occur and through the integument in such cases as it may occur, all differ from rectal respiration in being practically continuous, carried on without special efforts on the part of the larva. Consequently, if the caudal gills have a poor tracheal supply, or a very tough integument, or if the general integument of the larva be unsuitable for respiration by diffusion, the call on the larva for rectal pulsations must be heavier." If these statements be true, larvae which are old and hence have thicker chitin over body and gills ought to show rectal pulsations to a greater degree than the normal larvae. Such a condition, however, has not been found to be the case in the larvae examined, but such larvae have contractions quite like those younger and with softer chitin. Tillyard continues: "If the caudal gills are accidentally lost, we should expect that the rate of rectal respiration would be increased." When the gills are removed one at a time, or all together, no change in rate of rectal respiration has ever been noticed, hence we can be quite sure of the non-respiratory function of these caudal gills. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 105 Till^-ard's earlier views (1915) as to the respiration of the Zygopterous larvae are stated as follows: "Firstly, I shall deal only with the suborder Anisoptera, i. e. those dragonflies whose larvae breathe by means of rectal gills, and shall not consider the somewhat different problem presented by the Zygoptera, wJiose larvce breathe by means of caudal gills." (The italics are ours.) Calvert (1915) says, "From the various data which have been brought together here, it seems reasonable to suppose, at least until much more exact experiments show the limitations of each mode of respiration for different stages and for different species of Zygopterous larvae, that the general body surface, the caudal pro- cesses, the rectal epithelium, certain spiracles and in a few species lateral external abdominal tracheal gills, all contribute to satisfying the needs of the organism for oxygen." Summing up this historical treatment of the possible functions of these parts in respiration we find that three methods for the taking in of oxygen by the larva are described, (1) by the caudal tracheal gills^ — (2) by the rectal gills— (3) by the surface of the body (including spiracles). Each of these will be discussed in turn and reasons for considering them heretofore as entering into the phenomena of respiration, will be given. I. The caudal tracheal "gills." These, three in number, situated on the caudal end of the abdomen, have a structure which seems admirably adapted for a respiratory function. Normally, they are present on the larva throughout its life, but are, at the time of transformation, left behind on the exuvia in their normal position and relation. Their presence, however, does not seem to be necessary, because larvae with one, two or all of them missing, live apparently normally and transform into the adult in the usual manner. Hence, if they do act as respiratory organs, it must be onlj^ in a secondary manner. The}' do, however, aid the larva in swimming, acting as fins or as rudders. When at rest the larvae have the tendency to move the abdomen in a wave-like fashion from side to side, the "gills" in this case possibly acting only as mechanical devices for the stirring up of the water and hence in bringing water in which the content of oxygen is richer near the larva. If they have (as many hold) a respiratory function, how can the larva continue to live and reach maturity, when they are completely removed? This seems to entirely eliminate them (or at least to cast much doubt on their role) in a consideration of 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, respiration. Other organs must take up a respiratory function after the removal of the caudal "gills" from the body, but this idea is scarcely conceivable since it would be almost impossible for the animal to adjust any such structures in so short a time. Since these other organs seem especially adapted to a respiratory function, their existence makes the possible respiratory function of the caudal gills seem quite improbable. II. The rectal folds or gills. The structure of these, associated with the observed intake and outgo of water into the rectum through the anus, seems to warrant their inclusion in the consideration of possible respiratory functions. The only other function which could be assigned to the intake and outgo of water into and from the rectum is that of a locomotor one. This, however, is rather improb- able for several reasons. These larvae, when moving in the water, do so by a worm-like wriggling of the body and do not "shoot" through the water as do the Anisopterous larvae where the .rectum does have a locomotor function. The water when expelled from and taken into the rectum does not create currents strong enough to propel the larva through the water. They are produced when the larva is at rest and in this case do not move it. The function of respiration, then, can be assigned to the rectum, until another possible means for this function can be found. The possible respiratory function of the skin will have to be considered before one can draw a final conclusion, however. III. The skin. The skin, or hypodermis and chitin, of the larvae, varies in thickness and hardness according to the length of time from the preceding moulting period. Just after exuviation the chitin is soft and quite transparent. Soon it becomes hard, thickens and becomes quite dark in color. Ramifying throughout the surface of the larva are innumerable, fine, thread-like tracheae which join larger branches and finally these latter unite with the main tracheal trunks. The thread-like tracheae being found over the entire surface of the larva's body, afford a very large area exposed directly to the water by which the larva is surrounded. Thus the structure of the skin seems to warrant its consideration as a means of respiration. IV. Spiracles. Spiracles on the thorax and abdomen are sup- posed to function when the larvae crawl up out of the water into the air. This idea, perhaps true, need not be considered here because we shall only deal with respiration as carried on when the larvae are actually submerged. However, when the larvae come to the 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 107 surface, and especially at the time of transformation, respiration must be carried on by this method, since the larvae have then come to the end of their aquatic existence and no longer need those means of respiration previously employed but rather are ready to begin an aerial existence, hence respiration by means of spiracles. Experiments. Various experiments made during 1916 and 1917, seem to throw some light upon the possible respiratory mechanisms of Zygopterous larvae. The larvae used were of species of Ischnura and of Enallagma, obtained from small ponds at Primos, Pennsylvania. Many individuals were employed, the experiments were repeated several times and the data for each set of experiments represent average results. The normal larva (with three caudal "gills") when observed under a binocular microscope and in a Sj^racuse watch glass, show rhythmic pulsations in the rectum, in the manner described by Calvert (1915) for the larva of Hetaerina americana, i. e., each pulsation consisted of three to four successive contractions of the rectum, followed by a pause. No uniformity, however, in the number of contractions per minute seemed to exist ; this was possibly due to age, size and environment of the larvae under examination. Particles of carmine and of lampblack were also used and these were seen to go in and out of the rectum. The current of water taken in and expelled was not so forcible that a possible locomotor function could be ascribed to it. The currents were not strong but rather weak and of only sufficient strength to be taken into and expelled from the rectum so that a change of water could be brought about. The three caudal gills were then removed as follows: the larva was placed under a binocular microscope as above and a fine needle, bent at a right angle was used to remove the gills. The needle was placed on the particular gill to be taken off and the larva pulling away under this stimulus, broke off the gill at its attachment to the posterior end of the abdomen. By this method the three gills were successively removed. The results obtained were the same whether one, two or three gills were removed at the same time or at intervals. The rate of rectal contractions was not increased or decreased at the time of operation and several hours afterward the contractions had not changed their regular normal rhythm. These larvae, after the removal of the gills, behaved normally and lived in a regular way, and moulted as did larvae with gills.^ 108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mai'ch, To determine whether the larvae breathed through the skin several experiments were conducted. Glass battery jars were filled with pond water and into them were put both larvae with gills and also those from which gills had been removed. A fine gauze was then stretched across the jars about two inches below the water's surface, so that the larvae could not come up to the air. Larvae kept under these conditions, as well as those kept in jars from which the gauze was absent, lived for periods of four to six days — depending of course, upon the amounts of available food substances present in the water. The food question, however, can be eliminated, because both the larvae in the controls, as well as those under experiment, were kept in water obtained from the same pond and were under similar laboratory conditions. The same experiment, performed in a slightly different way, gave like results. Larvae, both with and without gills, were put in vials, the ends of which were covered with gauze, and the vials were then dropped into battery jars containing pond water. Larvae put into distilled water in the same manner as above, lived only one to two days — in all probability due to food and osmotic conditions of their environment. When the water was previously boiled the length of life of the larvae was greatly reduced — to one and one-half days when under the above conditions. This is doubtless due to lack of food and oxygen in the water used. Tracheal System of larva of Enallagma sp., from Primos, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Larva No. 101. Drawings made by J. H. Bodine, November 12, 1915. Fig. 1, dorsal view. Fig. 2, dorsal view of hind end of abdomen with caudal gills. Fig. 3, ventral view. From a transparent specimen. (These are, perhaps, the first complete views, dorsal and ventral, of the tracheal system of an Agrionine larva to be published. A highly magnified drawing of the distal part of a caudal gill in lateral view was published by C. G. Carus as long ago as 1827.— P. P. C.) Abbreviations. anas, anastomosis of trachese in ab- Imcgt, left median caudal gill trachea. dominal segment X. Ivs, left visceral trachea. at, antennal trachea. meg, median caudal gill. die, transverse trachea connecting ptl, pt^H, ptS, tracheae of 1st, 2nd and dorsal and lateral longitudinal 3rd legs, respectively. trachea?. rcg, right caudal gill. ict, inferior cephalic trachea (to maxilla rcgl, right caudal gill trachea. and labium). nit, right dorsal trachea. leg, left caudal gill. rU, right lateral trachea. Icgt, left caudal gill trachea. rmcgt, right median caudal gill trachea. Idt, left dorsal trachea. rvs, right visceral trachea. li, labium. ta, thoracic anastomosis. lit, left lateral trachea. The Roman numerals denote the numbers of the abdominal segments. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 109 Imcgt lest hue gt anas ■rcgt 110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, From these experiments we see, that respiration must be carried on by one of two methods — (1) by the rectum or (2) through the integument. The probability of the passage of the air of the water, through the chitin of the body is quite doubtful. The larvae used were for the most part of rather hard, thick chitin and the passage of the air through this would be very slow and in all likelihood too small in amount to serve the entire respiratory needs of the larvae. The possibility of the larvae getting near or on the surface of the water and taking in air through the spiracles present on the thorax or directly through the skin is excluded, since the larvae could not get to the surface. The only method left, by which the air could have been taken in, was by means of the rectum. The manner in which the air is taken out of the water by the larval rectum is one of dispute and need not be taken up here. Tillyard (1915) has admirably discussed this question and reference to his work Avill show the present views. In experiments made with other objects in view, viz., the action of certain gases or fumes of chfferent chemicals, e. g., ether, chloro- form, etc., upon the heart's action, verj^ interesting phenomena were observed with respect to their effects upon the contractions of the rectum. The details of these experiments will not be given now, but their effects on the respiratory phenomena in which we are interested will be considered. Before the various gases affect the action of the heart, violent contractions of the rectum always precede and very shortly afterward the effects upon the heart's action can be observed. In an animal which has been under the influence of the gas and is recovering, similar contractions of the rectum can be observed before the heart again beats normally. These observations would seem to show that the gas is first taken into the rectum and distributed from it to the other parts of the body. The contractions, when the animal is recovering, would also seem to indicate that air must be carried to the tissues before normal activities could again be resumed. If the larvae breathe through the skin, these contractions of the rectum would be quite superfluous. They cannot be due to the action of the gas used, as when the larva was recovering, it was kept in normal atmosphere, away from the effects of the gas. Hence the rectum must in some way act as a respiratory center for the larvae. The distribution of the tracheae, and the general structure of the rectum of the larvae employed in these experiments correspond 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Ill fairly closely to that of the other species studied in the papers by CuUen, Jamieson, Carroll and Calvert. Whether the air which enters the rectum is carried from it by the tracheae or whether it diffuses through into the spongy tissue in contact with the basement membrane of the rectum and is then carried by the blood to the different parts of the body, is at present, rather difficult to say on purely physiological grounds and will require more intensive study. From a morphological study of the species of larvae used in my experiments, carried out in a way similar to those of Calvert, Jamieson, Cullen and Carroll, I find that the number of tracheae and of tracheoles, distributed to the rectum is very small — much too small to supply or take up sufficient oxj'gen for the respiratory needs of the larvae. Doubtless the greater part of the oxygen diffuses through the spongy bands as suggested by Carroll. If oxygen from air in the water diffuses through the walls of the rectum and is taken up by the blood and is thus distributed to the various parts of the body, the tracheae and tracheal trunks must be accessory structures, since otherwise the oxygen would have to be taken up by them from the blood and be distril:)uted by them to the various parts of the body. This is hardly conceivable, since the blood is found to circulate freely to all parts of the body. One fact which would point to such a function of the blood is, that the heart's action when subjected to different gases, is not interfered with until after violent contractions of the rectal wall have taken place, showing that possibly the gas is carried cUrectly to the heart by means of the blood and not by means of the tracheae. On the other hand, from morphological studies already cited (Calvert, Cullen, Jamieson and Carroll) we see that the tracheal supply to the rectum and especially the manner of ending of the tracheoles, would seem to indicate the possible diffusion of the oxygen through other places than those where these tracheoles end (Carroll). If such a condition is found, the problem becomes one quite different than heretofore supposed — the tracheoles and tracheae then must play only a secondary ro'e in the distribution of oxygen to the body if at all; the blood must be the important means of transportation of oxygen either to the tracheae, or directly to the various parts of the body. . Tilly ard (1916) says regarding the mode of diffusion of air in Zygopterous larvae: "The diffusion of CO- outwards into the rectal water supply, and the diffusion of air inwards, is undoubtedl}' effected 112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, through the rectal epithehum without amj specialisation of the tracheal supply of that region, and the exchange must be regarded as being primarily one between the blood of the larva and the water in the rectum, quite irrespective of the tracheal system, which is bound to benefit sooner or later by the change." His idea based almost entirely upon speculative grounds, perhaps can be better justified after the detailed morphological work on the tracheal supply has been done. His attempt, however, to correlate the thickened folds of rectal epithelium of Zygopterous larva? with the basal pads of Anisopterous larvae, especially as regards the elimina- tion of carbon dioxide, are, perhaps, not so well founded. The detailed morphological work has shown that these folds are the definite cellular parts of the rectum and have a tracheal supply. The great quantities of spongy tissue present between the folds suggests the supposed function attributed by Tillyard to the folds themselves, viz., the elimination of carbon dioxide. Conclusions. 1. Zygopterous larvae breathe by means of the rectum from the time of hatching until transformation. 2. Caudal "gills" serve only in a mechanical way, as rudders in the locomotion of the larvae. 3. Respiration through the skin of the larva is doubtful, but if it takes place, is only in a very slight degree, not supplying enough oxygen for the respiratory needs of the larva. 4. Regular rhythmic contractions of the rectum take place throughout the aquatic life of larvae. .5. Rhythm of rectal contractions is not interfered with by removal of the caudal "gills." Bibliography. Calvert, P. P.— 1915. Studies on Costa Rican Odonata. VII. The Waterfall-Dwellers: The Internal Organs of Thaumatoneura larva and the Respiration and Rectal Tracheation of Zygopterous larvae in general. Ent. News, XXVI, pp. 385-395, 435-447, Pis. XV-XVIl, I text figure. November, December. (As this paper contains a bibliography, the titles of the works of earlier authors are not listed here.) Carroll, M. — 1918. The Hind-gut, Abdominal Tracheae and Rectal Respiration in the larva of Mecistogaster modestus from Costa Rica. Pro- ceedings, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, LXX, pp. 86-103. CuLLEN, A. M. — 1918. Rectal Tracheation of Argia putrida larva. The same Proceedings, LXX, pp. 75-81. Jamieson, J. P. — 1918. The Tracheal Supply of the Rectum of the Larva of Argia talamanca from Juan Vinas, Costa Rica. The same Proceedings, LXX, pp. 81-85. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 113 TiLLYARD, R. J. — 1915. On the Physiology of the Rectal Gills in the Larvae of Anisopterid Dragonflies. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, XL, pp. 422-437, PI. XLVII, December 10. — 1916. Further Observations on the Emergence of Dragonfly-larvae from the egg with Special Reference to the Problem of Respiration. Op. cit., XLI, pp. 388-416, 5 text figures. September 13. — 1917. On the Morphology of the Caudal Gills of the Larvae of Zygopterid Dragonflies. Introduction. Part I (General Morphology), and Part 11 (Studies of the Separate Types). Op. cit., XLII, pp. 31-112, Pis. I-VI, 32 text figures. July 11. (Appeared after the conclusion of Mr. Bodine's work, but added here for the sake of completeness of reference.) 114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, NEW GENERIC NAMES FOR UPPER CRETACEOUS GASTROPODA. BY BRUCE WADE. In a recent paper entitled New and Little Known Gastropoda from the Upper Cretaceous of Tennessee, published in the Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for September, 1917, pp. 280-3C4, there were several errors which crept in because of the necessity of preparing the paper for publication after the writer left Baltimore and had entered the U. S. Artillery service. It is the purpose of this brief note to rectify these mistakes and omissions. The family name Fusidce should have been inserted over the genus Falsifusus on page 284, and similarly the family name BusyGonidce should have been inserted over the genus BolteneUa on page 285. The generic term Hyllus (page 281) has been found to be much preoccupied and the new name Parafusus is here proposed to take its place, the type thus becoming Parafusus calUlateras and the second species, Parafusus coloratus. Similarl}^ the term Scohina (page 286) is preoccupied and for the latter the name Haplovoluta is proposed, the type species becoming Haplovoluta bicarinata. The new Buccinoid genus Seminola is not regarded as being preoccupied by the Coleopteroid genus Seminolus of Mulsant (1869) although the two are dangerously alike and a different term would have been proposed in the first instance if the writer had been aware of Mulsant's genus. 1918.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 115 April 9. MEETING IN MEMORY OF SAMUEL GIBSON DIXON, M.D., LL.D., Sc.D. Edwin Grant Conklin, Ph.D., Sc.D., Vice-President, in the Chair. The Presiding Officer, in opening the meeting, remarked : We have met to commemorate the hfe and pubhc services of a distinguished man, Samuel Gibson Dixon, who has passed forever from our view, but whose influence and labors will remain long after we also shall have joined the "great majority." Others who knew him most intimately in the various phases of his many-sided life and work will speak at length of his services to science, to the State and to this Academy, but as one who was associated with him for many years in the Council of the society, I cannot refrain from calling attention to the many evidences of his ability and foresight which are all around us. This very hall in which we are meeting we owe to his activities. The Academy had a great history when Dr. Dixon became its President. It had great collections, an unexcelled library, a distinguished scientific staff, and a national and international reputation in science, but it was inadequately housed and endowed. With great energy and ability Dr. Dixon set himself to the task of providing a suitable home and a larger endowment for the institution. Contrast the old building with the present group of buildings, the old Library Hall with this cheerful and inspiring one, the old accommodations for the scientific staff with their present work-rooms and laboratories. We might truly write on his memorial tablet, "He found the Academy crumbling serpentine and left it enduring steel and stone." Dr. Conklin then presented the Hon. John Cadwalader, Vice- President of the Academy; Witmer Stone, Sc.D., and B. Franklin Royer, M.D., who made the following addresses: — 116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, LEGAL ATTAINMENTS OF DOCTOR DIXON. BY JOHN CADWALADER, LL.D. Dr. Samuel Gibson Dixon was a man of such varied abilities and had exerted them to such an unusual degree in benefiting his fellow- men that all phases of his life present points of interest and justify the consideration of his career in its different periods. In his very early years he exhibited such activity of mind and such earnestness of purpose that his father said of him that "there seemed to be no limitation to his development." When a man has been a successful lawyer, a doctor of medicine, filling an important chair in a leading medical school with high scientific attainments ; for twenty-two years the President of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and in 1905 assuming as Commissioner the entire control of and practically creating the Health Depart- ment of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania under the continuous reappointments by four Governors, it may well be said of him that his life has been remarkable and well spent. The Chairman has spoken and others will speak of his work for the Academy and for sanitary science. I have been asked to refer to those years during which he devoted himself to the law. The law has been well called "A Jealous Mistress," requiring un- tiring attention. Dr. Dixon only entered on the threshold of a lawyer's life and, of course, had not reached the stage of distinction which only comes to men after years of experience. I am sure, however, that his study and limited time in practicing the profession had a distinct influence in his career. The material growth of industries and commercial interests of all kinds has brought into such prominence the "Captains of Industry" and "Napoleons of Finance" that the great profession of the law is not appreciated as it was half a century ago and for centuries before that time. Lord Campbell, in dedicating his "Lives of the Chief Justices of England" to his son Dudley, wrote: "As you have chosen the noble though arduous profession of the law I dedicate these lives to you in the hope that they may stimulate in your bosom a laudable ambition to excel, and that they may teach you industry, energy, perseverance and self-denial," and "ever bear in mind that truly enviable reputation is only to be acquired by 1918. J NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 117 independence of character, by political consistency and by spotless purity both in public and private life." Dr, Dixon's early leaning was the study of chemistry and from that to medicine generally. His health, however, as he reached manhood was not good and he went to Europe, visiting Vienna in 1873 during the World's Exhibition held in that year. On his return, when about twenty-five years old, he entered the office of his brother, Edwin S. Dixon, and studied law with him and at the Law School of the University of Pennsylvania, being admitted to the Bar on June 30th, 1877. It is of interest to recall the fact that Dr. Dixon's immediate predecessor as President of the Academy, Gen. Isaac J. Wistar, was also a man of varied pursuits and until the Civil War practiced law. In 1886 Dr. Dixon received his degree of Doctor of Medicine from the University of Pennsylvania, so that his years at the Bar were not more than six. The importance of those years in rendering more useful his distinguished career in his later activities is not probably recognized by many. The training in a lawyer's office before the system of acquiring knowledge of the law entirely in a school, as at present, was of great value. A student under a careful preceptor was guided in his reading and studies. He had the advantage of being able to apply his knowledge to the daily business of the office. Typewriters and stenographers and even office boys had not then been introduced, and all letters and papers were copied, notices were served and messages carried by the students. The student then not only acquired practical knowledge of the duties of a lawyer, but he became known to the members of the Bar and clients in a way that enabled him to gain their confidence if it was deserved. In an office of general practice every kind of business and occu- pation and the method of being conducted have to be investigated. A lawyer should be an expert accountant and bookkeeper, with an insight into all commercial and manufacturing methods. Until title companies superseded the work of the conveyancer, I mean in the correct sense and not that of a scrivener, which is usually meant, the lawyer had to possess the closest familiarity with all the incidents connected with real estate and mortgages and the rights of inheritance. In these and many other fields the lawyer of fifty years ago was very truly Une homme d'affaires. The profession of the law is more important in this countrj^ than 118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, in any other, as we live under the written Constitutions of the State and the United States. It is extremely difficult for any man not trained in the law to comprehend his duties as a citizen. We all realize if a Legislature or Congress passes an Act that affects our interests we must consult a lawyer to ascertain how we are to meet its requirements. The recent income tax laws are in point. But very few think of the fundamental constitutional regulations that override and control all legislation. It is largely for these reasons that lawyers have been called upon to fill every class of executive duty. A few years ago a greater number of railroads were presided over by lawyers than by any other class of men, and the great trust companies and even banks seek lawyers as their presiding officers. I have referred to these facts to apply them to the case of our late President. Short as his career was at the Bar, his keen clear intellect had grasped the main principles of the law and he had entered upon a successful professional life. Admitted in 1877, as early as January Term, 1878, his name appears in the Supreme Court Reports. The case referred to was one involving a nice point of law, and the opposing counsel was a leader of the Bar and one of the most distinguished men in the profession, the Hon. Peter McCall. The case was decided in favor of Dr. Dixon's clients, an important fact for a young advocate. The office of Edwin S. Dixon and Samuel G. Dixon was noted for its accurate and careful attention to every case and matter sub- mitted to it. In connection with cases involving real estate they were especially competent and met on equal terms the Nestors of that branch of the law at that time, Eli K. Price, Edward Olmstead, William Henry Rawle and Henry Wharton. These were the men at that date who practically controlled all transactions involving land titles. The details of a laAvyer's practice are not of general interest, and I do not recall any incident in Dr. Dixon's years at the Bar requiring special mention. What he gained in those eight years of study and practice he never forgot, and those who have been associated with him on the Council of the Academy can all testify as to his clear insight and sound judgment on questions affecting its material interests as distinguished from the scientific work which demanded his greater attention. Dr. Dixon fully appreciated all that Lord Campbell said of the legal profession and followed his precepts while a lawyer and in all of his other relations in life. He knew that to excel "industry, energy, perseverance and self-denial" were essential. The envia- 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 119 ble reputation he secured could not have been acquired without "independence of character and by spotless' purity in public and private life." The interesting home owned and lived in for six generations of his mother's family called "Waverly, " where he was born, still belongs to them. Adjoining Bartram's Gardens the three hundred acres reached the Schuylkill River, where, from their owii wharf, they shipped the farm products and caught the shad in the spring, justly prized from those waters. The city's growth has destroyed these advantages which the earlier generations enjoyed, but it is rare that any home in this country remains in the possession of the sixth generation of any family. Interesting as was his early home, his late residence, near the romantic Mill Creek and overlooking the beautiful hills beyond Ardmore with the rare trees and shrubbery and attractive farm land, was one in which he might have passed his latter days in the truest enjoyment. He gave himself no rest, however, and even the hottest days of summer were spent at Harrisburg in the strenuous performance of his great work of protecting the people of his State from the scourge of disease. Dr. Dixon was essentially a Philadelphian. He possessed that modesty and freedom from the desire for notoriety or personal distinction which has marked so many of the great men of our city and State. This building, in which is now safely housed the invaluable collections which he and his predecessors have obtained and his work in securing- pure air and preserving the waters of the State from pollution, are far greater monuments than any column that could be erected in his memory. A plain tablet recording his name, but not his deeds, as in the case of Franklin, is all that is necessary. Dr. Dixon's monuments at least cannot be overlooked. My warm friendship for Dr. Dixon renders it a pleasure to con- tribute in any way to the respect which is owed to his memory, and as a lawyer to record the fact of his having been one of that brotherhood. 120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, DOCTOR DIXON'S LIFE AND SERVICES TO THE ACADEMY. BY WITHER STONE, SC.D. An institution such as this Academy demands the services of many types of men, and of these three seem to stand out most prominently before us. There is the student of the Natural Sciences,. entirely absorbed in his researches, who sheds glory upon the society by his discoveries; the benefactor, through whose generosity these researches are made possible; and the executive, the man of ajffairs under whose direction the institution is developed. One of these is equally as important as the other in the welfare of the institution, and lacking any one of the three, successful develop- ment is impossible. It is to the last category that Samuel Gibson Dixon primarily belonged, and it is his untiring energy and devotion in guiding the development of this institution, as executive Curator and President for nearly a quarter of a century, that constitute his great gift to this Academy. But great as were his services as executive, he was more than this. Directly or indirectly he filled the role of benefactor as well, by securing the funds which made possible the development of the plant of the Academy from the modest building which housed our collections twenty-five years ago to the commodious museum, library and laboratories of to-day. Then, too, his experience in medical research gave him a sympathetic interest in the work of the staff and influenced him in guiding the development of the institu- tion along the lines of scientific research which was its origmal province and to which its reputation has always been due. The extent of Dr. Dixon's services to this institution and through it to science in general is appreciated by few outside of our officers and members. It was his later labors in the field of preventive medicine and sanitation, as Commissioner of Health of Pennsylvania, that brought him his great renown, not only throughout the extent of this Commonwealth but far beyond its borders as well, and have made his name a byword in every household of the State, coupled always with the thought of public health. But the details of this work, by far his greatest achievement, as well as his career in the law and its influence on his later activities, are treated of by others, 1918.] NATUKAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 121 and I must confine myself to a consideration of his services to this Academy. Dr. Dixon was born on March 23, 1851, in the old Gibson home- stead on the Schuylkill River below Bartram's Garden, where his family had resided since 1721. His father, Isaac Dixon, a respected merchant of Philadelphia, and his mother, Ann Gibson, were mem- bers of the Society of Friends, and it was under the influence of the quiet Quaker environment so characteristic of our city thafc his early life was spent. As a boy he attended the Friends' School at Fifteenth and Race streets and the Mantua Academy in Philadelphia, then in charge of Prof. Hastings. He later received instruction from private tutors with the idea of preparing for Harvard University. Failure in health, however, necessitated a rest from his studies, which was followed by a trip abroad. Upon his return home all thought of a college course was abandoned and he decided to devote himself to business and the study of law. He took a course in the Mercantile College of. Philadelphia and then entered the law offices of his brother, Edwin Saunders Dixon, and attended the Law School of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, being admitted to the Bar in 1877. He con- tinued his law practice for six years, but the necessary confinement and constant strain of office work proved too much for his constitution. and once more he was forced to seek rest. Realizing the necessity for a permanent change of occupation, he now conceived the idea of devoting himself to the scientific side of medicine — a subject which in spite of his choice of the law as a profession had always possessed a deep attraction for him. With this object in view he entered the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania in the autumn of 1883 and received his degree of M.D. in 1886. He won distinction in his studies and while still an undergraduate was appointed an assistant demonstrator in physi- ology under the late Harrison Allen. An attack of typhoid fever during the closing part of his course nearly forced him to abandon his studies, but with characteristic determination he continued his work and passed his examinations. Almost immediately afterward he sailed for Europe, in an effort to regain his health in rest and change of scene. Returning in 1888 he was appointed Professor of Hygiene at the University and soon after became Dean of the Auxiliary Department of Medicine. In 1889 he again spent several months in Europe, this time in. various medical schools in special lines of study connected with. 122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, his college work. He took courses in Bacteriology, a science then in its infancy, under Crookshank at King's College, London, and under Klein at the College of State Medicine in the same city, while he studied also under Pettenkofer at Munich, investigating methods of sewage disposal, purification of drinking water and other hygienic subjects. His duties at the University soon became irksome to him and he longed for more opportunity for original research. He had in 1889 anticipated Koch in the discovery of the branched form of the tubercle bacillus, and had conceived the possibility of the use of an attenuated culture as a preventive of tuberculosis. In experiment he had actually produced immunity in a Guinea-pig, and further investigation of the problem was absorbing all his attention. As a result he withdrew from the University and determined to establish a private laboratory elsewhere. Through the suggestion of Dr. Henry C. Chapman he came to the Academy of Natural Sciences. Dr. Dixon was elected a member of the Academy February 25, 1890, and in the autumn of that year was granted the use of a room at the eastern end of the old Race street building, which he fitted up as a laboratory. Here for several years, personally and through assistants, he carried on active bacteriological researches. He took part in the meetings of the Academy, became a member of the Microscopical and Biological Section and was elected Professor of Microscopic Technology. He again visited Europe soon after establishing his laboratory at the Academy and made the personal acquaintance of Koch, Virchow and other noted foreign bacteriolo- gists. Dr. Dixon's intimate association with the Academy naturally led him to take a deep interest in the affairs of the institution and at the close of the year 1891 he was elected a Curator, becoming •executive Curator in 1893 and President on December 31, 1895, retaining both offices until the time of his death. With the assumption of the duties of executive Curator his personal researches in Bacteriology at the Academy, for the time being, came to an end, and his whole time and energy were devoted to the Academy's affairs and to the business management of a large estate of which he was executor. At the time that his Curatorship began there had been little change in the arrangement of the museum since the Academy had first moved to its present site in 1876. There was but one salaried man^in charge of the collections, and while several departments 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 123 were in the care of the members of the sections or of individual volunteers, the preservation of most of the historic material belonging to the institution was a serious problem. Dr. Dixon, assuming the position of executive Curator without salary, took over all the responsibilities of the museum management, instituting many reforms and introducing more businesslike methods. Needless to say almost his entire time was spent at the Academy. Shortly after his election to the presidency the munificent bequest of the late Robert H. Lamborn became available, and he was by virtue of his two offices able not only to direct the general appro- priation of this fund, but also to carry out in detail the further development of the museum, which had long been hampered by lack of means. Gradually additions were made to the museum staff until all of the perishable collections were under the care of salaried specialists. By constantly conferring with the members of the staff he ascertained the needs of the several departments and these, under his direction, were provided for as far as possible. Modern cases both for storage and exhibition purposes were installed and the way opened for the accumulation and systematic arrangement of the extensive study collections which have been brought together in recent years, and which have made the Academy more than ever a Mecca for systematists from all parts of the country. Later Dr. Dixon, largely through his personal efforts, secured several appropriations from the State with which the museum building was enlarged, improved and rendered fireproof — while a new library and a commodious lecture hall were erected, providing for two other important branches of the Academy's activities. The details of all this constructive work — plans, contracts and specifi- cations — he insisted upon attending to in person, as well as carefully superintending the building operations as they progressed. The provision of a fireproof stack for the safeguarding of the priceless library of the Academy was a matter of the greatest satisfaction to Dr. Dixon, as it has been to all who are acquainted with its riches. In the extension of public education at the Academy, Dr. Dixon took an earnest interest and through his influence the Ludwick Institute, of which he was a director and later Vice-President, was led to establish a course of free public lectures at the Academy under the direction of the Lecture Committee, primarily for the benefit of school children and teachers, in which popular courses in various branches of natural history are given every year. A mere summary of developments and improvements in such an 124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April,. institution as this mean but little unless one is familiar with early conditions and those which we face to-day. Many can no doubt remember the cramped antiquated museum building of twenty- five years ago — the scarcity or absolute lack of study material and a single Curator in charge, who from force of circumstances could be little more than a Curator. From this you have seen the development of a great modern museum, with an enormous research collection and a competent staff of specialists constantly engaged in its exploitation and in the preparation of valuable scientific contri- butions for publication in the Academy's Proceedings. Such a development can only be effected through the wise direction and economic management of a competent executive. In carrying it out Dr. Dixon gained nothing but the satisfaction of a good work brought to completion, while it entailed on his part an amount of voluntary sacrifice of time and energy that few men feel like giving. These are facts that do not show on the surface and are easily for- gotten, but they should not be lost sight of in estimating the value of such service. In June, 1905, Dr. Dixon was appointed Commissioner of Health of Pennsylvania, and immediately began the development of the State department which stands to-day as his greatest monument. Through all these years he maintained his office at the Academy, and many of his plans, especially for the enlargement and improvement of the building, were carried to completion during the period when, the multifarious duties of his larger office were such that most men would have found them alone impossible. Naturall}^, of late years with the activities and responsibilities of the Health Department ever increasing, Dr. Dixon was able to devote less and less time to the Academy, but the planning of earlier years had placed the institution on a basis upon which it ran smoothly and needed less and less the detailed attention of the executive. During his long connection with the Academy Dr. Dixon served upon many of its committees, being Chairman of the Building Committee and also of the Committee in charge of the Centenary Celebration in 1912. In March, 1892, he was appointed to act for the Academy in con- junction with the State Board of Health in making a bacteriological exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. He little thought at that time that he would in a few years be head of the department that was to supersede the State Board in caring for the health of the Commonwealth. During the early nineties he made several communications and. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 125 presented several papers at the meetings of the Academy, deahng mainly with the development of Bacillus tuberculosis, but including also accounts of Bacillus typhosis and Actinomyces as well as of beri-beri and the bacteriological examination of drinking water. About this time, through his efforts, the Pennsylvania Antitubercu- losis Society made the Academy its meeting place and Dr. Dixon became its Vice-President, thus emphasizing his interest in what was to become one of his greatest achievements. In 1898 Dr. Dixon was appointed on the Board of Public Education in Philadelphia and took an active part in improving the hygienic conditions in the city schools. He was Vice-President of the Zoological Societj^ of Philadelphia, a Director of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy, trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, Fellow of the College of Physicians, Past President of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society and a member of numerous medical and scientific organizations. In 1909 the University of Pennsylvania conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws, and in 1916 Lafayette College honored him with the degree of Doctor of Science. In a life so fully occupied with duties of his official and executive position as was Dr. Dixon's there seemed literally no time for recreation. But in the rare moments when he did indulge in holiday trips or in days of rest in the beautiful country place which he had built at Black Rock, near Bryn Mawr, his deep interest in nature asserted itself. He was always quick to notice unusual birds, striking wild flowers or strange insects, and upon his return to the Academy would seek the aid of specialists in determining their identity and learning something of their history, usually adding some original suggestions as a result of his keen powers of observa- tion. Horticulture, too, was a favorite hobby and the Rhododendron thickets and beds of rare plants that he succeeded in establishing at Black Rock Farm were a source of sincere pleasure and gratification to him. His visits to the famous tuberculosis sanatorium which he had established at Mont Alto were always a great pleasure to him on account of the splendid mountain scenery and the beauty of the more intimate natural surroundings, of which, on his return, he never failed to speak. This love of nature was always in evidence, and from early youth he had delighted in hunting trips with gun and dogs, which led later to moose hunts in Maine and ducking trips to the clubs of the South Atlantic seaboard. But he indulged in such recreation far too little, especially during the later years of his life, 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, seeming to neglect in his own case the care that he was ever urging upon others to conserve their strength and health. Even before his appointment as Health Commissioner those who were closely associated with Dr. Dixon were aware of the inroads that constant attention to his business and executive duties were making upon his health, and on several occasions he had suffered a temporary breakdown. His was a nature that must delve into all the details of every matter under consideration, to make sure that there was no possibility of mistake and that nothing had been overlooked. Praiseworthy as is such a practice, probably no consti- tution can stand it indefinitely, and in the work of the Department of Health it reached the limit of huilian endurance. Even during his long illness, which began about the end of July last, Dr. Dixon's indomitable will continued to assert itself; and for a long while he continued to direct the affairs of his department from his sick bed and to consider the more important matters con- nected with the administration of the Academy. As time went on, however, he became less and less able to make such effort and the final rest from his labors came on February 26, 1918. Dr. Dixon was married in 1881 to Miss Fanny Gilbert, and she and a. daughter, Catharine H. Dixon, survive him. Dr. Dixon had held the office of President of this Academy longer than any other incumbent, with one exception, having just been elected for his twenty-third term, and no other President had seen, during his administration, such a physical expansion and develop- ment of the institution. These things speak for themselves and bear testimony of his executive ability and his devotion to the Academy. To the country at large his work as Commissioner of Health is his- monument, and he will stand for all time as an example of the highest ideal of faithful service in public office and as an unselfish benefactor of the people in his campaign for public health. To those of us who knew him here in the halls of the Academy, however, there will always be memories of the personal side of his relations to the institution and to the staff — his kindliness and sympathy, his interest in the work of every individual, and back of it all that constant desire, ever present, ever conspicuous, to advance the Academy's interests and to meet its need? as he saw them; a service, like that rendered as Commissioner of Health, which brought greater benefits to others than it did to himself. 1918.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 127' DOCTOR DIXON'S WORK IN SANITARY SCIENCE. BY B. FRANKLIN ROYER, M.D. Acting Commissioner of Health, Commonwealth of Pennsj-lvania. The foundation of Samuel Gibson Dixon's unprecedented accom- plishments in sanitary science was laid the day he took up the study of laAV in the offices of his brother, Edwin Saunders Dixon; and the erection of the superstructure began with his matriculation in the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania. It was probably because of his scientific bent of mind and his interest in chemistry and in physiological processes, in good part brought about by a break in health and search for recovery in 1881, that he gave up law and studied medicine. So far as his intimate friends in the medical class of 1886 know, he did not, as a student, give any indication, either that he was especially qualifjdng for or antici- pating a career in preventive medicine. While a student, however, he, did show unusual interest in chemistry and in the scientific side of physiology' and before the completion of his course he had received an appointment from the University Trustees as Assistant Demon- strator in Physiology, the main chair being so ably filled by the late Harrii-on AKen. Throughout his life Dr. Dixon repeatedly referred to this pleasant association and to the stimulation for research work given him by his early master in physiology. The major Medical Faculty of the University of Pennsylvania during the years when Dr. Dixon was a student (1882-1886) included a number of intellectual giants. The Professors in 1885 and 1886 as listed in the annual catalogue of the School of Medicine were as follows :: Alfred Stille, M.D., LL.D., Emeritus Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine. Harrison Allen, M.D., Emeritus Professor of Physiology. Joseph Leidy, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Anatomy. Richard A. F. Penro.se, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. D. Hayes Agnew, ALD., LL.D., John Rea Barton Professor of Surgery and Professor of Clinical Surgery. William Pepper, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine and Professor of Clinical Medicine. William Goodell, M.D., Professor of Clinical Gynecology. James Tyson, M.D., Professor of General Pathology and Morbid Anatomy. Horatio C. W^ood, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacy and General Therapeutics. Theodore G. Wormley, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology. John Ashhurst, M.D., Professor of Clinical Surgery. William Osler, M.D., Professor of Clinical Medicine. 128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF April, The influence of such a remarkable group of America's greatest Tnedical teachers undoubtedly molded the mind destined to chart so original a course along new public health lines later in life. Graduating with honor in 1886 at the age of thirty-five years, the doctorate degree was given to a man broken in health, and in the early stage of what proved to be mild enteric fever. By special arrangement his final medical examinations were given prior to his sailing for Europe, the prostrating illness not being definitely diagnosed until Queenstown was reached. Here under the care of Dr. W. L. Townsend, in consultation with the celebrated Sir X/auder Brunton, and later joined by the master in therapeutics, the brilliant Dr. Horatio C. Wood, Dr. Dixon won the battle against ivhat his physicians thought would be a fatal illness. Those of us who have been closely associated with Dr. Dixon's work in sanitary science have always felt that the influences of the kindly and helpful Townsend and the stimulation of the brilliant thera- peutist Wood, together with the association and life friendship of the learned Sir Lauder Brunton, influenced the young medical mind to study the then infant branch of hygiene — a branch of medicine at that time receiving its greatest impetus on the continent of Europe, particularly in Germany, After a prolonged holiday in Europe and complete restoration to health, Dr. Dixon returned to Philadelphia in 1888 and was made Professor of Hygiene in the Medical and Scientific Depart- ments of the University of Pennsylvania, and later in the same medical school year was appointed Dean of the Auxiliary Depart- ment of MecUcine. Dr. Dixon, while holding this Chair, established the first laboratory of hygiene in the University of Pennsylvania and one of the first on the American continent. In 1889, several months' study in Europe, undertaken with a resolution to perfect himself to teach the science of bacteriology, brought him under the tutorship of Cruikshank, the celebrated bacte- riologist in King's College, London, and gave opportunity for taking a special course in bacteriology under Professor Klein of the College of State Medicine in London. It was while a student under Klein that Dixon made a notable observation, one by which he will perhaps he best remembered as a scientific investigator. As he sat on his stool in Klein's laboratory, looldng through the microscope and carefully searching a well stained slide prepara- tion made from a culture of tubercle bacilli, he made the observation that certain of these organisms were club shaped and others appar- 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 129 ently had little shoots or branches. Dr. Dixon was very fond of telling of the skepticism in the minds of the other students of this laboratory, and perhaps even in the thought of open minded Klein himself, when they were permitted to look at the branched forms in this microscopic field. Some said the organisms were lying across each other, or that the end of one bacillus projected against the side of another; but Klein said, ''Dixon, if this branching is true, you have made a great scientific discovery." He repeated his work, he checked his technique, he wrote a splendid little paper and illustrated it with a drawing which he made himself, showing the new form. That little paper and that small illustration prepared by the youth in research work attracted the attention of the scientific world and fixed a reputation m science. This brilliant observation in all probability led him into further research in tuberculosis, but in order to still better equip himself as a teacher of hygiene, he did not return to his Chair without having studied with the most noted hygienist of that time, Petten- kofer of Munich. It was in 1889, while studying in the Laboratory of Hygiene, Munich, so far as we know, that he undertook his first studies in purifying large water supplies and the purification of sewage. On his return to Philadelphia, late in 1889, he was made Professor of Sanitary Engineering in the University of Pennsylvania, and in October, 1889, we find him publishing a paper on the Treatment of Sewage in London. An opportunity has not been had to review the notes of his lectures given during this school year, but those who had the privilege of listening to his instruction, and who are in a position to contrast this instruction with the practices established under his supervision in the State Department of Health of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, see worked out in practical detail what was then considered imaginative and by some medical men almost impracticable and visionary. In 1890, Dr. Dixon gave up his association with the University of Pennsylvania to become Professor of Bacteriology and Micro- scopic Technology in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia, going there solely in the capacity of a scientific worker. Here he was stimulated by the great Leidy. During his last college teaching year — to be exact, the 19th of October, 1889 — the second event in the unusual career of this unusual man occurred. This date is an important one in the career of him to whom we pay tribute tonight. In the experimental 9 130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, research work undertaken }jy Dr. Dixon he found that by intro- ducing old cultures of tubercle liacilli into lower animals a certain degree of immunity was produced, and the publication in the Medical News of Philadelphia on the above date preceded by more than six months a similar announcement and publication of similar work — that of the celebrated Koch of Germany. Koch announced somewhat reluctantly that a substance could be pro- duced that would prevent the growth of the tubercle bacillus in the human system. Following Koch's announcement, l^r. Dixon, with authority from American scientific and medical institutions, visited Europe, inter- viewed Koch, Virchow, DuBois-Raymond, and many others. At this time he had the privilege of admission to Koch's own labora- tory. Europe and America were seething with public interest in tuberculosis. Koch's work, as discoverer of the tubercle bacillus and his later work backed by governmental agencies controlling Germany's laboratories, resulted in robbing Dr. Dixon for a long time of that credit of being the first to produce immunity which should have been given him. In recent years American students of tuberculosis have given this credit to Dr. Dixon and to America. During the latter part of 1890, while working in his laboratory in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Dr. Dixon developed a tubercle bacillus extract that produces in the lower animals and in human beings that same stimulation toward cure in certain types of the disease that has been found l)y Trudeau, and other students of pulmonary lesions, to be brought about l)y the various forms of tuberculin. Later, this same preparation was found by surgeons to be effective in the treatment of certain glandular and genito- urinary types of tuberculosis and ophthalmologists found it equally helpful in the treatment of ocular types. Dr. Dixon's indefatigable energy and originality were no doubt responsible for his selection in 1892 as Executive Curator in the Academy of Natural Sciences, and it is perhaps here and as Curator, that he developed genius for ocular teaching. This experience as Curator, together with his training in hygiene, led to his appointment as a member of the Board of Public Education in 1898. During the greater part of the six year period in the Board of Public Education Dr. Dixon was Chairman of the Committee on Hygiene. It was during this time that the active campaign was conducted for furnishing public school children of the city of Philadelphia with pure drinking 1918.] NATTJRAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 131 water. The city water supply at this time was unfiltered, the domestic household supply usually being purified by boiling. Filters were installed. In 1902 the Committee on Hygiene began volunteer medical inspection of the Public School children in Philadelphia, the first place in Pennsylvania to undertake such work. It was while working in his capacity on the Committee on Hygiene that the genius of the man of science stimulated the completion of plans and models (practically invented) for scientific construction of outlets from wash-basins, sinks, and bath-tubs. An illustrated bulletin by the Commissioner of Health as late as May, 1914, shows how actively his interest in such devices continued throughout his busy career as a public health administrator. As early as 1890 in the annual oration on hygiene before the Pennsylvania State Medical Society in convention at Williamsport, Dr. Dixon gave evidence of public health foresight by visualizing the future work of a State Health organization. In this address, which was later in good part repeated before the State Board of Health Of Pennsylvania on Friday evening, May 15, 1891, Dr. Dixon practically forecast the work of a great State Department of Health. Its development came fourteen years later. In that address Dr. Dixon was consistent with his work in later life in that he outlined ideal precautions for protection against tuberculosis, and even suggested a Cabinet Minister of Health to be as useful as a Cabinet Minister of Agriculture for essential national organization. Dr. Dixon's foundations for administrative work in sanitary science were well and deeply laid in the twenty- two year interval between the time he gave up law to study mecUcine and during the period of his teaching and research work. When the invitation came to him from Governor Pennypacker in June, 1905, to organize the State Department of Health, provided for by the three Acts of the Legislature of that year, he came to the work with foundation training in science and big business such as no other man in America had. Dr. Dixon had nothing whatever to do with the drafting of the legislation or securing its adoption. In his pursuit of knowledge of preventive medicine, so far as is known, he had not done so with any thought of accepting an executive position such as was offered him by the Governor. The laAvs creating the Department were drafted by Dr. Charles B. Penrose and it was almost wholly due to the skill, patience and devotion of Dr. Penrose to a subject in which he had become intensely interested while serving as a member 132 PROCEEDINOS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, of the Board of Health in Philadelphia that the laws were properiy drafted and their approval secured. In the selection of Dr. Dixon to be the first Commissioner of Health in Pennsylvania, Governor Pennypacker in his auto- biography may be quoted: "The session of the Legislature ended on the 13th day of April. A Depart- ment of Health had been created, to which had been given very great authority and power which extended to the person of the individual citizen and might even be regarded as an infringement of his personal liberty. The value and permanence of the legislation would depend upon the manner in which the department would be organized. It was at first suggested to me that it should be placed in charge of Dr , but that thought I instantly dismissed. I then had an interview with Dr. Charles B. Penrose, who had been very much interested in the matter, and he named to me a gentleman connected with one of the schools in the Western part of the State. I had a talk with this gentle- man, but was still not satisfied. Then Dr. Penrose told me he thought Dr. Samuel G. Dixon, President of the Academy of Natural Sciences, would be willing to undertake the task. That suggestion suited me exactly. Dixon consented and I made the appointment. Under his direction it has come to be accepted as the most important and efficient organization for this line of work in the United States. There is good ground for hope that many of the inflammatory diseases due to specific poisons, such as typhoid fever, smallpox, diphtheria and tuberculosis, may be in time stamped out of existence." Dr. Dixon was commissioned by Governor Pennypacker on the 6th day of June, 1905, and from that day until the day of his death devoted the greater part of each hour that he was awake to the organization and administration of the State Department of Health. The organization was successful almost immediately for the reason that every new step taken by the Department was carefully thought out before being projected, and because the public were fully taken into the confidence of the Commissioner prior to his enforcing any new plan of procedure. Knowing the common interpretation that the wielding of police authority extending to the person of an individual citizen for the purpose of protecting all might be regarded as an infringement of personal liberty, Dr. Dixon from the beginning tried to change this general acceptance of the public and to make Pennsylvanians see that in civilized life many primitive and individual lilierties must be given up to insure the benefits to be had by public health protec- tion. From the very beginning of the State Department of Health the central thought in its educational work was ''how may we get close to the people, and how may we make them see public health problems from the viewpoint of benefits to be obtained." Dr. Dixon's preachment, "Pennsylvania's citizens want to be kept well and in good health and are willing to submit to inconveniences if we only show them what to do" — these and similar slogans reached re- 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 133 sponsive chords. Pennsylvania liked this new way of being taken into the confidence of an executive. It is not possible to faithfully treat of Dr. Dixon's work in sanitary science without speaking in some detail of the great public health organization built by him during the last twelve and a half years of his life. It will likely stand as the greatest monument to his memory. The law creating the Department of Health centralized the authority in the hands of a single executive, giving him greater power than was given to any other officer of the Commonwealth, save the Governor, and perhaps greater authority than is granted any similar official in America. With all of this authority in the hands of a man known to be ruggedly honest and gentle as a woman, the public had no fear of usurpation of the unusual authority placed in his hands, and during all the period that he was Commissioner of Health many of the unusual powers that might be needed in case of great emergency were never even given trial. The first organization undertaken was that of the Bureau of Vital Statistics. Under Dr. Dixon's supervision this bureau was so well planned that before it had been. in operation a full year the Federal Census Office credited Pennsylvania with having a better organized agency for gathering vital statistics than any other State in the Union. This bureau consists of a central office under the supervision of the State Registrar and more than 1,100 Local Registrars — one for each civil unit in the State, each Local Registrar having a deputy. The second division of the Department's organization taken up by Dr. Dixon was that of Medical Inspection. Before this division had been in operation a year it was found that all previous plans for public health organization in the civil sub-divisions known as second class townships were inoperative, and that in many of the small boroughs similar inaction was seen. For the first two years the Division of Medical Inspection was largely engaged in handling epidemics too extensive for local health organizations to cope with, and in helping lame health organiza- tions to form working bodies. In 1907, however, all second class townships were formed into 720 sanitary districts, and it was suggested to the Legislature that the law providing for school boards to act as Boards of Health therein be repealed. The advice was followed and at once the 134 PROCfifiDlNGg OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, Department assumed entire executive supervision over public health matters in a. population of more than two million souls. In all of the countryside, as well as in small boroughs, details were worked out for handling quarantine just as it is done in our large cities. It is fair at this time to say that a great deal of the reduction in sickness from communicable diseases in our larger centers of population is due to establishing proper regulations in the unorganized country villages and on farmsteads, such points prior to that time often feeding infection through food supplies or l)y visits into the larger centers of population. The third great division of the Department's organization taken up was that of Sanitary Engineering. One of the Acts upon which the Department is based provided for the prevention of pollution of streams, and Department measures had to be perfected for approving, according -to the Act, the plans for all water works and sewage treatment plants. Studies had to be made looking toward the requiring of many cities to build sewage purification works so that municipalities down stream might not be continuously poisoned by filth entering from the neighboring city above. The amount of work required to supervise and intelligently approve the hundreds of plans brought before the Commissioner in this period of time was in itself almost a full task for one well trained sanitarian. For every set of plans that came before the Commissioner of Health completed and safe for approval in all details, two sets of plans required rejection in some particular, and a goodly number during the early days of the Department required rejection in toto. The Division of Laboratories was organized as soon as the other divisions were well planned, the organization being made with a threefold purpose in view: First, to afford doctors in the Commonwealth remote from instruments of precision opportunity to study their cases in a scientific way and to apply modern methods of treatment. Second, to properly check the operation of water filtration and sewage purification plants and to coordinate the engineering studies with end results. Third, with the purpose of undertaking such research work as might be advisable. Division of Distribution of Biological Products. — Early in the history of the Department plans were made for averting the need- less sacrifice of life to the ravages of diphtheria. The Attorney 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 135 General ruled tliat the appropriation items were so liberal in their wording that the purchasing of diphtheria antitoxin would be per- missible. Stations were established in all populous centers in the Commonwealth and antitoxin was placed within the reach of all Pennsylvania doctors for use in treating the poor. Divisions of Accounting and Purchasing and Supplies. — From the very beginning of the Department's organization up to the present time systematic keeping and auditing of accounts, and purchasing and distribution of supplies were carried out with pre- cision creditable to a large business concern. Two divisions were devoted to this portion of the Department's business and work, thus giving the executives of the other divisions all of their time for essential public health details. So firmly had the organization worked out in 1905 been estab- lished by 1907, that when the Legislature of that year came to fulfill the campaign pledges of both great political organizations to support an anti-tuberculosis campaign, they deliberately voted $1,000,000 to the Department of Health to start the work. This was done so that the organization incident to the conducting of a chain of dispensaries and the building of tuberculosis sanatoria for the poor might be worked out along the same lines followed in the organization of the new Health Department. To properly undertake this new line of work, two new divisions were organized — one of Tuberculosis Sanatoria and the other of Dispensaries. This tuberculosis work lay nearest Dr. Dixon's heart and into its organization he put the best that was in him. Tweiity-three hundred free beds in three great sanatoria in the Pennsylvania mountains, and one hundred and fifteen dispensaries, each with its quota of physicians and nurses, followed. The work of these various divisions was extended and broadened from time to time, each division taking on its new load as directed by the Commissioner. Year after year elapsed. Dr. Dixon being appointed by Governor after Governor, and from time to time the Legislature broadened and made heavier the load by providing additional lines of work and liberal funds for its execution. In 1915 a Bureau of Housing was created. An organization had to be planned to direct work over the entire State with the exception of first class cities, working for the most part through local health organizations in boroughs, second and third class cities. The Bureau was planned to improve living conditions of the poor, and especially to improve sanitary conditions as affecting the lives and health of infants and children and of workers. 136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, Division of Public Service. — A law enacted during the same session of the Legislature provided for the medical inspection of hotel and restaurant employes, and prohibited the use of the common towel and public drinking cup. An adcUtional division had to be organized for handling this work. During the last months of Dr. Dixon's life three additional divisions were planned. First, a Division for the control of the sale of narcotics, created by a special Act of 1917. Second, a Division of Child Hygiene, planned and organized to meet the unusual conditions to which the lives of children would be subjected during the high tension period of the war. Third, a Division for the Treatment of Venereal Diseases, planned not only with the hope of ameliorating suffering and protecting America's selective service men, but with the purpose of placing witliin reach of the poor those specifics which, when properly applied, might lessen the chances of visitation unto the second and third generations and salvage many lives that might otherwise be wrecked. Throughout the twelve and a half year period the Commissioner of Health received from his Bureau and Division Chiefs, and through them from the field forces throughout the Commonwealth, informa- tion of vital importance to the public. The volume of such information arriving in the central office was enormous, and the sub- divisions of the Commissioner's executive staff assisted him in coordinating, digesting, abstracting and reflecting back to the public all those essential details helpful in keeping the public fully informed as to results obtained in making them see that the prom- ises held forth at the time of launching any new line of work were being kept. The cUfficulties in the way of perfecting such an organization were not always easily overcome. The Governor, as well as each of his three successors, placed entire confidence in Dr. Dixon and gave him full liberty in organization and freedom from political interference. It is but fair to say that not a single important executive appointment was made to gratify political ambition or to satisfy political recom- mendation. It very often happened, later in the executive work of Dr. Dixon, that the prominent political leader, who felt hurt that his insistent recommendation could not be complied with, was big enough and broad enough to later come back to Dr. Dixon and say, "I felt at the time you refused my request that you were making a mis- take in taking the attitude you did concerning the health organi- 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 137 zation. I am convinced, however, that you are right and am glad to tell you so. " During the time that has elapsed since the organization of the Department was fairly well launched in 190Q until the end of 1917, 2,640,000 birth certificates, 1,500,000 death certificates, and 840,000 marriage certificates have been received, catalogued, bound, filed and stored in fireproof vaults of the State Capitol, where they are available for all legal and statistical purposes. Two hundred thousand persons have been quarantined in rural districts for the various communicable diseases, with subsequent sanitary cleansing and disinfection of premises, and breaking the con- tinuous chain of infection leacUng from farmstead to town and city and back again to farm. One hundred and twenty thousand dairy farm inspections have been made, and 2,500,000 school children in fourth class district schools have been examined with recommenda- tions to parent or guardian for correcting defects. Two hundred and eighty-four plans for water works and sewage treatment plants have been filed, studied and approved. 2,274 de- crees have been issued requiring the installation of sewage works and water works, and 150 separate pollutions have been removed from streams. One hundred and seven thousand three hundred and sixty-three patients have been treated at the tuberculosis cUspensaries. 1,250,- 348 visits have been made to the homes of these patients for the purpose of giving practical teaching and sanitary instruction. Nearly 30,000 poor patients have been treated and educated at the Depart- ment's tuberculosis sanatoria. The amount of work done in the Division of Laboratories for physicians of the Commonwealth was enormous, more than 20,000 specimens being examined monthly and scientific reports made to the family doctor. Since the distribution of antitoxin was begun in 1905 until the end of the last statistical year 300,000 packages of diphtheria anti- toxin were distributed free to the poor, 2,000 persons have been immunized against tetanus; nearly 50,000 against, smallpox; and large numbers of persons were immunized against typhoid fever. During the twelve and three quarter years' period when Dr. Dixon was Commissioner of Health in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania there was appropriated to his Department and expended in the promotion of public health, including the treating of the tuberculous sick, more than twenty million dollars of State 138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF AT)ril, funds, and yet no criticism of this expenditure has been uttered. During this period in his official capacity as Commissioner of Health, he superintended activities extending to every municipality in the Commonwealth. He exercised advisory and supervisory control over the many public health organizations in the State, always leading and setting an example in every line of public health work. These many smaller health organizations, recognizing Dr. Dixon as a central figure, and stimulated by his work, exerted themselves to their utmost. The resulting saving of life is shown by the fact that in the year 1906 when the State Health Department was reorganized, the death rate in the State was 16 per thousand, and in 1917 it had declined to 14.7. This indicates a saving of 1.20,266 lives in the Commonwealth. ""~^, As a fitting stamp of approval of the sanitary work of Dr. Dixon, the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, after eleven years of enforc- ing police law (and sometimes in a drastic way against medical men) , elected him to its highest office. He passed away while serving as President of the Society. His death was mourned most sincerely. The editorial notices written after Dr. Dixon's death were most un- usual and show how he had inspired the confidence of the people. Dr. Conklin.^ — The addresses to which we have just listened have revealed to us a man of unusual ability and achievements, one who succeeded not merely in one profession but in several, and who has left upon his city. State and nation an enduring impression. "Si monumentum quaeris, circumspice. " He died too soon, in the thick of work, in the midst of public service. Now he rests from his labors and his works do follow him. Peace to his ashes. honor to his memory. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 139 ON THE GENERIC POSITION OF SONORELLA. WOLCOTTIANA BARTSCH. BY H. A. PILSBRY. Sonoj'ella wolcottiana, described from Palm Springs, a health resort at the foot of the San Jacinto Mountains, not far from the Southern Pacific Railroad, has been known hitherto by the original specimens collected by Mrs. H. T. Wolcott in 1903 and by a small series taken by Messrs. Morgan Hebard and J. A. G. Rehn in 1910. Unfortu- nately, all of these were dead shells. From the close correspondence of the shell to the Sonorellas of Arizona and New Mexico, the species was naturally referred to that genus. The receipt of iiving speci- mens taken early in March by Dr. Emmet Rixford of San Francisco, enables me to transfer it to the genus Micrarionta, chiefly known by coast Helices, such sis facta, gabbi, kelleti, stearnsiana, etc. It appears that a group of this genus has been adapted to the arid interior, where they have assumed the appearance of the desert group Sonorella. Fig, 1. — Genitalia of Micrariontn wolcottiana. In the right figure another view of the 9 organs, d, Diverticuhim of the spermathecal duct; ds, dart sack; fl, flagellum, g, mucous glands; ov, oviduct; p, penis; pr, retractor of the penis; sp, duct of the spermatheca. The mucous glands are shaded to show their forms more distinctly. The reproductive organs are illustrated for comparison with Son- orella and other Micrariontas. It will be seen that on each side of the 11 140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, base of the dart sack, the duct of a mucous gland arises. Each diict ascends and expands into a bulb, then is contracted, recurved upon itself, descending, becoming flattened in form of a long, thin-walled gland adhering to the vagina. For the sake of distinctness, these glands and their ducts are shaded in the figures. As usual in the genus, one of the mucous glands rises high over the dart sack, the other being lower, and concealed behind the dart sack in the left hand figure. The spermatheca has an extremely long, thin duct, which bears a long, slender diverticulum. The specimens did not pull well, and the upper part of the oviduct, the albumen gland, sper- matheca and ovotestis were broken off. Length of penis 6.5 mm. '' " epiphallus 5 " " " flagellum 7 " " vagina 7 " " "dart sack 3 Doctor Rixford writes as follows: "About the first of March I spent a few days at Palm Springs, Cal., on the eastern edge of San Jacinto Mountain, and had opportunity to get a few snails. I found only the one variety and no other shells except a small Physa which I take to be a common Physa of the West Coast. The Helix I have not been able to identify. Judging by the number of dead shells, it must be very nmnerous in that region, but because it had rained shortly before mj' visit the live shells were much scattered, having left their summer quarters. On the under surfaces of rocks I found markings of large colonies. In this region the rainfall is only an inch or so a year and the summer temperature much above 100 F. The rocks arc granitic." 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 141 A NEW CHARACIN FROM PARAGUAY, BY HENRY W. FOWLER. Recently the Academy received a small collection from Senor A. De W. Bertoni, secured at Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. As this contains several interesting fishes : Otocinclus vittatus Regan, Parodon paraguayensis Eigenmann, Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Hensel) and the Characin belonging to the Tetragonopterinae described below, this note has been prepared. The Academy is indebted to Senor Bertoni for these interesting gifts to its Museum. BERTONIOLUS gen. nov. Type, Bertoniolus paraguayensis sp. nov. Preventral region evenly convex. Maxillary slips below preorbital or only about half its upper edge shielded. Upper teeth 5 each side in inner row as in Moenkhausia, and outer series in row parallel. Mandibular teeth uniserial. Upper lip covers premaxillary teeth. Gill-rakers lanceolate. All scales cycloid. Predorsal scales uniform in size. Preventral with normal scales. Anal with rather broad basal scaly sheath its entire length. Caudal base covered with large scales. Lateral line complete, slightly decurved, parallel with rows of scales below. Allied to Moenkhausia Eigenmann and Markiana Eigemnann. From the former it is distinguished by the second suborbital in contact mth the preopercle below, a point in agreement with Knodus. It differs from Knodus in the 5 teeth each side in the inner upper row, a character in agreement with Moenkhausia. Markiana Eigenmann somewhat resembles it, but the anal is more scaly and its unequal short lobed caudal is quite different. In Bryconamericus the caudal scales are small, not large as in this genus. One species in the Parama basin. (For Senor A. De W. Bertoni, the accomplished naturalist of Peurto Bertoni, Paraguay.) Bertoniolus paraguayensis sp. nov. Head 3|; depth 2f ; D. ii, 9; A. ii, 27; P. i, 11; V. i, 7; scales 43 in 1. 1. to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 9 scales above 1. 1. and 10 below; about 17 predorsal scales; head width 2 in its length; head depth over eye center 1|; snout 3^; eye oh; maxillary 21; interorbital 142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, 2|; first branched dorsal ray 1; first branched anal ray If; least depth of caudal peduncle 2j; upper caudal lobe 1; pectoral 1^; ventral If. Body elongately ovoid in contour, deepest at dorsal origin, lower profile more evenly convex in front than upper, and well compressed. Predorsal with very slight median ridge, otherwise body edges convex. Caudal peduncle compressed, about long as deep. Head moderate, upper profile slightly concave and lower little more inclined and convex. Snout convex, short, length half its width. Eye rounded, hind pupil edge little before center in head length. Mouth moderate, horizontal and closed jaws about even. i£p /^:vi{VL/5!)!i>=— Lips rather tough, and upper firm, lower broadly free. Teeth alike in jaws, upper biserial with 8 outside and 10 inside, former shorter and tridentate and latter quindentate. Lower jaw with 8 large mostly quindentate teeth and third one each side from front shghtly enlarged. Apparently no maxillary teeth. Inner buccal folds thin, moderate. Maxillary slender, slightly oblique from vertical, extends little below eye, and expansion about 3 in eye. Tongue with free edges, elongate, smooth. Mandible moderately deep or rami little elevated in mouth. Nostrils together, close to upper front eye edge. Interorbital convex. Suborbitals broad, and lowest infraorbital entirely covers cheek. Preopercle edge entire. Suborbitals and opercle each with marginal obsolete striai. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 143 Gill-opening forward to front eye edge. Rakers 10 + 10, lanceo- late, slender, about f of filaments, and latter 2 in eye. Pseudo- branehiie about half of gill-filaments. Isthmus slender. Scales cycloid, rather narrowly imbricated, in lengthwise rows parallel with 1. 1. and become slightly smaller along ventral edge. Caudal with broad basal scaly area, also whole basal extent of anal. L. 1. complete, slightly decurved, and each scale with short tube, exposure about half of each scale exposure. Ventral with scaly axillary flap about | length of fin. Dorsal origin about midway between snout tip and hind edge of adipose fin, first branched ray longest and depressed fin half way to caudal base. Origin of adipose fin little nearer depressed dorsal tip than caudal base, adipose fin about long as eye. Anal with long base, first branched ray highest and fin edge nearly straight, so anal origin nearly opposite hind dorsal edge or about midway between hind preopercle edge and caudal base. Caudal well forked, pointed lobes similar, with, lower slightly longer. Pectoral low, reaches slightly beyond ventral origin though not quite to that of dorsal. Ventral inserted nearer anal than pectoral origin, fin reaching latter. Vent close before anal. Color in alcohol faded dull brownish generally, though back slightly darker than other regions. A pale sheen, as if silver}^ in life, along- middle of side, though narrowing on caudal peduncle side where giving place to slight dusky tint and then continued out on caudal medianly to liind edge as blackish streak. Iris pale slaty. Black ellipsoid spot, little smaller than eye, at shoulder. Dorsal slightly tinged with dusky, and fins otherwise pale. Length 97 mm. Type No. 47, 686, A. N. S. P. Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Senor A. De W. Bertoni. Only the type known, quite distinct from the allied species of Bnjconamericus and Markiana, etc. The dentition, shown to the left below in the accompanying figure, is enlarged a little over twice that of the indicated line of proportion for the profile drawing. 144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, ON A COLLECTION OF OKTHOPTERA FROM THE STATE OF PARA, BRAZIL. iBY JAMES A. G. REHN. The present study is based on material collected at two localities in the State of Para, and all of which is now in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The localities represented are Igarape-assii and the vicinity of the city of Para. The former locality is about one hundred and twenty miles east of the city of Para, off the main line of the railroad between Para and Branganga and in primaeval forest conditions.^ The material from this locality was secured by Mr. H. S. Parish of Toronto, Canada, while that from the vicinity of Para was taken by Prof. C. F. Baker, while attached to the Museu Goeldi at Para. Portions of both series have already been recorded by the present author in connection with studies of other series of Brazihan material,^ a total of forty-eight previously known and seven new species having been reported from the series now completely studied. These figures are not included in the totals here given. In the present paper are discussed one hundred and nine species, representing seventy-one genera, of which twenty-two species and two genera are described as new. The number of specimens represented is four hundred and twenty-one. DERMAPTERA. FORFICULID^. Doru lineare (EschschoUz). 1822. Forficula linearis Eschscholtz, Entomogr., p. 81. [Santa Catharina, Brazil.] Igarape-assii. One female. ORTHOPTERA. BLATTID^. Ectobiinse. Anaplecta replicata Saussure and Zehntner. 1893. Anapleda replicata Saussure and Zehntner, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., I, p. 25, pi. IV, fig. 12. [Pernambuco, Brazil.] 1 The general features of this region have been entertainingly described by Dr. Emilie Snethlage, Director of the Museu Goeldi, in a recent number of the Geo- graphical Review (IV, pp. 41 to 50, 1917). 2 The Stanford Expedition to Brazil, 1911, J. C. Branner, Director. Dermap- tera and Orthoptera I. Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XLII, pp. 215 to 308, (1916). The Stanford Expedition to Brazil, 1911, J. C. Branner, Director. Orthoptera II. Ibid., XLIII, pp. 89 to 154, (1917). 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 145 Igarape-assu. Three males. These specimens fully agree with the description of the species. The status of three unquestionably related forms, i. e. lateralis Burmeister, minutissima (DeGeer)^ and pumila (Stal), we are compelled to leave in abeyance for the present, although it is quite probable that one at least is the same as the present species. The original descriptions are so brief that little other than the general relationship of the species can be ascertained from them, and the desired more detailed information can only be gleaned from the types or topotypic material. Anaplecta bivittata Bnmner. 1865. A[naplecta] bivittata Brunner, Nouv. Syst. Blatt., p. 63. [Brazil.] Igarape-assu. One male. This specimen shows some points of difference from the original description, but it is apparently the same species. The head is not wholly rust color, as described, the interocular region of the vertex being blackish brown, while the tegminal maculation does not reach the costal margin of the same, but does, however, border the humeral trunk to the distal squarely truncate margin of the maculation. This is apparently the first definite locality for the species. Pseudomopinse. Pseudomops annulicornis (Burmeister). 1838. Th[yrsocera] annulicornis Burmeister, Handb. der Entom., II, abth. II, pt. 1, p. 500. [Bahia, Brazil.] Igarape-assii. Two males, four females. These specimens fully agree with the description of Walker's Pseudomops deceptura from an unknown locality, which is considered a synonym of Burmeister 's species by Shelf ord. The original description of annulicornis is extremely brief, so little can be learned 3 We cannot agree with Shelf ord in his placing this species as a Holocompsa (Trans. Entom. Soc. London, 1908, p. 464) from the evidence of the alleged type. The description and figure given by DeGeer are undoubtedly of an Anaplecta and it is not at all difficult to see which species are its closest relatives. It seems evident that Shelford did not see the material on which DeGeer based his species and ad interim the Holocompsa specimen was probably by accident associated with DeGeer's label. DeGeer's original description says of the insect: "Sa couleur est d'un brun noiratre et tres luisant; c'est aussi la couleur de la plaque du corce- let, qui est arrondie, mais dont les deux bords lateraux sont blancs & tres trans- parents." This would clearly apply to an Anaplecta of the present group and certain other characters mentioned, as the folding of the wings, make the identifi- cation even stronger. The redescription of the "type" by Shelford presents the following features comparable to those quoted above from DeGeer: "Head with rufous pubescence. Pronotum fuscous with a recumbent rufous pubescence. Tegmina with marginal area with rufous pubescence." Further comment seems unnecessary. 146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Maj^, from it. In all of the specimens the head, the two distal joints of the palpi, the extremities of the femora and tibiae and the tarsi are black or blackish. In no case is the usual dark transverse arcuate bar of the pronotal disk strongly marked. The only previous records of the species are from Bahia (Bur- meister), Para (Rehn) and Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, interior Brazil (Rehn). Pseudomops affinis (Burmeister). 1838. Th[yrsocera] affinis Burmeister, Handb. der Entom., II, abth. II, pt. 1, p. 499. [Surinam.] Igarape-assii. Two females. December, 1911 (one). [One; Cornell University.] Para and Surinam are the only localities from which the species was i^reviously known. Pseudomops angusta Walker. 1868. Pseudomops angusta Walker, Catal. Blatt. Brit. Mus., p. 81. [San- tarem, Brazil.] Igarape-assii. One female. As in material already recorded by us,^ this specimen differs from the original description in the palpi being entirely black, the femora blackish dorsad and the cerci almost entirely black. Ischnoptera crispula n. sp. (Pl. I, figs. 1-4.) A species showing certain affinities with the inca group on one hand and with the tnarginata, castanea-rubiginosa group on the other. It is- apparently allied to I. hebes Walker,^ from Santarem, Brazil, agreeing in the general form, the small size, the widely separated eyes, the setose antennae, the thinly pilose pronotum and tegmina and most of the color features, but differing in the limbs being in large part fuscous instead of "pale testaceous," in the abdomen having the fourth ventral segment uniformly dark with remainder of the same surface of the abdomen, instead of ''tawny" as in hebes, while the tegmina have the marginal field, and to a lesser degree the costal margin of the tegmina, pale ochraceous and sharply contrasted with the remainder of the tegmina. The genital features of the present species are quite distinctive. We are able to give only color differences to separate the species, as all the structural features mentioned by Walker for hebes are shared by the present species, but our experience with the species of this section of the genus indicates that beyond certain permissible fluctuations color features are well fixed. An ^ Trans. Amer. Entom. Soe., XLII, p. 224, (1916). 6 Catal. Blatt. Brit. Mus., p. 122, (1868). 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 147 examination of the original material of hebes will, in all probability, show the older species possesses characteristic genital features. Type: o" ; Para, State of Para, Brazil. (C. F. Baker.) (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Type no. 5316.) Size very small: form moderately depressed: surface moderately polished, of the head, pronotum, tegmina and limbs with sparse, but distinct, erect hairs. Head for its full width visible cephalad of the pronotum, the outline of the e3'es and occiput regularly arcuate; interspace between the eyes very broad, equal to one and one-half times the depth of the adjacent portion of the eye: ocelli elliptical, oblique in position, the interspace between them subequal to that between the eyes; palpi with the third joint slightlj" longer than the fourth, fifth appreciably longer than the third and moderately inflated, excavate face obliquely truncate for the greater portion of the length of the joint: antennse faintly exceeding the body in length, rather sparsely but regularly setose. Pronotum subtrapez- oid in outline, the greatest width, which is distinctly caudad of the middle, contained one and one-half times in the greatest length of the same; cephalic margin moderately arcuate, rounding into the but weakly arcuate, diverging lateral margins, caudo-lateral angles well rounded, caudal margin moderately arcuate, all the margins dis- tinctly though narrowly cingulate: in transverse section the disk is flattened dorsad and distinctly and roundly declivent laterad; sur- face unimpressed. Tegmina lanceolate-elliptical, the greatest width contained slightly more than three times in the greatest length of the tegmen, distal section surpassing apex of abdomen by nearly the dorsal length of the pronotum: costal margin moderately arcuate proximad and distad; sutural margin in greater portion straight, distad regularly arcuate to the broad and well rounded apex, which is more costal in position: marginal field relatively narrow and abbrevi- ate ; anal field elongate pyrif orm, reaching to two-fifths the length of the tegmen: discoidal vein with sixteen costal rami, several of the clistal ones of which are bifurcate; median vein with four rami (made up by bifurcation of two main rami) ; ulnar vein with three to four rami, the number of both median and ulnar rami very difficult to determine owing to the anastomosing of the veins in the proximal portion of the discoidal field; anal sulcus regularly arcuate in proxi- mal half, straighter distad except for the short distal arcuation near the junction with the sutural margin; axillary veins fourteen in number, as the usually weak adventitious veins are equal in strength to the usually more pronounced principal veins. Wings with the 148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May^ costal margin straight oblique proximad, very gently arcuate distad, with a faint flattening at the middle of the arcuation: anterior field very broad, broadly rounded distad; intercalated triangle distinct but small: costal veins eleven in number, in general regularly oblique^ simple and non-clavate; medio-discoidal area in general faintly wider than the medio-ulnar area, divided into moderately regular, subquad- rate areolse by thirteen cross-veins; median, vein simple, direct, un- branched; medio-ulnar area with similar but less numerous and more oblong areolae; ulnar vein with two complete and seven incomplete rami; axillary vein with two rami. Sixth and seventh dorsal ab- dominal segments with the structure characteristic of Ischnoptera:^ supra-anal plate large, semi-ovate, very shallowly arcuato-emarginate mesad; slightly sinuate near the cereal bases, peripheral margin and its vicinity with scattered, erect hairs; ventral surface of the plate with a long dextral, subchitinous tooth, which is directed meso- ventrad: cerci moderately elongate, fusiform, depressed, apex nar- rowly blunted; subgenital plate moderately asymmetrical, sinistral portion of plate arcuate-emarginate ventrad of the cercus, mesal portion of plate similar, the area between obliquely sinuato-truncate, the sinistral style situated sinistrad on the same section, dextral side of the plate deeply rectangulate-emarginate, the dextral style situated on the apex of the rounded lobe between the median and dextral emarginations ; styles short, thick, fusiform, unequal, with distal extremity arcuate aciculate; margin of the plate closely haired, dorsal surface of the subgenital plate having at the base of the dextral style a lamellate, suberect, subchitinous process, the free margin of which is unequally bilobate. Cephalic femora armed ventro-cephalad with a typical Ischnoptera spine arrangement.'' General color blackish brown, the trochanters, ventral surface of the femora, dorsal surface of the tibiae and flecks on the tarsi ochrace- ous-buff. Head with the interocular region faintly reddish; eyes black; ocelli naples yellow. Pronotum with the margins, except for the median section of the caudal margin, narrowly ferruginous. Tegmina with the marginal field and an evanescent edging of the scapular field light ochraceous buff. Wings infumate. Length of body, 7.6 mm.; length of pronotum, 2.3; greatest width of pronotum, 3; length of tegmen, 7.6; greatest width of tegmen, 2.4. The type is unique. 6 See Hebard, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XLII, p. 339 to 340, pis. XVI and XVII, (1916). 7 See Hebard, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XIJI, p. .340, pi. XVII, fig. 1, (1916). 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 149 Ischnoptera oastanea Saussure. (Pi. I, figs. 13, 14.) 1869. I[schnopterd\ castanea Saussure, Revue et Maga.sin de Zoologie, 2e ser., XXI, p. 112. [Brazil.] Igarape-assu. One male. This specimen fully agrees with the original description, as far as it supplies characters derived from the female sex. As the male genital characters have never been described, the following notes on the same should prove of assistance. Supra-anal plate moderately transverse, the margin broadly arcu- ate, appreciably flattened in the middle and there very weakly bilo- bate, cereal emargination decided, regularly concave, margin between apex and cereal emargination moderately arcuate; surface of plate sub-depressed proximo-laterad, with a distinct, broad, median im- pression on distal half: distal portion of margin very sparsely haired: ventral surface of supra-anal plate with patches of short, agglutinated hairs on the faint lobes of the distal margin, also meso-laterad on the body of the plate, while a distinct, tuberculiform node is situated immediately mesad of the dextral cercus; immediately mesad of the sinistral cercus there projects ventrad a heavy, claw-like process, which is nearly straight and robust in the proximal two-thirds, thence sharply bent mesad and straight acuminate: from immediately ven- trad of the dextral cercus springs an unpaired lamellate, articulate process, a portion of the internal genitalia, the dorsal surface of the same bearing in proximal two-thirds a carinate ridge, the apical sec- tion rotated dorsad and weakly rostrate, bearing five distmct teeth: genital hook slender, bent recurved, the apex slightlj'^ flattened. Sub- genital plate faintly asymmetrical, with dextral, sinistral and median emarginations, between which are short, truncate projections of the margin of the plate; sinistral emargination broad, faintly angled mesad; median emargination regular; dextral emargination small but deep and rectangulate; styles unequal in size and development, the sinistral large, straight proximad, acuminate distad, distal half decurved; dextral style smaller, regularly acuminate, decurved; margin of the plate and styles sparsely haired; dorsal surface of the subgenital plate at base of dextral style with an erect, laterad directed, lamellate lobe, bearing at the internal angle of the apex a distinct, dentiform spine. Ischnoptera imparata n. .sp. (Pi. I, figs. 5-8.) This peculiar species appears to be allied on one hand to I. castanea Saussure, and on the other to I. amazonica Rehn,^ but it can be recog- 8 Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XLII, p. 225, (1916). 150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, nized at once by its distinctive form, with tegmina not surpassing the apex of the abdomen, and the type of the male genitalia. Type: d"; Para, State of Para, Brazil. (C. F. Baker.) (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Tj^e no. 5317.) Size very small: form elongate elliptical; surface moderately polished, sparsely pilose, more heavily so on the limbs. Head ex- posed cephalad of the pronotum for the greater portion of its width; interspace between the eyes moderately broad, very faintly less than that between the ocelli, which latter are ovate : antennae one and one- half times as long as the body, closely moniliform, proximal joint faintly shorter than the interspace between the eyes: palpi with the third joint simple, the fourth elongate funnel-shaped, slightly shorter than the third joint, fifth joint moderately inflated, greatest depth at proximal third. Pronotum weakly transverse, the greatest length contained one and one-third times in the greatest width and the latter placed faintly caudad of the middle, general form subtrapezoid ; cephalic margin broadly subtruncate, rounding laterad into the lateral margins, which are moderately diverging caudad, faintly arcuate on cephalic two-thirds, thence sharply arcuate to the obtuse caudo- lateral angles; caudal margin arcuato-truncate : disk moderately deplanate, with distinct diverging sulci; narrow lateral portions distinctly deflexed. Tegmina surpassing the apex of the abdomen by less than the length of the pronotum, lanceolate: costal margin moderately arcuate proximad, thence nearly straight to the narrowly rounded apex, which is costal in position; sutural margin straight, except for a short proximal section and distad rounding into the strongly oblique, arcuato-truncate, distal margin: marginal field very narrow, in length nearly equal to two-fifths of the entire tegmen : anal field elongate pyriform, in length equal to about one-half of the tegminal length: costal veins fourteen to fifteen in number; discoidal sectors longitudinal, six in number, with distinct, longitudinal, inter- calated nervures and regularly placed transverse nervures, which form rectangulate interspaces; anal sulcus sharply curved distad and joining the sutural margin at a right angle; axillary veins closely placed, with regular intercalated and cross nervures, their structure merged to such an extent that a count is not warranted. Wings falling slightly short of the apex of the tegmina when in repose, great- est width contained one and two-thirds times in greatest length: •costal margin regularly arcuate; apex broadlj^ rotundato-rectangu- late; peripheral margin more amply arcuate distad than usual: an- terior field relatively'' very broad; intercalated triangle distinct but 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 151 small: mediastine vein straight in the greater portion of its length, bearing eight costal veins, remainder of costal veins seven in nmnber, all non-clavate; discoidal vein almost straight; medio-discoidal area broad, divided by sixteen regularly placed, transverse nervures into subquadrate areolets; median vein arcuato-sinuate ; medio-ulnar area narrower than the medio-discoidal area, similarly divided, but with veins fewer and less distinct; ulnar vein with one complete ramus, which is bifurcate close to its origin, and three incomplete rami; axillary vein biramose. Dorsal abdominal segments of the type characteristic of Ischnoptera:^ supra-anal plate transverse, lateral margins regularly converging caudad, the distal margin trun- cate, its vicinity with long, sparse hairs ; when viewed from the caudal aspect there is seen to be dextrad, briefly mesad of the cercus, a thick, curved projection, which points mesad, and is distinctly tapering distad, the whole structure well hidden under the margin; cerci relative heavy, rather short, subequal in width for the greater por- tion of the length, rather abruptly tapering distad, depressed dorsad, rounded ventrad, with a close, adpressed coat of short hairs and scat- tered, erect, long hairs: subgenital plate moderately asymmetrical; sinistral margin with a broad, deep emargination ventrad of the cer- cus, relatively short, median section concave-truncate, dextrad of which is a short, deeply arcuate emargination, with a moderate pro- jection separating it from the oblique subtruncate and then (proxi- mad) arcuate remainder of the same margin; both principal emargi- nations with their margins somewhat thickened and the plate there appreciably convex in section, between them the plate is concave dis- tad; styles unequal, the sinistral one twice as large as the dextral, situated at the lateral angles of the median subtruncate section, in- crassate, tapering, with the apex bispinose, the distal spine larger, decurved, the other spine situated slightly proximad of the apex, straighter; when viewed from the caudal aspect the plate is seen to have an incrassate arm extending mesad from the projection of the dextral margin, this arm reaching to the median line of the body, supplied at the apex with long hairs and on the cephalic face with a number of spines : genital hook sinistral in position, the distal portion sinuate, V-shaped, narrowed at the bend of the structure, slightly thickened and blunt distad. Cephalic femora with ventro-cephalic margin with four large, proximo-mesal spines, these followed distad by a regular series of very short, fine spines; distal spines three in 9 See Hebard, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XLII, pp. .339 to 340, pis. XVI and XVII, (1916). 152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, number, the extreme distal the larger: median and caudal femora with ventral margins regularly and heavily spined, genicular spine large: caudal tarsi with metatarsus distinctly longer than the re- maining joints combined, ventral surface strongly biseriate, pul villi small. General color above and on the venter of the abdomen argus brown, paling to antique brown on the veins distad on the tegmina. Head deep blackish fuscous, except for the mouth-parts, labrum and distal half of the clypeus; eyes prout's brown; cUstal palpal joint weakly washed with mummy browTi; ocelli zinc orange; antennae blackish fuscous, slightly paler proximad and distad. Pronotum with a relatively broad cephalic and lateral border of ochraceous- buff , the bounding line of the two shades appreciably sinuate laterad. Tegmina with the general color strongest at the base of the marginal iield, this, in the same area, sharply giving way to ochraceous-buff, which passes distad into a weak shade of the general coloration; distal section of the tegmina very pale, as is the normally covered section of the right tegmen. Wings weakly infuscate, becoming ochraceous distad, the veins similarly but more opaquely colored. Abdomen faintly darker than the general dorsal coloration, more deeply infuscate laterad, the dorsal abdominal fold ochraceous-buff, surrounded by deep fuscous; styles deep fuscous. Limbs ochraceous- buff, coxae each with a proximal blotch of fuscous, those of the cephalic coxae much smaller than those of the other limbs. Length of body, 7.3 mm.; length of pronotum, 2.4; greatest width of pronotum, 2.9; length of tegmen, 6.4; greatest width of tegmen, 2.2. The type is unique. Ischnoptera clavator n. sp. (PI. I, figs. 9-12). Allied to /. amazonico}^ Rehn, from northern Brazil, but differing in the deeper color pattern, more inflated distal palpal joint and the radically different genitalia of the male, the subgenital plate ■of which bears a relatively large club-like appendage. The supra-anal plate of the female of clavator is distinctly U-emarginate mesad, -while that of amazonica is entire. The species shows relationship to /. ruhiginosa Walker, having a similarity in the form of the male .supra-anal plate, but clavator is a larger species with more convergent ■eyes, a less strongly transverse pronotum, more elongate tegmina and wings, and decidedly different development of the subgenital plate and styles of the male. The female of rubiginosa has the 10 Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XLII, p. 225, (1916). 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 153 supra-anal plate trigonal With the lateral margins sinuate-emarginate and the apex well rounded and entire, instead of U-emarginate as in clavator. Type: cf ; Igarape-assii, State of Para, Brazil. (H. S. Parish.) lAcad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Type no. 5319.] Size small: form elongate elliptical, strongly depressed: surface glabrous. Head distinctly projecting cephalad of the pronotum: interspace between the eyes very narrow, hardly more than half that between the ocellar spots, which latter distance is subequal to the greatest length of one of the spots, the spots are large, sub- reniform in outline: eyes with their greatest cephalic depth equal to about one and one-half times the interocellar width: antennae slightly longer than the body, moderately hirsute, second and third joints together about two-thirds as long as the proximal joint: third palpal joint of moderate length, slightly arcuate; fourth palpal joint two-thirds as long as third, slightly and evenly enlarging distad; fifth palpal joint slightly longer than the third, inflated, sublanceolate, apex subacute. Pronotum roundly trapezoidal, but moderately transverse, the greatest length contained one and one- half times in the greatest width; cephalic margin weakly arcuate, broadly rounding into the diverging, distinctly arcuate, lateral margins, which pass through the obtusely rounded caudo-lateral angles into the arcuato-truncate caudal margin, all margins finely cingulate and supphed with sparse, well-spaced, long hairs, the •cephalic margin, however, with a series of short hairs : disk of prono- tum weakly arcuate in section, appreciably declivent laterad, the immediate margin slightly reflexed; oblique sulci indicated but slightly irregular in impression, caudal section of disk weakly depressed. Tegmina elongate lanceolate, surpassing the apex of the abdomen by nearly the length of the pronotum, the width at the distal third greater than that at the proximal third: costal margin straight except for a short proximal arcuation and a brief distal rounding to the apex, which is at the tip of the median vein and very narrowly rounded; sutural margin in general straight, except at distal third, where it regularly and broadly rounds to the immediate apex: marginal field narrow, its distal extremity not ■quite reaching to the proximal third of the tegmen; scapular field moderately wide, subequal in width; anal field elongate pyriform: costal veins very numerous, regular in position; discoidal rami longitudinal, nine in number (aside from the discoidal vein itself), intercalated nerv-ures regular and all connected by closely placed 154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, and generally regular, transverse sectors; anal sulcus impressed, moderately, strongly arcuate distad, jointing the sutural margin faintly distad of the proximal third; axillary veins and their numer- ous intercalated accessories regularly placed. Wings reaching almost to the apex of the abdomen, broad, their greatest width contained almost t^\'ice in their greatest length; costal margin largely straight oblique proximad, gently arcuate distad, the apex well rounded rectangulate and entirely in the anterior field; periph- eral margin of the posterior field regularly arcuate, except for the frequent, short, bulging arcuation at the apex of the axillary vein and rami; intercalated triangle very small; mediastine vein largely straight oblique; discoidal vein straight proximad, weakly arcuate distad; costal veins (including the more distinct ones arising from the mediastine vein) twenty-one in number, oblique, non-clavate; medio-chscoidal area distinctly narrower than the medio-ulnar area, appreciably narrowing distad, with the transverse rami rather regularly placed, twenty in number, the majority weakly bent arcuate, the areolets generally subquadrate; median vein simple, of much the same curve as the cUscoidal vein; medio-ulnar area with the transverse rami less numerous than those of the medio- discoidal area, fifteen in number, incomplete costad, the areolets more rhomboid than quadrate: ulnar vein with two complete and seven incomplete rami; axillary vein with two rami cUverging slightly proximad of the middle. Abdomen with the disto-dorsal segments having the structure usual in Ischnoptera: supra-anal plate in general subquadrate, very faintly transverse; distal margin bisarcuate laterad of a shallow, median, arcuate emargination, the whole margin, but particularly these arcuate portions, supplied with long bristle-like hairs; surface of disto-dorsal section of the plate with two areas of impression:" cerci elongate, styliform, acuminate, depressed dorsad, rounded ventrad, strongly hirsute: subgenital plate asymmetrical; free margin sinistrad with an arcuate emargination, in which is placed the sinistral style, mesad with a transverse, truncate section, in the dextral angle of which is situated the dextral style, dextrad of this is a deep acute-angulate emargina- tion, in which is visible an acute, lamellate projection of the internal genitalia, dextrad of this emargination and mesad of the cercus the margin develops an erect, lamellate peg-like process, which projects dorsad of the supra-anal plate when the parts are in their normal position, the apex of this process is covered with erect, " The presence of these areas may not be a normal condition. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 155 agglutinated hairs, certain of which appear spiniform, the remainder of the margin and a large portion of the ventral surface of the plate with long hairs, many of which are bristle-like; sinistral style strongly arcuate, the apex directed laterad and with a number of distinct but short teeth; dextral style very short, decurved, rounded at the apex, with there a number of similar short teeth. Cephalic femora with the ventro-cephalic margin bearing three mechan and three distal spines, the latter group increasing in length clistad, the area between the two groups with a continuous, regularly spaced series of short, piliform spinules, no cUsto-dorsal genicular spine present: median and caudal femora with a distinct disto-dorsal genicular spine, ventral margins with large, well-spaced spines: arolia distinct; caudal metatarsus faintly longer than the remaining joints combined. Allotype: 9 ; Same data as type. [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.] The following features are those of difference from the description of the type. Interspace between the eyes wider, more than two- thirds as wide as that between the ocellar spots, which area is nearly twice as great as the greatest length of one of the spots; ocellar spots somewhat smaller and less conspicuous than in the male : eyes with their greatest depth but faintly greater than the interocellar width. Abdomen simple: supra-anal plate moderately transverse, arcuate, the chitin with a median V-emargination which is filled with a semi- opaque membrane,^- dorsal surface of the plate with a distal, medio- longitudinal, carinate fold, the free margin of the plate with numerous long, bristle-like hairs: subgenital plate large, distal margin arcuate- truncate between the cerci. Cephalic femora with the median group of large spines numbering four.^* General tone of the dorsal surface clear dresden brown to mars brown, the venter largely fuscous. Head blackish fuscous, the clypeus and mandibles ochraceous-buff; ocellar spots warm buff: eyes mars brown to mummy broA^ai: antennae clove brown, the proximal joint faintly ochraceous. Pronotum with the disk blackish fuscous, more or less distinctly divided in two by a medio-longitudinal line of kaiser browai to liver brown; broad lateral margins, a connected and narrower cephalic margin and a detached, usually weaker, caudal margining of warm buff to ochraceous-buff, the dark disk 12 In two paratypic females this membrane is not apparent, the margin being distinctly and clearly V-emarginate. Apparently this soft area is not a perma- nent structure and may be due to the hardening of exuded body fluids. 1^ Two paratypic females agree with the allotype in the number of these spines, while the type has but three. 12 156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, appreciably narrower at a point slightly caudad of the middle, Tegmina of the general dorsal color, very pale on the portion of the dextral tegmen concealed when in repose; proximal section of the humeral trunk blackish fuscous; marginal field pale ochraceous translucent, proximad more or less suffused with the blackish fuscous of the humeral trunk. Wings clear hyaline, except for a slight infuscation of the sub-coriaceous region of the costal veins ; venation pencilled in prout's brown. Dorsum of abdomen fuscous, paling to bister along the median line; supra-anal plate of male with a russet tinge, the characteristic Ischnoptera fold of the male ochraceous- buff ; venter of abdomen becoming ochraceous-tawny meso-proxunad. Limbs ochraceous-buff, the coxae fuscous proximad, spines tawny. Male (type): Length of body, 12.6 mm.; length of pronotum, 3; greatest width of pronotum, 3.6; length of tegmen, 11.9; greatest width of tegmen, 3.7. Female (allotype) : Length of body, 13.5 mm. length of pronotum, 3.2; greatest width of pronotum, 3.7; length of tegmen, 12.3; greatest width of tegmen, 3.3. In addition to the type and allotype we have examined two para- typic females, taken at Igarape-assu. One specimen, while of the body bulk of the others, has the tegmina shorter (11.5). Xestoblatta" nyctiboroides (Rehn). 1906. Ischnoptera nyctiboroides Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, p. 266. [Demerara, British Guiana.] Igarape-assii. January 23, 1912. One male. This specimen, the second known of the species, fully agrees with the original description except that the ulnar vein of the wings has two complete rami on one wing and but one on the other, one incomplete ramus on one wing and none on the other. Neoblattella conspersa (Brunner). 1865. Ph[yllodromia] conspersa Brunner, Nouv. Syst. Blatt., p. 106. [Brazil.] Igarape-assu. December, 1911; January 13 to 25, February 6, 1912. Twenty-two males, twenty-five females. [Two: Cornell University.] This interesting series shows that while the blackish punctulations on the tegmina in this species vary greatly in number and intensity they are never entirely absent, and are always placed on thickened Ixodes on the veins. In the individuals with the greater number of punctulations these are individually larger than in those specimens with a considerably smaller number of the same. The pattern of the disk of the pronotum varies in intensity and completeness pro- i< Vide Hebard, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XLII, p. 370, (1916). 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 157 portionately with the tegminal punctulations, in occasional specimens being obsolete or completely absent. The pale transverse line ventrad of the eyes varies considerably in degree of definition, but this is not correlated with the variation in intensity of the dorsal surface. The ventral surface of the abdomen is always marked by a medio-longitudinal bar of blackish brown, this varying individ- ually in width and to a less extent in distinctness. As one of the females bears an oStheca we know that in the present species the egg-case is carried vertically with the suture dorsad. Neoblattella titania (Rehn). 1903. Blatella titania Rehn, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XXIX, p. 267. [BartJca, British Guiana.] Igarape-assu. One female. This individual fully agrees with the type. Neoblattella pellucida (Burmeister). 1838. Bl[atta]pellucida Burmeister, Handb. der Entom., II, abth; II, pt. 1, p. 498. [Pard, Brazil.] Igarape-assu. January 13 to 25, 1912. Two males, three females. Cariblatta igarapensis n. sp. (PI. I, figs. 15-18.) Closely related to C. fossicauda^'" Hebard, differing in the larger size (this species being the largest of the genus), more elongate teg- mina and in the form of the subgenital plate of the male; this of a similar type in which the dextral portion is but weakly produced, the sinistral portion alone markedly projecting. In the female the distal portion of the subgenital plate is less strongly produced than is normal for the genus, but the apex is broadly rounded, not appearing at all bilobate. Type: cf ; Igarape-assu, State of Para, Brazil. (H. S. Parish.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Type no. 5237.] Size relatively large (for the genus): form as usual in the genus: surface moderately polished. Head for its whole width visible eephalad of the pronotum; occipital line, when seen from the dorsum, straight; interspace between the eyes broad, the breadth subequal to the greatest depth of the eye, and slightly less than the distance between the ocellar spots; ocellar spots small, oblique, ovate: third joint of palpi elongate, simple, faintly arcuate; fourth joint very faintly shorter than the third joint, regularly though not greatly expanding distad; fifth joint slightly shorter than the fourth joint, moderately inflated, the flexor margin, when seen from the side, regu- 15 Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XLII, p. 177, pi. XI, figs. 13 to 17, pi. XII, fig 17 and 18, (1916). 158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, larly arcuate, the extensor margin faintly sinuate, apex roundly acute, when seen from the side: antennae slightly surpassing the body in length; proximal joint large, faintly longer than the second and third joints united. Pronotum rounded sub-hexagonal, trans- verse, the greatest length contained one and two-fifths times in the greatest width, which is placed distinctly caudad of the middle: cephalic margin weakly arcuate, passing by broadly rounded angles into the oblique, diverging and appreciably arcuate cephalic portions of the lateral margins, which strongly round into the caudal sections of the lateral margins; caudal margin arcuato-truncate, rounded obtuse-angulate laterad: broad lateral portions of the pronotum weakly declivent. Tegmina lanceolate, greatest width contained about three and one-half times in the length of the same, when closed they surpass the apex of the abdomen by about the length of the pronotum: costal margin in large part straight, gently arcuate in the area of the marginal field, sharply and briefly iarcuate distad; sutural margin in general straight, with a distal oblique, subarcuate third: apex rather narrowly rounded, slightly costal in position; marginal field reaching about to the proximal third, relatively narrow; scapu- lar field very broad, at proximal third of tegmen equal to one-half the entire width of the same, costal veins elongate, straight, oblique, the distal one of the regular series biramose, eleven in number exclusive of the rami of the distal one; discoidal vein furcate distad, one or both forks again furcate; discoidal sectors longitudinal, four to five in number, exclusive of the median vein itself; anal field elongate pyri- form; anal sulcus with its oblique portion nearly straight, reaching the sutural margin at about the proximal third; axillary veins five to six in number. Wings relatively broad: costal margin straight oblique in the greater portion of the proximal half, straight truncate in the region of the costal veins, sharply rounding to the rounded obtuse-angulate apex, which is situated at the apex of the median vein : intercalated triangle distinct, trigonal : mediastine vein simple, with a decided costal clavation at its apex; discoidal vein bifurcate and its divisions again furcate; costal veins ten in number, the distal four of a common origin and hardly clavate, the remainder heavily clavate; medio-discoidal area narrow, dividing into oblong or sub- quadrate areolets by transverse nervures; median vein simple, largely straight; medio-ulnar area subequal to or faintly narrower than the medio-discoidal area, distad more or less completely intersected by transverse nervures; ulnar vein with two complete rami; axillary vein with three rami originating mesad. Supra-anal plate strongly 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADEPLHIA. 159 transverse, the margin broadly obtuse-angulate with the immediate angle broadly rounded, the median section of the margin supplied with a group of long bristle-like hairs : cerci missing : subgenital plate very similar to that of fossicauda, having a large, elongate, quadrate, peg-like projection sinistrad, this, however, being proportionately longer and more compressed than in fossicauda; mesad the distal margin is deeply U-emarginate, dextrad of which is a projection less than one-half the length of the sinistral protuberance, dextral margin arcuate: genital hook resembling that of C. insularis (Walker), but with the curve of the hook more distad in position. Spination of the limbs typical of the genus. Allotype : d^ ; same data as the type. Differing from the description of the male in the following features. Occipital line weakly arcuate; interspace between the eyes slightly exceeding the greatest depth of the eye and subequal to the distance between the margins of the antennal scrobes. Supra-anal plate transverse, with a distinct, relatively broad, rounded emargination mesad: cerci greatly surpassing the subgenital plate, tapering, moniliform, apex sharply acuminate: subgenital plate ample, the distal section broad, when seen from the ventral aspect not emar- ginate or bilobate, weakly channelled when seen from the caudal aspect. General color above pale old gold, the tegmina and lateral portions of the pronotum semihyaline, the wings almost colorless hyaline with the veins tinted. Ventral surface largely cinnamon-buff to ochrace- ous-buff . Head of the ventral color, the face with bister bands which in disposition combine features of the patterns of C reticulosa and craticula, the ventral facial band clearly defined in the allotype, but not indicated in the type, a detached bister point present at each lateral angle of the clypeal base in the allotype but not indicated in the type; eyes kaiser brown, thickly mottled with bister; antennae old gold, becoming bister distad. Pronotum with a pattern in bister much like that of fossicauda but with the lines more connected and complete, the pattern more intensive and therefore more complete in the allotype than in the type. Wing veins, excepting the costal clavations and radiate veins, old gold, the exceptions bister, the clava- tions rather weakly so. Dorsum of the abdomen washed with bister laterad, leaving, however, a very narrow, pale margin; venter of abdomen with a proximal median area of bister and narrow submar- ginal lines of the same color. Tibial spines and the larger femoral spines with their bases surrounded by bister rings. 160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Type: Length of body, 10 mm.; length of pronotmn, 2.2; greatest width of pronotum, 3; length of tegmen, 9.8; greatest width of teg- men, 2.8. Allotype: Length of body, 10 mm.; length of pronotum, 2.3; greatest width of pronotmn, 3; length of tegmen, 9.2; greatest width of tegmen, 2.5. The type and allotype are all the individuals of the species we have seen. Nyctiborinae. Paratropes elegans (Burmeister). 1838. Ph[oraspif;] elegans Burmeister, Handb. der Entom., II, abth. II, pt. 1, p. 493. ["Unknown locality," probably Surinam.] Igarape-assu. One male, one female. This species has been recorded from Surinam (Saussure) and Pard., Ega and Sao Paulo, Brazil (Walker), Epilamprinse. Epilampra grisea (DeGeer). 1773. Blatta grisea DeGeer, Mem. Hist. Ins., Ill, p. 540, pi. 44, fig. 9. [Suri- nam.] 1903. Epilampra lucifuga Rehn, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XXIX, p. 271. [Southern British Guiana.] Igarape-assii. January 2 to 23, 1912. Ten males, five females. The acquisition of this series and the recent re-description of the type of DeGeer's grisea by Shelford^^ enables us to place our lucifuga as a synonym of this variable species. The material before us ex- hibits two color forms, one similar to the type of lucifuga, the other with the castaneous markings slightly larger and more thickly dis- tributed. In all of the specimens the paired trigonal patches on the pronotum are retained. In none of the specimens is the humeral trunk marked by a solid line, this region having either a series of blotches or almost no infuscation at all. Apparently this is the only exact Brazilian record of the species. Epilampra conspersa Burmeister. 1838. E[pilampra] conspersa Burmeister, Handb. der Entom., II, abth. II, pt. 1, p. 505. [ParA, Brazil.] Igarape-assii. One female. This individual agrees fully with the description given by Saussure and Zehntner," although its identity with Burmeister 's species is not so certain. The Burmeisterian description is very brief and is con- sidered by Kirby to represent a form different from that studied by Saussure and Zehntner. Personally we cannot express an opinion, but prefer to use Burmeister's name for this handsome species until the type of conspersa has been re-examined. 16 Trans. Entom. Soc. London, 1907, p. 462. 1' Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., I, p. 64, (1893). 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 161 Blattinae. Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus). 1758. [Blatta] americana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., X ed., p. 424. ["America."] Igarape-assii. One female. Periplaneta australasiae (Fabricius). 1775. [Blatta] australasice Fabricius, Syst. Entom., p. 271. ["In nave e mari pacifico et regionibus incognitis revertente."] Igarape-assii. January 7, 1912. One female. Panchlorinae. PancMora^* exoleta Burmeister. 1838. P[anchlora] exoleta Burmeister, Handb. der Entom., II, abth. II, pt. 1, p. 507. [Pard, and Bahia, Brazil.] Igarape-assii. February 25, 1912. Two males, one female. Panchlora bidentula Hebard. 1916. Panchlora bidentula Hebard, Entom. News, XXVII, p. 221, fig. 1. [Igarape-assii, State of Para, Brazil.] Igarape-assii. January 17, 1912 (type), no date (paratype). Two males. OorydiinsB. Melestora minutissima n. sp. (PI. I, fig.s. 22, 23.) This is the smallest form of the genus, being decidedly under the size of the three previously known species, i. e., adspersipennis and fuscella Stal from Rio de Janeiro SLnd fulvella Rehn from the Misiones, Argentina. Aside from the much inferior size, it differs from adsper- sipennis in the much less transverse pronotum, in the non-sulcate character of the median area of the same and in the dark and less varied coloration. From fuscella the new species also differs in the non-sulcate median section of the pronotum and in the non-pellucid character of the lateral portions of the same. From fulvella, with the type of which the new form has been compared, the present species also differs in the less strongly transverse and more ovate pronotum, in the tegminal venation becoming obsolete distad, in the relatively longer caudal tarsi and in the fuscous coloration. Type: cf ; Igarape-assii, State of Para, Brazil. (H. S. Parish.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Type no. 5248.] Size very small: form elongate ovate, depressed: surface moder- ately polished, regularly but sparsely clothed with silky pile. Head visible cephalad of the pronotum, the outline of the occiput and head arcuate; interspace between the eyes very broad, imiform in width, which is subequal to the greatest depth of the eye, surface of the inter- ^' For comments on the important characters for diagnostic use in this genus, as well as the svnonvmy of many of the nominal species of the same, see Hebard, Entom. News, XXVII," pp. 217 to 221, (1916). 162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, space finely rugulose and with regularly placed impressed pits with fine, diverging radial lines: interspace between the antennal scrobes very faintly narrower than that between the eyes, moderately ar- cuate in section, glabrous: palpi with the fourth joint very slender proximad, regularly expanding distad, the apical margin obliquel}^ truncate; distal article longer than the fourth joint, broad, greatest width at proximal third, margins regularly converging to the acute apex: eyes with facets clearly defined and slightly elevated individu- ally: antennae at least as long as the body, the proximal segment short moniliform, subglobose, the joints becoming progressively longitudinal distad, regularly pilose. Pronotum transversely short elliptical, the greatest length contained one and one-fifth times in the greatest width: all margins arcuate, the nearest approach to angula- tion being the weakly suggested latero-caudal angles: oblique de- pressions distinct, extending from the medio-caudal section toward the usual position of the latero-cephalic angles, then turning mesad and extending subparallel to the cephalic margin, vanishing caudad Ijefore reaching the middle line, the enclosed area moderately bullate, with irregularly placed and irregularly indicated slight transverse wrinkles, no medio-longitudinal impression: lateral sections of pro- notum weakly declivent. Tegmina coriaceous, haired as the other portions of the body, lanceolate-elliptical, the greatest width con- tained three times in the greatest length of the tegmen : costal mar- gin lightly and regularly arcuate; sutural margin straight for the greater portion of the pmximal two-thirds, arcuate distad; apex rather broadly rounded; the entire costal margin thickened and finely nodulose cingulate: marginal field occupying about the proximal two-fifths, well developed, moderately wide: six well defined costal veins indicated: discoidal field with six definite longitudinal sectors (including the discoidal vein itself), these sinuate, connected by cross- veins and forming quadrate to oblong interspaces, all obsolete distad, becoming lost in the coriaceous shagreenous condition of that region ; anal sulcus distinct, impressed, arcuate proximad, straight oblique distad, joining the sutural margin near the proximal third; anal field elongate pyriform; axillary veins three in number, poorly defined. Wings faintly surpassing the tegminal apices when all are in repose. Supra-anal plate transverse, the free margin sinuate-arcuate: cerci moderately long, robust, subfusiform, the apex rather short acute, the whole subdepressed : subgenital plate asymmetrical, from the- sinistral side the margin is developed as follows: obliquely arcuate- emarginate ventrad of the cercus, then developed into an acute, peg- 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 163 like process, which is narrowly separated from a median rectangulate projection by a distinct but not deep V-shaped emargination, dextrad of the rectangulate projection the margin is briefly arcuate, then strongly oblique truncate. Median and caudal femora with ventral margins finely spined: caudal tarsi hardly shorter than the caudal tibiae, the metatarsus occupying slightly more than one-half the length of the tarsus: aroha present. General color mummy brown, becoming buckthorn bro\^Ti distad on the femora and remainder of the limbs, and blackish-brown on the head and proximal antennal joint. Abdomen becoming auburn meso- proximad. Subgenital plate blackish-brown. Eyes blackish-browTi. Length of body, 6.2 mm.; length of pronotum, 1.5; greatest width of pronotum, 1.7; length of tegmen, 5.3; greatest width of tegmen, 1.7. The type is unique. Oxyhaloinae. ChorisoEeura parish! n. sp. (PI. I, figs. 19-21.) This is a most peculiar species, which we are placing in Chori- soneura chiefl}^ on account of the peculiar structure of the male sub- genital plate. The femora are very weakly spined ventrad, while the general form is distinctly suggestive of an Anapleda, so much so that we are not at all convinced of the proper generic position of the species, the assignment of which is tentative. The insect does not seem to be closely related to any of the described species of Chori- soneura and we are unable to give a comparative diagnosis for that reason. Type: d^ ; Igarape-assu, State of Para, Brazil. (H. S. Parish.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Type no. 5234.] Size rather small: form depressed, elongate elliptical: surface moderately polished. Head projecting cephalad of the pronotum when seen from the dorsum : occipital line arcuato-truncate when seen from the dorsum; least interspace between the eyes, which is ventral in position, very broad, subequal to the area between the antennal scrobes; face moderately bullate: palpi with the third joint slender, slightly longer than the fifth joint; fourth joint faintly shorter than the fifth joint, slender proximad and regularly enlarging distad; fifth joint somewhat thickened, elongate elliptical in outline: eyes strongly reniform in basal outline: antennae slightly exceeding the body in length; third joint nearly twice as long as the second joint, proximal joint moderately enlarged, slightly longer than the third joint. Pronotum transverse, its greatest length contained one and 164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, one-half times in its greatest \iidth: cephalic and caudal margins very faintly arcuate, subparallel, the caudal of greater extent than the cephalic, lateral margins l)roadly and strongly arcuate, latero- cephalic angles obsolete, latero-caudal angles very faint, greatest width situated slightly caudad of the middle : surface of the disk with a faint, discontinuous, medio-longitudinal impression, also with three pairs of poorly defined impressions, the caudal pair practically de- limiting the disk latero-caudad; lateral portions of the pronotum semihyaline, weakly deflexed. Tegmina elongate lanceolate, the greatest width contained about three and one-half times in the great- est length: costal margin moderately arcuate in proximal third, straight thence to the moderately arcuate distal fourth ; sutural mar- gin of similar form, but the distal arcuation is somewhat more exten- sive; apex rounded acuminate, nearlj^ median in position: marginal field of medium width, sharply subdeplanate, extending to the proxi- mal third of tegmen; scapular field broad, comprising but slightly less than half the entire tegminal width; anal field subpyriform, com- prising slightly less than one-third the sutural length: costal vein twelve in number, obUque, somewhat sinuate and irregular; discoidal vein bifurcate distad, the sutural ramus sending two rami to the distal section of the sutural margin; median vein in general parallel to the discoidal vein, reaching the sutural margin proximad of the discoidal rami, sending two to three strongly oblique rami suturad ; ulnar vein bifurcate; anal sulcus strongly arcuate proximad, straight oblique thence to the apex, which is very briefly arcuate; axillary veins five in number, poorly defined. Wings with the intercalated field rela- tively large, its axial length about equal to one-third that of the re- mainder of the wing, strongly arcuate distad, subrectangulate proxi- mad: costal veins eleven in number, the three proximal ones springing from the mediastine vein, the proximal nine all distinctly elongate clavate; discoidal vein straight, simple except for the costal veins; medio-discoidal area broad, its width at broadest point almost equal to that from discoidal vein to costal margin, divided into more or less distinctly quadrate areas by eleven transverse veins; median vein straight except for curving costad toward the discoidal vein near its apex, simple except for several rudimentary rami distad; medio- ulnar area narrow, distinctly less (at broadest points) than half as wide as the medio-discoidal area; axillary vein biramose. Subgenital plate^^ of the slightly asymmetrical type, with the large, compressed 1^ The condition of the material is such that we have refrained from making any effort to ascertain the features of the supra-anal plate. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 165 type of styles, found in a number Of kpecies of the genus; form of the plate reading from sinistral portion; first, an infra-cereal, slightly oblique, subtruncate, projecting portion, this rounding into a rela- tively deep U-shaped emargination to the base of the styles, which are placed in broadly, unequally arcuate emarginations, between which is a slight, acute-angulate projection, dextrad of the styles the margin is developed similarly to the sinistral portion, but the pro- jection is narrower and more acute; styles in length distinctly sur- passing the remainder of the subgenital plate, distinctly compressed, subparallel, tapering, ventral margin thickened: cerci elongate, de- pressed, subfusiform, distad greatly attenuate. Femoral margins with a few weak, short spines; genicular spines stronglj^ developed on median and caudal femora: arolia large. General color buckthorn brown. Head dull vinaceous-ruf ous ; eyes cinnamon-brown; antennae with the proximal portion of the dorsal surface lined with mummy brown : palpi clay color. Pronotum dull mars yellow mesad, this flanked by a pair of poorly defined, broad bars of dark auburn, which chverge caudad and fail to reach the caudal margin of the pronotum; lateral portions of the pronotum nearly colorless hyaline. Tegmina with marginal field nearly colorless hyaline; humeral trunk and vicinity dark auburn. Wing weakly washed with buckthorn brown, the inter-marginal costal region washed, and the radiate veins pencilled with mummy brown. Abdomen on both lateral aspects with indefinite marginal bands of mummy brown. Length of body, 8 mm.; length of pronotum, 1.6; greatest width of pronotum, 2.4; length of tegmen, 6.6; greatest width of tegmen, 1,8. In addition to the type we have before us a paratypic male bearing the same data as the type. This specimen shows no differences excepting a quadriramose condition of the tegminal discoidal vein, which has one ramus furcate on one tegmen, and biramose on the other. We take great pleasure in dedicating this interesting and aberrant species to the collector, Mr. Parish, to whose energy we are indebted for several extremely interesting and important series of tropical American Orthoptera. MANTID^. Mantinse. Acontiotliespis eximia (Pascoe). 1882. Callimantis eximia Pascoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5), IX, p. 423. [Nazare, near Para, Brazil.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male. 166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Igarape-assii. January 19, 1912. Two males, one female. Kirby^o, who examined Pascoe's type, considers Saussure and Zehntner's paraensis to be the same as eximia. The male has not been previously described. In that sex the general form of the head is similar to that found in the female, but the occipital line is weakly concave and the facial scutellum is slightly shallower, though of exactly the same general pattern. The pronotum is of similar form to that of the female but, naturally, slightly more slender. The tegmina are entirely hyaline except the marginal field and the vicinity of the humeral trunk, which are opaque green. The wings are hyaline with the costal margin rather narrowly washed with pomegranate purple, a longitudinal blotch placed on the caudal two-thirds of the radiate field at about tw^o- fifths the length of the wing from the internal margin, bone brown in color. One of the Igarape-assu males measures as follows: length of body, 19.8 mm.; length of pronotum, 4.4; greatest width of prono- tum, 2.2; length of tegmen, 14; length of cephalic femur, 5.2. All the known records of the species are from the state of Para, Brazil. Angela quinquemaculata (Olivier). 1792. Mantis quinquemaculata Olivier, Encycl. Meth., Ins., VII, p. 636. [Surinam.] Igarape-assii. One male. This specimen has been compared with a male of the species from Bartica, British Guiana (11-27-1913; H. S. Parish) and agrees in all respects except two. The folded carination of the disto-dorsal abdominal segments is well indicated in the Bartica specimen and not apparent in that from Igarape-assii. The Bartica specimen is more intensely colored, having the yellow areas between the purplish bars on the wings brighter, but the general weak infuscation of the wings is more extensive in the Brazilian specimen and the distal ferruginous patch on the anterior field of the same is more decided in this individual. Apparently this is the first Brazilian record of the species. Macromantis ovalifolia (StoU). 1813. [Mantis] ovalifolia StoU, Natuur. Afbeeld. Beschr. Spooken, etc., pp. 58, 77, pi. XIX, fig. 72. [No locality.] Igarape-assii. One male. This specimen has the marginal field of the tegmina hyaline in the proximal two-fifths and viridi-coriaceous distad. Apparently 20 Synon. Catal. Orth., I, p. 233, (1904). 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 167 this is the first record of the genus fjom Brazil or from south of the Guianas. Miopteryginse. Musonia-' major Saussure and Zehntner. 1894. Musonia major Saussure and Zehntner, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Ortli., I, p. 165, pi. X, figs. 17 to 19. [South America.] Igarape-assu. Two males. These specimens have also been compared with a male of this species from Nouveau Chantier, French Guiana, recorded by Chopard.-- The form of the supra-anal plate of the male has never been described. From our material it is seen to be elongate lanceolate, with the apex rounded and but faintly surpassing the distal margin of the subgenital plate. There is present on the plate a distinct precurrent median carina. This is the first record of the species from Brazil. Vatinae. Parastagmatoptera flavoguttata (Serville). 1839. Mantit; flavoguttata Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins., Orthopt., p. 183. [Cay- enne.] Igarape-assu. One male. This specimen is inseparable from males from Nouveau Chantier, French Guiana, determined and recorded by Chopard. ACRIDID^. Acrydiinse. Eomorphopus granulatus Hancock. 1906. E[omorphopus] granulatus Hancock, Genera Insectorum, fasc. 48, Tetriginse, p. 38, pi. IV, figs. 35 and 35a. [Dutch Guiana.] Igarape-assu. January 25, 1912. One male. Allotettix peruvianus (Bolivar). 1887. P[aratetUx] peruvianus Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Entom. Belg., XXXI, p. 272. [Pumamarca, Peru.] Igarape-assu. Four males, one female. -^ The type of this genus was first fixed by the present author, in February, 1904 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVII, p. 568), as surinama. Kirby later (Synon, Catal. Orth., I, p. 276 — not earlier than November, 1904) indicated major Saussure and Zehntner as the type, an unwarranted and untenable designation, as it was not one of the originally included species. As Giglio-Tos has based his recently proposed generic name Promusonia on surinama (Bull. Soc. Entom. Ital., XL VII, p. 6, (1916)), it is evident that his name is a pure synonym of Musonia as properly re- stricted. As we have already contended (Ibid., p. 567), the generic name Mionyx also becomes a synonym of Musonia, although at the date of our previous writing no single type had been selected for it. Kirby, however, indicated (Ibid., p. 276) as its type, lineativentris St&l, which is apparently congeneric with surinama, in addition being with the latter the original basis of Musonia. Certain species which have been referred to Mionyx are, apparently, not congeneric with suri- nama, and these will require a new generic name. 22 Ann. Soc. Entom. France, LXXX, p. 332, (1911). 168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Micronotus caudatus (Saussure). 1861. T[cUix] caudata Saussure/ Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, 2e ser., XIII, p. 399. [Guiana.] Igarape-assu. Three males, five females. These specimens are typical of this relatively widely distributed species. It seems to us very probable that Bruner's Tettix gracilis from Trinidad'^ equals the present species. Apotettix bruneri (Hancock). 1906. Apotettix bruneri Hancock, in Bruner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 614. [Paraguay.] Igarape-assu. One female. This specimen is inseparable from Paraguayan and Argentinian individuals of the same sex. The range of the species is much extended to the northward by this record. Tettigidea hancocki Brun^^r, 1910. Tettigidea hancocki Bruner, Ann. Carneg. Mus., VII, p. 131. [Cor- umba, Brazil.] Igarape-assii. One male. This specimen fully agrees with the description of hancocki, but in size it is somewhat smaller, showing the following proportions: length of body, 8.8 mm.; length of pronotum, 9.1; length of tegmen, 1.7; length of wing distad of pronotum, 2.5; length of caudal femur, 5.4. The two localities from which this species are known are widely separated, but doubtless it will be found in suitable situations in the intervening region. Proscopinse. Proscopia scabra Klug. 1820. Proscopia scabra Klug, in Nees ab Esenbeck, Horse Physicae Berolin., p. 19, pi. Ill, fig. 2. [Pard, Brazil.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male. The male is particularly interesting in having a striking type of coloration, a median supra-clypeal area on the lower face, the ventral section of the gense, the cephalic supracoxal plate, a wash along each side of the meso- and metapleura and the greater portion of the immediate apex of the abdomen, being yellowish. The species Taxiarchus paraensis described by us from Obidos, Amazon River,^* we find to be a synonym of the present species. The unsatisfactory character of Brunner's generic key and lack of comparable material were largely responsible for the reference of this insect to Taxiarchus. 2' Journ. N. Y. Entom. See, XIV, p. 145, (1906). 21 Entom. News, XVII, p. 332, (1906). 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 169 Certain of the genera of the present subfamily do not appear at all natural or, if so, are not properly defined. The species is known from as far south as Bahia and inland to the upper Amazonian region. Acridinae {Truxalinoe of authors). Orphulella punctata (DeGeer). 177.3. Acrydium punclatum DeGeer, Mem. Hist. Ins., Ill, p. 503, pi. 42, fig. 12. [Surinam.] Igarape-assii. Two males, one female. Para. (W. M. Mann.) One male, one female. (C. F. Baker.) Three males, seven females. This series exhibits the usual phases and variations of this plastic and widespread species. But two, these females from Para, are of the all green phase, while the strongly infuscated phase is represented in the Igarape-assii and Para lots. In a relatively large numl^er of specimens the lateral carinse of the pronotal disk show a more or less decided tendency to become obsolete between the first and second transverse sulci. Orphulella boucardi (Bmner). 1904. Linoceratium boucardi Bruner, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., II, p. 84. [Rio Sarstoon, British Honduras; Panama; San Diego, Department of Magdalena, Colombia.] Igarape-assii. February 1, 1912 (one specimen only). Six males, two females. For comments on the synonymy of this species the student is referred to a recent paper by the author.^^ Omtnexechinse . Ommexecha giglio-tosi Bolivar. 1899. 0[mmexechn\ giglio-tosi Bolivar, Revista Chilena Hist. Nat., Ill, pp. 54, 55. [Caiza, Aguairenda and San Francisco, BoHvian Chaco.] Igarape-assii. One male. This specimen is inseparable from individuals of the same sex previously recorded by us from northern Argentina, except that the disk of the wing is more glaucous and less azure blue. Py rgoraorphinae . Omura congrua Walker. 1870. Omura congrua Walker, Catal. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., Ill, p. 504. [Pard, Brazil; Amazon Region; Archidona, Ecuador.] Igarape-assii. One male. "Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XLII, p. 277, (1916). 170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, LocustiDse {Acridinoe of authors). Colpolopha obsoleta (Serville). 1831. Tropinotus obsoletus Serville, Ann. Sci. Nat., XXII. p. 274. ["Cape of Good Hope."] Igarape-assii. One male. This specimen is inseparable from British Guianan males of the species, which has been recorded from Santarem (Rehn) and Para (Bruner), Brazil. Tropidacris collaris (StoU). 1813. Gryllus (Locusla) collaris Stoll, Natuurl. Afb. Beschyr. Spooken, etc., Trek-springhaanen, pp. 39, register 13, pi. XXIV, fig. SO. [No locality.] Igarape-assii. One dated January 17, 1912. One male, two females. Stenaoris cylindrodes (Stai). 1860. Opsomala cylindrodes StS.1, Kong. Svenska Freg. Eugenies Resa, Ins., p. 325. [Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.] Igarape-assu. One female. This specimen is inseparable from south Brazilian material. Oxyblepta xanthochlora (Marschall). 1835. Gryllus xanthochlorus Marschall, Ann. Wiener Mus., I, p. 215, pi. XVIII, fig. 7. [Brazil.] Igarape-assu. One dated January 17, 1912. Two males, two females. These specimens are only provisionally referred to this species, as the forms of the genus found in northern South America and their relationship is very poorly understood. Mastusia caeruleipennis Bmner. 1911. Mastusia caeruleipennis Bruner, Ann. Carneg. Mus., VIII, p. 86. [Benevides, state of Para, Brazil.] Igarape-assu. Three males, two females. This species was described from a female, apparently unique. The male sex fully agrees with the important features of the original description, except for the genital characters and those features in which the males of this group show some difference from the female, i. e. smaller size, proportionately narrower interocular space of the vertex, more prominent eyes and slightly more distinct median carina of the pronotum. In size the male specimens before us show the following measurements : Length of body 22.3 mm. 19 mm. 19.5 mm. Length of pronotum 4.4 " 4 " 4.3 " Greatest dorsal (caudal) width of pronotum 2.2 " 2.1 '' 2.2 " Length of tegmen 11 " 9 " 10- '' Length of caudal femur 13.1 " 12.1 '' 13.5 " 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 171 The male genitalic characters can be briefly described as follows. The disto-dorsal abdominal segment has the distal margin concave mesad, the concavity delimited laterad by a short black projecting tooth; supra-anal plate of the trefoil type found in this genera group, the paired lateral sections strongly rounded, the median distal section short sublinguiform, the dividing emarginations roundly rectangulate, proximal half of plate with a median sulcus, widening distad; cerci developed as broad plates but slightly sur- passing the apex of the supra-anal plate, the dorsal section of the plate strongly impressed and depressed, with the apex slightly recurved on the main portion of the cercus, the lateral section, which is thrown into relief by the impressed and recurved sections, being of the sub-falciform pattern found in the cerci of other species of this group of genera, in which species, however, the cerci are not at all lamellate, but instead show modifications of a simpler cereal type; subgenital plate short, when seen from the lateral aspect blunted, the apex strongly pinched dorsad. The male sex, and to a lesser degree one of the females, shows certain color differences from the original description. The dorsal coloration is appreciably marked off from the darker lateral bars by narrow lines of dull yellow on the head and pronotum, which are continued caudad from the pallid lines on the tegmina mentioned by Bruner. There is also a dark bar, which varies in solidity, across the ventral sections of the gense, lateral lobes and, more weakly, the pleura, bordering ventrad the yellow described by Bruner. The face is dull pale olivaceous green in both sexes. The caudal femora are clear oil yellow proximad, passing to oil green distad, with the distal extremity somewhat infuscated. The number of spines on the external margin of the caudal tibiae varies from six to seven. Tetrataenia surinama (Linnaeus). (PI. I, figs. 24 and 26.) 1764. [Gryllus] surinamus Linnaeus, Mus. Ludovic. Ulric., p. 146. [Surinam.] Igarape-assu. Five males. Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male, one female. This series shows the male sex to have a very great amount of variation in size, and apparently to a certain degree locally in the depth of general coloration; in the Igarape-assu specimens the dorsal surface of the head and pronotum is fully as dark as the lateral (i. e. ventrad of the narrow pale dorso-lateral lines) areas, w^hile the tegmina are more olivaceous, instead of the same area 13 172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Maj^ on the pronotum and the tegmina being distinctly greenish, as in the Para individuals. The size extremes (in millimeters) of the Igarape-assu males and the single female (Para) seen are as follows: d' cf 9 Length of body 19.5 mm. 29 mm. 35 mm. Length of pronotmn 4.2 " 5.8 " 6.6 Greatest dorsal (caudal) width of pronotum 2.6 " 3.8 " 4.8 Length of tegmen 17.6 " 22.7 " 24.6 Length of caudal femur 13.6 " 18.6 " 19 i( it ^s>"- The species has been recorded from Surinam, "Brazil," Coca (Bolivar) and Valley of Santiago (Giglio-Tos), Ecuador. The two latter records may not refer to true surinama. Tetrataenia phila^e n. sp. (Pi. I, figs. 25 and 27.) Allied to T. surinama (Linnaeus), but differing in the generally smaller size, less strongly bullate occiput, narrower interspace between the eyes, shorter and proportionately broader fastigium, more prominent eyes, in the more slender and more regularly arcuate male cerci, in the less expanded genicular lobes of the median femora and the small dorsal spine of the same region, in the less produced and more robust caudal femora of the male and in the less strongly contrasted coloration. Type: cf; Igarape-assu, State of Para, Brazil. (H. S. Parish.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Type no. 5284.] Size small (for the genus): form in general as in T. surinama. Head with the occiput regularly buUate-arcuate ascending, but not as elevated as the dorsal surface of the eyes, weakly carinate mesad, the vertex and fastigium moderately declivent; interspace between the eyes subequal in width to the inter-antennal section of the frontal costa; fastigium nearly twice as broad as long, cephalic margin arcuato-obtuse, faintly excavate near the apex, fastigio- facial angle roundly obtuse when seen from the lateral aspect, face gently retreating, bounding border of the fastigium well indicated; frontal costa not strongly indicated ventrad, failing to reach the clypeal suture, moderately narrowed dorsad at the fastigio-facial angle and again to a smaller degree ventrad of the ocellus, thence subequal in width ventrad, surface biseriate punctate dorsad, faintly sulcate ventrad; lateral facial carinse distinct and gently diverging 2" From ^lAe^ a friend. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 173 ventrad: eyes prominent, distinctly elevated dorsad of the vertex, in outline broad ovate, in length twice as long as the infra-ocular portion of the gense: antennae almost twice as long as the combined length of the head and pronotum. Pronotum subsellate, greatest width (caudad) of the disk contained one and one-half times in the greatest length; cephalic margin of disk gently arcuate with a shallow median emargination, caudal margin obtuse-angulate with the immediate angle narrowly emarginate; prozona about one and one-half times as long as the metazona, the latter closely cribroso- punctate, transverse sulci deeply impressed; median carina faintly indicated on the prozona, severed by all the transverse sulci, distinct but low and not sharply defined on the metazona, lateral angles rounded, faintly more evident on the metazona than on the prozona; lateral lobes with their greatest depth contained one and one-quarter times in their greatest dorsal length; cephalic margin straight oblique, ventro-cephalic angle rounded obtuse-angulate; ventral margin arcuato-emarginate cephalad, obtuse-angulate mesad, straight oblique ascending caudad, ventro-caudal angle rounded; caudal margin moderatel}^ concave. Tegmina reaching to the tips of the caudal femora, apex rounded. Wings reaching to the tegminal tips. Prosternal spine erect, conical, acute; interspace between the mesosternal lobes quadrate, internal margins of the lobes straight, interno-caudal angles rounded; metasternal lobes very narrowly separated caudad. Furcula present as short spiniform points, between which and the cereal bases are placed on each side a single similar point, the abdominal segment bearing the same sublamellate expanded over the cereal base: supra-anal plate elongate trigonal, slightly arcuate-emarginate on each side mesad, apex broadly rounded, margins moderately elevated, the median line of the plate finely sulcate proximad, carinate distad: cerci thick at the base, thence tapering to the subequal distal half, moderately arcuate in form, apex blunt, moderately incurved: subgenital plate considerably produced, distal portion strongly compressed with the apex faintly bulbous, this faintly elevated when seen from the lateral aspect. Cephalic limbs as usual in the genus. Median femora with the dorsal genicular teeth short and blunt, the genicular lobes not strongly developed. Caudal femora slightly more than twice as long as the head and pronotum together, rather robust, not surpassing the tips of the tegmina, genicular lobes acute, pattern of the paginse regular, moderately impressed : caudal tibiae slightly shorter than the femora, distal two-thirds expanded, margins there distinctly lamellate, 174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, lamellar brush on internal margin thick, external margin with but a few hairs; external margin with six to seven spines, internal margin with nine spines: caudal tarsi with proximal joint strongly depressed. Allotype: 9 ; same data as type. Differing from the description of the male in the following features. Frontal costa sulcate for but a short distance ventrad of the ocellus, plane thence ventrad : eyes elevated but slightly dorsad of the vertex, in depth about one and one-half times that of the infra-ocular portion of the gense: antennse hardly twice as long as the pronotum alone, Pronotum not as sellate as in the male, the dorsal line not at all concave when seen from the side, greatest dorsal (caudal) width of disk contained about one and one-third times in the greatest dorsal length of the same : prozona about one and one-third times as long as the metazona: lateral lobes of the pronotum with their greatest dorsal length very faintly longer than their greatest depth. Interspace between mesosternal lobes faintly broader than in the male, that between metasternal lobes cuneate and at narrowest point about two-fifths the width of the mesosternal interspace. Ovipositor jaws elongate, slender, compressed, margins irregularly denticulate. Median femora of normal type, as usual in females of this genus. General color of intensive individuals very dark olive on the dorsal and lateral aspects, ventral surface and abdomen olive- ' yellow to yellowish olive, mottled in both cases with bottle green, metazona of the dorsum of the pronotum washed with ivy green. The usual four lines on the head, pronotum and pleura relatively narrow, the dorsal pair quite narrow, in color these lines are olive- ocher to olive-yellow, paling to cream-buff or primrose yellow where the ventral pairs are connected on the face; pleural spots three in number. Eyes mars brown to prout's brown; antennse of the general color, in proximal half weakly subannulate with dull ochraceous, tips briefly cream color. Tegmina with the anal vein lined with the continuation of the dorsal pair of pale lines; anal area sometimes weakly washed with bottle green. Wings with the disk china blue, apex and distal half of periphery clouded with fuscous. Cephalic and median limbs of the ventral color, the mottling of bottle green quite marked, the tibiae subannulate with fuscous; proximal portion of the femora washed with nopal red. Caudal femora with the external, dorsal and internal faces of the general dorsal color, triannulate with aniline yellow, the proximal annulus incomplete, the median one V-shaped on the lateral face, 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 175 ventral face aniline yellow or washed with garnet browni, the proximal portion of the femora washed more or less completely with nopal red ; caudal tibiae deep slate blue, paler along the margins, an incom- plete proximal yellowish annulus, spines yellowish, black tipped; caudal tarsi dull greenish, faintly washed with reddish (this probably more extensive and much stronger in life), internal margin of the two proximal joints lined with black. In the single recessively colored incUvidual before us the dorsal pale lines are greatly subdued and the femoral bands, particularly the caudal ones, are obsolete, while the general color is less distinctly greenish and in places more brownish. The pale antennal tips and the ventral pair of pale bands are, however, as decided as in the in- tensively colored specimens. Measurements (in millimeters). cf 9 (Type) (AUotype) Length of body 18.7 25.4 Length of pronotum 4 5.2 Greatest width of dorsum of pronotum 2.5 3.9 Length of tegmen 15.1 19 Length of caudal femur 12.2 15.2 In adchtion to the type and allotj^pe we have before us two para- typic females, which show structural differences only in the faintly more bullate dorsum of the pronotum of one specimen, which is of the recessive type of coloration noted above. An interesting thing concerning one female paratype is that the left antenna was broken off at the sixth joint some time during the life of the insect, and there has been regenerated distad of that joint a terminal joint much longer and appreciably^ more bulbous than the other segments, which ter- minal segment, curiously enough, bears a narrow terminal pale mark- ing. Since writing the above we have had placed in our hands a single female of the species from Albina, Surinam, collected May, 1904, by William Schaus, and belonging to the United States National Museum. This individual is more brownish than the Igarape-assu specimens, with the pattern recessive in character. CHLOROPSEUSTES27 new genus. A member of the Tetratseniae and allied to Tetratcenia, M'astusia and Eumastusia, but completely apterous and in general form strongly resembling species of the Coscineutid genus Dellia, from which, how- ever, Chloropseustes can be immediately separated by the expanded ^' From ;i:/.w/3of green, ipevar)/^ deceiver. 176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, and marginally lamellate distal sections of the caudal tibiae, as well as by the character of the genitalia of both sexes. The more fully the other features of the new genus are examined, the more superficial the evident resemblance to Dellia is found to be. From all of the allied genera Chloropseustes can be separated by its apterous condition, its supra-genicular spiniform process and its highly polished surface; from Tetratcenia also in the broadly emarginate caudal margin of the pronotal disk, the more ( cf ) or less ( 9 ) sulcate frontal costa, the simpler subgenital plate of the male and the absence of the clavation of the distal extremity of the median femora found in the male of Tetratcenia; from Eumastusia the new genus differs in the form of the head and general type of the pronotum, as well as sculpture of the same, in the non-compressed male subgenital plate and in the linear, more exserted ovipositor jaws of the female; from Mastusia the new genus also differs in the form and sculpture of the head and pronotum, in the emarginate caudal margin of the pronotal disk and in the linear, more exserted, female ovipositor jaws. The coloration of the type species is very distinctive. Description of Genus. — Apterous. Glabrous. Surface of face, gense, occiput, pronotum, pleura and proximal abdominal segment with small, raised but low, callose, white areas. Interspace of vertex narrow; fastigium subdeclivent, sulcate; fastigio-frontal region truncate when viewed from lateral aspect; face retreating; frontal costa distinctly (cf ) or weakly ( 9 ) sulcate mesad and ventrad, plane dorsad; eyes prominent in both sexes. Pronotum with three very deeply impressed transverse sulci, no lateral and little trace (in male only) of median carinae ; cephalic and caudal margins of cUsk emargin- ate mesad; mesonotum not equal to one-third the length of the prozona. Supra-anal plate of male subtrigonal; cerci of male falci- form; subgenital plate short, broad. Ovipositor jaws of female elongate, straight, margins weakly denticulate. Prosternal spine sub-compressed, conical, acute. Mesosternal lobes with interspace sHghtly longitudinal ( cf ) or slightly transverse ( 9 ) . Metasternal lobes contiguous (cf) or narrowly separated (9). Cephalic and median femora of male subinflated, cephalic genicular lobe larger than caudal lobe on each femur. Caudal femora with a more (cf ) or less ( 9 ) pronounced supra-genicular spine, genicular lobes weakly acute; caudal tibiae expanded distad, with the margins sublamellate, external margin with seven spines, internal margin with nine spines; caudal tarsi elongate, second joint subequal to one-half the length of the metatarsus, third joint subequal to joints one and two together. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 177 Genotype: C. leucotylus new species. Chloropseustes leucotylus-'^ n. sp. (PI, I, fig^. 28-31.) TjT^e: cT ; Igarape-assu, State of Para, Brazil. January 17, 1912. (H. S. Parish.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Type no. 5287.] Size small. Head slightly enlarging cephalad of its insertion in the pronotum; occiput roundly inflated and ascending; vertex with interspace between the eyes very narrow, less than the width of the third antennal joint, caudad of the constriction the vertex is lanceo- late sulcato-impressed; fastigium weakly declivent when seen from the lateral aspect, distinctly broader than long when seen from the dorsum, the greatest width subequal to twice the width of the proxi- mal antennal joint, fastigium delicately sulcate medio-longitudinally; fastigio-frontal region vertically truncate to between the antennae when seen from the lateral aspect, face then strongly retreating, weakly concave; frontal costa indicated to the elypeal suture, nar- row, weakly narrowed ventrad of junction with fastigium and faintly so immediately ventrad of the median ocellus, surface of costa dorsad plane with a few punctures, ventrad of ventral margins of antennal scrobes deeply but narrowly sulcate; lateral facial carinas well indi- cated, divergent ventrad; eyes quite prominent, large, well elevated dorsad of the vertex, in length about twice that of the infra-ocular portion of the genae; antennae about three times as long as the pro- notum, simple, joints elongate, very faintly enlarging distad. Pro- notum weakly sellate in general form, but dorsal line straight, with greatest dorsal length slightly greater than the greatest dorsal width ; cephalic margin of disk subarcuate with shallow, broad, median emargination; caudal margin of disk very broadly and faintly emar- ginate, with a more pronounced, broad, median V-emargination : mecUan carina very weakly and discontinuously indicated on the prozona; transverse sulci very deeply impressed, the caudal one con- tinuous, the others, three in number, severed by the median carina, a supplementary, short, dorsal sulcus placed between sulci one and two; metazona forming no more than one-fourth of the dorsal length of the pronotum: lateral lobes about one and three-fourths times as long as deep, ventro-caudal angle rounded, caudal margin straight; surface of metazona of lobes faintly punctulate. Mesonotum with caudal margin faintly obtuse-angulate emarginate mesad, the surface as- cending dorso-caudad into a blunt, tubercular structure : metanotum with a structure similar to that of mesonotum, but the caudal margin is more decidedly obtuse-angulate emarginate. Tegmina -5 From ^EVKor while, rv/.or knob. 178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, and wings completely absent. Abdomen slightly compressed, weakly carinate medio-longitudinally dorsad, extremity slightly recurved: furcula developed as short, broad, rounded well-separated lobes; lateral sections of the segment bearing the furcula sublamellate and projecting over the lateral face of the cereal base, the margin of these lobes arcuate obtuse- angul ate: supra-anal plate moderately produced and constricted trigonal, the apex moderately broad, rounded, lateral margins with the cereal emargination broad, moderately deep and regularly arcuate, distal section of plate slightly deflected ventrad from the plane of the proximal portion of the same, the deflected por- tion with lateral sulci limiting a median rounded "boss": cerci falci- form, short, not surpassing the apex of the supra-anal plate, proximal portion of the cerci very broad, then tapering strongh^ to the rela- tively slender and moderately acute distal portion, the whole cercus placed so as to incline toward the median line of the body: subgenital plate very short, broad, not at all produced, when seen from the lateral aspect rounded, the dorsal margin broadly U-shaped.^^ Prosternal spine moderately compressed conical, acute, arising from a broad base. Interspace between the mesosternal lobes subcuneate, slightly longer than broad: metasternal lobes touching on their caudal half. Cephalic and median femora moderately inflated, appreciably arcu- ate, cephalic genicular lobe of each of these femora larger than the caudal lobe of the same. Caudal femora about twice as long as the head and pronotum together, surpassing the apex of the abdomen by nearly one-half the femoral length, moderately slender, external paginae regularly and distinctly sculptured, genicular lobes moderately acute, median section of dorso-genicular margin with a distinct pro- jecting spine: caudal tibiae very slightly shorter than the femora, distinctly expanded distad, the margins there considerably lamellate, marginal hairs few in number but individually long and regularly dis- posed, external margin with seven spines, internal margin with eight to nine spines: caudal tarsi not quite one-half as long as the caudal tibise, slender, the first and second joints together but slightly longer than the third, the second joint about one-half the length of the first joint, which is considerably depressed. Allotype: 9 ; same data as the type. [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.] The female differs from the male description in the following fea- tures. Interspace between the eyes subequal to the width of the sec- ond antennal joint, the vertex caudad of the interspace hardly more 29 The type has this plate compressed, apparently unnaturally so, and we are taking its marginal form from the paratypic male, which, apparently, represents the normal type. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 179 than finel}' suleate: frontal costa less clearly defined ventrad and with the sulcation weaker and sub-obsolete ventrad: eyes not quite twice as long as the infra-ocular portion of the gense : antennae about two and one-half times as long as the dorsum of the pronotum. Pro- notum slightly shorter, the lateral lobes about one and one-half times as long as deep. Mesonotum and metanotum with marginal form and tuberculiform structure less decided. Supra-anal plate elongate trigonal, strongly arcuate in transverse section, apex rather blunt, surface non-sulcate: cerci short, blunt, styliform: ovipositor valves exserted, elongate, straight, compressed, apices slightly blunted, lateral margins rather finely denticulate, dorsal surface of dorsal valves weakl}^ canaliculate. Interspace between the mesosternal lobes slightly transverse: metasternal lobes narrowly separated. Cephalic and median femora more slender. Caudal femora with dorsal genicular spine less aciculate. General color calla green to ivy green, passing into more or less clear oil yellow on the lateral lobes of the pronotum (cf ), the gense and lower face (cf) and rostral region (both sexes). The pale spot- ting ranges from maize yellow, through creamy white to light green- yellow, and is distributed roughly as follows : three paired spots on face, three to four paired markings ventrad of eyes and on gense, a paired series of eight spots following the usual position of lateral pronotal carinse extending from eyes to caudal coxse, another paired series extending from mesonotum to and over dorsum of third to fifth proxi- mal abdominal segments, ventral section of lateral lobes of pronotum with three paired dashes; all these markings placed on strumose tubercles or ridges. Fastigium of male distinctly, of female weakly, pale lemon yellow: antennse of the color of the face, infuscated distad : eyes mars brown to russet. Abdomen of male occasionally yellowish disto-ventrad : furcula, edge of expansion of disto-dorsal abdominal segment and tips of cerci of male black. Caudal femora with distal extremity and adjacent section of tibia? cadmium orange to cadmium yellow, strongest on the genicular arches and weakly tinged with the general greenish on the lobes and dorsum: caudal tibiae with spines black-tipped: caudal tarsi with pulvilli pads scarlet red in some speci- mens, yellowish (possibly faded) in others. Measurements (in millimeters). d" 9 (Type) (Allotype) Length of body 13.6 17.8 Length of pronotum 2.9 3.1 Greatest (dorsal) width of pronotal disk 2.3 2.8 Length of caudal femur 10.3 1.6 180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, In addition to the type and allotype we have before us a paratypic pair (one— the male — dated January 17, 1912), which show no note- worthy differences from the type material, except that the male has the general coloration more olivaceous, but this we feel is due to dry- ing. Bucephalacris falcifer n. sp. (PI. I, figs. 32, 33.) Apparently a near relative of B. corallipes Bruner,'^** from Corumba, Brazil, agreeing in the robust form, the closely veined tegmina and the coral red caudal tibiae. The new form differs, however, from corallipes in the female sex (the only one known of corallipes) having the head higher than wide, in the eyes being less than twice as long as the cephalic margin of the cheek, in the fastigium being distinctly broader than long, in the unhanded pronotum and in the longer tegmina. Type: d^; Para, State of Para, Brazil. (C. F. Baker.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Type no. 5288.] Size small: form robust: surface of face, lower portion of gense, pronotum and pleura closely but not very deeply cribroso-punctate, occiput very shallowly punctate. Occiput arcuato-bullate, well elevated dorsad of pronotal level, at highest point faintly flattened; interocular portion of vertex very narrow, hardly more than one- fourth the width of the proximal antennal joint, weakly sulcate in caudal section; fastigium very faintly declivent, the greatest length subequal to the greatest width, in general form pentagonal, the ceph- alic margin strongly truncate and appreciably cingulate, the surface impressed, weakly nodulose and with a short, rather fine, medio- longitudinal carina: frontal costa dorsad four times as broad as the interocular space and subequal in width ventrad to the median ocel- lus, ventrad of which the margins are strongly constricted, then di- verging an equal amount and obsolete ventrad of this point, the in- terantennal section of the costa is excavato-sulcate, distinctly punc- tate, surrounding the ocellus the surface is impresso-punctate, thence faintly sulcate for a short distance and then passing into the punctate face: lateral facial carinae indicated, but developed only as an angle of the face, moderately diverging ventrad, punctate as the face : eyes quite prominent, more than twice as long as the infra-ocular portion of the gense, in basal outline broad ovate, slightly flattened cephalad : antennae- lacking. Pronotum narrower than the caudal width of head, faintly constricted mesad, the greatest dorsal width of disk 30 Ann. Carneg. Mus., VIII, p. 93, (1911). 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 181 very slightly less than the greatest dorsal length : cephalic margin of clisk obtusely produced with a very broad, shallow emargination : caudal margin of disk very broadly obtuse-angulate : median carina faintly indicated cephalad, more distinctly so on the metazona, obso- lete mesad: transverse sulci well impressed, metazona slightly more than one-half of the prozonal length : lateral lobes with the greatest dorsal length subequal to the greatest depth; cephalic margin of lobes straight, slightly oblique, ventro-cephalic angle nearly rectangu- late, ventral margin obliquely concave-emarginate cephalad, median angle distinct but obtuse, this margin obliquely subarcuate caudad, ventro-caudal angle obtuse, caudal margin straight, vertical. Teg- mina reaching to the apex of the supra-anal plate, moderately broad, distal four-fifths weakly tapering, apex rounded; venation close, particularly proximad. Wings reaching to the tips of the tegmina, very broad, the greatest width contained one and two-fifths times in the greatest length: distal section of anterior and portion of radiate fields subtruncate. Prosternal spine very robust, short, rather bltmt, faintly transverse compressed: interspace between the meso- sternal lobes with cephalic width faintly greater than the depth, the caudal width very much greater, the interspace regularly narrowing cephalad, median width of interspace very faintly less than that of one of .the lobes, ventro-internal angle of the lobes broadly obtuse : metasternal lobes touching caudad. Supra-anal plate with the greatest proximal width subequal to the greatest length, lateral margin suljparallel proximad, then moderately and regularly narrow- ing, distal extremity rather broad, arcuato-truncate, the surface with a pair of shining black tubercles placed mesad at the distal third, proximad the same plate has indications of a medio-longituclinal im- pression, flanked laterad by a pair of low rounded ridges; margins slightly thickened and elevated: cerci robust, flattened and broad proximad, in general form subfalcate, the tip directed dorsad, strongly tapering from the broad base to the median section, thence weakly tapering to the subacute apex; when viewed from the dorsum the general form of the cercus is straight proximad, then incurved and last with the chstal fourth straight, the arcuate distal margin of the broad proximal portion bears several blunt teeth: pallium^^ greatly produced in an erect, distad compressed, falciform process consider- ably surpassing the subgenital plate, in form this process is gently tapering with a moderately acute apex: subgenital plate short, well 31 See Scudder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XX, p. 8, (1897). 182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, rounded when seen from the side, the dorsal free margin V-shaped, the apex faintly rostrate produced, the proximal section of the V-form of the margin slightly embracing the ventral ridge of the palHum. Cephalic and median limbs moderately robust. Caudal femora moderately robust, very faintly shorter than the tegmina, the great- est depth contained three and one-half times in the length of the same, genicular lobes moderately acute, external face regularly patterned: caudal tibiae slightly shorter than the femora, armed on the external margin with six spines, internal margin with eight spines: caudal tarsi very slender and elongate, the proximal and second joints sub- equal in leng-th. Allotype: 9 ; Igarape-assii, State of Para, Brazil. (H. S. Parish.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.] Differing from the description of the type in the following features. Size medium. Interocular portion ofthe vertex slightly wider than the proximal antennal joint, weakly sulcate: fastigium distinctly but not strongly transverse : frontal costa twice as wide as the interocular portion of the vertex, of similar structure to that of the male but the broad portion is plane and non-sulcate, roughly biseriate punctate, ventracl of the ocellus even more strongly constricted and sulcate than in the male, thence obsolete: eyes less prominent than in the male, one and two-thirds times as long as the infra-ocular portion of the gense, in basal outline slightly broader proportionately than in the male : antennae nearly twice as long as the head and pronotum together, very slender, filiform. Pronotum with the median carina obsolete except on the metazona, where it is weak but distinct: lateral lobes with the greatest depth very faintly greater than the greatest dorsal length of the same. Interspace between the meso- sternal lobes with its cephalic width equal to about one and one- third times the greatest length of the same, the form of which latter expands caudad: metasternal. lobes separated by an interspace which at its narrowest point (caudad) is subequal to its greatest length. Ovipositor valves robust, short, the external margins of the dorsal valves crenulate. General color of the female saccardo olive, becoming weakly mummy brown on the dorsum of the pronotum and faintly so on the face; of the male on the head, pronotum and pleura dusky olive- green, on tegmina buffy citrine. Eyes cinnamon-brown (d^) to prout's brown (9); antennae fuscous, becoming black distad, with the extreme apex narrowly vinaceous-rufous, proximal joint more (cf ) or less ( 9 ) completely raw sienna. Wings very weakly washed 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 183 with fuscous, this more apparent along the costal margin and broaclly around the peripherj^, veins fuscous. Abdomen dresden brown (cf ) to brownish olive (9), the ventral surface faintly more greenish; distal section of the margin of the male supra-anal plate, raised points on the same and distal extremity of the cerci black. Cephalic and median limbs of the general coloration: caudal femora hellebore green ( 9 ) or light hellebore green (cf ), the distal extremity english red (cT) to mahogany red (9), the genicular arches weakly greenish, in the female this weakly suffusing the lobes as well: caudal tibiae and tarsi nopal red, spines black tipped. Measurements (in millimeters) . cf 9 (Type) (Allotype) Length of body 17.6 25.8 Length of pronotum 3.4 5 Greatest dorsal width of pronotal disk 2.8 4.4 Length of tegmen 11 14.8 Length of caudal femur 10.5 14 The type and allotype are the only specimens of this species we have seen. Vilerna seneo-oculata (DeGeer). 1773. Acrydium ceneo-oculatum DeGeer, Mem. Hist. Ins., Ill, p. 502, pi. 42, fig. 11. [Surinam.] Igarape-assu. One male. This specimen is somewhat smaller than British Guiana individuals of the same sex, but is clearly the same species. This Guianan type is known to range south as far as Chapada, Matto Grosso and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Abracris dilecta Walker. 1870. Ahracris dilecta Walker, Catal. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., IV, p. 642. [Santarem, Brazil.] Igarape-assu. January 17, 1912 (one). Two females. These specimens are inseparable from a cotypic female of the synonymous meridionalis^^ from Demerara, kindly loaned by Prof. Bruner. Abracris caeruleipennis (Bruner). 1900. Jodacris ("') ccerideipennis Bruner, Second Rep. Merchants Loc. In- vest. Comm. Buenos Aires, p. 68. [Asuncion, Paraguay; Territory of Formosa, Argentina.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male, one female. 31 See Rehn, Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XLII, p. 294, (1916). 184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Igarape-assu. January 17 and February 1, 1912. Three males, six females. These specimens have been compared with a typical pair, a female from Asuncion, Paraguay and a male from San Bernardino, Para- guay, loaned by Prof. Bruner, from which they show no important differences, although they are rather different in coloration. The Para female has the base color pale ochraceous, with no distinct markings on the body, and the external face of the caudal femora unmarked. The male from the same locality has a decidedly varied pattern of the usual contrasted type of the genus, and a distinct oblique dark bar on the external face of the caudal femora, which marking extends to the base as a fine line. The Igarape-assu males are duller and darker than the Para male, but are much more varie- gated than the females. The external femoral bars are present in all of these, continued to the base by a fine line in one. The Igarape-assii females are very dark and dull, very little contrasted and with the pale paired thoracic lines completely or nearly com- pletely effaced. The color wash of the proximal portion of the wings in all the specimens, as in the tjT^ical material, is more bottle green than "blue" as originally described. The same is true of material from other localities in Paraguay and southern Brazil. The ventro- external face of the caudal femora is variable in the extent to which it is suffused with fuscous or blackish. It is always touched with darker in the punctations of the distal two-thirds of the area, which tendency becomes more pronounced and extensive until in the extreme condition that section is almost uniformly colored, but it is never as sharply defined laterad, as solid, or as solid to the base of the femur as in nebulosa, chapadensis, dilecta and obliqua. This feature is the one referred to by us as showing variability in the coloration of this margin.^- Osmilia flavo-lineata (DeGeer). 1773. Acrydium, flavo-linealum DeGeer, Mem. Hist. Ins., Ill, p. 497, pi. 42, fig. 4. [Surinam.] Igarape-assu. January 17, 1912 (one). Thirteen males, twelve females, one juv. male, one juv. female. These specimens have the disk of the vnng more bluish green than in typical individuals of flavo-lineata, in which the same area is yellowish, although with a green tinge, the present specimens being 32Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1907, p. 186, (1907). Tlie material there re- corded as signatipes, as we have shown elsewhere (Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XLII, p. 294, (1916)) belongs to cceruleipennis and chapadensis. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 185 terre-verte as opposed to olive-yellow (Ridgway). The bluish tone, however, is more nearly that of typical Uavo-lineata than the dark tyrian blue (Ridgway) of violacea (Thunberg). We refer the Igarape-assu series to flavo-lineata, but do not consider it tj^pical, as we do material from lower Amazonia and the Guianas. It is possible that flavo-lineata and violacea may be geographic races of the same species and the present series may show a step in the intergradation, but until more material from a number of additional localities is in hand this cannot be more than suggested. The present series shows the usual amount of structural and general brownish color variation in tone and tegminal maculation found in forms of this genus. We feel that this genus should be placed near Ahracris, to which it is undoubtedly close in relationship. Sitalces ovatipennis Bruner. 1908. [Sitalces] ovatipennis Bruner, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., II, p. 291. [British Guiana.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male, one female. Igarape-assu. Three males, three females. This material has been compared with paratypic specimens from Bartica, British Guiana. While they are always minute the tegmina vary greatly in their exact shape and relative size. There is quite a little variation in the extent to which the blackish of the post- ocular regions and lateral lobes suffuses the dorsum of the thoracic segments and the proximal abdominal segments. This is continuous across the dorsum in some individuals, except for the pale longitudinal lines, and in others is there completely replaced by olivaceous. This is always correlated with general pattern depth and the two represent intensive and recessive extremes. The species is here first recorded from Brazil. Sitalces jugatus n. sp. (PI. I, figs. 34, 35.) A striking apterous species belonging to the section of the genus containing S. apterus (Scudder),^^ debilis Rehn and probably others. From apterus it differs in the slightly narrower dorsal section of the frontal costa in the female, in the larger auditory tympanum, more slender shaft of the cercus in the male, in the relatively shorter and more robust caudal femora of the male, the more slender caudal tarsi of the same sex and in some chfference in the color pattern of ^^ We have examined one male and one female of the original one male and two females of this species, which was described as an Ommatolampis (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, p. 273, (1875)), and find it is a Sitalces. Its relationship to jugatus can be determined from the above diagnosis. 186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, the male. The latter feature consists of the pale callose area in jugatus being present only on the pleura, while in apterus the ventral portion of the lateral lobes is of similar character. From debilis the new species can be readily separated by its more finely rugoso-punctate surface, much more declivent fastigium, more prominent eyes, less apparent median carina of the pronotum, more elongate auditory tympanum, less strongly carinate dorsal line of the abdomen, stouter female cerci, the more acute extremity of the prosternal process, the less decidedly serrate character of the ventral margin of the caudal femora and the reddish brown coloration. As the male of debilis is unknown we cannot compare that sex. Bruner's nudus from Santarem, may be closely related, but such information as we are able to secure from his very incom- plete and not at all convincing remarks on that species seems to point to their being different. Type: cf; Igarape-assu, State of Para, Brazil. (H. S. Parish.) [Acad. Nat. Sci Phila., Type no. 5291.] Size large (for the genus); form robust; surface of head largely, of dorsal thoracic and single proximal abdominal segments strongly, ruguloso-punctate, other proximal abdominal segments faintly sculp- tured dorsad. Head with the occiput not elevated dorsad of the pronotum, distinctly declivent to and including the vertex and fasti- gium; interocular width of the vertex very narrow, equal to less than one-half of the interantennal width of the costa, finely sulcate; fasti- gium rather short, broader than long, cephaKc bounding margin of the impresso-punctate surface rectangulate, with a fine median con- tinuation of the sulcus of the vertex: frontal costa faintly produced between the antennal bases, fastigio-facial angle obtuse, facial line considerably retreating, dorso-ocellar section of the costa subequal in width, broad, wider than the proximal antennal joint, non-sulcate, thickly punctate, surface impressed about ocellus, the margins of the costa compressed immediately ventrad of the same, briefly sulcate, thence costa is obsolete: eyes quite prominent, ovate in basal outline, the length twice that of the infra-ocular portion of the gense : antennse filiform, elongate, in length twice as long as the head and pronotum together. Pronotum sub-cylindrical, moderately expanding caudad, the greatest caudal width of the disk subequal to the dorsal length of the same, in transverse section faintly tectate: dorsal margin of- pronotal disk arcuate produced, faintly and broadly emarginate mesad; caudal margin subtruncate with a very broad and shallow median emargination; median carina faintly and rather irregularly 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 187 indicated, no trace of lateral carinse on shoulders; transverse sulci distinct, but rather finely and narrowly impressed, metazona hardly more than a fourth the length of the remainder of the pronotum: lateral lobes with their greatest depth subequal to two-thirds of the greatest dorsal length of the same; cephalic margin oblique, ventro- cephalic angle rounded obtuse, ventral margin distinctly arcuato- emarginate oblique cephalad, median angle rounded obtuse, caudal section of the ventral margin oblique arcuato-truncate, ventro-caudal angle broadly rounded obtuse. Tegmina and wings absent. Proxi- mal abdominal segment with distinct lateral subcircular auditory tympani. Prosternal spine moderately elongate, erect, conical acute: interspace between the mesosternal lobes quadrate, smaller than one of the lobes; metasternal lobes narrowly separated caudad: surface of mesosternum and metasternum more or less shagreenous, the ceph- alic half of the mesosternum strongly and closely so. Disto-dorsal abdominal segment with the furcula represented by a pair of the merest nodes, between which the segment is moderately emarginate: supra-anal plate elongate trigonal, apex narrowly rounded, lateral margins with a weak shoulder at two-fifths the length from the base, surface with a broad medio-longitudinal sulcus on proximal half, a pair of inter-marginal, straight, converging impressions, which on account of the shoulder on the lateral margin are more removed from the latter proximad than distad, and the distal area enclosed by the impressions faintly elevated and its surface weakly impressed: cerci short, rather robust, when seen from the dorsum compressed, having the proximal half straight and the distal section directed obliquely meso-caudad, when seen from the lateral aspect having the proximal half deep and weakly narrowing distad, a short, blunt tooth present ventrad on the external face at the point of flexure of the cercus, the distal half narrowing to the blunt but acuminate apex, ventral margin of the distal half with a distinct, blunted but acuminate tooth, this much like the true apex in character : subgenital tooth simple, hardly produced, free margin distinctly emarginato-truncate mesad, the lateral angles being low nodes. Cephalic and median femora robust, inflated, the median ones particularly so. Caudal femora about twice as long as the head and pronotum together, moderately robust, the greatest width contained three and one-half times in the greatest femoral length; dorsal carina with a series of distinct, spaced serra- tions and an intercalated series of serrulations, ventral carina simi- larly but more decidedly armed, particularly distad; pagina evenly and deeply engraved; genicular lobes with the distal portion of the 14 188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, ventral margin distinctly concave, apex bluntly acute-angulate: caudal tibiae slightly shorter than the femora, moderately sinuate, faintly expanded distad; external margin with seven spines, internal margin with nine spines: caudal tarsi slender, elongate; metatarsus and second ^oint subequal in length to the third joint. General color of the dorsum of the thoracic and proximal abdominal segments pale morocco red. General color of the head and abdomen oil yellow, on the occiput and postocular region of the head dull blackish green: venter aniline yellow; cephalic and median femora light cadmium, passing to pyrite yellow on the tibise; caudal femora sulphine yellow proximad, passing regularly to olive-green distad; caudal tibise and all tarsi olive-green; mesopleura with a decided subcircular spot of buff yellow at the base of the median femora. The clypeal suture and the ventral margin of the gense are lined with black and the antennal fossae washed with the same; antennae of the color of the face proximad, passing to bay mesad and distad; eyes burnt sienna. Abdomen with the proximal segments margined with black, the median segments with paired circular to ovate black spots disposed along the median line; disto-dorsal abdominal seg- ment lined with black next to the supra-anal plate, the extreme tip of the latter similarly blackened; cerci with the points black tipped. Caudal femora with the genicular arches black and a cloud of similar character crossing the base of the genicular lobes; caudal tibiae with the spines black tipped. Allotype: 9 ; same data as type. [Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.] The characters here discussed are supplementary to those given for the male sex. Form very robust : sculpturing as in the male but more decided on the abdominal segments. Interocular width of the ver- tex slightly more than one-half the interantennal width of the frontal costa, weakly sulcate to bisulcate caudad: fastigium nearly twice as broad as long, cephalic bounding margin of the impresso-punctate surface, obtuse-angulate : frontal costa thickly impresso-punctate dorsad, faintly narrowed at junction with fastigium: eyes slightly less prominent than in the male, their length nearly twice that of the infra-ocular portion of the genae: antennae about one and one-half times as long as the head and pronotum together. Pronotum with the greatest caudal width of the disk slightly greater than the great- est length of the same, in transverse section arched: cephalic margin of pronotal disk hardly emarginate, caudal margin less distinctly emarginate than in the male; transverse carina well indicated but more delicate than in the male: lateral lobes slightly deeper in pro- 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 189 portion to the length than in the male. Prosternal spine more acicu- kte than in the male: interspace between the mesosternal lobes slightly transverse, subequal in width to one of the lobes; metasternal lobes separated caudad by a width equal to one-half that between the mesosternal lobes; surface of the sternum punctate instead of sha- greenous. Abdomen distinctly carinate mesad to the penultimate segment: supra-anal plate subtectate in section, elongate trigonal in general form, distal section moderately produced caudad with the apex broadly rounded, proximal half with a distinct medio- longitudinal impression, laterad with distinct carinae, which form the proximo-lateral point of the plate thence strongly converge to the mechan (longitudinal) section of the plate, represented distad by parallel rounded shoulders, ventro-laterad of which the plate is subcompressed : cerci short, broad at base, tapering, the apex blunted : ovipositor jaws moderately compressed, dorso-lateral margins of the dorsal valves faintly and irregularly crenulate. Cephalic and median limbs normal, not inflated as in the male, rather short. Caudal femora as in the male but differing in the ventral carina having smaller but more numerous teeth. General color of head, thoracic and abdominal segments and cephalic Hmbs bay, shading to auburn in places, the venter passing to mununy bro"\vn. Fastigium sanford's brown; eyes bronzy argus brown; antennae of the general color, paler proximad; clypeal suture black mesad and laterad, the paired black spots found on the fourth fifth and sixth segments in the male represented by smaller and weaker dots. Median limbs paler than the cephalic ones, more yellow ocher. Caudal femora bay with the dorsal face sanford's brown, the genicular arches black, the lobes blackish with a decided green tinge; caudal tibiae and tarsi cedar green, the distal portion black, the spines black tipped. Measurements (j.n millimeters). cf 9 (Type) (Allotype) Length of body 17 21.4 Length of pronotum 4 4.3 Greatest dorsal (caudal) width of pronotal disk 3.5 4.7 Length of caudal femur 11.4 12.5 '&"■ In addition to the type and allotype we have examined four male and two female paratjT)es. Of these one male bears an exact date, January 21, 1912. The series is quite uniform in coloration, shows 190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, no noteworthy variation in structure and exhibits but a negligible amount in size. A single female from Peixe Boi, east of Para, State of Para, Brazil, (November to December, 1907; H. B. Merrill), in the collection of the Academy, is inseparable from the typical Igarape-assu series. TETTIGONIID^. Phaneropterinae. Ceraia capra n. sp. (PI. II, figs. 36, 37.) While we have only the female sex of this species its description is justified by the peculiar and unique form of the subgenital plate, and also by the ambisexual characters separating it from the allied species known only from the male. It is apparently nearest to C. punctulata and dentata Brunner, but from the former it differs in the annulate antennae, in the lateral lobes of the pronotum being roundly inserted cephalad, in the greater number of spines on the ventral margin of the caudal femora, in the metasternal lobes being rounded instead of trigonal, in the ventral margin of the ovipositor being crenulate but a short distance distad, in the deeply fissate and bicorniform subgenital plate and in the somewhat greater size. From deniaia the new form can be readily cUstinguished by the angulate instead of rotundate mesosternal lobes. Type: 9 ; Igarape-assii, State of Para, Brazil. (H. S. Parish.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Type no. 5310.] Size moderately large; form well compressed; surface somewhat polished. Head moderately arcuate, weakly elevated dorsad of the general level of the pronotal disk; fastigium subhorizontal, narrow, compressed, particularly proximad, sulcate, the apex faintly bulbous, narrowly in contact with the compressed and slender facial fastigium; eyes but moderately prominent when seen from the dorsum, basal outline subcircular, the depth subequal to that of the infra-ocular portion of the gense; antennae broken. Pronotum with the disk deplanate dorsad, greatest caudal width of cUsk contained one and one-third times in the greatest length of the same; cephalic margin of disk emarginato-truncate, caudal margin strongly arcuate, form- ing more than the quadrant of a circle; lateral angles of disk rounded, broadly so cephalad, more narrowly so caudad; surface of disk hardly punctulate cephalad, median figure broadly U-shaped, deeply impressed; lateral lobes with their greatest depth distinctly greater than the greatest length, cephalic margin appreciably sinuate, ventro-cephalic angle very broadly arcuato-rotundate, ventral margin broadly rounded subrectangulate, ventro-caudal section 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 191 and ventral margin to shortly ventrad of the humeral sinus oblique arcuato-truneate, the infra-humeral section of the margin distinct obtuse-angulate, the humeral sinus rectangulate with the immediate angle rounded. Tegmina surpassing the apices of the caudal femora by about the length of the pronotal disk, in form somewhat elongate, lanceolate, the greatest width contained three and one-third times in the tegminal length; costal margin gently arcuate in distal half, nearly straight in proximal half, sutural margin distad of the anal field straight except for the oblique arcuato-truncate distal fifth, apex rotundato-rectangulate, situated nearer the costal than the main portion of the sutural margin; mediastine vein short, irregular, ramose; humeral and discoidal veins contiguous in proximal two- fifths ; median vein diverging slightly proximad of proximal two-fifths of length, bifurcate, the rami reaching the sutural margin; ulnar vein straight except for brief distal arcuation; transverse nervures numerous and regular in discoidal field. Wings surpassing the tegmina in length by a distance nearly equal to the dorsal length of the pronotum, apex moderatelj^ acute. Prosternum unspined; mesosternum with the lobes rotundato-acute-angulate; metasternum with the lobes rounded laterad and caudad, hardly any caudo- median production indicated. Abdomen with the disto-dorsal abdominal segment faintly tectate in section, weakly produced mesad, with a distinct but not wide rectangulate emargination, which is bordered laterad by low, rounded, thickened areas of the margin reflexed toward the ventral surface; supra-anal plate reflexed, trigonal; cerci simple, crassate, tapering to delicate apices, gently arcuate; ovipositor slightly more than half again as long as the dorsum of the pronotum, regularly narrowing in depth distad, the proximal half moderately arcuate, distal half straight, the immediate apex obliquely subtruncate, the apex, distal portion of dorsal margin and apex of ventral valves serrulato-denticulate ; subgenital plate elongate, compressed, fissate for about one-half its length, the resultant lateral lobes diverging and embracing the base of the ovipositor, each regularly tapering in width to the subaciculate apex. Cephalic and median femora unarmed beneath; cephalic tibiae with four spines on the dorso-caudal margin; median tibiae with five to six spines on the same margin. Caudal femora slightlj' more than two-thirds as long as the tegmina, robust in proximal half; genicular lobes short bispinose; ventro-external margin of caudal femora with eight short, flattened, sublamellate spines, ventro-internal margin with ten similar spines. Tarsi without arolia. 192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May., General color of the body and femora yellow ocher (doubtless changed from green by drying), the caudal section of the pronotum, tegmina (except for yellowish wash proximad) and tibiae warbler green (Ridgway), becoming olive-green distad on the tegmina. Eyes chestnut brown; antennae multiannulate with fuscous (only proximal portion of antennae remaining). Tegmina with a longi- tudinally disposed series of small fuscous spots between the discoidal and median and ulnar veins, these placed one in each quadrate space and the series weaker proximad, distad not reaching the apex, a few weak scattered similar spots in the ulnar-anal area. Ovipositor with the margins edged with mummy brown; infra-cereal plates fuscous proximad. Cephalic tibiae with foramina fuscous; til^ial spines ochraceous, narrowly tipped with black; caudal femora with the vicinity of the bases of the ventral spines auburn. Length of body (exclusive of ovipositor), 28.6 min.; length of pronotum, 7.2; greatest (caudal) width of pronotal disk, 5.8; length of tegmen, 45.5; greatest width of tegmen, 10.4; length of caudal femur, 32.8; length of ovipositor, 11.3. The type of this species is unique. Parableta integricauda Brunner. 1878. P[arableta] integricauda Brunner, Monogr. der Phaneropt., p. 254, pi. V, fig. 78. [Ecuador; Surinam.] Igarape-assii. One male. So far as we are able to determine from the description of this species the Igarape-assii specimen belongs here. The eyes, however, are not black but auburn, while the tegmina show but two groups of purplish bordered spots along the ulnar vein. Each of these groups is composed of two distinct spots in contact with each other except for the separation of the vein, the sutural one in each case larger than the other. The only previous exact records are from Coca (Bolivar) and Valley of Santiago (Giglio-Tos), Ecuador. Scaphura sphex n. sp. (PI. II, figs. 38-40.) Allied to S. nitida, possessing the same polished surface of the body, tegmina and exposed portions of the wings, the distinctive trans- lucence or even transparency of the tegmina, and form of the same, as well as the characteristic structure of the pronotum. The teg- minal corrugations are similar in the two species. From nitida, sphex differs in the relatively broader tegmina, which are also yellowish hyaline except in the suffused distal fourth, in the wings being hyaline in the same proportion (when at rest) as the tegmina, in the less 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 193 thickly plumose proximal section of the antennae, in the more promi- nent eyes, in the more slender limbs and in features of the coloration which need not be emphasized on account of color variability in the genus. Walker's Aganacris micans^^ may be related, but the description does not mention the peculiar hyaline character of the tegmina and Avings, the former of which is said to be black with a cupreous tinge, the latter blackish. Type: cf ; Igarape-assu, State of Para, Brazil. (H. S. Parish.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Type no. 5303.] Size medium: form compressed: surface highly polished, the head, ventral portion of the lateral lobes of the pronotum, venter, apex of abdomen and limbs with a greater or lesser amount of whitish pile. Head with the occiput rather strongly inflated, moderately declivent to the fastigium: fastigium but slightly produced, subcompressed, strongly declivent, acuminate when seen from the dorsum, the apex narrowly but strongly rounded, strongly sulcate, ventrad rather broadly in contact with the slightly acute fastigium of the face: median ocellus large; lateral ocelli large, ovate, separated by the fastigium alone: palpi elongate, slender, fifth joint slightly more than half again as long as the third joint: eyes large, prominent, ovate in basal outline, their depth about twice that of the infra-ocular portion of the genae: antennae incomplete, proximad moderately plumose. Pronotum short sellate, with the peculiar structural details found in S. nitida, when seen from the side the dorsum is strongly concave in cephalic half and deplanate caudad: greatest (caudal) width of the disk equal to about four-fifths the greatest length of the same; ceph- alic margin of the disk subtruncate, caudal margin strongly arcuate: transverse impression broad, rounded, its center at about cephalic fourth: lateral portions of disk in cephalic half strongly rounded into the lobes, caudad are present distinct angles, which are chrected meso- cephalad, these passing into the rounded portion; metazona of disk slightly impressed: lateral lobes of the pronotum with the greatest depth one and one-half times in the greatest length of the same; the transverse impression of the dorsum strongly continued on the lateral lobes, caudad of which the surface is somewhat bullate; cephalic margin of the lobes sigmoid, concave dorsad, convex ventrad, ventro- cephalic angle rounded obtuse, ventral margin arcuate oblique, ven- tro-caudal margin very broadly rounded, caudal margin slightly 54 Catal. Dermap. Salt. Brit. Mus., V, p. 41, (1871). 194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, oblique, sinuato-truncate, humeral sinus rectangulate. Tegmina surpassing the apices of the caudal femora by somewhat more than the length of the pronotal disk, of the peculiar crinkled character found in S. nitida, this being regular proximad in the discoidal field, irregular distad and in the costal field: greatest width of the tegmina at the distal fourth, contained nearly four and three-quarters times in the greatest length; costal margin straight arcuate, briefly arcuate proximad and in the distal fourth; apex well rounded, sutural por- tion of apex oblique subtruncate; sutural margin concavo-truncate : mediastine vein weak but distinct: humeral and discoidal veins not in contact; median vein diverging from the discoidal vein at the proximal third, bifurcate faintly before its middle; ulnar vein bi- or triramose: stridulating field with the free margin but faintly produced at the apex of the stridulating vein, distad of this gently arcuate; stridulating vein nearly transverse, greatly thickened, subfusiform; speculum greatly elongate, narrow, proximad of the stridulating vein the field is subcoriaceous. Wings projecting distad of the tegmina a distance less than the length of the disk of the pronotum, the apex narrowly rounded. Prosternum elevated in a V-shaped structure, unarmed: mesosternal lobes truncate laterad, rounded rectangulate disto-laterad : metasternal lobes narrow, obliquely arcuate. Disto- dorsal abdominal segment arcuate-emarginate laterad, the distal margin subtruncate mesad, a weak medio-longitudinal impression present: subgenital plate deflexed, trigonal: cerci simple, tapering, arcuate dorsad, the apices very briefly spiniform: subgenital plate narrow, produced, attenuate mesad, projecting almost to the tips of the cerci, the distal margin strongly arcuate-emarginate; styles short, articulate. Limbs slender: cephalic femora subcompressed, moder- ately deep; cephalic tibiae with the tympana large, reniform: caudal femora nearly two-thirds as long as the tegmina, moderately inflated proximad, very slender distad, ventro-external margin with six to nine, ventro-internal margin with four spines. General color shining blue black, the pubescence of the body and limbs white, the plumosity of the antennae black. Head with a pair of infra-ocular lines of hazel, the clypeus and labrum marked with the same to ochraceous-buff: palpi incompletely lined dorsad with ochraceous-buff: eyes cinnamon-brown. Pronotum with the ventral portion of the lateral lobes narrowly margined with naples yellow. Tegmina faintly buffy hyaline in the proximal three-fourths, distal fourth strongly washed with blackish fuscous; humeral, discoidal, ulnar and anal veins and rami prominently lined with walnut brown 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 195 to blackish fuscous; stridulating field similar in tone to the discoidal three-fourths of the tegmina; stridulating vein broadly black, opaque area proximad of same bright mustard yellow; bordering veins of speculum lined with fuscous, first axillary distad with dragon's-blood red, second with black. Wings with base tint as in tegmina, the veins lined with russet. Metapleura marked dorso-laterad with two points of mustard yellow. Abdomen with two proximal segments with paired dots of mustard yellow on dorsal surface. Coxal region marked more or less strongly with the same color. Venter of abdomen ob- scurely buffy. Median femora faintly and brokenly lined with mus- tard yellow on cephalic surface; caudal femora at proximal fourth with sublunate spot on mustard yellow on dorsal face. Length of body, 16.2 mm.; length of pronotum, 4; greatest width of pronotal disk, 3.2; length of tegmen, 24; greatest Avidth of teg- men, 5.2; length of caudal femur, 15.5. The type of this striking and remarkable mimetic species is unique. The resemblance of it to certain sphecoid wasps is most extraordinary, and suggested the specific name. Stilpnochlora marginella (Serville). 1839. Phylloptera marginella Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins., Orth., p. 405. ["Cape of Good Hope."] Igarape-assu. One male. For comments on this species and close relatives, see a recent sum- marj^ by the author,^^ Anaulacomera nodulosa Stai. 1873. A[naulacomera] nodulosa St&l, Ofvers. K. Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl., XXX, p. 43. [Surinam.] Igarape-assii. January 17 and February 1, 1912 (two specimens). Four males, four females. These specimens are referred to Stal's species with some uncer- tainty, as they are all larger than Stal's measurements, although cer- tain individuals are comparable with the dimensions given by Brunner for the species. The species much resembles A. albonodulosa, but has the fastigium proportionately shorter and thicker, the pronotum shorter, the cerci briefer and not completely curved and the tegminal venation coarser. The species has been definitely recorded from Surinam (also Paramaribo) and Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil. Viadana myrtifolia (Linnseus). 1758. [Gryllus (Tettigonia)] myrtifolius Linnseus, Syst. Nat., X ed., p. 429. [Surinam.] 35Entom. News, XXVIII, pp. 107 to 11.3, (1917). 196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Igarape-assu. One female. A male from Paramaribo, Surinam, (K. Mayo), in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, is specifically identical with the Igarape-assu female. The species has been recorded from Surinam, Cayenne and Para, Brazil. Coelophyllum-'^ coriaceum (Pictst). 1888. P[rosagoga] coriacea Pictet, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve, XXX, No. 6, p. 9, pi. 1, figs. 2, 2a. [Guiana.] Igarape-assu. January 17, 1912. One female. This is, apparently, the first record of the species since the original description. Coelophyllum rectinerve (Brunner). 1891. Prosagoga rectinervis Brunner, Verh. k.-k. zool.-botan. Gesell. Wien, XLI, pp. 170, 171. [Upper Amazonas.] Igarape-assu. One male, one female. We have before us another female from Chanchamayo, Peru, which fully agrees with the Igarape-assu individuals. The male is faintly smaller than the original measurements for that sex, but otherwise the specimens are in complete accord with the description. The range of the species is now known to extend from the upper reaches of the Amazon to its mouth. Pseudophyllinae. Acanthodis aquilina (Linnaeus). 1758. [Gryllus {TeUigonia)] aquilinus Linnsus, Syst. Nat., X ed., p. 430. ["Indiis."] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male. This specimen is inseparable from an individual of the same sex from Cayenne, determined and presented to the Academy by Saussure. The species is known from localities extending from the mouth to the upper portion of the Amazon, north to the Guianas and Venezuela (Merida). Leurophyllum consanguineum (Serville). 1839. Acanthodis consanguinea Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins., Orth., p. 454. [Unknown locality.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male, one immature male. This species is known to range from southeastern Brazil north to Cayenne, west to eastern Ecuador. Leurophyllum maculipenne (Serville). 1839. Platyphyllum maculipenne Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins., Orth., p. 447. [Brazil.] 3« See Rehn, Entom. News, XXVIII, p. 152, (1917). 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 197 Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male, one female. Igarape-assii. January 29, 1912 (one specimen). Three females. This striking and beautiful species is well distributed over the Amazonian and Guianan regions. Bliastes submarginatus (Walker). 1870. Meroncidius siihmarginatus Walker, Catal. Spec. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., Ill, p. 4.50. [Para, Braail.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One female. Kirby has placed Bliastes limbatus Brunner, described from Para, as a synonym of submarginatus ^^, with which action we fully agree. In the present specimen the caudal genicular lobes of the median femora are spined, and the spines on the ventro-cephalic margin of the cephalic and median femora numl^er three instead of four as described bj^ Brunner. Teleutias aduncus Stai. 1874. T[eleidias] aduncus Stal, Recens. Orth., II, p. 88. [Unknown local- ity. 1 Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male. This specimen fully agrees with the original description and the later one by Brunner. This is the first exact locality known for the species, which was recorded by Brunner from Upper Amazonia. Diophanes salvifolium (Lichtenstein). " 1796. Locusta salnfolia Lichtenstein, Catal. Mus. Hamburg, III, p. 82." Para. (C. F. Baker.) One female. This specimen has the wings with a complete but narrow distal and peripheral edging of whitish, while the hyaline character of the interspaces of the axillary and radiate fields of the wings is very pronounced. Copiphorinse. Copiphora cornuta (DeGeer). 1773. Locusta cornuta DeGeer, Mem. Hist. Ins., Ill, p. 441, pi. 37, fig. 7. (Surinam.]- Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male. Igarape-assu. One female. These specimens are fully typical of the species, except that the dorso-caudal margin of the median tibiae bear four to five spines in the Para individual and five in that from Igarape-assu. The presence of but three spines on this margin has been considered diagno.stic of this species by Karny, but reliance cannot be placed on the number of marginal spines in this instance as in many others, the material before us showing sufficient variation to nullify the " Synon. Catal. Orth., II, p. 331, (1906). 198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, diagnostic value of this feature. We have also before us for study a pair from Paramaribo, Surinam (K. Mayo) and a female from Bartica, British Guiana (March 25, 1913; H. S. Parish), all belonging to the Academy. The five specimens show there is a very decided amount of variation in the intensity of the tuberculation of the fastigium, but all are clearly referable to the same species. Both Guianan females have three spines on the dorso-caudal margin of the median tibise, while the Paramaribo male has three spines on this margin on one limb and four on the other. The species has already been recorded from Para by Walker and Bruner. Acantheremus elegans Kamy. 1907. Acantheremus elegans Karny, Abhandl. k.-k. zool.-botan. Gesell. Wien, IV, heft 3, p. 9, fig. 1. [Surinam.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One female. This specimen fully agrees with the original description of the species, differing only in the slightly greater size of the specimen before us. Neoconocephalus nigropunctatus (Redtenbacher). 1891. Conocephalus nigropunctatus Redtenbacher, Verhandl. k.-k. zool.- botan. Gesell. Wien, XLI, pp. 380, 391, pi. Ill, fig. 32. [Upper Amazon; Brazil; Surinam; Cuba; Cayenne.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) Three males, one female. Benevides, Parc4. (H. H. Smith.) Two males. [U. S. N. M.] Contamano, Rio Ucayali, Peru. October to December, 1912. One male, two females. The Contamano specimens have been immersed in a liciuid pre- servative and in consequence all have lost their original coloration, but they are identical with the Para male, and all fully agree with the original description. Bruner has recorcled^^ the species from Para and Benevides. Neoconocephalus fratellus (Griffini). 1891. Conocephalus frater Redtenbacher (not of Kirby, 1890), Verhandl. k.-k. zool.-botan. Gesell. Wien, XLI, pp. 381, 399. [Cuba; St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles; Trinidad; Brazil; Upper Amazons.] 1899. Conocephalus fratellus GriflSni, Misc. Entom., VII, p. 5. (New name.) Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male. The tegmina are appreciably shorter in this specimen than the measurements given for those of the same sex by Redtenbacher; otherwise the specimen is typical. 58 Ann. Carneg. Mus., IX, p. 392, (1915). 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 199 Homorocoryphus cocanus (Bolivar). 1881. Conocephalus cocanus Bolivar, Anale.s Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., X, p. 497. [Coca, Ecuador.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) Three males, two females. Para. (Thayer Expedition.) One female. [M. C. Z.] These specimens have been compared with a male from Chan- chamayo, Peru, in the collection of the Academy, and found to be inseparable. The species was recorded from Cayenne by Redtenbacher. Homorocoryphus brunneri (Redtenbacher). 1891. Conocephalus brunneri Redtenbacher, Verhandl. k.-k. zool.-botan. Gesell. Wien, XLI, pp. 385, 423. [Theresopolis, Brazil; Upper Amazons; Buenos Aires and Rosario, Argentina; "Yalapa."] Igarape-assu. One female. Listroscelinse. Phlugis marginata (Redtenbacher). 1891. Thysdrus viarginalus Redtenbacher, Verhandl. k.-k. zool.-botan. Gesell. Wien, XLI, pp. 534, 537. [Upper Amazonia.] •Para. (C. F. Baker.) One female. This specimen, the first known from an exact locality, fully agrees with the original description, except that the caudal femora are slightly shorter. Phlugis chelifera n. sp. (PL II, figs. 41-43.) Closely related to P. abnorfms (Redtenbacher),^^ from Retalulen,'**' but differing in the somewhat smaller size; in the male cerci being quite short, not a quarter as long as the subgenital plate; in the internal projection of the paired processes of the disto-dorsal abdominal segment of the male being flattened, vertical, clecurved plates, instead of spiniform; and in the subgenital plate of the same sex having the expanded distal section proportionately shorter and more sharply expanded, the proximal angle of the dorsal margin of the expansion slightly recurved acute, and in the vertical margin of the same section, when seen from the side, being distinctly indented proximad. Type: cf ; Igarape-assii, State of Para, Brazil. (H. S. Parish.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Type no. 5321.] Size medium (for the genus) : form subcompressed. Head well seated in the pronotum: occiput and interocular space moderately 39 Verhandl. k.-k. zool.-botan. Gesell. Wien, XLI, pp. 534, 538, pi. IV, fig. 95. *° This is apparently an error of transcription for Retahluleu, western Guate- mala. Karny was apparently unable to place the locahty quoted, and we also have been unable to secure any information concerning it. We feel confident, however, that "Retalulen" is an error for Retahluleu. 200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, declivent cephalad; interspace between the eyes equal in width to one of the eyes, this area supplied with a median impressed point : f asti- gium of medium width, bilobate and angularly reflexed: face mod- erateh' retreating, broadly deplanate: ej^es as prominent as usual in the genus, strongly projecting cephalad, when seen from the side the form is ovoid: antennse surpassing the body in length; proximal joint strongly inflated; second joint moderately inflated. Pronotum of the type usual in the genus, distinctly elongate, metazona well produced, greatest width of the pronotum contained twice in the greatest length of the same: cephalic margin of disk shallowly arcu- ate-emarginate, caudal margin strongly arcuate; principal sulcus deeply impressed ; metazona equal to two-fifths the length of the whole disk; a fine medio-longituchnal impressed line present cauclad on the disk; three incomplete transverse sulci indicated on the j^rozona: lateral lobes two and one-half times as long as their depth, the margin arcuate from the cephalic margin of the disk to the very shallow humeral sinus, faintly flattened ventro-cephalad, caudal margin in general oblique subtruncate from the sinus to the arcuate caudal margin of the disk. Tegmina with length slightly exceeding that of the body, narrow, the greatest "svidth contained over seven times in the length: margins in general straight, subparallel; apex rather narrowly rounded, sutural in position: discoidal vein straight, oblique, joining the costal margin at about its proximal third; number of rami in the marginal field sixteen, these straight and weakly oblique in trend; ulnar vein triramose distad; transverse nervures straight, weakly oblique, in general evenly spaced: tympanal field largely covered by the pronotal extension. Wings surpassing the tegminal apices by half the length of the tegmina, moderately acuminate. Penultimate disto-dorsal abdominal segment large, subcucuUate, distal margin broadly arcuato-angulate, the mesal portion of the mar- gin with an overlapping transparent bisinuate lamellation, visible only under fair magnification: disto-dorsal abdominal segment ver- tical, largely under the penultimate segment, roundly depressed mesad, roundly elevated disto-laterad; free margin with a median very deep U-emargination, laterad of which are paired V-emargina- tions of subequal depth, the processes between the three emargina- tions compressed, subfalciform, with their apices subacute and di- rected ventrad; laterad of the lateral emarginations the segment is produced into subconchate projections, which have a thickened ridge along their dorsal margin and are distinctly concave ventrad, when seen from the side the projections are spatulate, angulato-arcuate 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 201 dorsad and distad, narrowly rounded disto-ventrad, sigmoid ventrad: supra-anal plate well hidden, acute-angulate in form: cerci very short, simple, styliform, faintly sinuate, apex blunt: subgenital plate of the elongate, specialized tj^De found in the genus, compressed; when seen from the side the plate is narrowed at the distal third, thence strongly compressed, the dorsal margin arcuate-emarginate with the dorsal angle acute produced; distal margin oblique sinuato-truncate, the disto-ventral angle produced, bluntly angulate, ventral margin angulato-arcuate; when seen from the venter the plate is regularly narrowing distad, the proximal half with a distinct median carina, the distal half narrowly fissate, the apex of the fissure narrowly broad- ened; when viewed from the dorsum the branches of the plate are seen to be thickened and inflated from the basal excavation of the plate to the disto-dorsal angle, or in the section which is arcuate- emarginate when seen from the side. Cephalic femora with three spines on the ventro-cephalic margin and four on the ventro-caudal margin; cephalic tibiae with five spines on each ventral margin ex- clusive of the apical ones. Median femora uhspined on margins; median tibiae with two spines on the ventro-cephalic margin. Caudal femora of the usual type, with nine very small spines on the ventro- external margin and six of the ventro-internal margin. General color honey yellow, the wings weakly washed with chamois, parts of the head, lateral lobes of the pronotum and limbs tending toward clay color. Eyes walnut brown. Length of body, 12.4 mm.; length of pronotum, 3.3; greatest width of pronotum, 1.6; length of tegmen, 12.4; greatest A\idth of tegmen, 1.6; length of caudal femur, 9.1. In addition to the type we have before us four paratypic males, all from Bartica, British Guiana (H. S. Parish; March 6, 24 and 26; April 15, 1913), in the collection of the Academy. These specimens are all slightly larger than the type, but otherwise inseparable. The number of rami in the costal field of the tegmina ranges from fifteen to eighteen. In these specimens the coloration, particularly of the exposed portion of the wings and distad on the tegmina, is strongly approaching cosse green, the limbs also in part washed with weak j avel green. Phlugiola redtenbacheri Karny. 1911. Phlugiola redtenbacheri Karny, iVbhandl. k.-k. zool.-botan. Gesell. Wien, IV, heft 3, p. 20. [Surinam.] Branganza, State of Para. (Miss H. B. ]\Ierrill.) One female. [A. N. S. P.] 202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, This specimen fully agrees with the original description and figure. As far as we are aware the two localities given above are all those known for this striking and peculiar genus and species. AgTOeciinsB. Paralobaspis personata n. sp. (PI. II, figs. 44, 45.) Differing from P. picta,*^ from Ecuador, the genotype and only previously described species of the genus, in the shorter pronotum and shorter and more arcuate ovipositor, the much shorter tegmina, in the coloration of the mouthparts and the face, the latter being solid black in the present species, in the face being almost without impressed punctations, in the generally unicolorous pronotum, in the unicolorous prosternal spines, in the more unicolorous limbs and in the fewer spines on the ventro-cephalic margins of the cephalic and median femora. Type: 9 ; Para, State of Para, Brazil. (C. F. Baker.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Type no. 5322.] Size medium: form relatively robust, subcompressed: surface smooth. Head with the exposed dorsal length slightly less than one- half as long as the dorsum of the pronotum, ventral portion of head quite broad, narrowing dorsad: fastigium as characteristic of the genus, its plane in general continuous with the occipital line, the apex with a slightly decurved spine, the general chrection of which is ceph- alad, cephalic margin of the fastigium ventrad of the spine distinctly compressed and carinate: paired ocelli subtrigonal in form, median ocellus small, in general circular: face with the very faintest and very sparsest type of punctation : eyes moderately prominent, irregularly subcircular in basal outline, slightly flattened cephalad and even more weakly so ventro-caudad : antennae over twice as long as the body; proximal joint with the projection on the disto-internal face rounded dentiform. Pronotum with its dorsal line straight when seen from the side, in transverse section moderately arcuate dorsad, rounding broadly into the lateral lobes : disk of pronotum quite narrow on the cephalic half of the pronotum, moderately expanding on the meta- zona, cephalic margin of disk with the faintest possible arcuate emar- gination, caudal margin of disk regularly arcuate; principal trans- verse sulcus weakly impressed, placed mesad, prozona crossed at its middle by a more decidedly impressed arcuate sulcus, which is weak mesad: lateral lobes of the pronotum twice as long as deep; cephalic margin of the lobes straight oblique, regularly rounding at the ventro- «Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, XIII, No. 311, p. 89, (1898). 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 203 cephalic angle into the oblique, but more nearly horizontal, weakly sinuate ventral margin, ventro-caudal angle roundly obtuse, caudal margin oblique, in general straight, with a broad though shallow humeral sinus; surface of lateral lobes moderately undulate, having one center of elevation or "boss" on the prozona, the other in the position of similar structures in the Conocephalinffi. Tegmina slightly surpassing the apices of the caudal femora, subequal in mdth, the greatest width contained nearly six times in the length: costal margin straight except for short arcuations proximad and distad, sutural margin straight, apex rounded: principal venation simple; mecUan vein diverging distad of the middle of the cliscoidal vein; reticulations in general irregular, the transverse nervures clearly defined only in the proximal portions of the marginal and discoidal fields. Wings reaching to the apices of the tegmina. Prosternal spines elongate, aciculate, Aveakly recurved, parallel: mesosternal lobes narrow, very acute, the apices weakly spiniform: metasternal lobes weakly obtuse-angulate, the angle briefly spiniform. Disto- dorsal abdominal segment with an impressed, medio-longitudinal crease, the free margin being produced each side of this into subspini- form projections, supra-coxal sections of the margin broadly and shallowly arcuato-emarginate: cerdi tapering, with the apices rather sharply aciculate, gently arcuate when seen from the side: ovipositor moderately falcate, in length almost equal to twice the length of the pronotal disk, greatest depth of the ovipositor inesad ; dorsal margin of ovipositor very faintly curved in distal two-thirds, ventral margin of same regularly arcuate, apex acute: subgenital plate in general tri- gonal, the margin having a distinct angulate sinuation each side of the median V-emargination. Cephalic femora subequal to the pro- notum in length, the ventro-cephalic margin with two spines distad: median femora with three to four spines in the same position on the same margin; all genicular lobes spined excepting the caudal ones of the cephalic femora. Caudal femora about three-fourths as long as the tegmina, robust proximad, narrowed distad, ventro-external margin with eight spines. General coloration clay color to ochraceous-buff, the abdomen approaching buckthorn brown, the dorsal aspect of the head and pronotum tinted with the same. Head with a large, solid facial area of moderately shining black, which dorsad involves all of the fastigium excepting its dorsal surface, the proximal antennal joint and the entire face, the black area expanding ventrad from as wide as the space between the ventro-cephalic section of the eyes to wider than that 15 204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, between the latero-proximal angles of the clypeus, extending caudad as broad Unes along the juxta-mandibular portion of the genae, and as three distinct dorso-ventral bars on the proximal half of the cly- peus, one median, the others marginal: mandibles largely zinc orange: eyes dresden brown: antennae yellow ocher, becoming ochraceous tawny distad, with well-spaced annuli of mmnmy brown, these more closely placed proximad than distad, the same section of the antennae with the individual joints marked off by narrow shadow annuli of mummy brown; ventral surface of second article barred transversely proximad and distad with mummy bro-wn. Pronotum with a pair of obliquely disposed spots of mummy broAvn laterad on the rounded shoulder at the cephalic fifth; pair of similar but very much weaker spots are placed immediately caudad of the transverse sulcus, the four spots having a cruciform disposition; area of the median im- pression washed faintly with mummy brown. Tegmina with their base color mummy brown, the venation, primary and secondary, forming a mesh work of warm buff to light buff. Wings infumate. Ovipositor sanford's brown. Limbs ochraceous-buff, the femoral spines (marginal) fuscous, with a fuscous spot surrounding the base of each, apices of the caudal femora infuscate; external face of the caudal femora with an oblique patterned area of fuscous, consisting of two long lines and portions of a number of generally transverse, briefly arcuate, lines: cephalic tibiae with a fuscous patch on each face immediately distad of the foramina, the distal extremity also narrowly infuscate ; median tibiae with similar areas in similar positions ; caudal tibiae marked with fuscous proximad and distad, all tibial spines tipped with fuscous, those of ventral surface with fuscous surrounding their bases. Length of body (exclusive of ovipositor), 20 mm.; length of pro- notum, 6.3; greatest width of pronotal disk, 3; length of tegmen, 19.8; greatest width of tegmen, 3.2; length of caudal femur, 14.5. The type of this most interesting species is unique. Gryllacrinae. GryUacris harpistylata n. sp. (PI. II, figs. 46, 47.) Allied to G. Icevigata Brunner,^- but differing in the paired produc- tions of the disto-dorsal abdominal segment being closely placed mesad and spiniform, the whole segment more produced mesad, in the cerci being reduced to brief stjdiform appendages, in the sub- genital plate being large, moderately produced and having greatly *2 Verhandl. k.-k. zool.-botan. Gesell. Wien, XXXVIII, pp. 321, 344, pi. VIII, fig. 41c. [Upper Amazonia. 1 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 205 elongate and recurved, hook-like, acute styles, in the smaller general proportions, but actually longer tegmina and wings, in the fewer spines on the ventral margin of the caudal femora, in the restriction of the infuscation of the head to the occiput and fastigium, and in the pronotum being broadly bivittate with fuscous. Type: cf ; Para, State of Para, Brazil. (C. F. Baker.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Tj^e no. 5323.] Size medium: form as usual in the genus, with greatly developed tegmina and wings: surface moderately polished. Head broad, strongly transverse, the face markedly flattened, in fact slightly impressed: occiput strongly arcuate transversely, in side view regu- larly rouncUng over the vertex into the face: vertex broad, about one and one-half times as wide as proximal antennal joint, lateral margins subparallel; lateral ocelli ovate, rather small, median ocellus large, elliptical: eyes rather prominent, weakly projecting dorsad, in basal outline elongate-ovoid: antennse imperfect, at least surpassing the apices of the tegmina and wings, heavy, brittle: third palpal Joint moderately arcuate when seen from the side; fourth joint slightly longer than the third joint, straight, tapering proximad in the proximal half, distal half subequal in width, rather narrow; fifth joint slightly longer than the fourth joint, faintly enlarging distad. Pronotum transverse, in general form strongly rounded transversely: cephalic margin of dorsum faintly arcuate produced mesad; caudal margin arcuate laterad, shallowly and broadly arcuato-emarginate mesad; all margins more or less distinctly cingulate: transverse sulci two in number, the cephalic one placed close to the cephalic margin, being intermarginal and deeply impressed on the lateral lobes, the caudal one placed a short distance cephalad of the caudal margin, on the dorsal surface being broadly obtuse-angulate in form, on the lateral lobes carried regularly and straight ventro-cephalad, joining the cephalic transverse sulcus; intervening area, area of humeral shoulders and caudal section of lateral lobes moderately bullate; a medio-longitudinal impressed area is indicated on the middle of the dorsum: lateral lobes of the pronotum subrectangulate in general form, cephalic margin of the lobes straight dorsad, curving through the rounded ventro-cephalic angle into the weakly oblique cephalic two-thirds of the ventral margin, this rounding into the reversed oblique, short caudal third of the same margin, ventro-caudal angle obtuse, caudal margin straight, no humeral sinus present. Tegmina distad becoming coriaceous and pilose, about one and two-thirds times as long as the body, broad, the greatest width at distal fourth and con- 206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, tained but slightly more than three times in the greatest tegminal length; costal margin strongly arcuate in proximal eighth, thence broadly and very shallowly arcuate emarginate to distal third, thence regularly and broadly arcuate to the rounded obtuse-angulate apex; sutural half of distal margin oblique rotundato-truncate, rounding into the sutural margin, which is broadly arcuate, flattened and straight mesad. Wings faintly surpassing the apices of the tegmina, the distal sections as coriaceous and pilose as the tegmina, Proster- num unspined; meso- and metasternal lobes small, rounded laterad. Disto-dorsal abdominal segment large, half domed, dorsal surface with a pair of lateral patches of long pile, a medio-longitucUnal im- pressed cuneiform area placed on the distal half, the free margin mesad supplied with a closely placed pair of slender processes, which when seen from the side are tapering, sinuate, with a recurved apex, these processes reaching as far caudad as the apex of the subgenital plate and their bases placed on each side of the median impression of the segment: cerci simple, tapering, weakly depressed, incomplete in the type, sparse pilose: subgenital plate strongly produced in median linguiform development which is flattened, clothed with long pile and laterad of the base of which spring styles of a most striking type; these being greatly produced, tapering, straight in their distal third, thence regularly arcuate dorsad and mesad, with the apex moderately decurving and produced in a distinct apical spine, the whole of the styles long pilose; the right style is simple, the left is compound, having a dorsal branch forking from the main style near its base, faintly more than one-half as long as the main branch, fol- lowing the principal arm in attenuation and curve but with an un- armed apex. Cephalic and median femora unarmed beneath; ceph- alic and median tibiae with three spines distad on each ventral margin. Caudal femora short, robust, weakly tapering distad, ventro-external margin with four to six spines, ventro-internal margin with three large distal and four minute proximal spines; caudal tibiae with three external and four internal spines on the dorsal margin. General coloration between ochraceous-buff and zinc orange, a broad V-shaped patch dorsad between the eyes and a pair of broad sinuate bars on the pronotum at the usual position of the lateral shoulders and also covering the dorsal half of the lateral lobes, bone brown. Ej^es blackish fuscous. Tegmina colorless, semi- transparent proximad on marginal and discoidal fields and translucent washed with pale mummy brown distad; venation pencilled with prout's brown, except immediately at the base of the tegmina, where 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 207 it is of the general color; anal field weakly suffused and venation heavily pencilled with bone brown. Wings with the venation weakly pencilled with prbut's brown. Disto-dorsal abdominal segment ^ith the paired pilose areas touched with kaiser brown, the paired process of the same segment blackish fuscous; femoral and tibial spines tipped with chestnut brown. Length of body, 18 mm.; length of pronotum, 3.6; greatest width of pronotum, 4.2; length of tegmen, 29.5; greatest width of tegmen, 9.5; length of caudal femur, 9.6. The ij'pe is unique. Gryllacris cruenta Brunner. 1888. Gryllacris cruenta Brunner, Verhandl. k.-k. zool. botan. Gesell. Wien, XXXVIII, pp. 321. 315. [Upper Amazonia.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One female. This scarce and striking species has been recorded by Griffini, on the basis of a male, from Paramaribo, Surinam.^^ His specimen showed certain differences from the original description, but these he considered to be individual. Our specimen also shows certain differences, but these are only in part those noted by Griffini. Our specimen has the coloration much like that given in the original description, less like that given by Griffini as far as the head and pronotum are concerned. The caudal femora have nine to ten spines on the ventro-internal margin instead of three to four as described, and eight as given by Griffini, while the external margin has seven to eight spines seven are given in the original description and six by Griffini. The caudal tibiae have five spines on each dorsal margin instead of five internal and seven external as originally described, and six external and five to six internal as described bj^ Griffini. It is evident there is considerable variation individually in the number of these spines and their diagnostic value must not be overrated. The present specimen is slightly smaller than the original measurements of the female, except that the ovipositor is of exactly the same length. GRYLLID^. Gryllotalpinse. Scapteriscus didactylus (Latreille). 180-1. Gryllotaipa didactyla Latreille, Hist. Nat. Gen. Crustac. et Ins., XII, p. 122. [Cayenne; Surinam.] Paramaribo, Surinam. (K. Mayo.) Two females. Para. (C. F. Baker.) One female. (Thayer Expedition.) One female. [M. C. Z.] Igarape-assu. January 17 (1) and 23 (1), 1912. Five females. « Ann. Mus. Nat. Hangar., XII, p. 249, (1914). 208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, These specimens all represent the long and narrow headed type of the didactylns-camerani group. We have no Brazilian material of this species in the collections before us other than those listed above, and it seems quite probable that some of the older records of this species, particularly those of its occurrence at points far removed from the Guianan region, may relate to camerani or other species. We have material and records showing the occurrence of camerani over the upper and middle Amazonian regions. The present series shows great size variation, the extremes in the Igarape-assu series being very great. Ripipteryx circumcincta Saussure. 1874. Rhipipteryx circumcincta Saussure, Miss. Scient. Mexiq., Rech. Zool., VI, p. 358. [South America.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One female. Igarape-assu. December, 1911 and January 17, 1912 (two speci- mens with dates). Four males, thirteen females. This series is quite uniform in coloration and size. The only exact records we have for the occurrence of this species are those of Bruner of material from Benevides and Para, State of Para, Brazil. Gryllinae. Hygronemobius albipalpus (Saussure). 1877. N[emobius] albipalpus Saussure, Melang. Orthopt., II, fasc. V, p. 257. [Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.] Igarape-assu. January 17 to 23, 1912. Seven males, fourteen females. These specimens have been recorded by Hebard in his study of the genus.^^ Nemobius brasiliensis (Walker).^^ 1869. Argizala brasiliensis Walker, Catal. Dermapt. Salt. Brit. Mus., I, p. 61. [Brazil; Santarem, Brazil.] Igarape-assu. One male. This widely distributed and striking species has been recorded from as far south as Paraguay and north to Mexico. Hemigryllus ortonii (Scudder). 1869. Nemobius ortonii Scudder, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 330. [Napo or Maranon (Rivers).] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One female. « Entom. News, XXVI, p. 198. ^= We find that Bruner's Nemobius argentinus, recently described from Car- carana, Argentina (Ann. Carneg. Mus., X, p. 371, (1916)) is identical with the present author's Ne7nobius hebardi, from Buenos Aires and the Misiones, Argen- tina, described over a year previous (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1915, p. 290, figs. 4 and 5. (1915)). 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 209 Piexe Boi. east of Para. November to December, 1907. (H. B. Merrill.) One female. Igarape-assu. January 17 and 23, 1912 (two individuals only with dates). Two males, five females. We have already resurrected and correctly placed this specific name,^^ which antedates Saussure's kreichhaumeri, the designation under which this species has been universally reported in the literature. There is some variation in size in individuals of the same sex, but the diagnostic features are always well marked. Anurogryllus muticus (DeGeer). 1773. Gryllus mulicus DeGeer, ]Mem. Hist. Ins., Ill, p. 520, pi. 43, fig. 2. [Burinam.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One female. Igarape-assu. Two females. The Igarape-assu specimens are quite different in size, but this is not unusual in the species. The Para individual is appreciably paler than the Igarape-assu representatives, being more ferruginous and, less fuscous. The three specimens examined all have caudate Mings. APHEMOGRYLLUS^" n3w genu?. Related to MiogryUus Saussure, differing in the elongate and slender limbs, in the elongate metatarsus of the caudal limbs, in the great reduction in size of the ventral pair of distal spurs of the caudal tibise, in the striking disposition of the venation of the lateral field of the tegmina in both sexes, in the greater (cf) or lesser (9) strangulate character of the entire pronotum and in the tegmina of the male sex having no speculum present and the stridulating area very simply developed. Generic Description. — Head broader than the pronotum: inter- antennal portion of face subequal to greatest width of a single antennal scrobe, this area rounded in profile: eyes heptagonoid- ovate in outline, little prominent. Pronotum broader than long, distinctly ( cf ) or appreciably ( 9 ) strangulate : lateral lobes distinctly longer than deep, the ventral margin obliquely arcuato-truncate. Tegmina of male with dorsal field but weakly developed as a stridulat- ing area, no speculum present ; lateral field with two veins in addition to the mediastine vein, these diverging from the base and widely spaced: tegmina of female with venation of lateral field as in male, venation of dorsal field simple. Cephalic tibiae with a decided, « Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc, XLIII, p. 128, (1916). •*' From a, without; V''/!"'/ voice and Gryllus. 210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, large, external foramen and a small internal one of variable exact size and indication. Caudal tibiae with each dorsal margin armed with four to five spines; distal spurs of caudal tibiae three in number on each side, the median the longest in each group, ventral spur on each side short, the two subequal in length: caudal metatarsus elongate, over twice as long as the remaining tarsal joints, dorsal surface armed the whole length of the external margin and distad on the internal margin, internal apical metatarsal spur over one- half as long as third tarsal joint. Ovipositor shorter than caudal femora, straight, apex acuminate, dorsal valves surpassing ventral ones. Aphemogryllus gracilis n. sp. (PI. II, figs. 48-.j3.) Type: cf; Igarape-assii, State of Para, Brazil. February 6, 1912. (H. *S. Parish.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Tvpe no. 5327.] Size small : form much like species of Nemohius: surface moderately polished. Head distinctly broader than the pronotum, moderately inflated: occiput strongly and regularly declivent from its caudal section to the interantennal protuberance; latter region but slightly wider than a single antennal scrobe, well rounded when seen from the side, its lateral margins faintly converging ventrad: ocelli disposed in a broad, depressed triangle, relatively large: palpi relatively short, robust, compressed; forth joint of same subequal to the third, slightly expanding; fifth joint distinctly compressed mesad, gradually expand- ing distad, the apical margin strongly oblique truncate: antennae at least as long as the body. Pronotum strangulate when compared with the head, the greatest width about one and one-half times the greatest length: cephalic margin truncate, caudal margin feebly bisinuate, both margin strongly hirsute, the surface of the pronotum with many short, adpressed hairs; a fine medio-longitudinal sulcus present, which becomes weaker caudad: lateral lobes subquadrate, the ventral margin moderately arcuate ascendent caudad, the ventro-cephalic angle broadly rounded, the ventro-caudal obtuse. Tegmina well developed but falling slightly short of the apex of the body; apex well rounded: lateral field relatively broad; mediastine vein simple, preceded by two free veins, these diverging from an identical point near the base of the tegmen, the space between the vein itself and the first free vein quite wide; humeral and discoidal veins close to one another and at several points coalescing; stridulat- ing field relatively simple, no speculum present and normal Gryllid venation quite recognizable; median vein straight, simple; ulnar 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 211 vein short, transverse ;^^ anal vein following its general direction as the stridulating vein but not thickened, and from the general neigh- borhood of the usually present Grylloid anal node continuing an arcuate but longitudinal course to the apical margin of the tegmen; axillary veins three in number, the first terminating at the "node," the second continued, following the trend of the anal vein, to a point of fusion distad on the sutural margin, third axullary vein following the sutural margin distad of the "node:" area between the ulnar and median veins mesad and distad wide, with three cross-veins^^ and distad a spurious longitudinal vein; anal and axillary veins connected by a number of cross-veins. Wings caudate, sur- passing the closed tegmina by considerably more than the tegminal length. Cerci very elongate, nearly as long as the body, tapering. Subgenital plate moderately produced, spoon-shaped. Cephalic tibiae with the cephalic face imperforate, but with a smooth elliptical area in the usual tympanal position; caudal face with a large, elongate, elliptico-reniform tympanum. Caudal femora moderately robust, the apex relatively slender: caudal tibiae armed on the dorso-external margin with four spines, the dorso-internal margin with four to five spines; external distal spurs relatively short, the median one slightly more than a third as long as the metatarsus and half again as long as the dorsal one, ventral spur distinctly shorter than the dorsal one, internal distal spurs with the median and dorsal sub- equal in length, about one-half as long as the metatarsus, the ventral small and subequal to the ventro-external spur: caudal metatarsus slender, moderately compressed distad; dorso-external margin with seven to nine adpressed spines, dorso-external spur faintly more than one-half as long as the internal one, the latter reaching to slightly distad of the middle of the third tarsal joint. Allotype: 9 ; Igarape-assu, State of Para, Brazil, Januarj- 23, 1912. "(H. S. Parish.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.] The following features are those of difference from the type. Pronotum faintly less strangulate; cephalic margin of same very shallowly arcuate-emarginate. Tegmina slightly shorter than in the male, reaching not quite to the middle of the al)domen; humeral and discoidal veins well separated, slightly diverging distad, humeral vein not furcate distad: dorsal field with the median, ulnar, anal and two axillary veins regularly disposed, cross-veins, indicated ■** At least this is the usual position of the ulnar vein in the GrylhnEe. *' The ulnar vein (so-called) might be considered another one. 212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, sparsely proximad, more frequently distad. Ovipositor straight, robust, shorter than the caudal femora; apex acuminate, ventral valves shorter than the dorsal ones. Caudal femora with ifour spines on each dorsal margin: caudal metatarsus with five to six spines on the dorso-external margin. General coloration of the head, pronotum and dorsum of the abdomen ranging from mummy brown (recessive type) to blackish brown — number one of Ridgway (intensive type), the limbs and ventral surface buckthorn brown (recessive type) to mummy brown in those having the darkest dorsal coloration (intensive) ; tegmina buffy hyaline to weak fuscous hyaline, the venation of the dorsal coloration. Head unicolorous with the mouth-parts washed with ochraceous-tawny to amber brown; ocelli ochraceous-buff to mars yellow; eyes mottled blackish-brown and dresden brown to mummy brown; palpi of the same coloration as the limbs; antennae of the general coloration. Wings whitish hyaline, with a brownish tinge in the intensive specimens, with a distinct iridescence, longitudinal veins colored similarly to those of the tegmina. Cerci of the dorsal coloration. Pubescence of the limbs golden. Caudal femoral washed more or less completely with the dorsal coloration. Measurements {in millimeters) Length Length Greatest Length Greatest Length Length Length of body of pro- width of of teg- width of of wing of caudal of ovi- (exclusive notuni prono- men dorsal distad of femur positor of ovi- turn field of tegmen positor) tegmen Igarape-assu, <2/pe 8.2 1.2 1.6 4.6 1.5 6.3 4.9 Igarape-assu, paratype 7.2 1..3 1.8 4.2 1.4 5.8 5 9 Igarape-assu, allotype 8.8 1.5 2.2 4.5 1.6 7.3 5.2 3.9 Igarapo-assu, paratype 9.5 1.7 2.1 4.5 1.6 7.2 5.5 3.9 - Rio Pacaya, Peru, paratype 8.7 1.9 2.3 4.7 1.6 8.2 5.6 3.5 In addition to the type and allotype we have examined a paratypic series of seven; one male and three females bearing the same date as the type (one female has no date) and three females from Rio Pacaya, Peru, July, 1912, all in the collection of the Academy. When examined for features of variation we find that the paratypic male has five external and four internal dorsal marginal spines on the caudal tibiae. The females all have four spines, excepting one from Igarape-assu which has four internal on one limb and five on the other. The spines on the dorsal margin of the caudal metatarsus 1918.] - NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 213 vary from six to eight in number on the external margin and four to six on the internal margin in the paratypes. The paratypie male has the ulnar vein of the tegmina more oblique than in the type and the first cross-vein between the anal and median veins is also more oblique, forming an angle in the anal vein at its juncture, the next cross-vein obliquely sigmoid, while the proximal disposition of the axillary veins of the tegmina is also slightly different. One of the Rio Pacaya females has the humeral vein forked near the base. Miogryllus COnvolutUS (Johannson). 1763. Gryllus convolutus Johannson, Amoen. Acad., VI, p. 399. [Surinam.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) Two females. Igarape-assu. January 17 to February 6, 1912. Four males, nine females. These specimens have already been recorded by Hebard in a study of the genus. ^^ Miogryllus verticalis (Serville). 1839. Gryllus verticalis Serville, Hist. Nat. Ins., Orth., p. 343. [Cayenne.] Igarape-assu. One male. This macropterous individual has been recorded by Hebard in his study of the genus. ^^ Miogryllus tucumanensis Glglio-Tos. 1894. G[ryllus] (Miogryllus) tucumayiensis Giglio-Tos, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, IX, No. 184, p. 41. [San Pablo, Province of Tucu- man, Argentina.] Igarape-assu. January 17, 1912 (one). Two females. These specimens fully agree with the description of this species, except for the presence of caudate wings and having the tegmina slightly longer and overlapping. They are, as far as we can determine, representative of the macropterous condition of this species, a phase previously unkno\\Ti. In the two specimens the tegmina measure 8.4 and 8.5 millimeters in length, while the other dimensions are as given in the original description. The reference of the species to Miogryllus is according to the original author, and merely tentative as far as we are concerned, for its exact relationship to Gryllodes remains to be determined, when more is known of the constancy and variation of characters in the latter genus. =» Journ. N. Y. Entom. Soc, XXIII, p. 109, (1915). " Ibid., p. 121, (1915). 214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, As far as known the species has been taken only at the two widely separated localities given above. Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius). 1775. [Achela] assimilis Fabricius, Syst. Entom., p. 280. [Jamaica.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male, one female. Peixe-boi, east of Para. November to December, 1907. (H. B. Merrill.) One male, one female. Igarape-assu. Two females. The Para and Igarape-assu specimens have been recorded bj^ Rehn and Hebard in a critical study of Gryllus as found in America. ^^ The Peixe-boi pair would be represented by the following symbols, as previously established by us: cf , AVauOl; 9 , AVbu02. Oecanthinae. Lerneca varipes Walker. 1869. Lerneca varipes Walker, Catal. Spec. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., I, p. 72. [Amazon Region.] Igarape-assu. One female. This specimen is inseparable from individuals of both sexes of this species from Caparo, Trinidad, comments on which will be published at a later date. Trigonidiinse. Anaxipha*^ esau n. sp. (PI. II, figs. 54, 55.) Apparently a relative of ^. tibialis (Saussure), but strongly marked off from any other species, studied or known to us, in the presence of short, curved hairs placed along the veins of the tegmina and also regularly over the intervening areas, the exposed portion of the wings, the body and the limbs being more decidedly haired than usual. From tibialis the present species also differs in the shorter and more robust cephalic tibiae, the shorter caudal metatarsi, in the reduction of the cross-veins in the dorsal field of the female tegmina, in the dis- tinct sculpturing of the main veins of the same and in the more robust general form. Type: 9 ; Igarape-assii, State of Para, Brazil. February 1, 1912. (H. S. Parish.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Type no. 5342.] Size small: form elongate, slender, subcylindrical, wings caudate: surface closely and relatively heavily haired, on the tegmina the hairs 52 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1915, p. 319, (1915). ^^ For comments on the characters separating Cyrtoxipha and Anaxipha, see Rehn and Hebard, Entom. News, XXIII, pp. 411 and 412; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1916, pp. 300 to 302 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 215 are particularly disposed along the longitudinal veins. Head with the greatest width across the eyes subequal to the greatest width at the caudal margin of the pronotum; when seen from the side the inter- ocular section of the head is regularly declivent from the narrowly rounded occiput, interantennal protuberance broadly rounded when seen in the same view, when seen from the dorsum subcompressed; hairs on the rostrum decurved: eyes with axis subvertical, in basal outline Inroad ovoid, prominent when seen from the dorsum, slightly projecting cephalad : antennae surpassing the body in length, proximal joint large, moderately deplanate: palpi with the third and fourth joints slender, the third subequal in width; the fourth faintly expand- ing distad, slightly shorter than the third; fifth joint reversed pyra- midical, about one and one-half times as long as the distal margin, which is straight truncate, the joint slightly flattened. Pronotum transverse, its greatest caudal width nearly equal to one and one-half times the greatest leng-th of the same, narrowing cephalad, so that the cephalic width is distinctly less than the caudal width and faintly less than the width of the adjacent portion of the head, in transverse section the pronotum is regularly rounded dorsad and into the lateral lobes; cephalic margin of the dorsum gently arcuate, the caudal margin broadly obtuse-angulate, the immediate angle narrowly rounded, both margins faintly cingulate; hairs on the pronotum large and chsetiform, those along the caudal margin directed dorso- caudad, those on the lateral lobes directed cephalad; a short cephalo- meclian longitudinal sulcus present; lateral lobes longer than deep, rounding into the dorsal surface; ventro-cephalic angle broadly rounded, ventral margin straight, ventro-caudal angle narrowly rounded, caudal margin straight; surface of the lateral lobes obliquely impressed. Tegmina reaching to the apex of the abdomen, pilosity covering the dorsal surface from the region of the humeral angle, the lateral field almost unhaired; lateral field with three veins, of which one parallels the margin, another is very brief, the third reaches the costal margin at about the distal fourth of the field; mediastine, humeral, discoidal and median veins of the tegmina subparallel, straight; ulnar vein arcuate proximad ; anal vein bent both proximad and distad, straight between, joining the axillary vein at the distal third of the tegmen; axillary veins two in number, these joining and continuing as a single vein. Exposed portion of the wings projecting distad of the closed tegmina a distance slightly greater than one-half the length of the tegmina, haired similar to the tegmina. Ovipositor no longer than the head and pronotum together, robust, dorsal mar- 216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, gin nearly straight, ventral margin arcuate in distal half, apex acumi- nate: subgenital plate narrowly fissate-emarginate mesacl. Cephalic tibiae short, broadly fusiform inflated in proximal two-thirds, subequal and subcompressed in distal third; cephalic face with a large elliptico- reniform tympanum, caudal face with a much smaller elliptical tym- panum. Caudal femora subequal in length to the tegmina, moder- ately inflated; caudal tibiae with three pairs of marginal spurs, which are not opposite in their insertion, the external series slightly more proximal in their position when compared with their equivalent on the internal series, the internal spurs faintly arcuate, their dorso-internal edge also faintly thickened, knife-like and pencilled with blackish; disto-external spurs small; disto-internal spurs very much longer, the dorsal one about two-thirds as long as the metatarsus, the dorso- internal margin thickened and pencilled as on the internal marginal spurs; metatarsi slightly longer than the remaining tarsal joints combined, a single spine present at the disto-internal angle, the in- ternal spur of the metatarsus large, reaching almost to the extremity of the tarsus, slightly falcate, with the dorsal edge thickened and pencilled as is the case with the other internal spurs. General color ochraceous-buff, the head distinctly and the pro- notum faintly washed with weak russet; eyes clear russet; exposed portion of the wings faintly washed with mummy brown, the veins pale; at distal fourth the cephalic and median femora bear narrow, incomplete annuli of weak mummy brown, indications of a similar one are present on the pregenicular section of the caudal femora. Length of body, 4.6 mm.; length of pronotum, 1; greatest (caudal) width of pronotum, 1.3; length of tegmen, 3.7; length of exposed por- tion of wing, 2.7; length of caudal femur, 3.6; length of ovipositor, 1.6. The type of tliis species is unique. Anaxipha angusticoUis (Saussure). 1874. Cyrtoxipha angusticoUis Saussure, Miss. Scient. Mex., Rech. Zool., VI, p. 377, pi. 7, fig. 2. [Eastern Cordillera of Mexico.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male, one female. Igarape-assii. February 1, 1912 (two). Three females. This striking species, which shows great diversity in form between the sexes, has the coloration more generally punctate, from the pres- ent material, than previous descriptions would lead one to suppose. The agreement with the features of the detailed original description is so full there can be no question of the identity, or at the most the very close relationship of the present material. Chopard reported the species from St. Jean du Maroni, French Guiana, and Bruner 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 217 refers material from Cacagualito, Colombia; Sao Luiz de Caceres, Matto Grosso, Brazil, and British Guiana to it, while Bugaba, Pan- ama is given by Saussure, in the Biologia, as another loealitj^ The form of the whole thorax of the male is so remarkable that its isola- tion from the other members of the genus is quite marked. Anaxipha conspersa (Bruner). 1916. Cyrtoxipha conspersa Bruner, Ann. Carneg. Mas., X, p. 406. ["Las Juntas" (250 m.), Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male. We have referred this specimen to conspersa although it shows several features of difference, which, however, we feel are due to in- dividual or sexual variation, lack of note or over-emphasis in the original description. In our specimen we see no distinct indication of the ridge, "which separates this region {i. e., depressed section of the vertex) from the front." There is, however, a slight elevation covering the base of the inter-antennal protuberance, which may be the feature referred to by Bruner. The other feature is that the whole occiput caudad of the transverse arcuate depression is solidly mars brown. Anaxipha simulacrum n. sp. (PI. II, figs. 56-59.) The slender form, the blackish antennae and the shape of the ceph- alic tibiae and of the ovipositor are quite characteristic of tliis very dis- tinct species, which has, at a glance, a Cyrtoxiphine appearance. The head and palpi, however, are Anaxiphine in character. The species is not closely related to any of the other forms known to us. Type: 9 ; Igarape-assii, State of Para, Brazil. (H. S. Parish.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Type no. 5340.] Size very large (for the genus) : form moderatelj' elongate, slender, terete: surface of body moderately shining, with numerous hairs, the marginal ones of the pronotum, particularly laterad, elongate and curved. Head in general vertical, its axis slightly retreating ventro-caudad, its greatest longitudinal length slightly less than the greatest depth (including the mandibles) ; in lateral view the occiput is well arcuate caudad of and between the eyes, thence very strongly arcuate-declivent to the inter-antennal region, which is rounded obtuse-angulate, the ventral section retreating to the clypeal suture; when seen from the dorsum the occiput is broad, very broad behind the eyes, the narrowest portion of the interocular section slightly less than half the width of the head at the caudal margin of the eyes, the least interocular width subequal to the transverse width 218 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, of one of the eyes, width of the interantennal protuberance hardly more than one-half that of the interocular space: when seen from the dorsum the eyes are moderately prominent, when seen in lateral view they are sub-reniform ovoid: antennsje with the proximal joint broad, subdepressed, the internal margin roundly enlarged; remainder of antennae incomplete: palpi slender, elongate, third joint faintly longer than the fifth and distinctly longer than the fourth joint; fifth joint trumpet-shaped, its length about two and one-half times the distal width, distal truncation faintly oblique. Pronotum slightly longitudinal when seen from the dorsum, regularly rounding transversely, when seen from the dorsum slightly expanding caudad; cephalic margin of the dorsum truncate mesad, caudal margin moderately arcuate, these margins cingulate; dorsum with the medio-longitudinal sulcus indicated on the cephalic two-thirds, very deeply so in the median region, a transverse sulcus weakly indicated mesad: lateral lobes longitudinal, with a distinct caudo- ventral trend; cephalic margin and ventro-cephalic angle regularly and broadly rounded, ventro-caudal angle rounded rectangulate, caudal margin slightly oblique, straight, the vicinity of the ventro- caudal angle strongly impressed. Tegmina slightly surpassing the apex of the abdomen, the closed pair cylindrical when seen from the dorsum, the outline of the dorsal field narrowing in the distal fifth ; venation simple, prominent, transverse nervures regularly placed, separating areas which are regularly oblong: lateral field with the discoidal vein straight, regularly but weakly diverging from the humeral vein, incomplete veins costad of the mediastine vein two in number. Wings fully developed, caudate, projecting distad of the tegmina a distance slightly greater than the length of the head and pronotum combined. Ovipositor moderately elongate, relatively slender, very faintly arcuate proximad, more strongly so distad; distal extremity moderately acute, weakly crenulate on the dorsal margin, almost to the weak swelling, which is situated at the distal three-fifths: subgenital plate slightly broader than long, the apex briefly fissate, rounding narrowly into the margins of the plate. Cephalic and median limbs elongate, straight, moderately tapering: cephalic femora subequal to the combined leng^th of the head and pronotum; cephalic tibiae subequal to the femora in length, the distal half quite slender, both faces of the tibiae with elongate reni- form tympana, those of the two faces subequal in size: median femora faintly shorter than the cephalic ones; tibiae subequal in length to the cephalic tibiae and distinctly surpassing the median 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 219 femora. Caudal femora moderately robust, tapering, surpassing the apex of the ovipositor and falling but slightly short of the tips of the wings; caudal tibiae subequal to the femora in length, very slender, the dorsal margins armed with three pairs of spurs, which are not paired in position, those of the external: margins being more proximal in position than the corresponding spur on the internal margin, the spurs slender, slightly falcate or but faintly hooked at the apex, their length about two and one-half times the depth of the tibial shaft; disto-external spurs very short, the median one three times as long as the dorsal and nearly twice as long as the ventral one; disto-internal spurs two in number, elongate, weakly falcate, the dorsal one about one-half as long as the metatarsus and half again as long as the ventral one: caudal metatarsi about one-fourth as long as the tibiae, straight, the dorsal surface with a short recumbent spine on each margin distad, the internal distal spur about one- half again as long as the external one; second tarsal joint elongate cordiform, the third slender. Allotype: c/' ; same data as type. January 26, 1912. Differing from the description of the type in the following features: Tegmina relatively narroAv when seen from the dorsum (the pair in repose), narrowing distad: lateral field of the tegmina relatively broad, subequal in width; mediastine vein diverging regularly from the humeral vein distad, the area between with a number of trans- verse nervures which divide it into rectangulate spaces; three free veins are present in the proximal section of the lateral field costad of the mediastine vein: humeral vein curving costad at its apex: speculum elongate diamond-shaped, its length about one-half that of the dorsal field of the tegmen, its greatest length slightly more than one-half its length; postaxillary veins three in number; axillary veins two in number. Styles reaching to the apices of the caudate wings. General color buff-yellow, the pubescence largely golden. In the female there is a medio-longitudinal line of raw umber on the closed tegmina, which is distinct proximad and weakens distad. Eyes fuscous-black; antennae distad of the proximal joint blackish, the prox- imal one washed distad with fuscous; second and third tarsal joints of all tarsi washed with fuscous-black; ovipositor rich chestnut bro'v\Ti. Measurements (in millimeters). l,ength ot body. Length ot pronotum. Length of tegmen. Length of caudal femur. Length of ovipositor, 6.3 1.5 5.3 5.2 2.5 7 1.4 6 5.5 cf type 6.3 9 allotype The type and allotype are the only specimens known to us 16 220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Anaxipha smithi (Saussure). 1897. Cyrtoxipha smithi Saussure, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., I, p. 236. [Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico.] Igarape-assii. One female. We have assigned this specimen to smithi without having seen Mexican material of either sex, but it agrees with the description, which was based on the male sex, in all features of any importance. Actual comparison may show the Brazilian material to be distinct, but at this time we know of no evidence requiring its separation. The ovipositor is short and robust, much like in imitator, but the form of the ovipositor is more robust, with a more decided angle to the dorsal line in imitator, while the palpi are more slender and the cephalic tibiae less robust in smithi, the coloration also being different. Chopard^^ has reported this species from four localities in French Guiana. Anaxipha aptera (Chopard). 1912. C[yrtoxipha] aptera Chopard, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, LXXXI, p. 410, 4 figs. [Charvein, St. I.iaurent and Nouveau-Chantier, French Guiana.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male. Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana. (K. Mayo.) One male. [A. N. S. P.] The wingless condition of the known material of this species may not be a specific character of the form, as ciuite a few species are known to be dimorphic in this respect. The Para individual has four reddish brown longitudinal lines on the vertex and occiput, the median pair continued on the interantennal protuberance. The Paramaribo specimen hias these absent, Anaxipha minuta (Linnaeus). 1767. [Gryllus] minutus Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. XII, p. 694. ["America" (Surinam according to DeGeer).] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male, one female. Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana. (K. Mayo.) Three females. There is so little in the literature to enable us to pin this name down to a definite species, that we are under the necessity of using it for an insect not disagreeing with the insufficient diagnosis, and found in the region from which mimda was supposed to have come. The Linnean material is probably not in existence, as Stal did not feel that he had it before him, when preparing the Recensio, although part of the basic material of DeGeer's testaceus, which is generalh' considered synonymous with minuta, was in his hands. The present " Ann. Soc. Entom. France, LXXXI, p. 407, (1912). 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 221 species shows no features of difference from the Linnean description which might not be due to discoloration of the original material. Anaxipha cayennensis (Saussure). 1897. Cyrtoxiphus aztecus var. cayennensis Saussure, Biol. Cent.-Amer.", Orth., I, p. 235. [Cayenne.] Igarape-assu. (H. S. Parish.) Two males. We have used for comparison material from British Guiana, and found some slight differences, chiefly in the relative width of the dorsal field of the tegmina, but nothing sufficiently marked or con- stant to make it advisable to separate the two lots. Saussure considered this merely a variety of azieca, but we prefer to give the name specific rank until more is known concerning its relationship to azteca, in this following Chopard and Bruner. The former author has recorded the species from Nouveau-Chantier, French Guiana; the latter from Santarem, Brazil. Our material is of similar small size to that reported by Bruner.^-' Anaxipha nitida (Chopard). 1912. C[yrto.ripha] nitida Chopard, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, LXXXI, p. 408, 4 figs. [Xouveau-Chantier, French Guiana.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One female. This individual is fully typical of the present striking and beautiful species, although slightly smaller than the original measurements. The antennae are broadly white annulate on a fuscous ground, at a point about three millimeters from their bases. The coloration of the antennae is not mentioned in the original description. Anaxipha variegata (Chopard). 1912. C[yrtoxipha] variegata Chopard, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, LXXXI, p. 407, 4 figs. [St. Laurent and Nouveau-Chantier, French Guiana.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male. This specimen may prove to be distinct from true variegata, as it shows certain color features not mentioned by Chopard, but, at pres- ent, we prefer to consider these individuals variations or the color features to have been omitted from the description by Chopard. The antennae are solid blackish proximad, then follows a broad cream- colored area, which contains two narrow broAvn annuli, distad of this the color is pale brownish with regularly placed dark brown annuli. The occiput is pale yellow, caudad broadly blackish brown, like the face and between the eyes, in the middle of the yellow area is a trans- verse bar of blackish brown. The median femora, like the cephalic ones, have a distal pale area colored like the tibiae, and in addition a median annulus of the same. 55 Ann. Carneg. Mus., X, p. 404, (1916). 222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Anaxipha incompta (Walker). 1869. Eneopt era incompta Walker, Catal. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., I, p. 67. [Tapayos[Tapajos], Brazil.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) One male. We are identifying this specimen with Walker's species provision- ally, or at least until we can ascertain more about the type of the species, as the description is woefully inadequate. Anaxipha tibialis (Saussure). 1897. Cyrtoxipha tibialis Saussure, Biol. Cent. Amer., Orth., I, p. 236, pL XI, fig. 40. [Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico.] Para. (C. F. Baker.) Two males, three females. These specimens show no differences from the description of tibialis and we see no alternative but to record them as that species, although comparison with Mexican material is not at present possible. The two male specimens show differences which demonstrate the presence in males of this species of a broad and a narrow type of teg- mina, and consequently of the tympanum, also in both sexes of re- cessive and intensive types of coloration. In the former of these color types the dark lateral bar is quite narrow, distinctly dorsad on the lateral lobes, and on the tegmina pencils but the immediate vicinity of the mediastine vein; in the intensive type the bar is broad and covers all of the lateral lobes except the ventro-cephalic portion, which is yellow, and on the tegmina suffuses a broad belt costad of the mediastine vein. As we here imderstand the species it is not far removed from imi- tator (Saussure), from which it differs in the narrower head and pro- notum, slightly different shape of the cephalic tibiae and more re- stricted, less solidly infuscate dark areas on the pronotum and teg- mina. Anaxipha paraensis n. sp. (PI. II, figs. 60-62.) Apparently related to A. tolteca (Saussure), described from eastern Mexico, but chffering in the broadly rounded lateral shoulders of the pronotum, and in the shorter and narrower tegmina, which have the speculum more longitudinal. Doubtless other features of difference exist which will become apparent on actual comparison of the two forms. Type: cf ; Para, State of Para, Brazil. (C. F. Baker.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Type no. 5343.] Size relatively large, broad, tegmina well vaulted : surface of body well clothed with hairs, which are bristly on the head and pronotum. _Head trigonal in cephalic aspect, faintly deeper than broad: occiput moderately declivent to the inter-anteimal region, with numerous 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 223 bristles which are directed ventro-cephalad; inter-antennal pro- tuberance equal to about one-half the least width of the inter-ocular region: eyes very prominent when seen from the dorsum, their con- vexity directed cephalo-laterad, when seen from the side their basal outline is reniform-ovoid, the narrower portion ventrad: antennae reaching at least to the apices of the wings, the proximal joint enlarged but simple : palpi slender, the third and fifth joints subequal in length, the third joint slightly arcuate; fourth joint about two-thirds as long as the third joint; fifth joint trumpet-shaped, the distal margin very faintly oblique-truncate. Pronotum transverse, strongly and regularly narrowing cephalad, the width at the caudal margin about one-third greater than the length of the pronotum, the dorsum broadly and regularly rounding into the lateral lobes; surface of the dorsum and lateral lobes with scattered curved bristles, the margins, but particularly the cephalic, with a regularly placed series of smaller bristles; cephalic margin of the disk faintly arcuate, the caudal mar- gin more distinctly but weakly arcuate; medio-longitudinal impres- sion distinctly but not deeply indicated on the greater portion of the disk, transverse impression distinct, median, arcuate: lateral lobes distinctly longer than deep, subrectangular; cephalic margin oblique, the ventro-cephalic angle rounded obtuse, ventral and caudal margins each straight, the ventro-caudal angle narrowly rounded rectangu- late, the lobes well inbent ventro-caudad. Tegmina broad, distinctly broader than the body, in length slightly surpassing the apex of the body: lateral field broad, subequal in depth; costal margin in greater portion straight, very faint intimation of an emargination mesad, arcuate distad; mediastine vein arcuate proximad and dis- tad, straight for the greater portion of its length, little distant from and subparallel to the humeral vein in the proximal half, the area between these veins crossed by numerous straight transverse nervures ; costal section of the marginal field with three incomplete veins, the third of which is a ramus of the mediastine vein: humeral and dis- coidal veins closely placed, subparallel; median vein parallel to the other veins of the humeral trunk, sUghtly weaker; stridulating vein regularly arcuate; ulnar vein regularly sigmoid; axillary veins three in number of which the third is strumose ; post-axillary veins three in number; speculum roughly diamond-shaped, but slightly longer than broad, the sutural angle the only one of the four which is dis- tinctly rounded, the figure within the speculum complete, ovoid- subcordiform, its area coriaceo-rugulose ; apex of the dorsal field of the tegmina slightly acute-angulate. Wings strongly caudate, pro- 224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, jecting distad of the tegmina a distance equal to the length of the tegmina, the exposed portion of the wings faintly fusiform when seen from the side, the dorsal and ventral margins of the same rather thickly hirsute. Styles elongate, slender, tapering, falling but slightly short of the tips of the closed wings: subgenital plate elongate,, scoop-shaped, narrowing distad, the distal margin narrowly bisar- cuate. Limbs moderately slender, elongate. Cephalic femora moderately tapering; cephalic tibiae subequal in length to the femora, the proximal five-eighths moderately bullate, the distal three-eighths relatively slender, tympana perforating both faces of the tibiae, that of the cephalic face relatively large, elongate acute-elliptical, of the caudal face but little more than half that size and ovoid in form. Median tibiae slightly surpassing the femora in length, but faintly larger in proximal half than in distal half. Caudal femora subequal to the tegmina in length, modera