fi j= (DO- m -D r=\ D a r={ CD m a SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA. MANUAL OP // STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. BY GEORGE W, TRYON, JR. CONTINUATION BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Vol. XI. AMERICAN BULIMULID^ : BULIMULUS, NEOPETR^US, OXYCHONA, AND SOUTH AMERICAN DRYM^US. PHILADELPHIA: Published by Concliological Section ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, OF PHILADELPHIA. 1897-8. >\ I Y CONTENTS. Family BULIMULID^K (continued). Genus Bulimulus Leach (continued), Subgenus Plectostylus Beck, . Subgenus Scutalus Albers, . Subgenus Buliraulus, s. str., . Subgenus Rhiuus Albers, . Subgenus Hyperaulax Pilsbry, * * Subgenus Protoglyptus Pilsbry, . Subgenus Nsesiotus Albers, ... Subgenus Orthotomium Crosse .). PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 185. MORELET, Ser. Conch., iii, p. 174. B. tupacii (in part) REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 15, f. 86a, 86c. Bulinus tliamnoicus SOWB., Conch. Illustr., pi. 139, f. 70. B. tupacii has the spire longer than this species, and the aperture is less than half the length of the shell, while in thamnoicus it is slightly or decidedly more than half the length. B. alauda is more elongated, less roughly striate, and has numerous interrupted spiral bands. B. revinctus is a smaller and much more obese shell, with different apical sculpture. D'Orbigny regarded the light colored form, such as that figured on pi. 30, fig. 9, as typical. The intergradation of these with dark forms (pi. 2, fig. 21) is complete. B. PLUTO (Crosse). PI. 2, figs. 24, 25. Shell with partly covered umbilicus, oval-oblong, quite thick, solid, grooved by longitudinal riblets and covered with a thin yel- lowish-fawn cuticle. Color livid fleshy- white with numerous small darker bands of chestnut-brown, of unequal sizes, and some spaced whitish rnaculations, neither numerous nor conspicuous. Spire conic, the apex rather obtuse. Suture quite irregular, whitish and crenu- BULIMULUS-SCUTALUS. 21 lated. Whorls, 7, quite convex, the two embryonic whorls smooth and polished, whitish ; last whorl a little shorter than the spire. Aperture oval, livid white inside ; peristome thick, reflexed and white ; margins joined by a thin parietal callus ; the columellar margin nearly straight, strongly dilated and covering in part the umbilical perforation ; basal margin wide, outer margin narrowing toward its upper insertion. Alt. 51, diam. 25 mill. ; alt. of aperture 24, width with peristome 17 mill. (Crosse). Peru. Bulimus pluto CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xvii, 1869, p. 422 ; ]871, p. 62, pi. 2, f. 4. Seems to be most nearly allied to B. tupacii Orb. B. PETITI (Pfeiffer). PI. 4, fig. 54. Shell perforate, ovate-conic, rather solid, longitudinally rugose- striate, very obsoletely subdecussated with irregular concentric striae ; brown. Spire conic, the apex obtuse, pale, suture crenulated, white-edged. Whorls 6, rather flat, the last a little longer than the spire. Columella lightly arcuate. Aperture acute-oval, somewhat shining and livid inside; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin acute, columellar margin dilated, white, reflexed and free. Alt. 36, diam. 16 mill; aperture 19 mill, long, 11 wide. (Pfr.). Peru (Mus. Cuming). Bulimus petiti PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 31 ; Monogr., ii, p. 185. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 37, f. 222. B. PURPURATUS (Reeve). PL 4, fig. 57. Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, solid, thick, corrugated ; purple- brown, with whitish streaks and spots. Spire conic, rather acute. Whorls 6?, nearly flat, plicate-crenate at the impressed suture, the last whorl a little shorter than the spire, rotund at base. Aperture nearly vertical, oval, white inside; peristome unexpanded, some- what thickened within, the columellar margin much dilated, vaulted, reflexed. Alt. 36, diam. 16 mill.; aperture 18 mill, long, 9 wide. Andes of Catamarca, Peru (W. Lobb). Bulimus purpuratus REEVE, P. Z. S., 1849, p. 98 ; Conch. Icon., pi. 71, f. 517. PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 417. B. WEDDELLI (Hupe). PI. 3, figs. 32, 33 ; pi. 8, figs. 23, 24. Shell oblong acuminate, sub ventricose ; ashy irregularly banded with somewhat squarish brown spots, here and there blotched with 22 BULIMULUS-SCUTALUS. white ; whorls 6, somewhat convex, rugulose-striate, crenulated at the sutures. Aperture ovate, the peristome simple and acute ; colu- mella twisted, inner lip dilated, covering the umbilicus. Alt. 40, diam. 17 mill. (Hupe~). Environs of Lake Titicaca (Weddell). Bulimus weddellii HUPE, in Castelnau Exped., p. 45, pi. 7, f. 5, 5a (1857). MORELET, Ser. Conch., iii, p. 179, pi. 10, f. 2. PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 114. Morelet, whose remarks we quote below, enumerates three forms of this species: a. Buff, variegated and interruptedly banded with purple-brown. b. Purple-brown, variegated and blotched with buff. c. Shell larger, more solid, ventricose, more distinctly granose- striate. The coloration of this Bulimus is very variable. It consists of irregular spots of a reddish-brown sometimes scattered at random, sometimes distributed in spiral series, on a ground of pale yellow. The relation of ground-color to marking may be reversed, as is often the case in the coloration of shells; the marbling becoming yellow, the background reddish-brown. When this is the case the two colors almost always gain in intensity. In Mr. Angrand's collection there are specimens of a very deep reddish- brown variegated with quite bright yellow. The third variety is more solid and obese than the type, with the spire shorter and the granulose striation more pronounced. It ap- proaches B.purpuratus Rve., but differs in the narrower umbilicus, less dilated columellar margin, and the very perceptible granulation of the surface. As the specimen is unique I think it better to unite it to weddelli than to elevate it to specific rank. It is from Aban- cay, a region equally favorable in temperature to the cultivation of wheat, maize and cane. The other specimens were collected at a decidedly greater elevation, around Titicaca, by M. de Castelnau, and by M. Augrand, at Sorai, a cold place but sheltered, the Alpine vegetation beginning to be succeeded by ligneous plants (3,500 meters). B. NEMORENSIS (' Philippi ' Pfr.). PL 4, figs. 52, 53. Shell perforate, ovate-conic, rather solid, longitudinally closely striate and irregularly decussated by impressed transverse lines ; dull buff, variegated with streaks and spots of brown. Spire conic, BULIMULUS-SCUTALUS. 23 rather acute ; sutures moderate, crenulated. Whorls 6*, the em- bryonic smooth and corneous, the rest slightly convex, the last whorl a little shorter than the spire, at base somewhat attenuated, rotund. Aperture little oblique, angulate-oval, with a rather pearly luster inside ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin white, shining, dilated above, vaultingly reflexed. Alt. 29*, diam. 13 mill.; aperture 14 mill, long, 8 wide. (Pfr.~). Between Ayapata and Ollachea, Prov. Puno, southeast Peru. Bulimus nemorensis Phil., PFR., Malak. Bl., xiv, 1867, p. 78 ; Novit. Conch., p. 345, pi. 81, f. 15, 16 ; Monogr., vi, p. 142. Similar to B. eotopaxiensis Pfr. B. ANGRANDI (Morelet). PI. 2, fig. 26. Shell profoundly rimate, quite thick, oblong pyramidal, solid, rugose-striate ; whitish flesh colored, clouded with close spiral lines and purple-red spots. Spire turrited. Suture white-edged, denticu- late. Whorls 8, slightly convex, the last slightly ascending, nearly three- sevenths the shell's length. Columella white, deeply plicate. Aperture slightly oblique, oval, whitish inside ; peristome simple, the right margin acute, unexpanded ; columellar margin dilated. Alt. 51, diam. 19 mill. (Morel.). Huancabelica, Peru, 3,752 meters alt. (Angrand). Bulimus angrandi MOREL., Jo urn. de Conchyl., viii, 1860, p. 372 ; Ser. Conch., iii, p. 173, pi. 9, f. 3. PFR., Monogr., vi, 133. The entire surface of the shell is covered with irregular and super- ficial striae, which enlarge little by little with the growth of the shell. Besides these, the lens shows other excessively fine, wavy strise in the opposite direction, and effaced on the last whorl of the spire. The color of this Bulimus offers much analogy with B. tham- noieus var.marmorata \_B. alauda] ; on a ground of flesh tint, tinged visibly with fawn, there is a pattern of a multitude of transverse short lines of a reddish or purplish color, sometimes united into con- tinuous zones, sometimes producing by their irregular disposition an agreeable dappled effect. (Morel.). B. ALAUDA (Hupe). PI. 2, figs. 16, 17, 18, 19. Shell narrowly umbilicate, ovate-oblong, rather solid ; ashy-white with many spiral bands composed of brown dots and spots. Surface smoothish, with growth-wrinkles which are rather inconspicuous except toward the sutures, and obsoletely decussated in places, espe- 24 BULIMULUS-SCUTALUS. cially above ; the apical whorls densely wrinkle-punctate. Spire acutely conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6 to 6*, moderately convex, the sutures impressed and finely crenulated, white-edged below. Aperture about half the total length, hardly oblique, white and dotted within ; outer lip simple, unexpanded ; columella with a weakly convex entering fold, the columellar margin reflexed above. Alt. 4H, diam. 22; alt. of aperture 2U mill. Peruvian plateau (Castelnau) ; Environs of Chuquisaca, prov. Chuquisaca, Bolivia, in gardens (Orb.). Bulimus thamnoicus var. D. marmorata D'ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 291, pi. 37, f. 9. Bulimus thamnoicus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 94. Bulinus thamnoicus var. SOWB., Conch. Illustr., f. 71. Bulimus alauda HUPE in Castelnau, Anim. nouv. ou rares Exped. 1'Amer. du Sud, Moll., p. 39, pi. 7, f. 3 (1857). PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 122. The color-pattern seems to constantly separate this species from thamnoicus, and it is less obese than revinctus. B. punctulifer has different apical sculpture, and inhabits a region very different in physical features. B. NUCINUS (Reeve). PI. 9, figs. 35, 36. Shell slightly perforated, ovate-conic, solid, most minutely granu- lated ; whitish, irregularly painted with arcuate brown lines. Spire convex-conic, acute. Whorls 5$, a little convex, the last a little shorter than the spire, rotund at base. Columella somewhat straight- ened, slightly receding. Aperture subvertical, oval-oblong ; peris- tome thick, unexpanded, the right margin lightly arcuate, columel- lar margin dilated above, reflexed, convex, subappressed. Alt. 37, diam. 17J mill.; aperture 17 mill, long, 8 wide. (P/V.). Habitat unknown. Bulimus nucinus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 85, f. 629. PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 408. Streaked like a Plectostylus, but solid, with thick lip. Habitat and affinities unknown. Group of B. culmineus. Andean species of Peru and Bolivia, with the shell smaller than in the preceding group, generally with spiral sculpture very weak or BULIMULUS-SCUTALUS. 25 lacking, striation not conspicuous ; obliquely streaked or with inter- rupted spiral bands. B. CULMINEUS (d'Orbigny). PI. 5, figs. 74-78 ; pi. 8, figs. 30-32. Shell narrowly perforate, ovate-conic, rather solid, whitish or light brown with numerous narrow oblique brown streaks. Surface irregularly wrinkle-striate, rather obsoletely decussated by spiral lines. Spire conic, apex obtuse. Whorls about 6, moderately con- vex ; sutures well impressed. Aperture somewhat less than half the shell's length, ovate ; outer lip simple, columellar lip dilated above, columella concave or faintly convex above. Alt. 32, diam. 15 mill. Alt. 25, diam. 13 mill. Bolivia ; Islands in Lake Titicaca, and on surrounding mountains ; and to the south, the mountains of prov. Carangas, especially the Pu- cara Mts., 5 leagues from Tot or a ; always at an elevation of 3,800- 5,000 meters (d'Orbiguy) ; La Paz (Stiibel) ; Peru, at Huancabelica, 2,000-2,200 meters alt. ; Andahuaylas (Angrand). Inhabits from the snow-line to the temperate zone. Helix culminea D'ORB., Rev. Zool., 1835, p. 13. Bulimus cul- mineus D'ORB., Voy. Amer. Merid., p. 288, pi. 33, f. 8, 9. PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 221 ; vi, 143 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 235, pi. 63, f. 1. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 54, f. 360. MORELET, Ser. Conch., iii, p. 178, pi. 8, f. 4. HUPE, in Castelnau Exped., p. 48, pi. 8, f. 4. Bulinus culmineus SOWB., Conch. Illustr., f. 86. MARTENS, Conch. Mittheil., pp. 162, 206, pi. 36, f. 10-12 (dentition and jaw). Buli- mus jussieui (" VAL. in Mus. Paris ") PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 33 ; Monogr., ii, p. 186. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 39, f. 242, not of Valenciennes. The following color-forms occ.ur : a. Shell whitish. b. Buff, unicolored or streaked with corneous. . c. Chestnut-brown, unicolored or streaked with buff. Both around Lake Titicaca and at La Paz, Bolivia, Stiibel found the slender, light colored form, and the stouter brownish yellow shells, living together. My observation on this species are confined to moderate sized specimens of typical coloring. Morelet's notes on those collected by M. Angrand indicate a wide variability in the species. He 26 BULIMULUS-SCUTALUS. agrees with PfeifFer in considering B.jussieui a variety of culmineus, and further comments substantially as follows : that this species is extremely variable is not astonishing, when we consider that it ranges over a considerable extent of country, from the temperate regions to an elevation of 5,000 meters, where reigns almost perpet- ual frost. Various modifications ensue, which, while not altering the essential characters of the species, yet would lead to erroneous conclusions if only the extreme forms of the series are compared. The size notably varies, as well as the length of the spire and the comparative diameter of .the last whorl. It is the same with the coloration, which, from a gray-white passes gradually to pale yellow,, thence to a pure ochre yellow ; and, in turn, this color gives place to a dark brown, through intermediate shades of reddish-fawn. All these modifications are connected by insensible transition stages, no sharp limits being assignable. According to M. d'Orbigny, B. culmineus is one of the species which live at the greatest heights, peopling the Andean plateau proper, descending from Desaguadero to Andahuaylas, into a tem- perate region where the vine flourishes. The grayish or uncolored examples are from the high country toward and in Bolivia ; the yellow form was collected at Huancabelica, at an elevation of 2,000 to 2,200 meters 500 meters higher than the peak of Teneriffe. B. SUBJUSSIEUI Pilsbry, n. n. PL 5, figs. 59, 60. Shell ovate-conic, irregularly decussate-granular by rude striae cut by fine spirals, subconic ; ornamented with spiral brown bands, sometimes streaked ; spire conic, subinflated ; whorls 6, rather con- vex, the last as long as the spire. Aperture ovate, the peristome simple, acute ; columella arcuate, dilated above and reflexed over the small, pervious, elongated umbilicus. Alt. 30, diam. 15 mill. Province of Cuzco, Peru. Bulimus jussieui (Valenciennes in Coll. Mus. Paris) HUPE, in Castelnau, Exped., p. 48, pi. 7, f. 4, 4a (1857). B.jussieui Hupe, PFR., Malak. Bl., vi, 1859, p. 47 ; Monogr., vi, 127. Not B.jussi- eui Pfr., 1846=5. culmineus. Conf. also PFR., Malak. BL, 1858, p. 165. More ventricose than B. culmineus, with shorter spire, and banded like some specimens of B. revinctus, which, however, is a still shorter shell. Further investigation is needed to show the re- lation of this form to B. culmineua. It seems specifically distinct,. BULIMULUS-SCUTALUS. 27 as claimed by Hupe, and admitted by Pfeiffer, who states that Hupe's shell is different from the j iissieui of his previous description (which is figured by Reeve), and which came to Cuming's collection from the Paris Museum. It is not certain whether Hupe's jussieui is that of Valenciennes or not. Hupe's localities are frequently open to suspicion, doubtless owing to careless labelling on the part of the collectors who went to South America with Count Castelnau. B. PENTLANDI (Reeve). PI. 9, fig. 34. Shell acuminately ovate, rather inflated at the base, scarcely um- bilicated ; whorls 6 in number, irregularly rudely striated, colu- mella reflected. Aperture orbicularly ovate, lip simple. Dull olive, covered with an epidermis, (five.). Alt. 22 J, diam. 12 mill, (measurements of figure). Mountains in the vicinity of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia (Pentland). Bulimus pent landi RVE., Conch. Icon., pi. 83, f. 614 (Dec., 1849). PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 436. B. EDWARDSI (Morelet). PI. 7, figs. 11, 12, 13. Shell perforate, oblong-conic, rather solid, whitish or buff, uni- colored, variegated by narrow longitudinal brown streaks, or with five chestnut or purple-brown spiral bands. Surface coarsely irreg- ularly wrinkle-striate, more or less decussated in places by spiral lines cutting the wrinkles into grannies ; the apical whorls densely pitted. Spire long, convex-conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6 to 6J, moderately convex, the sutures impressed lightly above, deeper be- low. Aperture decidedly less than half the shell's alt., ovate, white or banded inside ; outer lip not expanded, somewhat thickened within ; columellar lip flatly dilated above, the columella with a slightly convex fold. Alt. 32, diam. 14 ; alt. of aperture 13? mill. Alt. 33, diam. 15J ; alt. of aperture 14J mill. Alt. 29, diam. 12 ; alt. of aperture 13 mill. (Morel.). Alt. 26, diam. 12% ; alt. of aperture 12 mill. Peru, in the Paucara chain; Huancabelica ; valley of Huanta, (An grand) ; Puno, L. Titicaca (A. Agassi z). Bulimus edwardd MOREL., Series Conch., iii, p. 182, pi. 9, f. 1. PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 135. Bulimulus edwardsi W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Bci. Phila., 1876, p. 191, and Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 124, pi. 11, f. K (dentition and jaw). 28 BULIMULUS-SCUTALUS. This species is more elongated than B. cequatoriux Pfr., with smaller aperture. It is quite variable in degree of elongation and in coloration, besides the five-banded form specimens occur of a uni- form reddish tint, and others are buff with inconspicuous, narrow brown streaks. Morelet describes a variety from Huanta which is smaller, alt. 24, diam. 11 mill., buff, with five bands, the shell thin- ner. Some small, thin, bandless examples are also before me. The dentition is normal for Bulimulus. B. BADIUS (Sowerby). PI. 4, fig. 49. Shell perforate, ovate-acute, rather solid, rugulose-striate ; tawny, variegated with rufous interrupted bands and series of dots. Spire conic, acute ; whorls 5J, somewhat convex, the last about three- fifths the entire alt. Columella nearly straight. Aperture oval, whitish inside; peristome simple, acute, the columellar margin dilated, vaulted, reflexed, half covering the perforation. Alt. 26, diam. 13J mill. ; aperture 15 mill, long, 8 wide. (P/K)- Prov\ Xagua, Peru (Matthews) ; Tarma (Jelski). Bulinus badius SOWB., P. Z. S., 1834, p. 141. Bulimus badius PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 189. KEEVE, C. Icon., pi. 39, f. 235. LUB- OMIRSKI, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 724. ? Bulimus polymorphus var. A. ORB., Voy., p. 289, pi. 41, f. 1, 2. The ventricose variety of d'Orbigny's B. polymorphus may prove to be a badius, as Pfeiffer holds. It is figured on pi. 4, f. 48. B. POLYMORPHUS (d'Orbigny). PI. 5, figs. 46, 47. Shell oval or oblong, thick, substriate, subumbilicated. Gray- white, with four interrupted purple-brown zones ; spire subconic, the apex obtuse; suture crenulated, nearly flat. Aperture oval; lip thickened, whitish. Alt. 25, diam. 10 mill. (Orb.). On the coast?, Peru (Fontaine). Helix poly morpha D'ORB., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 20. Bulimus polymorphus D'ORB., Voy., p. 289, pi. 41, f. 3, 4, 5. The ventricose form mentioned and figured by d'Orbigny is probably referable to B. badius. See pi. 4, f. 48. B. PROMETHUS (Crosse). PL 4, figs. 55, 56. Shell perforate, oblong-acute, rather thin, rugose-striate, dull rose-white, encircled by interrupted chestnut bands. Spire conic, the apex somewhat obtuse ; suture irregularly impressed, dentate. Whorls 6, slightly convex, the embryonal 1 J smooth, rose-whitish, BULIMULUS-SCUTALUS. 29 the succeeding 1J roseate, unicolored, aDtepenultimate and penulti- mate whorls with two interrupted chestnut bands ; the last whorl about as long as spire (17 : 18), interruptedly four-banded. Aperture oblong-ovate, livid whitish inside ; peristome white, the columellar margin nearly straight, dilated, nearly covering the perforation, basal and outer margins somewhat thickened, not re- flexed. Alt. 35, diam. 17 mill. ; aperture 17 mill, long, 9 wide. (Crosse). Peru. B u limits promet hus CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., 1869, p. 423 ; 1871,, p. 63, pi. 2, f. 3. This species seems to be allied to B. polymorphic Orb. B. FERRUGINEUS (Reeve). PL 9, fig. 37. Shell perforate, ovate-conic, a little solid, rather smooth, striatu- late ; white, ornamented with irregular rufous streaks and 3 or 4 interrupted basal bands. Spire conic, acute; whorls 6i, a little convex, the last rounded, slightly shorter than the spire ; columella very slightly arcuate. Aperture little oblique, oval ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin arcuate, columellar margin vaultingly reflexed above, spreading. Alt. 19, diam. 9 mill. ; aper- ture 9J mill, long, 6 wide. (Pfr^. Peru (Cuming Coll.). Bulimus ferrugineus RVE., Conch. Icon., pi. 62, f. 424. PFR.,, Monogr., iii, p. 416. B. PERISTOMATUS (Doering). Unfigured. Shell perforated, ovate-oblong, subfusiform, rather thin, densely and irregularly rugose-striate, dull whitish. Spire oblong- conic, suture frequently subcrenulate-margined. Whorls 6, slightly con- vex, the first rugulose-striate, brownish, the last longer than the spire, effuse in front. Columella obsoletely folded. Aperture sub- vertical, ovate, yellow inside, shining ; peristome simple, expanded throughout, the basal margin arcuate, columellar margin dilated, terminations converging, joined by a thin callus. Alt. 27-29, diam. 11-13J mill. ; aperture, alt. 15-16, width 9-10 mill. (Doer.). Sierra de Poeho, Argentina. Scutalus peristomatus DOER., Bol. Acad. Nac. Cien. Rep. Argent., iii, p. 66 (1879). Smaller than B. stelzneri, oblong, the peristome expanded throughout and with converging terminations. Jaw with 8-10 rib- lets. 30 BULIMULUS-SCUTALUS. Group of B. cequatorius. A group of the Ecuador Andes, characterized by the narrow or imperforate umbilicus, etc. B. CEQUATORIUS (Pfeiffer). PL 7, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Shell oblong-ovate, narrowly umbilicate, solid, whitish or light brownish-yellow, with indistinct white vertical streaks, encircled with three purple-brown bands, the middle one often narrower, all generally more or less interrupted and usually not sharply defined, sometimes obsolete. Surface lusterless or somewhat shining, irreg- ularly wrinkle-striate, sometimes obsoletely decussated above. Ap- ical whorls densely and minutely ivave-striate, sometimes appearing striate-pitted. Spire convex conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6, rather convex. Sutures impressed. Aperture half the length of shell, ovate, slightly oblique, banded, or white inside ; peristome simple, the outer lip not expanded, columellar lip quite broadly dilated above, columella with a convex entering fold. Alt. 34, diam. 17 mill. Alt. 32, diam. 16 mill. Alt. 26, diam. 13 mill. Ecuador: Mt. Chinchulagua and Chimborazo (Bourcier) ; Quito and environs (Paz, Orton, Boetzkes and others) ; La Mocha (Paz) ; Mululo, near Lacatunga, at the foot of Cotopaxi, 3059 meters alt. (Stiibel) ; Casha Loma; Mt. Pinchincha, near Quito (Cousin). Bulimus cequatorius PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p. 155 ; Mongraphia, iii, p. 420 ; viii, p. 170 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 101, pi. 33, f. 1-4. HI- DALGO, Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 59 ; Viaje al Pacif., p. 104. CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1871, p. 317. Scutalus cequatorius MILLER, Malak. BL, xxv, 1878, p. 193. Bulimulus (Scutalus) cequatorius MARTENS, Conch. Mittheil., p. 161. Thaumastus cequa- torius COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, xii, 1887, p. 222 (with vars. major, interrupta and immaculata, mentioned but not described). This species is quite variable. The bands are interrupted by white streaks into spots in some examples, in others being very ir- regularly interrupted at wide intervals, and rarely almost continu- ous. The body-whorl occasionally lacks bands, having a few oblique brown streaks or none ; the young are almost imperforate. The color-varieties seem to occur too indiscriminately to allow of varietal distinction in the five trays of this species before me. BULIMULUS-SCUTALUS. 31 B. OCHRACEUS (Morelet). PI. 5, fig. 58. Shell perforate, oblong-oval, rather solid, rudely subgranulose- striate, buff or brownish, unicolored, rarely obscurely banded. Spire conic, the apex obtuse. Suture pale-edged. Whorls 5, little con- vex, the last a little exceeding the spire, rotund at base. Columella obliquely receding, whitish. Aperture oval, white or reddish-brown inside ; peristome simple and unexpanded, the columellar margin dilated and vaultingly reflexed. Alt. 37 to 40, diam. 17 to 18 mill. {Morel.). Sorai and Salcantai, Peru (Angrand). Bulimus ochraceus MORELET., Series Conch., iii, p. 176, pi. 7, f. 6 (1863). PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 127. Not Bulimulus ochraceus BECK, Index Moll., p. 67 (a nude name). This species differs from its allies principally in the obtuse form of the apex, as well as in having the number of whorls reduced to 5 or sometimes 4J. With the exception of the first whorl of the spire, on which may be seen, under the lens, a sort of rudimentary granulation, the entire shell is covered with quite prominent, un- equal, close longitudinal strise, granulous in some places ; and with a sufficient magnification feeble concentric impressions are visible here and there, but no real transverse strise. The B. eotopaxiensis Pfr. is the nearest species, but may be dis- tinguished by one or other of the following characters : B. ochraceus is generally larger, with one whorl less ; the last whorl exceeds the spire iii length ; the columellar dilation is more pronounced, and finally the surface of the shell shows only rare, and as it were acci- dental granulations, instead of being the result of a regular decussa- tion of strise as in B. eotopaxiensis. (Morel.). B. COTOPAXIENSIS (Pfeiffer). PL 4, figs. 50, 51. Shell perforate, oblong-ovate, rather solid; striate and granulate- decussate by spiral lines, disappearing below the middle of the body whorl. White under a tawny-yellow, often brown-streaked or in- terruptedly banded, cuticle. Spire convex-conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 6, little convex, the last as long as the spire, ro- tund at base. Columella somewhat straightly receding. Aperture little oblique, oval, white inside, shining ; peristome simple, obtuse, unexpanded, the right margin lightly arcuate, columellar margin dilated, white, vaultingly reflexed. Alt. 34, diam. 16 mill. ; aper- ture 17 mill, long, 9 wide in the middle. 32 BULIMULUS-SCUTALUS. Cotopaxi, Ecuador ; variety at Mi. Cayembe (Bourcier) ; Anti- sana and Pichincha (Martinez) ; La Mocha (Paz), among stones ; Tumbaco, Cayembe (Boetzkes) : descent of Achupallas on the river Sii'la (Cousin). Bulimus cotopaxiensis PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p. 155. Conchy 1. Cab., p. 103, pi. 33, f. 9, 10 ; Monogr., iii, 419. HIDALGO, Viaje al Pacifico, p. 105. MARTENS, Conch. Mittheil., ii, p. 161. COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1887, p. 225. Scutalus cotopaxiensis MIL- LER, Mai. BL, xxv, p. 193. Variety (fig. 50). Spire elongated, closely marbled with brown, the spiral lines continuing to the base of last whorl. Alt. 35, diam t 15 mill. ; aperture 16 mill, long, 8 wide (Pfr.). Hidalgo observes that the lip-edge always has the same color as the epidermis. He questions its distinctness from B. subfasciatus Pfr., which differs only in being a little rougher, with narrow, ver- tical columella, and of slightly darker color. B. SUBFASCIATUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 8, fig. 33. Shell subperforate, oblong-ovate, rather solid, longitudinally ru- gose-striate and irregularly decussate-granulate, tawny, encircled by two or three obsolete brown bands. Spire convex- conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6, rather convex, the last as long as the spire, ro- tund at base. Columella vertical ; aperture subvertical, oblong, white within, shining ; peristome unexpanded, somewhat thickened, right margin spreading above, columellar margin dilated above, white, reflexed, almost adnate. Alt. 32, diam. 14 mill. ; aperture 16 mill, long, 9 wide. (P/r.). Mt. Antisana, Ecuador (Bourcier). Bulimus subfasciatus PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 408 (1853) ; P. Z. S., 1852, p. 60 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 105, pi. 33, f. 19. Conf. HIDALGO, Viaje al Pacif., p. 106. Hidalgo comments on the evident proximity of this species to B. cotopaxiensis Pfr., surmising the identity of the two. B. ANTHISANENSIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 4, figs. 41, 42. Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, rather solid, rugose-striate and granulate ; silky ; chestnut, marbled with tawny and buff. Spire conic, the apex rather acute. Whorl 6, nearly flat, the last equal to the spire in length, somewhat tapering toward the base. Colu- mella callous, rather straightly receding. Aperture subvertical, semioval, livid inside ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right BULIMULUS-SCUTALUS. 33 margin lightly arcuate, columellar margin callous and dilated above, adnate, white. Alt. 40, diam. 17 mill. ; aperture 21 mill, long, 10* wide. (Pfr.). Mt. Antisana, Ecuador, 14,000 ft. (Bourcier) ; Cerro del Altar, at JKiobamba, near the snow line, 4,200 meters alt. (Stiibel). Bulimus anthisanensis PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p. 155 ; Conchy 1. Cab., p. 104, pi. 33, f. 20, 21 ; Monogr., iii, p. 4Q6.Bulimulus (Scutalu**) antisanensis Pfr., ALB.-MART., Die Hel., p. 217. MAR- TENS, Conch. Mittheil., p. 161. Stiibel's specimens were dark green-brown, with small yellowish flecks, the dark color not so sharply confined to the lower half of the last whorl as in the figures. B. CALIGINOSTJS (Reeve). PI. 4, figs. 43, 44, 45. Shell submi perforate, oblong-ovate, rather solid, obliquely rudely striate, ashy or whitish, irregularly streaked with ferruginous brown. Spire conic, rather acute. Whorls 6, slightly convex, the last about as long as the spire, rotund at base. Aperture subvertical, oval ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin broadly re- flexed and appressed above. Alt. 36, diam. 16 mill. ; aperture 19 mill, long, 10 wide. (Pfr.'). Ecuador : Tunguragua and Chimborazo (Bourcier) ; Cerro del Altar, near Riobamba, near the snow line, 4,200 meters alt., and Pitana in the eastern Cordillera of Quito, 3,600 meters (Stiibel) ; Casha Loma, near and above Chillogalo (Cousin). Bulimus caliginosus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi .82, f. 609 (1849). PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 103, pi. 33, f. 13-16 ; Monogr., iii, p. 407 ; viii, p. 145. HIDALGO, Journ., de Conch., 1870, p. 59. Tliaumas- tus caliginosus COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., xii, 1887, p. 223. JBu- limulus (Scutalus*) caliginosus MARTENS, Conch. Mittheil., pp. 161, 204 (dentition). Specimens collected by Stiibel at Cerro del Altar are yellowish- brown, streaked, 38 mill, long, 19 broad, aperture 19 mill. high. Those from Pitana are somewhat wider, dark-purple, the suture and base yellowish, 31 mill, long, 17 wide, aperture 16 mill. high. (Martens). B. COUSINI (Jousseaume). PI. 5, fig. 61. Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, rather solid, very delicately striated, brown, somewhat shining ; spire conic ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last ventricose, one-half the length of the shell. Aperture sub- 3 34 BULIMULUS-3CUTALUS. oval, livid and shining within ; peristome whitish-rose, simple ; the margins joined by a callus, right margin slightly thickened, colu- mellar margin dilated. Alt. 41, diam. 23 mill. ; aperture 24 mill. long, 13 wide. (Jouss.). Concha, Ecuador (Cousin). RJiabdotus cousini Jouss., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xii, p. 167, pi. 3, f. 18 (1887). B. IRREGULARIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 5, fig. 71. Shell umbilicated, ovate-oblong, rather solid, roughened by close longitudinal folds ; flesh colored, somewhat streaked with brownish ; spire conic, rather acute, the apex reddish. Whorls 6, slightly con- vex, the last slightly shorter than the spire, subangularly com- pressed around the narrow, impervious umbilicus. Columella lightly arcuate. Aperture elliptical, subangular at the base; peri- stome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin reflexed at base and dilated above. Alt. 19, diam. 9 mill. ; aperture 10 mill. long. Quito, Ecuador (de Lattre) ; Imbabura, Tumbaco, Mt. St. An- tonio, Calacali, hill of Guallabumbo near Turu, and Riobamba (Cousin) ; Salinas Ibarre, Prov. Imbabura, 1659 meters alt. (Stiibel). Bulimus irregularis PFR., P. Z. S., 1847, p. 231 ; Monogr., ii, p. 183. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 65, f. 454. Bulimulus (Scutalus') irregularis (including B. catlowce) MARTENS, Conch. Mittheil., p. 162. Scutalus irregularis MILLER, Malak, Bl., xxv, 1878, p. 194. Thaumastus irregularis COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1887, p. 225. This form is somewhat more slender than B. catlowice, with smaller umbilicus, but does not seem to present any other differences. Von Martens unites them. The shells recorded by Hidalgo in Journ. de Conch., 1870, p. 63, as B. irregularis, from Ibarra and Otavalo, Ecuador, were after- ward decided by him to be B. quitensis Pfr. ; but irregularis and catlowice are apparently not specifically separable from the prior B. quitensis. VAR. CATLOWMS (Pfeiffer). PI. 5, figs. 67, 68, 69, 70. Shell narrowly umbilicate, oblong, ovate or conic, rather thin ; closely and irregularly wrinkle-striate, lacking spiral strise. Vary- ing from flesh-colored to dark purplish-brown, with lighter lines and streaks. Spire conic, the apex rather small, ruddy or pale, BULIMULUS, TYPICAL. 35 earlier 2 whorls vertically, closely and minutely lineolate-punctate. Whorls 6 to 7, moderately convex. Aperture ochre-brown to deep purple-brown inside, about half the shell's length or slightly less ; peristome thin and unexpanded, the columellar margin dilated above. Alt. 25, diam. 12* mill. Alt. 2H, diam. 11 mill. Quito (Bourcier) ; Ambato (Paz) ; Pillar "0 (Martinez) ; Ecuador. Bulimus catlowice PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p. 154 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 101, pi. 33, f. 5, 6 ; Monogr., iii, p. 427. HIDALGO, Viaje al Pacif- ico, p. 128, pl-7> % s - 9, 10. B. catlowce of some authors. Bulimus catlovice and B.irregularis (Pillaro specimens) HIDALGO, Journ. de Conch., 1870, p. 63 ; compare J. de C., 1875, p. 128. Scutalus cat- lowice MILLER, Malak. Bl., xxv, p. 194. This form, with B. irregularis, are probably varieties of B. qui- tensis Pfr., which I have placed in Lissoacme, not knowing the api- ical characters (see vol. x, p. 158). Subgenus BULIMULUS Leach. Bulimulus LEACH, Zool. Misc. i, p. 41 (1815). Leptomerus AL- BERS, Die Hel. p. 166 (1850). ALB. MART., Die Hel. p. 222, type B. linnceoides Fer. Bulimuli of ovate or oblong contour, perforated, uniform brown or corneous, or rarely with a few spiral bands ; aperture ovate, the outer lip simple or but slightly expanded, thin or thickened within. Apical whorls delicately rugulose. Type B. exilis Gmel. Distribution, tropical America, extending South in eastern South America to Argentina. It is practically impossible to draw a line between typical Bull- mulus and Leptomerus. B. exilis, type of the former group, varies from quite solid and thick forms to others of thin substance, and from banded to one-colored specimens ; and as the sole differential character of Leptomerus is the delicacy of its monochromatic shell, it is readily seen, when any large series of the Antillean species is examined, that this supposed distinction is artificial and impracti- cable. In some of the thinner species, such as most of those of Central and South America, the apical sculpture is shallow and faint, re- quiring a strong lens and well preserved specimens. As the apices of many of the Argentine Bulimuli are unknown, it is not unlikely 36 BULJMULUS-ANTILLEAN. that some species placed in Lissoacme may really belong to the re- stricted subgenus Bulimulus. (Conf. Man. Couch. X, pp. 187-194). The species of this subgenus are among the most difficult Buli- muli to distinguish, being founded in most cases on slight and in- conspicuous differences. It will readily be understood that too much reliance should not be placed upon the "keys" I have attempted to make. They merely offer suggestions. Antillean Species. With the exception of B. sepulcralis, which is most nearly allied to Central American forms, the Antillean species form a moderately homogenous group, having the apical sculpture more distinct than in continental forms. a. Shell rather solid or thick. b. Often banded ; smoothish ; alt. 20-25 mill. exilis. bb. Opaque reddish brown or olivaceous, with puckered strise ; lip thickened within ; alt. 27-30 mill, nichollsi. bbb. Fossil; with low growth wrinkles, riisei. bbbb. Opaque whitish ; coarsely plicate, lehmanni. aa. Shell thin, more or less translucent, often with cuticular spirals. b. Aperture and diameter one-half the length of shell or more. c. Edge of lip very narrowly expanded ; whorls about 5. d. Brown with light peripheral girdle ; per- iphery subangular in front ; surface with spiral cuticular line, semicinctus. del. Brown with whitish dots, Iherminieri. cc. Lip-edge not expanded. d. Alt. 14-15 mill. houelmontensis, dd. Alt. 20-21 mill. barbadensis. bb. Aperture less than half the alt. of shell. c. Peristome narrowly expanded ; whorls 7-8 ; no spiral sculpture (?). limnoides, chrysalis, martinicensis. cc. Peristome unexpanded, sharp. d. Aperture about i alt. ; alt. 19, diam. 7 mill. mazei. dd. Aperture nearly J alt.; cuticular spirals present, fraterculus diaphanus. BULJMULUS-ANTILLEAN. 37 aaa. Shell thin, corneous, smooth, without spiral strke, the apical sculpture subobsolete; whorls well rounded; aperture under half the alt. sepulcralis. B. EXILIS (Grnelin). PL 9, figs. 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67. Shell very narrowly perforate, narrowly oblong, varying from thin to quite solid ; various in color, being (typical) soiled white or yellowish with three dark brown bands, the upper and lower wide, suture white margined, or (form acutus Leach) with a single narrow peripheral band, or (form albus Sowb.) unicolored yellowish or whitish, or (form obscurus} brown or purple-brown, unicolored except for a light sutural line. Surface lusterless, almost smooth, the growth-lines faintly indicated, and some specimens showing fine and faint spiral striation. Spire high-conic with slightly convex outlines, the apex obtuse, earlier If whorls densely and finely zigzag striolate; whorls about 6J, a trifle convex, the last a little deflexed in front. Aperture varying from nearly half to less than a third the total alt. of shell, somewhat oblique, ovate; white, purple-brown or banded within ; peristome more strongly arcuate above, slightly or very heavily calloused within ; columella nearly straight, its edge well reflexed ; parietal callus generally slight. Alt. 20, diam. 9 mill. ; alt. of aperture 9 mill. Alt. 27, diam. 11 mill. ; alt. of aperture 11*2 mill. Alt. 23'5, diam. 8'5 mill.; alt. of aperture 8'6 mill. Caribbees, from Barbados and Martinique to the Virgin /*., and west to Haiti. Barbados (Parkinson, Feilden, Rush) ; Martinique (Maze) ; Dominica (Guppy, A. D. Brown, Ramage, Angas, Sharp, Verrill) ; Ouadelupe (Cochrane, de Badier, Maze, Sharp, Beau), with Grande Terre (Sharp), Saintes, Desirade and Marie Galante (Maze) ; Montserrat (Rawson) ; Antigua (Hamilton) ; St. Bartholo- mew (Cleve) ; St. Christopher or St. Kitts (Hamilton, Rush) ; Bar- buda (according to Pfr.) ; St. Martin (Bland, Maze); Tortola ; St. Thomas (Bland, Salle, Schramm, ' Challenger ' Rush) ; Vieque (Riise, Swift) ; Porto Rico (Swift, Krug), at Jabacoa (Sintensis) ; Haiti at Cape Haitien (Rolle), Aux Cayes (Swift, Salle). Colonized: Jamaica at Castleton not far from the botanic gardens, abundant (Roper). Doubtful localities : St. Vincent (Guilding, according to Pfr.) ; Cayenne (Eyries). 38 BULIMULUS-ANTILLEAN. Helix exilis GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3668. Bulimus exilis DESH. in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 232. KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 52, pi. 10, f. 14, 15. PFR, Monogr., ii, p. 223 ; iii, 433 ; iv, 498 ; vi, 145; Conchyl. Cab., p. 52, pi. 63, f. 15-1 8. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 46, f. 292. BLAND, in Adams' Contrib. to Conch., no. 11, p. 219; Ann. Lye. N. Y., vii, pp. 351-360 ; and xi, p. 200. A. D. BROWN, Amer. Nat., xv, 1881, p. 56. ROPER, Nautilus, ix, p. 14. GUPPY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), i, p. 431. ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 596. SHARP, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. 1890, p. 148; Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), vi, p. 124. Bulimulus exilis Gm., MAZE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1874, p. 164; 1883, p. 17, 43, 48; 1890, p. 24. CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1891, p. 129. MARTENS, Jahrb. d. M. Ges., iv, 1877, p. 351 ; Nachrbl. d. M. Ges., 1891, p. 132. E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1884, p. 277 ; Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), ii, 1888, p. 231 ; Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, p. 305. PILSBRY, Trans. Conn. Acad., viii, 357. Bulimus guadalupensis BRUG., Encycl. Meth., i, p. 313 (1792).- LAM., An. s. Vert., vi, (2d pt.), p. 123. DESH. in Lam. edit. 2, viii, p. 232. GUERIN, Iconogr. du Regne Anim., Moll., pi. 6, f. 11.- Helix (Cochlogena) guadalupensis Brug., FER., Tabl. Syst., p. 54, no. 394. H. guadeloupensis WOOD, Index Test., p. 174, pi. 35, f. 157 a, 158*. DILLWYN, Descr. Catal.,ii, p. 957. Bulimus guadaloupensis REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 46, f. 294a, b. Bulimulus gouadaloupensis Brug., BECK, Index Moll., p. 66. Bulimulus guadalupensis FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl., 1872, p. 293 (jaw and teeth) , Etudes Moll. Terr, et Fluv. Mex, p. 470, pi. 19, f. 13 (jaw), 14, 15 (teeth), 16 (genitalia). SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., Landmoll., iii, p. 154, pi. 17, f. 14 (anatomy). Bulini guadaloupensis var. alba Sows, in Zool. Beechey's Voy., p. 144, pi. 38, f. 13 (1839). Helix dentrita (at least in part), MONTAGU, Test. Brit., p. 385. Bulimulus acutus LEACH, Zool. Miscellany, i, p. 41, pi. 18, lower figs. (1815). Bulimulus trifasciatus LEACH, t. c., p. 42, pi. 18, upper figs.- SOWB., Conchol. Manual, p. 14, fig. 283. Bulimus rubrifasciatus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 44, f. 277. Bulimulus simplex BECK, Index, p. 66. ? Bulimulus antiguensis Guilding, SWAINSON, Malacology, p. 335. Gmelin's typical exilis was the ordinary form with three bands, later called trifasciatus by Leach and rubrifasciatus by Reeve. B. guadalupensis Brug. was founded on specimens with the lip much BULIMULUS-ANTILLEAN. 39 thickened within, a common character in Guadelupe shells. B. acutus Leach and simplex Beck were based on shells with a peripheral dark line on a light ground. Gmeliu correctly considered these various band forms as specifically identical ; and they cannot be said to constitute even varieties in the true sense. Probably all of the color combinations will be found wherever exilis occurs, although one or other usually predominates in each restricted station of the species. Thus out of 44 specimens from Barbados, 36 are yellow or whitish, bandless (mostly dark on the spire), and 8 are 3-banded. Of 27 Dominica shells, 10 are light and bandless, 6 are 3-banded; 7 are 1-banded ; and the rest are uniform dark shells. In a tray con- taining 79 shells from Guadelupe (Grande Terre), 65 are 1-banded, 10 bandless, 4 3-banded. Another tray from Guadelupe contains 7 3-banded, 4 1-banded and two dark and bandless examples. Similar variations of the proportions occur in the shells before me from St. Thomas, St. Kitts, Antigua, Tortola, St. Lucia, St. Martins, St. Barts, Vieque, Pto. Rico, Haiti. In form, some of the Haitian shells are slenderest, while very stout examples occur (with normal forms) in Dominica, Porto Rico and Barbados. Many Guadelupe specimens are extremely thick, and heavier than those from other localities; but no general rule can be deduced governing the form or solidity, which vary inde- pendent of the color- variation, and largely without regard to geo- graphic position. These variations are doubtless dependent upon the peculiarities of station, individuals inhabiting calcareous districts being heavier than those from volcanic tracts or those poor in lime. B. exilis has been reported from Cayenne (Eyries, see Drouet, Moll. Terr. Guyaue Francaise, p. 62), but no doubt erroneously. It is evident to anyone critically reviewing Drouet's French Guiana list, that lieutenant Eyries mixed shells from the French Antilles with his Guiana material, probably being unaware of the importance of geographic data. The continental localities for species known to be Antillean, incorporated into Pfeiffer's works from this source, must all be received with great reserve. There is nothing intrinsically improbable in the locality St. Vin- cent, but its confirmation is needed ; on the other hand, the occur- rence of the species on the South American main seems very doubt- ful. Var. EYRIESII (Drouet). PI. 12, figs. 52, 53 (type); 54-60. Shell perforate, elongate-acuminate, quite thin, somewhat translu- cent, lusterless, of a uniform gray-reddish shade. Smoothish, but 40 BULIMULUS-ANTILLEAN. very delicately striated spirally. Whorls 7 ; spire elevated and acute. Aperture slightly oblique, long-ovate, somewhat whitish within, less than half the length of shell ; peristome unexpanded, sharp and simple. Alt. 26, diam. 10-11, alt. of aperture 11, width 6 mill. (Drouet). Ilet-la-Mere, French Guiana, on tree trunks (Eyries) ; Guadelupe (Maze). Bulimus eyriesii DROUET, Essai sur les moll. terr. et fluv. de la Guyaue Francaise, p. 63, pi. 1, f. 12, 13 (1859). PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 147. Bulimulus eyriesii Dr., MAZE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1883, p. 17; J. de C., 1890, p. 24. Bulimulus f rater culus Fer., REEVE, Conch. Icon. pi. 63, f. 438. BLAND, Annals of the Lyceum, N. Y. vii, p. 351, etc. Bulimulus fraterculus Fer., SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), viii, 1891, p. 252 ; Journ. of Conch, viii, 1896, p. 241. Not B. fraterculus (Ferussac) P. & M. Under the above varietal name I place a very large series of shells before me, which agree in essential characters with the thinner and unicolored forms of B. exilis, and in fact offer every possible gradation with that species. Typically, var. eyriesii is a little more conoidal and wider below ; it is never banded, being whitish-corneous, light brown, or dark purplish-brown ; it is thinner than typical exilis, but varies in this respect. Faint, close epidermal spirals are present on fresh or unrubbed shells, and in a state of nature the surface carries considerable adherent soil in many cases. The last whorl is less swollen than in B. barbadensis. Specimens referable to this form are before me from Barbados, St. Lucia, Guadelupe, Nevis (fig. 60), St. Kitts, (figs. 58, 59), St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, (fig. 57), Antigua, Vieque and Porto Rico, (figs. 54, 55). It apparently inhabits Trinidad also, although I have seen no speci- mens from thence ; and if we may trust Drouet's information, Mre Island, off French Guiana. As M. Charles Eyries visited Martinique as well as Guiana, and mixed his shells, some little uncertainty may be felt in the localities given for his specimens. Maze reports B. eyriesii from " Basse- Terre, vanlieue, morne a Vaches " Guadelupe, and islet of Saint- Martin, Morne des Accords (Van Rijersma), alt. 310 meters, on tree trunks and under stones in the shade. B. NICHOLLSI (A. D. Brown). PI. 9, figs. 55, 56. Shell perforated, ovate-conic, solid and strong, reddish-brown or olivaceous, sometimes with a narrow light peripheral girdle, the BULIMULUS-ANTILLEAN. 41 earlier whorls denuded of cuticle and purplish-brown ; scarcely shin- ing ; striation irregular and rather sharp, more or less cut into spiral puckered zones by spaced spirals which cut merely the strise ; spire somewhat convexly conic, apex obtuse, criss-cross granulate, gener- ally eroded. Whorls 6i, slightly convex, the last convex. Aperture squarish-ovate, slightly oblique, flesh-colored inside, less than half the shell's length ; peristome considerably thickened with- in, bevelled, the outer lip more strongly curved and slightly sinuous toward the upper insertion ; columella subvertical, nearly straight or slightly convex ; the columellar margin reflexed and dilated, forming an angle with body of shell ; parietal callus thin and trans- lucent. Alt. 30, diam. 14 mill. ; alt. of aperture 13 mill. Alt. 27, diam. 15 mill.; alt. of aperture 12 mill. Dominica (Brown, Angas, Ramage, Sharp). Bulimus nicholsii A. D. BROWN, American Naturalist, xv, p. 57, Jan., 1881 (no description). Bulimus nichollsi A. D. Brown mss., ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 596, p. 595, f. 2, 3.~ Bulimus (Thaum- astus) nichollsi Brown, SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), ii, p. 231. This species is allied to B. exilis, but conspicuously different in the greater size, stronger cuticle, puckered stride and color. The squarish form of the aperture and thickened lip are very similar to many Guadelupe specimens of exilis. Brown found it plentiful on the road from Roseau to Rosalie, 2000 ft. alt. It is said by Angas to be arboreal. B. RIISEI (Pfeiffer). PI. 14, figs. 1, 2 ; pi. 9, figs. 38, 39. Shell broadly and deeply umbilicated, rather solid, ovate-conic, (white in its fossil condition) ; surface with low, irregular growth- wrinkles. Spire elevated, slender, pointed-conic, the apex slightly obtuse, nepionic whorls pit-reticulate. Whorls 6| to over 7, moder- ately convex. Aperture long-ovate, well rounded outwardly, flatter on the body side, varying from somewhat over to considerably less than half the total length of shell; peristome thin, slightly expanded, the ends converging ; columellar lip produced forward nearly to the ventral level of body-whorl, broadly revolute, arching over the capacious umbilicus. Alt. 35, diam. 16 mill.; alt. of aperture 16 mill. Alt. 27i, diam. 15 mill. ; alt. of aperture 15 mill. Alt. 22 1, diam. 13 mill. ; alt. of aperture 11* mill. 42 BULIMULUS-ANTILLEAN. Plantation 'La Grange' near Frederiksted,St. Croix, a pleistocene fossil. Bulimus riisei PFR., Malak. Bl. ii, 1856, p. 103, pi. 4, f. 7, 8. The large umbilicus, greatly developed columellar lip and rather slender spire render this a peculiarly distinct species. The series of 32 examples before me show great variability in comparative length of spire and in the place of insertion of the inner lip, which is some- times carried up near to the posterior angle of the aperture. B. LEHMANNI (Pfeiffer). PL 9, figs. 40, 41, 42, 43. Shell perforate, ovate-conic, solid, opaque white, more or less flesh- tinted. Surface slightly shining, irregularly and in general coarsely and conspicuously plicate longitudinally, showing under a strong lens faint, close spiral stria?. Spire conic, the apex obtuse, the nepionic whorls densely, minutely wave-wrinkled, the pattern more or less irregular and interrupted. Whorls 6*, moderately convex. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique, white inside, less than half the length of shell ; outer lip unexpanded, acute ; columellar lip dilated and reflexed. Alt. 19, diam. 9'3 mill. ; alt. of aperture 9 mill. Alt. 15, diam. 8'3 mill. ; alt. of aperture 7'5 mill. Alt. 18, diam. 8 mill. ; alt. of aperture 7*8 mill. Island of Anguilla (Swift, Rijersma) ; St. Martin, at Simson Bay (Maze). Bulimus lehmanni PFR., Malak. BL, xii, 1865, p. 123; Novit. Conch., p. 281, pi. 69, f. 7, 8 ; Monogr. vi, 1 1 6. Bulimulus lekmanni Pfr., MAZE, Journ. de Conch., 1890, p. 25. Distinct in its solid, opaque texture and coarse, more or less pli- cate surface sculpture. It varies somewhat in length of the spire, considerably in the prominence of the folds, and also in the size of the umbilicus. In the series of 51 Anguilla specimens before me, the umbilicus is almost closed in some examples, while others have it quite wide. B. LIMNOIDES (Ferussac). PL 9, figs. 59, 60. Shell ovate-oblong, conoid, thin, pellucid, corneous, brown, smooth ; spire acute ; whorls a little convex, the last shorter than the spire, perforate at base ; aperture ovate ; lips thin, acute. Shell medium sized, oval-oblong, swollen toward the base, the spire conic and pointed at the summit ; whorls 7, flattened, sepa- BULIMULUS-ANTILLEAN. 43 rated by a simple and superficial suture, regularly and quite rap- idly widening ; last whorl large, oval, obtuse below, nearly as high as the spire. External surface covered with fine, irregular stride of growth, which by their number and arrangement give the shell the luster of satin, by reflected light. Coloration varies but little, the thin and transparent shell is of a quite dark uniform brown, slightly more intense at the apex ; a whitish line at the suture. Aperture oval-oblong, russet- white within, dilated in front, con- tracted behind, but varying in form with age and in different speci- mens. Peristome whitish, quite thick, outwardly reflexed, of the same width almost throughout its extent. Columella short, dilated at base, whitish ; parietal callus semitransparent, rather thin. Um- bilical perforation very small, partly covered by the columellar re- flexion. Large individuals measure: alt. 30, diam. 15 mill. Guadelupe and St. Vincent (Fer.) ; Guadelupe at Capesterre, around the town (Mattei) ; Baillif, riviere des Peres (E. Marie) ; St. Martin (Van Rijersma). Helix (Cochlogena) limnoides FER., Prodr., p. 53, no. 393 (no description). Bulimus limnoides DESH., in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 260 ; in Fer., Hist., p. 71, pi. 142, f. 9, 10. PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 224 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 235, pi. 63, f. 3, 4. B. lymnoides REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 70, f. 510. Bulimulus limnceoides ALB. Buli- mulus limnoides MAZE, Journ. de Conch., 1883, p. 20 ; J. de C., 1890, p. 26. E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, p. 305. Probably does not occur outside of Guadelupe and dependent islets. I have not seen this species. It seems to be well distin- guished from B. chrysalis Pfr., which is perhaps its nearest ally, by the wider expansion of the lip. The figures and description are from Ferussac-Deshayes. B. CHRYSALIS (Pfeiffer). PL 9, figs. 50, 51. Shell perforate, ovate-elongate, thin, pellucid, minutely striatu- late, corneous-chestnut. Spire conic, acute ; whorls 7 to 8, rather flat, the last about three-sevenths the total alt. Columella subverti- cal, rather straight, a little twisted. Aperture colored like the outside, oval ; peristome simple, acute, the right margin narrowly expanded, columellar margin dilated, spreading. Alt. 22, diam. 10 mill.; aperture 10 mill, long, 6 wide. Guadelupe (Petit de la Saussaie) ; Martinique, at Fort-de-France, 151 meters alt., and Massif des Pitons, 510-650 meters alt. (Maze). 44 BULIMULUS-ANTILLEAN. Bulimus chrysalis PFR., Zeitsch. f. Mai., 1847, p. 14 ; Monogr. ii, p. 108 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 238, pi. 63, f. 7, 8. REEVE, C. Icon., f. 382. DESH., in Fer. Hist., p. 71. ? Helix limnoides var. FER., Hist., pi. 142, f. 11, 12. Bulimulus chrysalis MAZE, Journ.de Conch., 1874, p. 164. BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, p. 53 (dentition). Very different from B. limnoides in the expanded peristome, not thickened within, according to Pfeiffer. Maze did not find typical chrysalis in Guadelupe ; a variety which he refers to that species occurred at many localities, but in my opinion it is not identical with Pfeiffer's species. B. SEMICINCTUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 12, fig. 63. Shell narrowly umbilicated, oblong-conic, thin and fragile. Chestnut-brown with a pale peripheral line; having faint growth- wrinkles and microscopic epidermal spirals. Spire conic, the apex obtuse, nepionic whorls forming an obliquely truncated pyramid, pitted-reticulate or wrinkled above. Whorls 5J, slightly convex, the last angulated in front, the angle soon disappearing. Aperture oblique, somewhat over half the shell's length, narrowly ovate ; peristome thin, the edge pale and a trifle everted, narrowly expanded, outer lip slightly sinuous, more strongly arcuate above ; columella purplish, straight, its margin dilated, forming a convex arched roof over the perforation. Alt. 19, diam. 9*7 mill.; alt. of aperture lO'l mill. Guadelupe (Marie, Schramm). Bulimulus chrysalis var. ft MAZE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1883, p. 19. The aperture is decidedly larger than in B. chrysalis Pfr., and the periphery is angular in front and marked with a pale line. B. LHERMINIERI (Fischer). PL 11, figs. 20, 21. Shell oblong, thin, fragile, shining, corneous, longitudinally striated, spotted with numerous white dots. Whorls 5J, a little con- vex, the apex obtuse, sutures lightly impressed ; the last whorl longer than the rest of the shell, tapering below. Aperture elongate, ovoid ; columella short, thin, roseate, not cal- loused ; peristome arcuate, thin, simple, a little reflexed. Alt. 24, diam. 12 mill.; alt. of aperture 12 mill. (Fisch.'). Guadelupe ; Mountains of Petit-Bourg, over 800 meters above sea-level (Dr. Lherminier) ; Central cave at the N. E. of the plateau, at about 1396 meters alt. (Comert). BULIMULUS-ANTILLEAN. 45 Bulimus Iherminieri FISCHER, Journ. de Conch., v (2d ser., i), April, 1857, p. 355, pi. 12, f. 6, 7. PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 399. Bulimulus Iherminieri MAZE, Journ. de Conch., 1883, p. 17. "A very rare species which to this time has been met with only on the leaves of the large Bromeliacese of the mountains (Bromelia pinguin L.), and on one occasion, at the margin of the great wood on the lower branches of one of the great forest trees. " The shell is, as Fischer has described it, thin, shining, corneous, traversed horizontally by salient growth-striae and marked with quite closely placed whitish dots, which become effaced with age, and finally almost wholly disappear. In life the shell is a beautiful red- dish-brown, which changes to clear fawn after the death of the ani- mal. " The largest specimen collected measures 27 mill, long, 1H wide ; aperture 13 mill, long, 8J wide." It is extremely rare, according to Maze, from whom the above notes are taken. B. HOUELMONTENSIS Crosse. PI. 9, figs. 45, 46. Shell slightly rirnate, oblong-elongate, scarcely shining, thin, translucent, of a pale chestnut color ; spire moderately raised, the apex rather obtuse ; suture impressed. Whorls 6, but slightly con- vex, the last about as long as the spire, attenuately rounded at base. Aperture angulate-subovate, rather shining inside, colored like the exterior ; peristome simple, the margins separated, columellar margin dilated, whitish-chestnut, nearly closing the umbilical chink ; basal and outer margins rather acute. Alt. 15, diam. 7 mill.; alt. of aperture 7 mill. (Crosse}. Guadelupe, at Vieux-Fort, on the flank of Houelmont, 586 meters alt., under leaf rubbish (Bavay, Marie) ; also in the Saintes at Mar- igot, high land, under stones (Marie). Bulimulus liouelmontensis CROSSE, MS. in Maze's Catal. Moll, terr. et fluv. Guad., Journ de Conch., xxxi, 1883, p. 19, pi. 1, f. 6 ; t. c. p. 43. A slightly shorter specimen before me, collected by E. Marie, measures, alt. 14, diam. 7, alt. of aperture 7 mill. The surface shows very faint traces of fine, close epidermal spirals, as in diaph- anus and other species of this immediate group. It is distinguished from others by the general proportions, aperture and diameter half the length of shell. The apex, as in diaphanus, has a densely punctate-reticulate sculpture. 46 BULIMULUS-ANTILLEAN. B. FRATERCULUS (' Fer.' Potiez and Michaud). PI. 11, figs. 24,25. Shell oval, oblong, perforate, fragile, fawn or clear corneous, transparent ; longitudinally striated ; the epidermis being a little lamellose, especially in young individuals, and these very fine and very caducious lamellae cross the longitudinal striae, thus rendering the shell a little rough to the touch. Spire composed of 5-6 whorls, the last larger than the rest taken together. Aperture ovoid, angular above and slightly so below at the union of the outer and inner margins ; peristome simple and sharp, a lit- tle reflexed only at the umbilicus. (P. & MS). Alt. 12*3, diam. 5* or 6 mill. ; alt. of aperture 5'3 mill, (from the figures). Guadelupe (Fer.). Bulimus fraterculus Fer., POTIEZ & MICHAUD, Galerie des Moll, du Mus. de Douai, i, p. 141, and Atlas, p. 14, pi. 13, f. 7, 8 (1838). ? Helix (Cochlogenci) fraterculus FER., Tabl. Syst., p. 54, no. 395. Conf. PFR., Symbols ad Hist. Hel., ii, p. 46, no. 202. ? B. fra- terculus Pfr., Monogr. Hel. Viv., ii, 220 ; Conchyl. Cab., pi. 49, f. 5, 6. Probably not B. fraterculus RVE., C. Icon., pi. 63, f. 438. This species may be compared, in miniature and as to contour only, with B. guadalupensis Lam. [exilis Gm.]. Its spire is shorter comparatively, and it cannot be taken for the young of that spe- cies. (P. & k). This species was not described by Ferussac. The first description is that of Potiez and Michaud, and indicates a fragile brownish shell with spiral cuticular striae, somewhat like B. diaphanus Pfr., but smaller and more pupiform. Pfeiffer, some years later, de- scribed a specimen from the Paris Museum, apparently Ferussac's type, as follows : " Shell perforate, oblong-ovate, pale corneous, lusterless ; most minutely decussated with growth and transverse striae ; whorls 6, convex, the last a little shorter than the spire ; aperture oblong- oval ; peristome simple, thin, the right margin slightly expanded, columellar margin reflexed. Length 13, diam. 7 mill." I have been unable to identify this species with any of the shells before me. The B. fraterculus of American collections, reported from Porto Rico, St. Kitts, St. Croix, Antigua, St. John, St. Thomas, Trinidad and Barbados, is not this species ; so the locali- ties cited by Pfr. in Monogr. viii, p. 189, and by Smith, Ann. Mag. (6), viii, on the authority of Bland, do not refer to the true frater- culus. BULIMULUS-ANTILLEAN. 47 B. DIAPHANUS (Pfeiffer). PL 9, fig. 44. Shell narrowly perforate, thin and fragile, narrowly oblong-conic, alt. more than double the diam. ; corneous-brown (usually coated with closely adhering red earth), lusterless, the surface faintly stri- atulate, and spirally encircled with numerous delicate unequal epi- dermal lirce. Spire elevated, the apex obtuse, nepionic whorls densely and minutely pit-reticulated ; whorls 6-62, slightly convex. Aperture ovate, about three-sevenths the total alt., corneous-brown inside; outer lip thin, unexpanded and fragile; columella slightly concave, the columellar lip convexly dilated and reflexed above. Alt. 16, diam. 7'2 mill. Alt. 15, diam. 7 mill. St. Thomas (Bland) ; Arecibo, Porto Rico (Bid.) ; St. Eustatius ' (Dr. Cleve) ; Saba (Ober, 1880) ; Barbados (Miss Foderougher, in Swift Coll.). Bulimus diaphanus PFR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 125 ; Monogr., iv., p. 505. Quite fragile and slender, but less elongated than B. mazei Crosse. The apical sculpture is very fine. The Saba, St. Eustatius and Bar- bados specimens agree in every respect with those from St. Thomas. Specimens from Porto Rico, which I can only refer to this species, vary from typical to decidedly wider ; selected examples measuring as follows : Alt. 14*8, diam. 7'3 ; alt. of aperture 6'2 mill. Alt. 13'3, diam. 7*5; alt. of aperture 6'7 mill, (immature). B. MARTINICENSIS (Pfeiffer). PL 9, figs. 47, 48, 49. Shell rimate-perforate, oblong-turrited, obliquely striatulate, rather solid, yellowish-corneous. Spire turrited, a little obtuse ; whorls 7, convex, the last slightly over one-third the length of shell. Aper- ture ovate-oblong, peristome narrowly expanded, white-lipped within, the lip outwardly pellucid, margins somewhat converging, the right margin arcuate, columellar margin dilated. Alt. 20, diam. 8 mill. ; aperture 71 mill, long ; 5 wide (P/V.). Martinique, at Massif des Pitons, alt. about 560 meters, in very shady places under leaves (Maze). Bulimus martinicensis PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 40 ; Monogr., ii, p. 120; Conchyl. Cab., p. 238, pi. 63, f. 9, 10. REEVE, Conch, Icon., pi. 63, f. 434. Bulimulus martinicensis MAZE, Journ. de Conch., 1874, p. 164. 48 BULIMULUS-ANTILLEAN. Seems nearly allied to B. diaphanus, but no cuticular spirals are mentioned by PfeifFer. B. MAZEI Crosse. PL 9, figs. 57, 58. Shell partly covered subrimate, elongated, turriculate, quite thin, under the lens seen to be delicately, somewhat obliquely striated ; deep brown. Spire elevated, the apex rounded and rather obtuse, slightly pitted in the middle ; suture impressed. Whorls 7, a little convex and slowly widening, the earlier 2 paler, the last very ob- tusely subangular at the periphery, the angle disappearing toward the lip-edge. Aperture subvertical, less than half the total length, angular ovate, brown within ; peristome simple, the margins distant, colu- mellar margin dilated and reflexed, whitish-brown, almost wholly covering the umbilical chink; basal and outer margins rounded and acute. Alt. 19, diam. 7 mill. ; aperture 62 mill, long, 4 wide (Crosse). Massif des Pitons, Martinique, 730 meters above the sea level (Maze), on damp moss at the bases of trees. Bulimulus mazei CROSSE, Journal de Conchyl., xxii, 1874, p. 118, 202, pi. 4, f. 3. MAZE, t. c. p. 165. The soft parts are black. The form is decidedly more slender than in B. diaphanus or other allied species, and the aperture hardly over . one-third of the total length of the shell. B. BARBADENSIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 12, fig. 61. Shell barely perforate or narrowly umbilicated, ovate-conic, thin and fragile, uniform russet-brown. Surface hardly or somewhat shining, with slight and inconspicuous growth-wrinkles and excess- ively faint cuticular spirals, obsolete on the base and sometimes scarcely visible on any part of the shell. Spire straightly conic, the apex obtuse, nepionic whorls densely and minutely zigzag-wrinkled. Whorls 5, slightly convex, the last regularly convex. Aperture somewhat oblique, almost exactly half the shell's length or slightly exceeding that, ovate ; peristome thin, the outer lip not appreciably sinuous or expanded ; columellar lip dilated, generally almost closing the perforation. Alt. 20'7, diam. 11 mill.; alt. of aperture 1T2 mill. Alt. 20'2, diam. 10 mill. ; alt. of aperture 10*5 mill. Barbados (Bland, Guilding, Pfr.); Grenada (Smith). BULIMULUS-ANTILLEAN. 49 Bulimulus fuseus GUILDING, Zool. Journ. iv, p. 170 (insufficient description). Bulimus barbadensis PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p. 61 ; Monogr., iii, p. 435. -B. tenuissimus Fer., SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), viii, p. 252 ; Proc. Malac. Soc. i, p. 316. Several trays of this species before me, part collected by Thomas Bland, agree well in characters, though some are slightly stouter than others. It is larger than B. houelmontensis, with more straightly conic spire. In B. semicinctus, also closely allied, the periphery is subangular in front and begirt with a pale band, the aperture is larger, outer lip somewhat sinuous with everted edge, etc. Evidence that this species occurs on the mainland is still lacking. Whether Ferussac's B. tenuissimus was the Barbados shell with a wrong locality label is doubtful ; I am disposed to consider it a conti- nental form ; but it must freely be granted that the identification of these thin brown and corneous Bulimuli is an excessive!}^ difficult task, and almost impossible when the localities of the species or specimens are unknown. The first description of tenuissimus per- tained to the Brazilian shell so called by d'Orbigny, and it is to this form that the name must belong. B. STENOGYROIDES Guppy. Unfigured. Shell rimate, turrited, elongate cylindrical, scarcely shining, whitish-horn colored under a brown epidermis, stride of growth some- what sinuate ; whorls (? about 5 or 6), little convex, the last nar- row and forming half or more of the length of the shell. Aperture long-oval, narrow, rather produced anteriorly ; peristome simple, a little effuse anteriorly, acute, the margins joined by a thin callus; columella reflexed over the narrow umbilical fissure. Alt. ? , diam. 5? mill.; alt. of aperture, 6 ; width, 2J mill. ; alt of last whorl, 10 mill. (Guppy). Island of Dominica (Guppy). Bulimulus stenogyroides GUPPY, Ann. Mag., N. H. (4), i, 1868, p. 431. B. (Peronceus) stenogyroides SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), ii, p. 231. Bulimus stenogyroides Pfr., Monogr., viii, p. 132. PfeifFer and Smith add nothing to Guppy's description of a single broken specimen, by which alone the species is thus far known. It probably belongs to the Stenogyroid series. B. SEPULCRALIS Poey. PI. 12, fig. 62. Shell narrowly umbilicated, oblong-conic, thin ; smooth, with slight growth-wrinkles but no spiral strise. Brownish-corneous, 4 50 BULIMULUS-ANTILLEAN. sometimes with a pale peripheral line. Spire conic, the apex ob- tuse, nepionic whorls smooth in niost adult shells, but the young show an excessively fine, shallow pit-reticulation. Whorls 5J-6, quite convex, the sutures deeply impressed. Aperture ovate, contained about 2i times in length of shell ; outer lip regularly arcuate, acute, thin and unexpanded ; columellar lip dilated above partly over the well-marked umbilicus. Alt. 14, diani. 6-7 mill. ; alt. of aperture 6 mill. Alt. 9'5, diam. 5 mill. ; alt. of aperture 4'2 mill. Alt. 10, diam. 5*7 mill.; alt. of aperture, 4'5 mill. Havana and its environs, Cuba (Poey, Arango, Baker, et a/.) ; New Providence, Bahamas (Swift, Bland, Bendall). Bulimulus sepulcralis POEY, Memorias sobre la Hist. Nat. de Cuba, ii, p. 203, pi. 12, f. 27-29 (B. urinarius Poey mss. to some collectors) ; also note 25, on p. 453. PFR. in Conchyl. Cab., p. 162, pi. 49, f, 3, 4 ; Monogr. iii, p. 438. ARANGO, Contrib. Fauna Malac. Cubana, p. 80. Bulimulus sepulcralis PFR., Mai. Bl., 1854, p. 195. BENDALL, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, p. 293. This species is closely allied to the forms of Yucatan and Central America, not to the group inhabiting from Trinidad to Haiti. It is undoubtedly a comparatively recent importation from the middle American mainland, and its distribution suggests that its presence in the Antilles may date only from the early days of Spanish com- merce in America. It presents differences from the closely allied B. unicolor which are probably specific, though not very conspicu- ous. B. sepulcralis seems to be singularly restricted in distribution, being found only in the immediate vicinity of Havana, especially in cemeteries and on fortification walls. Bendall says it is abundant on damp ground at New Providence. It occurs near Nassau. New Providence specimens are sometimes larger than any of the extensive series I have seen from Cuba 16 mill, long, and the spire is generally more straightly conic, turrited ; whorls 6z. Central American Species. The forms of this region are closely allied to those of Colombia and to B. sepulcralis of Cuba. Apical sculpture generally very indistinct, occasionally with spiral striae as well as longitudinal wrinkles ; but these are more pronounced in some of the South American forms ; surface nearly smooth, with faint spirals in some species. BULIMULUS-CENTRAL AMERICAN. 51 a. Small species, alt. less than 20 mill. b. Very slender ; diam. less than half the alt. ; aperture about one third alt. inermis. bb. Stouter ; diam. and aperture not far from one-half the alt. c. AVith delicate epidermal spirals. d. A chestnut band above sutures on spire, coriaceus. dd. Uniform flesh-colored, sarcodes. cc. No perceptible spiral sculpture, umbr aliens, vnicolor, corneus. aa. Larger species, alt. 23-27 mill. ; diam. and aperture slightly less than one-half the alt. ; spire straightly conic, dysoni. B. INERMIS (Morelet). PI. 10, fig. 87. Shell narrowly and profoundly umbilicated, elongate-conic, rather thin, minutely striated, a little shining; covered with a very thin, pale, brownish-corneous epidermis. Spire long, the apex rather ob- tuse ; suture profoundly impressed. Whorls 7, little convex, the two embryonal smooth and corneous, the last much shorter than the spire, attenuated at base, rounded ; columella nearly straight, whitish. Aperture acuminate-oval, colored like the exterior; peristome sim- ple, the terminations separated, columellar margin vaultingly re- flexed, partially covering the umbilicus, basal and outer margins acute. Alt. 9, diam. 4 ; alt. of aperture 3, width 1 J mill. (C. & F.). Environs of the town, Palizada, Yucatan (A. Morelet). Bulimus inermis MOREL., Testacea Noviss., ii, p. 10 (1851). PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 441 ; iv, p. 506 ; vi, p. 153. Bulimulus (Lepto- merus) inermis CROSSE & FISCHER, Miss. Sci. Mex.et Amer. Centr., p. 550, pi. 20, f. 16, 17. MARTENS, Biol. Cent. Amer., p. 241. One of the smallest Central American species, further remarkable for its elongation, the aperture being only one-third the total alt. Crosse & Fischer's description and figures, given above, are from Morelet's types. I have not seen the species. A var. major, alt. 13, diam. 6, alt. of aperture 5 mill., from N. Guatemala is mentioned by v. Martens. B. CORIACEUS (Pfeiffer). PL 10, figs. 79, 80 (77, 78, berendti). Shell perforate, ovate, thin, light brown, the whorls of the spire ivith a chestnut band above the sutures, fading on its upper margin ; apex purple-brown or brown. Surface lusterless except just in front of aperture, showing under the lens faint growth wrinkles and 52 5ULIMULUS-CENTRAL AMERICAN. very close, fine epidermal spiral strice. Spire conic, the apex obtuse, nepionic whorls superficially and microscopically granose-wrinkled and spirally incised-striate. Whorls about 5 2, slightly convex, the last large, rounded. Aperture ovate, about one-half the shell's length, outer lip acute and not expanded, columellar lip reflexed and dilated above. Alt. 14, diam. 8'2 mill. ; alt. of aperture 7 mill, (specimen). Alt. 18, diam. 9 mill. ; alt. of aperture 8| mill. (Pfr.*). Cordova, State of Vera Cruz (Salle) ; Orizaba (Hegewisch, Berendt and others), Mexico. Bulimus coriaceus PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 318; Monogr., iv, p. 504. Bulimulus coriaceus CR. & FISCH., Moll. Terr, et Fluv. Mex., p. 552, pi. 21, f. 7, 7a. MARTENS, Biol. Cent. Amer. p. 248. Buli- mus behrendti PFR., Malak. Bl., viii, 1861, p. 168. Bulimus berendti PFR., t. c., pi. 3, f. 4, 5 ; Monogr. vi, p. 149. Bulimulus coriaceus var. berendti MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 249. Not B. berendti CR. & F., Moll. Mex., p. 554, pi. 21, f. 8, 8a. The chestnut band (fading on its upper edge into the light ground- color) above the sutures of the whorls of the spire, and the stout contour are good specific marks of this species, which is quite dis- tinct and easily recognized for a Leptomerus. Von Martens is doubtless correct in uniting berendti to coriaceus. A good series of both, including part of the original lot of coriaceus collected by Salle, and numerous berendti from Orizaba, the type locality, does not permit me to separate the two even as varieties. Specimens labelled "Guatemala, Sarg" are also before me. B. UMBRATICUS (Reeve). PI. 10, fig. 88. Shell subperforate, ovate-conic, rather thin, striatulate, somewhat pellucid, whitish, somewhat streaked with brown above. Spire long- conic, rather acute. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last about four- ninths the total length, rotund at base. Columella arcuate, some- what twisted above ; aperture oblique, oval ; peristome simple, un- expanded, the right margin lightly arcuate, columellar margin dilated, reflexed and subappressed. Alt. 15 i, diam. 8 mill. ; aper- ture 7 2 mill, long, 4 wide (P/V.). Central America (Cuming Coll.). Bulimus umbraticus RVE., Conch. Icon., pi. 77, f. 559 (August 1849). PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 414. BULIMULUS-CENTRAL AMERICAN. 53 " Transparent white streaked with pale brown near the apex. It is possible that this may be a light variety of a species of more color, from the indications of marking near the apex " (RveJ). B. UNICOLOR (Sowerby). PI. 10, fig. 73. Shell perforate, ovate-conic, more or less elongated, thin, corneous- brown. Su rface slightly shining, with slight growth-wrinkles. Spire of a little over 5* whorls, the apex obtuse; nepionic whorls minutely, shallowly wrinkle-granose and spirally striated. Whorls convex, the last well rounded ; sutures impressed. Aperture ovate, brownish inside ; outer lip unexpanded, acute ; columellar lip di- lated and reflexed above. Alt. 15*, diam. 8 mill. ; alt. of aperture 7 mill. (Panama). Alt. 15, diam. 7 mill. ; alt. of aperture 6i mill. (Labna). Alt. 14, diam. 1\ mill. ; alt. of aperture 6f mill. (Labna). Perico Island, Bay of Panama, on dead leaves (Cuming) ; Grey- town, Nicaragua (R. Tate) ; Istapa, Pacific coast region of S. Guate- mala, in forest (Morelet, for var. istapensis) ; Northern Yucatan, at Progreso, Tekanto, Sitilpech, Tunkas, Calcehtok, Ticul, Tabi, Uxmal and Labna (Heilprin, Baker, Stone, Ives, see Proc. A. N.S., Phila., 1891, p. 310). Bulinus unicolor Sows., P. Z. S., 1833, p. 73 ; Conchol. Illustr., f. 43. Bulimus unicolor DH. in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 280. PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 219 ; Couchyl. Cab., p. 234, pi. 62, f. 41, 42. REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 21, f. 133. Bulimulus (Leptomerus) unicolor v. MART, in Alb., Die Hel., p. 222 ; Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., p. 247 (including petenensis and istapensis as varr.). Not Bulimus cor- neus Lea. ? B. berendtii CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Mex., p. 554, pi. 21, f. 8, 8a. This species varies much in degree of elongation and in size, and has no prominent specific characters. It is more slender than B. coriaceuv, and lacks chestnut color on the spire. Sowerby's original description is as follows : Shell oblong, corne- ous, thin, the apex obtuse ; whorls 6, ventricose, striated, with dis- tinct sutures; aperture ovate, the margin thin, acute; umbilicus small. Length 0'8, diam. 0'3 inch ( 20, 7* mill.). This indicates a somewhat larger shell than the specimens I have seen. Var. ISTAPENSIS Cr. & Fisch. PL 10, fig. 81. Shell nearly covered umbilicate, ovate-elongate, thin, minutely and subobliquely striated, shining, dull whitish-hyaline ; spire sub- 54 BULIMULUS-CENTRAL AMERICAN. elongate-conic, the apex a little obtuse ; suture impressed. Whorls 6, slightly convex, the last a little shorter than spire (6J : 8), some- what attenuated at base, rounded. Aperture acuminate-oval, colored like the outside ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin dilated, whitish, nearly closing the umbilical fissure; basal and outer margins acute. Alt. 14A, diam. scarcely 7 mill.; alt. of of aperture 6i, width 4 mill. (C. & F.~). Variety: a little smaller, corneous-hyaline, encircled by incon- spicuous, interrupted, whitish-hydrophanous lines. Alt. scarcely 12, diameter 6 mill. (C. & jF.). Bulimulus istapensis C. & F., Journ. de Conch., xxi, 1873, p. 286 ; Moll. Terr, et Fluv. Mex., p. 549, pi. 20, f. 18. B. unicolor var. ista- pensis MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., p. 248. The large series of specimens from numerous localities in northern Yucatan, which I refer to this species, are a variety probably near to, if not identical with, istapensis. The shells when fresh are brown or corneous-brown, but soon weather to whitish or corneous hyaline. In almost every locality the slender and stouter forms occur together, and with intermediate specimens. Var. PETENENSIS (Morelet). PI. 10, fig. 82. Shell larger, whitish with oblique streaks of brown or purple; spire darker, becoming purple toward the apex. Whorls 6. Alt. 18, diam. 9 mill, (specimen from Morelet). Alt. 19, diam. 8 mill.; aperture 82 mill, long (type). Peten, north Guatemala, on blades of grass in open savannas (Morelet). Bulimus petenensis MOREL., Testae. Noviss.,ii, p. 10. Bulimulus petenensis C. & F. t. c. p. 553, pi. 20, f. 13. B. unicolor var. peten- ensis MARTENS t. c. p. 248. More opaque than the preceding, somewhat larger, with the earlier whorls deep purple. B. CORNEUS (Sowerby). PI. 10, fig. 68. Shell narrowly umbilicated, ovate-conic, thin, uniform dull brown or corneous-brown ; but little shining. Surface smoothish, with light growth-wrinkles. Spire conic, the apex obtuse, nepionic whorls obsoletely wrinkle-granose. Whorls 5 to 6, moderately convex, the last ventricose. BULIMULUS-CENTRAL AMERICAN. 55 Aperture irregularly ovate, subvertical, about half the length of the shell ; peristome thin, simple, the columella arcuate, columellar margin dilated and reflexed above. Alt. 15, diam. 9, alt. of aperture 1\ mill. (Polvon, Nicaragua). Alt. 15?, diam. 8, alt. of aperture, 7f mill. (Polvon, Nicaragua). Alt. 14, diam. 7, alt. of aperture 6 mill. (Pfr.). Alt. 0-6, diam. 0'3 inch (Soivb.*). Belize River, British Honduras (Berendt) ; Guatemala : Retal- huleu, on the lowlands of Pacific slope (Stoll) ; Escuintla, on Pacific slope (Morelet) ; Zacapa, E. Guatemala, on cacti (Stoll) ; Realejo, under decayed grass, N. W. Nicaragua (Cuming) ; San Juan, Castillo and Toro Rapids (Gabb), and San Juan River (Tate), S. E. Nicar- agua; Guanacasta, N. W. Costa Rica (Pittier) ; Puerto Viejo, on the Rio Sarapiqui, N. E. Costa Rica (Biolley) ; central Costa Rica at Las Palmar es,Prov. Alajuela (Orosco) ; San Jose (Biolley) ; Tilorio and Zhorquin Rivers, E. Costa Rica (Gabb). Bulinus corneus SOWB., P. Z. S., 1833, p. 37 (published May 17, 1833 ; see P. Z. S., 1893, p. 436). Bulimus corneus PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 219 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 242, pi. 63, f. 29, 30. KEEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 21, f. 134. ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 479. Not Bulimus corneus Lea, 1838, nor of Desh., 1833, Michaud,1858, or Menke, 1830. Bulimvlus (Leptomerus) corneus Sowb., MARTENS in Die Hel., edit. 2, p. 222 ; Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 246, pi. 15, f. 9 (living animal). CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Mex., i, p. 548. Bulimulus corneus BINN. & BLD., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1873, p. 248. Leptomerus corneus BINN., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 124 (jaw and dentition). Bulimus berendti Pfr., TATE, Amer. Journ. Conch., 1870, p. 156. BINNEY, Amer. Journ. Conch., vii, 1872, p. 182 (jaw and radula). Not B. berendti Pfr. A decidedly stouter species than B. unicolor, to which it is other- wise allied. Var.? NUBECULATUS (Pfr.). PI. 10, figs. 69, 70. Shell umbilicate, ovate-oblong, rather solid arid smooth, shining ; pale corneous clouded with darker ; spire conic, the apex rather obtuse ; suture deep; whorls 51, convex, the last three-sevenths the total alt., rotund at base; columella vertical, produced or projecting at the base of the aperture. Aperture little oblique, subelliptical, subangular at base, white inside ; peristome simple and unexpanded, 56 BULIMULUS-CENTRAL AMERICAN. the right margin strongly arched, columellar margin dilated and reflexed, free. Alt. 16, diam. 8* mill. ; alt. of aperture 7? mill. (P/V.). Central America (Morelet in Cuming Coll.). Bulimus nubeculatus PFR., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 257 ; Monogr., iii, p. 438 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 92, pi. 31, f. 15, 16. Considered a variety of corneus by von Martens (who apparently had not seen specimens), and on his authority so treated here. Its main differential characters are the clouded coloration and produced, subangular basal lip. Var. MINOR v. Mart. PI. 10, figs. 71, 72. Shell one-colored, grayish-corneous, similar to B. corneus but smaller. Alt. 12, diam. 8; alt. of aperture 7 mill. San Andres Tuxtla, near Vera Cruz, E. Mexico (Salle"). Bulimulus (Leptomerus) nubeculatus Pfr., CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Mex.,i, p. 556, pi. 24, f. 7, la. On account of its locality, the specific relationship of this form to corneus or nubeculatus is by no means certain ; it may be a form of coriaceus. B. SARCODES (Pfeiffer). PI. 10, figs. 74, 75, 76. Shell openly perforate, oblong conic, thin, striatulate, very obso- letely decussated with spiral lines under the lens, flesh colored. Spire conic, rather acute. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last about four-ninths the length of shell. Columella lightly arcuate. Aper- ture oval, shining inside, the peristome unexpanded and acute, right margin arcuate, columellar margin dilated, vaultingly spreading. Alt. 17J, diam. 8 mill. ; aperture 8 mill, long, 4a wide. (Pfr.}. Honduras (Dyson). Bulimus sarcodes PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 30 ; Monogr., ii, p. 220 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 233, pi. 62, f. 39, 40. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 61, f. 414. No later authors have added anything to Pfeiffer's original de- scription of this species, which has not occurred to other collectors. It differs from B. unicolor in having faint spiral lines, or " delicate impressed striae." " It is an extremely delicate, transparent shell ' according to Reeve. B. DYSONI (Pfeiffer). PL 10, fig. 83. Shell perforate, oblong-conic, quite thin and somewhat transpar- ent ; corneous brown ; surface somewhat shining, with slight growth- BULIMULUS-CENTRAL AMERICAN. 57 wrinkles and an appearance of very faint spiral striae below the sutures, which are but little impressed and under a lens seem to be very narrowly margined by transparence. Spire rather straightly conic, the apex obtuse, nepionic whorls with shallow, fine, short- waved interrupted and dislocated wrinkles, and slight, fine, im- pressed spiral stride. Whorls 61, weakly convex, the last obsoletely angular at the periphery. Aperture rather narrowly ovate, brownish-corneous inside, deci- dedly less than half the length of the shell ; peristome thin and unexpanded ; columella slightly concave, the columellar margin dilated and reflexed above. Alt. 27, diam. 12J; alt. of aperture 12? mill. Alt. 23 J, diam. 10 ; alt. of aperture 9f mill. Alt. 20, diam. 9 ; alt. of aperture 9 mill. (type). Alt. 25, diam. 11 ; alt. of aperture 10! mill. Honduras (Dyson) ; Nicaragua (Swift. Coll.) ; around Duenas, Guatemala (Salvin) ; Yucatan (Martens). Bulimus dysoni PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 39 ; Monogr., ii, p. 183. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 62, f. 425. Bulimulus dysoni CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Terr. etFluv. Mex., p. 551. MARTENS, Biol. Amer. Centr., p. 241. The columella may be faintly seen through the shell in clean examples, as Reeve has already remarked. The spire is rather straight, whorls but little convex, and the last one is obsoletely angled, the angle most visible ventrally, where it arises exactly at the upper insertion of the outer lip. The appearance of spiral striation is like that of B. cacticolus, and depends on some structural character of the shell-substance rather than on an actual sculpturing of the surface. There is a considerable range of variation in the length of spire, as usual in Bulimulus, some specimens, like that last measured above, having it quite long. The apical sculpture is like that of cacticolus. A tray of 8 specimens from Cuidad Bolivar, Venezuela, shows no material variation from the Central American shells. They are slightly more opaque and of a trifle redder tint. The locality datum can hardly be questioned, as the original label accompanies the shells. Var. IGNAVUS Reeve. PL 1 0, fig. 86. Shell oblong-ovate, rather deeply umbilicated, whorls 7, rounded, longitudinally very finely striated ; columella broad, slightly re- 58 BULIMULUS-SOUTH AMERICAN, fleeted, lip simple. Dirty horn color. A thin horny shell with the whorls somewhat rounded and rather deeply umbilicated (Reeve). Central America (Cuming coll.) ; Campeche (A. Salle) ; and Palizada (Morelet), Yucatan. Bulimus ignavus EVE., Conch. Icon., pi. 77, f. 562 (Aug., 1849). B. dysoni var. B. PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 438. B. ignavus is considered by Pfeiffer, Crosse and Fischer and von Martens a var. of dysoni characterized by the smaller, more fragile shell, with the basal angle less conspicuous. Alt. 9, diam. 4 mill. A specimen collected by Salle is figured by Crosse & Fischer (see pi. 10, figs. 84, 85). I am disposed to think that ignavus is as dis- tinct from dysoni as most of the middle American species of Lepto- merus are from one another. Species of northwestern South America. Not different in general features from the forms of Central America or eastern S. America. a. With minute spirals; pale corneous-brownish or yellowish. b. Large, alt. 22-32 mill. ; whorls 6i-7, cacticolus, erectus. bb. Small ; whorls 5* ; fine epidermal spirals, buenavistensis. aa. Without spiral striae. b. Diameter less than half the alt. c. Alt. 20 mill.; aperture alt. ; whorls 6 ; pale reddish- corneous, juvenilis. cc. Alt. 21 mill. ; aperture nearly alt. ; whorls 7 ; rugulose- striate ; pellucid straw-whitish, glandiniformis. ccc. Long, rather solid, white; whorls 7 2-8; aperture con- tained 2J times in alt., krebsianus. cccc. Alt. 13 2 ; ovate, smooth, corneous ; whorls 6-7 ; aper- ture ! of alt., fontainii. ccccc. Alt. 17*, aperture 8 mill, long; striatulate, pale cor- neous, perforation minute ; whorls 6, molecillus. bb. Diameter equal to or exceeding half the alt. c. Alt. 17, diam. 10, length aperture 10 mill.; globose- conic, pale grayish-tawny ; whorls 4, marmatensis. cc. Alt. 12^, diam. 7i, aperture 6 mill. ; subhyaline; whorls 5^ hyaloideus. ccc. Alt. 13, diam. 6J, aperture 6 mill.; corneous-whitish, smooth; whorls 5 i, ucayalensis. BULIMULUS-SOUTH AMERICAN. 59 B. BUENAVISTENSIS Pilsbry, n. n. PI. 10, fig. 95. Shell small, narrowly umbilicated, ovate-conic, thin, light corneous- brown. Surface lusterless, to the sight and touch like velvet with excessively short pile ; the growth lines inconspicuous, but showing under the lens very fine raised cuticular spirals throughout, subregu- larly and very closely placed. Spire conic, the apex obtuse, the earlier If whorls, very densely, finely granose in zigzag-wrinkled pattern. Whorls 5i, moderately convex, the last with the appear- ance of being subangular in front of aperture, but there is almost no actual angle. Aperture slightly oblique, elliptical, narrowed above and below, colored like the outside, a trifle less than half the shell's length ; peristome thin, acute and unexpanded, outer lip quite regularly arcuate, in profile view its upper fourth seen to be produced for- ward ; columella straight, the columellar margin dilated above. Alt. 11'4, diam. 6'3 ; alt. of aperture 5-4 mill. Buenamsta, Colombia (T. R. Peale). Bulimus corneus LEA, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vi, 1836, p. 66, pi. 23, f. 11 1 (June, 1838 ; see Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., i, 1838, p. 19) ; Observations on the Genus Unio, etc., ii, p. 66, pi. 23, f. Ill (1838). Not Bulimus corneus Desh., 1836, nor of Sowerby, 1833. Lea's figure and measurements were from a larger specimen (" length 0'7 of an inch ") than that preserved in his cabinet, from which my description and figure are drawn. It is not, as PfeifFer stated with doubt (Monogr., ii, p. 219), a variety of B. unicolor, differing radically from that species in sculpture; and it is equally distinct from other small species of northwestern S. America and Central America, none of which have the characteristic cuticular spirals of Lea's B. corneus. Among the Antillean species B. diaphamisliaa more prominent growth-wrinkles ; and in B. houel- montensis the body- whorl is much more oblong and the sutures deeper. Type is No. 105078 U. S. Nat. Mus. B. JUVENILIS (Pfeiffer). Unfigured. Shell perforate, ovate-fusiform, thin, lightly striatulate, hardly shining, pale reddish-corneous. Spire long-conic, the apex rather acute. Whorls 6?, but slightly convex, the last a little shorter than the spire, obsoletely subangulate in the middle, the base attenuated ; columella somewhat straightened, a little receding. Aperture oblique, 60 BULIMULUS-SOUTH AMERICAN. oval-elliptical, subangulate at base; peristome simple, unexpanded, dilated above, vaultingly reflexed. Alt. 20, diam. 8J mill. ; aperture 10 mill, long, 5 wide. Santa Fe de Bogota (Gaming coll.). Bulimus juvenilis PFR., P. Z. S., 1855, p. 97 ; Monographia, iv, p. 503. May be a form of B. dysoni, such as the Venezuela specimen mentioned above. B. CACTICOLUS (Reeve). PI. 10, figs. 89, 90. Shell umbilicated, ovate-pyramidal, thin ; uniform dull buff; lusterless ; the surface nearly smooth, but having slight growth- wrinkles and fainter spirals around the top of the whorls. Spire elevated conic, the apex obtuse, nepiouic whorls with fine and shallow, interrupted, short-waved corrugation and faint incised spiral lines. Whorls 6 J, convex ; last whorl inflated. Aperture ovate, rounded below, whitish-brown inside, less than half the length of shell ; outer lip thin, sharp and unexpanded ; columellar lip dilated. Alt. 32, diam. 18 mill. ; alt. of aperture 15 mill. Alt. 33, diam. 17 mill. ; alt. of aperture 15 J mill. Alt. 25, diam. 12 J mill. ; alt of aperture 13-j mill. (type). Ouriana, on cacti (Dyson) and on the Yaracuy River (John Hill- yer), Venezuela. Bulimus cacticolus RVE., Conch. Icon., pi. 58, f. 393 (Jan., 1849). PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 439. Otostomus (Leptomerus) cacticolus Rve., MARTS., Binnenmoll. Venez., p. 31. B. cacticolus is the largest species of this section, and may readily be known by its size, dull buff color, thin but not fragile shell, rather open umbilicus, etc. The following species seems to me to be merely a slender form of cacticolus, differing somewhat in the more con- spicuous spiral striae. As I have not seen the type, it may stand here provisionally. B. ERECTUS (Reeve). PI. 10, fig. 99. Shell openly perforate, ovate-turrited, thin, subrugate, closely sculptured with spiral impressed lines, subpruinosa, pale corneous ; spire erect, rather acute ; whorls 7, a little convex, the last shorter than the spire, slightly compressed at base. Columella lightly arcu- ate. Aperture subvertical, oblong-oval ; peristome simple, unex- BULIMULUS-SOUTH AMERICAN. 61 panded, the right margin regularly arcuate, columellar margin vaultingly reflexed. Alt. 22J, diam. 11 mill.; alt. of aperture 11, width 6 mill. (P/r.). Curiana, Venezuela, on cacti (Dyson). Bulimus erectus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 58, f. 392 (Jan. 1849). PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 439. "Of a uniform horn color, with peculiarly erect spire" (Rve). Seems to differ from B. cacticolus only in being somewhat more slender, with stronger longitudinal and spiral sculpture. The name erectus has precedence on Reeve's pages. B. MARMATENSIS (Pfeiffer). Unfigured. Shell perforate, globose-conic, thin, striatulate, pellucid, pale grayish-tawny. Spire conic, rather obtuse. Whorls 4J, moderately convex, the last slightly longer than the spire, rounded. Columella lightly arcuate. Aperture little oblique, rotund-oval ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin very arcuate, columellar margin dilated above, reflexed, vaulted over the narrow perfora- tion. Alt. 17, diam. 10 mill.; aperture 10 mill, long, 7 wide. Marmato, U. S. of Colombia (Cuming Coll.). Bulimus marmatensis PFR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 125 ; Monogr., iv, p. 501. B. HYALOIDEUS (Pfeiffer). Unfigured. Shell narrowly umbilicate, ovate-conic, thin, irregularly striatu- late, somewhat hyaline ; spire regularly conic, the apex rather acute. Whorls 5, convex, the last a little shorter than the spire, with rounded base. Aperture little oblique, rounded-oval ; peri- stome simple, acute, the margins approaching, right margin unex- panded, very arcuate, columellar margin arcuate, somewhat spread- ing. Alt. 12J, diam. 7 J mill. ; aperture 6 mill, long, 4 wide. (Pf/*.). Mendez, in the Andes of Colombia (Cuming Coll.). Bulimus hyaloideus PFR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 292 ; Mouogr., iv, p. 505. May be allied to B. guttula Pfr. B. GLANDINIFORMIS Sowerby. PI. 10, figs. 93, 94. Shell narrowly perforate, oblong, very thin, shining, pellucid, straw-whitish ; longitudinally rugulose-striate. Spire turrited, the 62 BULIMULUS-SOUTH AMERICAN. apex obtuse. Whorls 7, a little convex, separated by a narrowly channelled suture ; the last whorl nearly half the length of the shell, slightly tapering at base. Aperture suboval, nearly vertical ; columella rather straightened, reflexed, nearly covering the perfor- ation ; peristome simple and acute. Alt. 21, diarn. 7 mill. (Sowb.). Bogota, U. S. of Colombia (Da Costa coll.). Bulimulm glandiniformis G. B. SOWEEBY, P. Z. S., 1892, p. 297, pi. 23, f. 13, 14. A transparent, fragile shell, with very much the appearance of a Glandina (Sowb.~). It may prove to be a Drymwus. B. KREBSIANUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 10, figs. 1, 2. Shell narrowly umbilicated, long, ovate-pyramidal, thin, but rather solid ; ivhite, faintly flesh-tinted toward the apex ; somewhat shining. Smoothish, with slight growth-wrinkles, and on some specimens excessively faint, close spiral strife on the spire. Spire long-conic, the apex obtuse, nepionic whorls very shallowly, mi- nutely zigzag-wrinkled and pitted. Whorls 7J-8, slightly convex, the last rounded. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique, white inside, contained over 2! times in length of shell ; outer lip acute, unexpanded, regularly ar- cuate ; basal lip narrowly arcuate ; columella concave below, straightened above, its edge well reflexed above. Alt. 26, diam. 11, alt. of aperture 9*8 mill. Carthagena, Colombia (Krebs). The white color is unusual in this subgenus, but the apical sculp- ture shows it to belong here. The spire is unusually lengthened. B. FONTAINII (d'Orbigny). PI. 10, figs. 96, 97. Shell narrowly umbilicated, oblong-conic, rather solid, pellucid, more or less shining, smooth ; corneous or greenish-corneous. Spire ovate-conic, rather acute ; suture simple. Whorls 6-7, convex, moderately increasing, the last not descending, somewhat com- pressed at the umbilicus. Columella little oblique, lightly arcuate. Aperture oval, colored like the outside, the base sometimes suban- gular, about two-fifths the shell's length ; peristome simple, unex- panded, acute, the margins converging, joined by a very delicate callus ; right margin arcuate, columellar margin dilated above, vaultingly reflexed. Alt. 13 J, diam. 6 mill. (Hidalgo). Guayaquil, Ecuador, among plants (Fontaine, Paz and Martinez). BULIMULUS-SOUTH AMERICAN. 63 Bulimus fontainii ORB., Voy. Am. Merid., p. 273. PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 220. B. fontainei PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 505. HIDALGO, Journ. de Couchyl., 1875, p. 130, pi. 7, f. 6 ; Mol. Viaje al Pacif., p. 126. On some specimens there is a whitish spiral line at the middle of the last whorl. It is allied to B. unicolor, but the aperture is rather smaller. B. UCAYALENSIS (Crosse). PI. 10, fig. 98. Shell nearly covered perforate, pyramidal-elongate, thin, pellucid, nearly smooth, uniform corneous-whitish. Spire quite long, the apex somewhat obtuse ; sutures well marked. Whorls 5j, slightly convex, the last a little longer than the spire and rounded at base. Aperture nearly oval, whitish-corneous inside ; peristome simple and whitish, the margins somewhat separated, columellar margin vault- ingly reflexed, covering the greater part of the perforation ; basal and outer margins a little reflexed and nearly acute. Alt. 13, diam. 6J mill. ; alt. of aperture 6, width 4? mill. (Crosse*). Banks of the Ucayali River, Ecuador (Orton). Bulimus ucayalensis CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., xix, 1871, pp. 229, 317, pi. 13, f. 4. B. MOLECILLUS (Eeeve). PL 10, fig. 3. Shell nearly covered perforate, oblong, somewhat solid, striatu- late, little shining, slightly diaphanous, pale corneous. Spire ovate- conic, rather obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, the penultimate whorl prominent, last whorl shorter than the spire, somewhat atten- uated at base. Columella folded, receding. Aperture oblique, narrowly oval ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin very slightly arcuate, columellar margin dilated, flesh-colored, sub- appressed and reflexed. Alt. 17J, diam. 7 ; alt. of aperture 8, width 4 mill. (PfV.). Tarma, Peru (Jelski). Bulimus molecillus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 77, f. 565 (Aug., 1849). PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 436. LUBOMIRSKI, P. Z. S., 1879, p. 725. The locality of the Cumingian specimens was unknown, but Lub- omirski identifies it from Peru. The distinctly folded columella is hardly a character of the present subgenus, but I do not know "where else to place it, having seen no specimens. 64 BULIMULUS-SOUTH AMERICAN. Species of N. E. South America, Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, etc. B. ORTHODOXUS (Drouet). PL 10, figs. 4, 5. Shell narrowly umbilicated, oval-conic, thin, a little solid, slightly striated, lusterless, warm ashey-grayish or whitish, subtrans- lucent. Whorls 5, regularly increasing, slightly convex, the last somewhat ventricose. Apex conic, rather acute. Aperture oval, half the total alt. of shell ; peristome a trifle thickened, the colu- mellar margin reflexed. Alt. 15, diam. 8 mill. ; alt. of aperture 8, width 5 mill. (Drouet). Ilet-la-Mere, FrenchGuiana, under stones on dead leaves (Eyries). Bulimus orthodoxus DROUET, Essai sur les Moll. Terr, et Fluv. de la Guyane Francaise, p. 62, pi. 1, f. 14, 15 (1859). It is allied to the white, one-colored form of B. exilis, but easily distinguished by the smaller size, more ventricose form and the less lengthened aperture. (Drouet). B. EGANUS (Pfeiifer). PI. 11, figs. 6, 7. Shell perforate, ovate-conic, thin, under the lens seen to be obso- letely decussated with longitudinal and spiral lines. Surface hardly shining, having a frosted appearance, brown-corneous. Spire conic, the apex obtuse ; suture moderate. Whorls 5, moderately convex, the last slightly longer than the spire, obsoletely angulated in the middle, the base a trifle compressed. Aperture oblique, subellipti- cal, somewhat angular at base ; peristome simple, thin, the right margin spreading, columellar margin dilated above, reflexed and subappressed. Alt. 13, diam. 6j mill. ; aperture 7 mill. long. Ega, Brazil. Bulimus eganus PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 437 ; P. Z. S., 1851, p. 258 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 85, pi. 30, f. 11, 12. A small species, with obsolete decussated sculpture, probably allied to B. buenavistensis. B. TENUISSIMUS (d'Orbigny). PI. 10, figs. 91, 92. Shell perforate, ovate-conic, very thin, pellucid, scarcely shining, obsoletely and closely decussated by growth striae and delicate spiral lines ; pale corneous, sometimes fulvous. Spire conoid, the apex rather acute, suture simple. Whorls 6, slightly convex, increasing with moderate rapidity, the last whorl convex, not descending in front, somewhat attenuated at base. Columella suboblique, some- BULIMULUS-SOUTH AMERICAN. 65 times nearly vertical. Aperture oval, colored like the exterior, one- half the shell's length ; peristome simple, unexpanded, acute, the right margin regularly arcuate, columellar margin reflexed above, nearly covering the perforation. Alt. 17, diam. 9 mill. {Hidalgo}. Rio Janeiro (type locality ; Orbigny, Paz and Martinez) ; Bahia (Paz and Martinez, Moricand, Challenger) ; Pernambuco (Petit). Helix tenuissima (Fer.) ORB., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 11 (name only). Bulimus tenuissimus (" Fer., dans sa collection ") ORB., Voy. p. 272. B. tenuissimus (" Fer. ex fide Orb.") POTIEZ & MICHAUD, Galerie des Moll, du Mus. de Douai, i, p. 158, pi. 15, f. 19, 20 (1838). HIDALGO, Viaje al Pacif., p. 119. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1884, p. 280. Bulimulus thoreyi BECK, Index Moll., 1837, p. 67 (name only). Bulimus thoreyi Bk., PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 500. Not B* tenuissimus Fer., Histoire, pi. 142B, f. 8. More or less doubtful references : Bulimus corneus POT. & MICH., Galerie, i, p. 137, pi. 14, f. 11, 12, 1838 [from Cayenne ; name preoc.]. Bulimus tenuis DKR., MS., olim, in Albers, Die Hel., 1850, p. 166, and note 2 on p. 168 [from near Angostura (Gruner) ; not described]. Bulimus tenuissimus FER., Hist., pi. 142 B, f. 8. PER., Monogr., ii, p. 218 ; iii, 439 ; iv, 504 ; vi, 152. TATE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), iv, 1869, p. 356. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), iii, p. 403. Cow/. also, REEVE, f. 288, and Conchyl. Cab., p. 241, pi. 63, f. 25, 26. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc., i, p. 316. CROSS E, Journ. de Conchyl., 1890, p. 43 (Journ. of Conch., viii, p. 241). See pi. 14, figs. 9, 10. Smaller than B. barbadensis, with more convex whorls, finer apical sculpture and a gray rather than russet color ; the surface has the dull " bloom " of a plum, a little scratched in places showing the glossy surface below. The figures on pi. 10 are from Pot. & Mich., and are not typical. Those on pi. 14 were drawn from " topotypes " collected at Rio Janeiro by Dr. von Iher- ing. Other localities given for the species are Huanuco, Peru (Fontaine, see Orb.) and Bolivia, given by Orbigny in his pre- liminary '' Synopsis " but omitted by him in the " Voyage," probably because the shells proved distinct on further investigation. The descriptions of Potiez and Michaud and of d'Orbigny were the first to be published, although there was a Helix tenuissima in Ferussac's collection prior to d'Orbigny's publication. The date of Ferussac's plate 142 B, on which H. tenuissima Fer. first appeared is unknown ; but as that illustration is quoted neither by d'Orbigny nor by Potiez & Michaud, (who elsewhere cite freely earlier plates 5 66 BULIMULUS-SOUTH AMERICAN. of the Histoire), it is clear that no date earlier than 1838 can be claimed for the Ferussacian illustration, unless ample authority can be adduced proving its earlier publication. B. tenuissimus FER., Hist., pi. 142 B, f. 8 (see pi. 9, figs. 53, 54) is according to Deshayes, " A thin, transparent, extremely fragile shell of a very pale corneous color, appearing smooth, but when seen under a strong lens the surface is found to be latticed by growth strias and obsolete, inconspicuous transverse striae." It has been united by Mr. E. A. Smith (Ann. Mag. N. H., 6th ser., viii, p. 252) with B. barbadensis Pfr. ; but I am satisfied that they are not identical. At all events, barbadensis seems to be distinct from the Brazilian shell first described as tenuissimus, and to which the name is here re- stricted. The locality " Cayenne," given by Pfeiffer, rests upon authority of doubtful value, depending upon the correctness of his reference of B. corneus P. & M. (notSowb.) to tenuissimus as a variety. It is also quoted from Angostura on the authority of specimens called B. tennis by Dunker, which Pfeiffer regards as tenuissimus. Trinidad, Bar- bados, Grenada, and St. Lucia have also been cited as localities for B. tenuissimus; but I regard the shells from these localities as spe- cifically different. B. PUELLARIS (Keeve). PI. 11, fig. 8. Shell subperforate, ovate-conic, thin, smoothish, showing very minute oblique striation under the lens, diaphanous, whitish. Spire conic, acute ; suture impressed. Whorls 6, but slightly convex, the last somewhat shorter than the spire, rounded at base. Aperture oblique, truncate-oval ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin receding at base; columella shortly reflexed above, subap- pressed. Alt. 22, diam. 10 mill.; aperture 1(H mill, long, 6 wide. Brazil (Cuming coll.). Bulimus puellaris REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 86, f. 637 (Feb., 1850). PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 411. An elegantly convoluted, semitransparent shell. (Rve.~). B. GORRITTIENSIS Pilsbry. PI. 11, figs. 9, 10. Shell perforate, ovate-turrited, thin and fragile, corneous-brown or dirty corneous-whitish. Surface slightly shining, sculptured with irregular and rather coarse wrinkles of growth. Spire elevated, rather slender, the lateral outlines straight ; apex quite obtuse, the BULIMULUS-SOUTH AMERICAN. 67 nepionic whorls shallowly, rather irregularly zigzag wrinkled in the young, this sculpture lost with age. Whorls 6, convex, with well impressed sutures. Aperture ovate, rather wide, brownish inside, varying from slightly to decidedly under half the length of the shell ; outer lip regularly arcuate, acute, unexpanded and fragile, columella slightly concave, the columellar margin narrowly reflexed above. Alt. 20, diam. 10s mill.; alt. of aperture 9 mill. Alt. 17J, diam. 8 mill. ; alt. of aperture 7 mill. Alt. 17, diam. 8f mill. ; alt. of aperture 8 mill. Gorritti Island, Maldonado Bay, Uruguay (Dr. Wm.H. Rush, U. S. N.). B. gorritiensis PILS., Nautilus, x, p. 78 (name only) ; Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1897, p. 18 (Feb. 23). A smaller, thinner, more turrited shell than B. sporadicus or its varieties, the whorls more convex, apex blunter, the first whorl being planorboid. The whorls are more convex and more wrinkled than in thorvyi or tenuissimus. B. SPORADICUS (Orbigny). PL 11, figs. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. Shell perforate, oblong-subfusiform, thin, striatulate ; whitish or pale corneous, typically variegated with narrow corneous or brown streaks. Spire elongated, conic, the apex acute. Whorls 7-8, slightly convex, the last about three-sevenths the total alt., attenu- ated at base. Columella somewhat straightened, a little receding. Aperture oval-oblong ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin dilated above and reflexed half over the perforation. Alt. 32, diam. 12J ; aperture 15 mill, long, 7 wide. Prov. Corrientes, Entre-Rios, Buenos Ay res, and south to the Rio Negro, Argentina; Montevideo, Uruguay. Helix sporadica ORB., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 12. Bulimus sporad- icus ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 271, pi. 32, f. 12-15. PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 201 ; vi, p. 128. HEYNEMANN, Malak. Bl. 1868, p. 108, pi. 4, f. 6 (jaw and teeth). HIDALGO, Viaje al Pacif, p. 120. Bulimulus (Thaumastus) sporadicus STROBEL, Mater. Malac. Argent., p. 24 (with var. bonariensis). DOERING, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cien. Rep. Argent., iii, p. 73 (with varr. montevidensis and subtro- picalis). PARAVICINI, Bol. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Cornp. Univ. Tor- ino, ix, no. 181, p. 6 (1894). Balinus sporadicus SOWB., Conch. Illustr., f. 73-75. Bulimus montevidensis PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 68 BULIMULUS-SOUTH AMERICAN. 33; Monogr., ii, p. 202. REEVE, C. Icon., f. 114. See also, HID- ALGO, Journ. de Conch., 1875, p. 128 : 1870, p. 60. Typical SPORADICUS Orb., as restricted by Pfeiffer, is brownish or whitish, with brown longitudinal streaks (figs. 12-14). The var. sub- tropicalis of Doering is a synonym. Chiquitos region, Bolivia. Var. BONARIENSIS Strobel. Shell more ventricose, thinner, paler, of a unicolored ashy-yellow. Alt. 25, diam. 14 mill. Buenos Ayres, Argentina. Var. MONTEVIDENSIS Pfeiflfer (pi. 11, fig. 19), is opaque white with close, narrow longitudinal corneous streaks ; often showing an indication of peripheral angulation, produced by color rather than by form. Alt. 31, diam. 15 ; alt. of aperture 15 mill. Alt. 33, diam. 14J ; alt. of aperture 14? mill. Montevideo, Uruguay* PfeifFer was the first to restrict Orbigny's species, so that the above arrangement of the varieties should replace that proposed by Doer- ing, as well as the transposition advocated by Hidalgo. The apex in this species is not smooth, as in Lissoacme, but minutely pitted, pits closely arranged in oblique series, the sculpture scarcely visible on many adult shells from the effects of wear, but constantly pres- ent on young and unworn adult specimens. The jaw has about 12 vertical riblets ; teeth in nearly straight transverse rows. B. CORUMBAENSIS Pilsbry. PI. 14, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Shell umbilicate, ovate, with rather lengthened spire; rather thin but solid and strong when adult ; opaque-white, with numerous dark brown or corneous longitudinal streaks, the last whorl often becom- ing abruptly darker below the periphery ; surface shining, with irregular growth-wrinkles, no spiral strise or with only the faintest traces of them. Spire conic, the lateral outlines nearly straight; apex small, obtuse, H earlier whorls reddish-corneous, densely and distinctly wrinkled in finely zig-zag pattern, sharply defined from the after-growth. Whorls fully 7, but slightly convex, slowly widening, separated by impressed sutures. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique, white or slightly streaked within, somewhat less than half the length of the shell ; edge of outer lip BULIMULUS-SOUTH AMERICAN. 69 a trifle expanded, with more or less general expansion basally ; columella oblique, nearly straight, the columellar lip very broadly revolute around the capacious umbilical cavity, and faintly flesh- tinted. Ait. 24?, diam. 12 ; alt. of aperture 11 mill. Alt. 23f, diam. 10* ; alt. of aperture 11 mill. Corumbd, Prov. Matto Grosso, Brazil (H. H. Smith). Bulimus amamus Bonnet, Rev. et Mag. de Zoo!., 1864, p. 70, pi. 6, f. 2. Not Bulimus amocmts Pfr. Bulimulus corumbaensis PILS- BRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 19 (Feb. 23). The locality given by Bonnet for this species is incorrect, like most of those recorded for the species described in his paper. It occurs at Corumbd, where Mr. Herbert H. Smith found it common on walls, etc. B. corumbaensis is closely allied to the typical form of B. sporadicus Orb., but it is a less elongated shell, solid, with distinctly expanded peristome and very widely dilated columellar lip, the umbilicus much larger than in sporadicus. The striped color-pattern is a conspicuous but variable character. Bonnet's figures are copied on pi. 14, figs. 7, 8. B. VESICALIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 12, figs. 42, 42. Shell subperforate, ventricose ovate, tapering toward each end, thin, pellucid, striatulate ; pale corneous above. Spire somewhat concavely conic, the apex rather acute, whorls 6z, a little convex, the last whitish, as long as the spire, more swollen, columella slightly receding. Aperture little oblique, oblong-oval, pearly within ; peristome simple, unexpanded, acute, the columellar margin vitreous, vaulted, reflexed. Alt. 25, diam. 13 mill. ; aperture 14 mill, long, 7 wide. (Pfr.). Brazil (Coll. Gruner). Bulimus vesicalis PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai., March, 1853, p. 58; Conchyl. Cab. p. 261, pi. 70, f. 23, 24; Monographia iii, p. 654; viii, p. 146. Not B. vesicalis Gld., Oct. 1853. Var. uruguayanus Pilsbry, n. var. PI. 12, figs. 38, 39. Shell perforate, ovate or oblong with rather short, conic spire ; thin but moderately solid, corneous-brown or dirty white, adults being usually denuded of the thin cuticle. Surface shining in the young, but nearly lusterless when adult, having irregular growth- wrinkles often quite prominent on the back of last whorl. Spire 70 BULIMULUS-SOUTH AMERICAN. short-conic, its outlines a trifle concave above ; apex obtuse, the nepionic whorls showing shallow, short ripples in the young, mainly lost by wear in the adult. Whorls 5I-6J, moderately convex, the last two more convex, last whorl either quite obese or somewhat com- pressed ; sutures well impressed. Aperture subvertical, white within, ovate, acutely angular above, about one-half as long as shell ; outer lip regularly arcuate, acute and unexpanded ; columella nearly straight, the margin reflexed above. Alt. 22, diarn. 14 mill.; alt. of aperture 12 mill. Alt. 24, diam. 13 mill.; alt. of aperture 12 mill. Montevideo, Uruguay, in the plain back of the " Cerro," on this- tles (Dr. Wm. H. Rush, U. S. N.). This species resembles B. apodemetes d'Orb. in contour, but the apex is decidedly larger, the outlines of the spire contracted above, columella straighter, and finally the nepionic whorls, which appear quite smooth even in young apodemetes, are seen to be distinctly though shallowly sculptured when the apex is unworn. It is more closely allied to B. sporadicus and montevidensis, but in the latter species the spire is much longer and more attenuated, the sutures shallower, and the surface without streaked coloration. I have not seen Strobel's var. bonariensis, but from his calling it thinner than sporadicus I conclude that it must differ from the present form, which is fully as solid as the thickest sporadicus or montevidensis which I have seen. B. RUSHII Pilsbry. PI. 12, fig. 47. Shell umbilieate, globose-ovate., rather thin but solid, light-yellow- ish. Surface with inconspicuous growth wrinkles and extremely fine, close incised spiral stria, visible only above the periphery. Spire very short, conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls slightly over 6, moder- ately convex, the suture shallow but well marked. Aperture slightly oblique, ovate, a trifle over half the total length of shell ; peristome simple, unexpanded. The columellar margin broadly dilated above. Alt. 19, diam. 14 mill.; alt. of aperture 10 mill. Maldonado, Uruguay (Dr. W. H. Rush). Bulimulus Rushii PILS., Nautilus, x, Nov. 1, 1896, p. 78, (name only) ; Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1897, p. 18 (Feb. 23). BULIMULUS-SOUTH AMERICAN. 71 Apparently allied to B. sporadicus and B. vesicalis, especially to the stouter variety of the latter species ; but conspicuously different in the very short spire, globose form and widely open, deeply pene- trating umbilicus. By an inadvertent exchange of labels, a wrong locality was given in the catalogue of Dr. Rush's shell in the Nautilus. B. MENDOZANUS Strobel. PI. 11, figs. 22, 23. Shell covered-perforate, oblong, thin, the spire elongate, apex obtuse; suture impressed. Whorls 4-5, somewhat convex, rapidly increasing, the first very delicately longitudinally striated, shining, roseate-buff, the rest longitudinally subrugose, somewhat shining, buff with longitudinal corneous rays, the last not descending, slightly exceeding half the shell's length. Aperture oblique, oval, peristome simple, acute, the margins joined by a very thin parietal .callus ; outer margin unexpanded, the columellar thin, a little expanded above, half closing the perfora- tion ; throat whitish-rose. Alt. 20-24, diam. 10-12 ; aperture, length 11-13, width 7-8 mill. (&). Villa Vicencio, Sierra de Mendoza, Argentina (Strobel). Bulimulus(Eudioptus)mendozanus STROB., Mater. Malac. Argent., p. 23, pi. 1, f. 4 (1874). DOERING, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cieu., iii, p. 70. B. (Mormus) mendozanus MARTENS, Jahrb. D. M. Ges., ii, 1875, p. 270. It differs from B. pseudosuccinea Moric. in the perforation of the shell, more convex and less numerous whorls, and more obtuse spire (Strobel). Doering believes it allied to B. monticola and B. tortor- anus ; while von Martens refers the species to s. g. Mormus. B. FOURMIERSI (d'Orbigny). PI. 11, figs. 26, 27, 28. Shell short, rather ventricose, subumbilicate ; thin, diaphanous and smooth ; uniform gray-brown. Spire conic, short, the apex obtuse ; whorls 5, convex, swollen, separated by deep sutures. Aperture oval, the peristome thin and sharp ; columella very nar- row. Alt. 11, diam. 7 mill. (Orb.*). Prov. Corrientes, Argentina, near Rio de Santa Lucia, at a place called Pasto reito, in a clump of trees in the plains (Orb.). Bulimus fourmiersi D'ORB., Voy., p. 273, pi. 30, f. 12-14. PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 196. Thaumastus fourmiersi DOERING, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cien. Rep. Arg., iii, p. 73. Shorter than B. tenuissimus, with deeper sutures. 72 BULIMULUS-SOUTH AMERICAN. B. SIMPLEX (Hupe). PI. 11, figs. 31, 32. Shell thin, fragile, corneous, ovate-conic with acuminate spire, acute at apex ; whorls 6-7, narrow and convex, the last more swollen, about half the total length. Aperture oval ; peristome thin, sharp, dilated toward the base ; columellar margin dilated above, partly covering the small umbilical fissure. Alt. 15, diam. 8 mill. (Hupe). Peru, (Castelnau). Bulimus simplex HUPE (Castelnau's) Anim. nouv. on rares * Ame'r. du Sud Moll., p. 53, pi. 9, f. 6 (1857). PFR., Malak. BL, 1858, p. 166. Allied to B. tenuissimus, but more swollen, and the spire is more acuminate (Hupe). Pfeiffer considers this a synonym of B. four- miersi, but that seems a shorter shell. The locality given above is doubtful. The name is preoccupied by Jonas in Bulimus. B. HELOICUS (d'Orbigny). Vol. X, p. 193, pi. 51, figs. 12, 13. Probably belongs to this group rather than to Lissoacme. B. NIVALIS (d'Orbigny). PI. 11, figs. 35, 36. Shell subim perforate, conic-ovate, thin, smooth ; greenish-corneous, here and there streaked with chestnut; spire conic, obtuse. Whorls. 5, a little convex, the last longer than the spire, rounded at base ; columella very lightly arcuate. Aperture somewhat oblique, acu- minate-oval ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin thin, reflexed and adnate. Alt. 16, diam. 8f ; aperture 9 mill, long, 5 wide. (P/r.). Mountains around Potosi, Bolivia, 5000 meters alt., under stones, etc. (Orb.). Helix nivalis ORB., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 12. Bulimus nivalis ORB., Voy., p. 287, pi. 32, f. 8, 9. PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 170 ; iii, 406 ; iv, 466 ; vi, 107. In form like B. oblongus on a very small scale, but thin and sharp- lipped. Orbigny gives alt. 14, diam. 9 mill., as the size. The sub- generic position is doubtful. B. PLICATULUS (Pfeiffer). Unfigured. Shell umbilicated, ovate-conic, rather thin, sculptured with low, somewhat varix-like folds ; hardly shining, pale gray, irregularly painted with very narrow white and brown streaks. Spire conic, acute. Whorls 7, slightly convex, the last a little shorter than the spire, base somewhat compressed around the moderate sized, rounded BULIMULUS-SOUTH AMERICAN. 73 umbilicus. Coluruella rather straightened. Aperture slightly ob- lique, elliptical-oblong, the peristome simple, unexpanded, columellar margin dilated from the base, vaultingly reflexed. Alt. 23, diam. 11 mill. ; aperture 11 mill, long, 6 wide. (Pfr.). Bolivia (Cuming coll.). Bulimus plicatulus PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 390; Monogr., iv, p. 488. B. CASTELNAUI (Pfeiffer). Unfigured. Shell subperforate, fusiform-turrited, rather thin, striatulate (some- what decussated under a lens) ; shining, gray-whitish, with sparsely scattered pellucid dots; spire elongate-conic, the apex acute, corne- ous. Whorls 7i, a little convex, the last about two-fifths the length of shell, attenuated at base. Columella rather straightened. Aper- ture oblique, oblong, flesh-colored inside ; peristome simple, unex- panded, the columellar margin dilated above, vaultingly reflexed. Alt. 20, diam. 8J mill. ; alt. of aperture 8f, width 8 mill. (Pfr.). Rio Pampas, Bolivia (Castelnau, in Mus. Cuming). Bulimus castelnaui PFR., P. Z. S., 1856, p. 332 ; Monogr., iv, p. 473. A slender shell with scattered pellucid dots. Its generic position is not known. Locality unknown. B. TRANSPARENS (Reeve). PI. 11, fig. 11. Shell subperforate, oblong-conic, thin, rugose-striate, pellucid, dull corneous. Spire conic, somewhat obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last a little shorter than the spire, somewhat attenuated at base. Columella arcuate. Aperture oblique, oval ; peristome simple, the right margin slightly arcuate, columellar margin shortly reflexed above, subappressed. Alt. 19, diam. 8 mill. ; alt. of aperture 9, width 5 mill. (P/r.). Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.). Bulimus transparens RVE., Conch. Icon., pi. 77, f. 566 (August, 1849). PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 436. Of as light and delicate a structure as any Lymnea. (Eve.). B. INUTILIS (Reeve). PI. 11, fig. 37. Shell perforate, oblong-conic, rather solid, irregularly plicatulate, little shining, corneous. Spire conic, somewhat obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last somewhat shorter than the spire, compressed at base. Columella lightly arcuate. Aperture little oblique, oblong, 74 BULIMULUS-RHINUS. subangulate at base ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin dilated above and vaultingly reflexed. Alt. 17, diam. 8 mill. ; aperture 8 mill, long, 4 wide. (Pfr.). Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.). Bulimus inutili* REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 86, f. 639 (Feb., 1850). PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 438. Differs from B. nubeculatus by the less convex whorls, the last one longer, narrow umbilicus, etc. (P/K). The type should be com- pared with the numerous similar Leptomerus species. B. HAPLOCHROUS (Pfeiffer). Unfigured. Shell perforate, ovate-fusiform, thin, rather smooth, not shining, diaphanous, corneous whitish ; spire long, convex-turrited, rather acute. Whorls 7, but slightly convex, the last a little shorter than the spire, attenuated at the base. Columella lightly arcuate. Aper- ture oblique, subelliptical, subangulated at base ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the right margin regularly arcuate, columellar margin dilated above, vaultingly reflexed. Alt. 30, diam. 12 mill.; aper- ture 14 mill, long, 7 wide in the middle. (Pfr.~). Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.). Bulimus haplochrous PFR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 125; Monogr., iv, p. 502. May be allied to B. krebsianus. Section RHINUS Albers, 1860. Ehinus ALB., Die Heliceen (edit, von Martens), p. 223. Type B. heterotrichus Moric. Bulimuli with the nepionic whorls finely and densely rugose from the interruption of waved strise, or zigzag-striate ; the cuticle else- where hairy or bristly in spiral lines. Form globose-ovate to oblong ; perforate ; lip expanded or narrowly reflexed. Type B. heterotrichus. Distribution, eastern and north-eastern South America, from southern Brazil to Venezuela. These forms are closely allied to typical Bulimulus, but differ in. the bristly or velvet-like cuticle, which as usual functions as a holder of soil for the purpose of protection. It is a further development of the cuticular spirals seen in many Bulimuli of the typical group. BULIMULUS-RHINUS. 75 Key to species of Rhinus. I. Cuticular processes of two kinds : longer bristles in spaced spiral rows, and numerous spirals between them bearing smaller hairs. a. Nepionic whorls with the wrinkles much waved and in- terrupted (pi. 13, fig. 25). b. Ovate-conic, rather solid, heterotrichus, p. 75. b'. Ovate-globose, rather thin, longiseta, p. 77. velutinohispidus, p. 76. a'. Nepionic whorls very densely striolate longitudinally (pi. 13, fig. 21) ; spire elevated, conic. b. Many spirals between the rows of bristles, which are about a millimeter apart, scobinatus, p. 77. b'. Fewer spirals between the rows of bristles, which are much nearer together, ciliatus, p. 78. II. Cuticle with a uniform close pile of subequal curved hairs; nepionic whorls densely zigzag striate. a. Columella with a projecting fold above; alt. 13-16 mill., pubescens, p. 81. a'. Columella not folded ; alt. 22-25 mill., constrietus, p. 80 ; sarcochilus, p. 80. B. koseritzi (p. 79) is not included in the above table. B. HETEROTRICHUS (Moricand). PI. 13, fig. 1 ; pi. 15, fig. 18. Shell narrowly umbilicate, ovate-conic, solid and strong or rather thin ; chestnut-brown or light yellowish-brown, paler and yellowish above, and with a narrow light girdle at the periphery, sometimes having a spiral chestnut band within the umbilicus. Surface densely spiralled with rows of short, curved and rather stiff hairlets, and with widely spaced rows of separated stiff and much longer bristles, usually in great part lost in adult shells, but leaving more or less obvious scars (pi. 15, fig. 18). Spire straightly conic, the apex ob- tuse, nepionic whorls densely and very finely waved and rugose. Whorls about 65, but slightly convex, the last large and globose, descending toward the aperture, a trifle contracted behind the peri- stome. Aperture oblique, ronnd-ovate, purplish within ; peristome ex- panded and narrowly reflexed, white; columellar margin dilated 76 BULIMULUS-RHINUS. above, partly covering the umbilicus ; columella concave ; parietal callus thick or thin. Alt. 41, diara. 28, alt. of aperture 20 mill. Alt. 36, diam. 26, alt. of aperture 18'5 mill. Alt. 36, diam. 23, alt. of aperture 16 mill. Alt. 33-5, diam. 21 mill. Brazil: Bahia (Blanchet, von Ihering); Cor cobado, at Rio Janeiro (Paz.). Helix (Cochlogena) heterotricha MORICAND, Mem. de Phys. et Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Geneve, vii, pt. 2, p. 430, pi. 2, f. 5, 6 (1836). Bulimus heterotriclms DESH. in Lam., Anirn. s. Vert., viii, p. 241 ; and in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 16, pi. 157, f. 1, 2. BECK, Index, p. 51. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 32, f. 199. PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 116 ; vi, p. 28. HIDALGO, Journ. deConchyl., 1870, p. 59. Doubtful synonyms: Helix tumida GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3668, based on Gualtieri, pi. 5, f. Q. Helix scobinata FER.? ac- cording to Pfeiffer. A larger and stronger species than B.velutinohispidus, with more whorls, a longer and more conic spire, and less inflated body-whorl. According to Moricand the animal is entirely black. His measure- ments, alt. 55, diam. 32 mill., are greater than in any of the shells before me. Var. subtenuis n. v. PI. 13, figs. 2, 25 ; pi. 15, f. 19. This is a smaller, thinner form, with shorter spire of scarcely 6 whorls, lighter corneous brownish color, and proportionally larger aperture. The peristome is less developed. Alt. 28, diam. 20, alt. of aperture 15 mill. Alt. 29, diam. 21, alt. of aperture 15'5 mill. B. VELUTINOHISPIDUS (Moricand). PI. 13, fig. 3 ; pi. 15, fig. 20. Shell perforate, globose, with short, conic spire, thin, light brown- ish corneous or olivaceous, generally more or less covered with dirt, except on the front of the body-whorl, the surface roughened by dense spiral lines of short hairs and more spaced series of stiff bris- tles, often lost in the adult shell (pi. 15, fig. 20). Spire short, conic, the apex obtuse, nepionic whorls very shallowly and finely waved in irregular, indistinct pattern. Whorls 5?, quite convex, the sutures well impressed ; last whorl much inflated, descending grad- ually in front. BULIMULUS-RHINUS. 77 Aperture rounded, decidedly oblique, of a fleshy tint inside ; peristome white, very narrowly subreflexed, the columellar margin broadly, triangularly dilated above, columella concave. Alt. 20, diam. 17, alt. of aperture 11 mill. Alt. 27, diam. 22 mill. Brazil, Baliia, on the ground under dead leaves, in damp places (Blanchet). Helix velutino-liispida MORIC., Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. de Geneve, vii, p. 429, pi. 2, f. 4 (1836). Bulimus velutino-hispidus DESK, in Lam., Anim. s. Vert., viii, p. 262. POT. & MICH., Galerie, i, p. 158, pi. 15, f. 21, 22. PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 100; vi, p. 49. Bulimus hirtus BECK, Index, p. 51 (1837). There are more rows of bristles than in B. heterotrichus, and the shell is more globose with shorter spire and fewer whorls ; it is also less solid. In B. scobinatus the spire is much longer and the aper- ture proportionally smaller. The animal is dark with a tint of rose. The measurements last given above are from Moricand. B. LONGISETA (Moricand). PI. 13, figs. 22, 23. Shell ventricose-conic, perforate, pellucid, thin, dull yellowish. Spire conic, obtuse ; whorls 4, rotund, with well marked sutures, the last whorl inflated, marked with an inconspicuous paler zone ; covered with sparse long bristles, readily detached, and nearly a millimeter in length, a little curved in different directions ; aperture subrotund, the lips thin. Umbilicus narrow but deep. Alt. and diara. 7 mill. Province of Bahia, Brazil (Blanchet). Helix (Bulimus) longiseta MORIC., Mem. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Geneve, xi, p. 156, pi. 5, f. 18-20 (1846). PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 196. Pfeiffer, who probably had not seen the shell, supposes this may be the young of B. velutinohispidus. It is known to me by Mori- cand's description and figures only. B. SCOBINATUS (Wood). PI. 13, figs. 4, 7, 21 ; pi. 15, fig. 25. Shell narrowly umbilicate, ovate-conic, rather thin ; olive yellow or light brown-olive, somewhat shining. Surface with close, fine spiral lines of short cuticular hairs or asperities, and spaced series of much larger stiff short bristles. Spire long, conic, the apex ob- tuse, 2 nepionic whorls sculptured with excessively close, minute. 78 BULIMULUS-RHINUS. somewhat undulating vertical striae (fig. 21) with indistinct, fine spiral lines above the suture. Whorls 5| to 6J, convex, the last globose, usually a trifle angulated peripherally at its origin, slightly deflexed in front. Aperture rounded, oblique, somewhat flesh-tinted within ; peri- stome paler, narrowly expanded ; columellar margin broadly dilated above. Alt. 23'7, diaru. 15, alt. of aperture 10'5 mill. ; whorls 6. Alt. 17, diam. 12, alt. of aperture 8'5 mill. ; whorls 5|. Brazil. Helix scobinata Mawe, WOOD, Index Testae. Suppl., pi. 8, f. 77. -PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 100 ; iii, p. 338 ; vi, p. 49 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 253, pi. 68, f. 12, 13. The high conic spire and especially the clear-cut but very minute striolation of the apex are leading features of this species. It varies a good deal in size and number of whorls. VAR. PI. 15, figs. 21, 22. Fragile, with the sculpture and slight anterior peripheral angula- tion of scobinatus ; but decidedly more globose with shorter spire; whorls 5|. Alt. 19J, diam. 15 mill. B. CILIATUS (Gould). PI. 13, figs. 17, 18 ; pi. 15, fig. 24. Shell thin and fragile, ovate-conic, acute at summit, covered with minute, crowded longitudinal and revolving striae. On the revolv- ing striae are seated series of dark, stiff, tapering, slightly recurved hairs of unequal length ; there are about eight series of the long ones on the penult whorl, and about twenty on the last whorl, between two of which are either two or three series of shorter and finer ones, the whole resembling coarse velvet. Whorls six, con- vex ; [nepionic whorls densely and minutely vertically striolate, the striae clear-cut, somewhat beaded by the crossing of equally fine incised spiral lines] ; the last one large, ventricose, and subcarinate. Suture profound ; aperture subovate, slightly angular at base, lip simple, acute; columella straight, white, reflected over a small, deep perforation. Length of axis five sixths of an inch, breadth six- tenths of an inch. (Old.). Alt. 19, diam. 15, alt. of aperture 10 mill, (specimen). Brazil, Province Rio de Janeiro, Organ Mountains, on bushes near the water (Dr. Pickering), and San Domingo, a suburb of Rio Janeiro, on the trunks of trees (A. D. Brown). BULIMULUS-RHINUS. 79 Bulimus ciliatus GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, p. 191 (Dec., 1846) ; Expedition Shells, p. 32; U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 75, pi. 6, f. 80. PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 174. A. D. BROWN, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., ix, p. 158. Animal very dark slate-color, almost black, oculiferous tentacles long and slender, and, like the neck, finely granulate ; body ob- liquely wrinkled ; foot and mouth paler, respiratory orifice very large. This shell, with its thick green epidermis, looks like a Paludina, especially like fresh specimens of P. decisa Say, which have similar series of cilise. Another Brazilian species, S. velutinohispidus Moric., has a similar velvety vesture, but it is a more globular, heliciform species. (Old.). The apical whorls are striolate as in B. scobinatus, but that is a decidedly more slender species. B. velutinohispidus is more globose, with different apical sculpture. As in B. scobinatus, the body-whorl is indistinctly keeled peripherally at its origin, and the lip is very narrowly expanded andsubreflexed. Gould's figures, which I have copied on pi. 13, show the hairs too long. B. KOSERITZI (Clessin). Shell rounded-ovate, rather strong, openly umbilicated. Spire short, conic ; whorls 7, slowing increasing, separated by sutures of little depth, the last whorl fully half the entire length of the shell. Surface of the whorls slightly striated, with (in the single decortica- ted specimen before me) little shallow, irregularly placed depres- sions, apparently indicating that fresh shells are hairy. Aperture narrow, ovate, strongly attenuated above ; the peristome somewhat thickened and expanded ; parietal callus thin. Columella nearly straight. Alt. 20, diam. 14 mill. (Clessin). Brazil (von Ihering). Bulimus (Ehinus) koseritzi CLESS., Malak. Bliitter (n. F.), x, p. 168 (1888?). Clessin omits the locality, but it is probably either from Bahia or southern Brazil near Taguara. The " unregelmassig angeordnete Vertiefungen ' are exceptional in Hhinus, the hairs or hair-scars being arranged in spiral lines as a rule. The position of the species is, therefore, uncertain. 80 BULIMULUS-RHINUS. B. SARCOCHILUS (Pfeiffer). Shell deeply rimate, ovate-pyraraidal, thin, under the lens seen to be decussated and roughened by short bristles, tawny. Spire conic, somewhat acute ; whorls 7 to 8, a trifle convex, the last two-fifths the total length, obsoletely angulated below the middle. Aperture oblique, truncated oblong ; peristome brownish flesh- colored, narrowly expanded, the right margin arcuate above, then becoming rather straightened ; columellar margin dilated, spreading above. Columella a little receding. Alt. 21 to 25, diam. 10 to 11 J mill. ; aperture 9i to 10 mill, long, 5f to 6i wide. (Pfr.). Northern Brazil (Miers, in Cuming coll.). BulimuB sarcochilus PFR. in Malak. Bl., iv, 1857, p. 157 ; Mono- graphia, iv, p. 412. * An unfigured species, probably allied to B. constrictus, but of darker color, the whorls less convex, the last one obsoletely angula- ted below the middle. B. CONSTRICTUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 13, figs. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Shell narrowly umbilicate, oblong, rather thin but moderately solid, pale buff. Sculpture of growth-strise and close, fine spiral lines of short hairs, as in B. pubeseens. Spire convex-conic, the apex very obtuse, nepionic whorls densely and regularly wave- wrinkled as in pubeseens. Whorls 65 to 7, convex, especially below the deep sutures. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique, flesh-colored inside; peristome narrowly expanded, subreflexed, whitish. Alt. 22, diam. 11 ; alt. of aperture 9s mill. Alt. 19, diam. 10; alt. of aperture 8 mill. Venezuela, Angostura (Stentz, Gruner) ; La Guayra (Krebs, Otto) ; Caraccas (Moritz, Gollmer & Ernst). Bulimus constrictus PFR., Symboke ad Hist. Hel., i, p. 43 (1841) ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 149, pi. 39, f. 8, 9 ; Monogr., ii, p. 110 ; viii, 70. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 59, f. 402. Not B. constrictus RVE. Conch. Icon., pi. 47, f. 307, 1?. redditus Rve., errata to C. Icon., = B. crepundia Orb. Bulimulus constrictus MARTENS, Binnenmoll. Venezuela's, in Festschrift zur Feier des 100-Jiihrigen Bestehens der Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde zu Berlin, p. 178, pi. 2, f. 17a (jaw), 176, c, d (radula). Bulimus constrictus var. tateanus GUPPY, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 322. Bulimus angosturensis GRUNER, Wiegm. Archiv BULIMULUS-RHINUS. 81 fur Naturg., 1841, i, p. 278. pi. 11, f. 3 (immature). B. comtrictus PFR.-CLESS., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 228. Distinguished from the closely allied B. pubescens by its larger size, somewhat stouter form and lack of the strong columellar fold of that species. It is also geographically separated from pubescens. Guppy has described a slightly smaller form as var. tateanus. Alt. 17, diam. 8, alt. of aperture 6 mill. The locality given is " Vene- zuelan Guiana." Typical constrictus; however, ranges at least as far west as La Guayra, and the alleged varietal characters of tate- anus quite disappear when a large series of well-preserved specimens is examined. The length varies from 17 to 23 mill. B.angosturen- sis Gruner (pi. 13, figs. 13, 14) was based upon immature shells. The jaw has 11 wide folds, and like the radula, is of the typical Bullmulus type. The localities New Granada and Upper Maranlion have been* reported on the evidence of Cumingian labels. They remain doubt- ful. B. PUBESCENS (Moricand). PL 13, figs. 15, 16, 19 ; pi. 15, fig. 23. Shell perforate, oblong, the length generally exceeding twice the* diameter, rather thin but moderately solid, light buff or corneous- buff; surface with close, irregular growth-striae and close fine spiral lines of minute hairs, giving a velvet-like surface to which eartb adheres. Spire long, convex-conic, the apex very obtuse, nepionic- whorls densely sculptured with conspicuously sinuous, often inter- rupted striae (fig. 19). Whorls 6i, quite convex, separated by deep sutures. Aperture small, slightly oblique, whitish inside; peristome rather narrowly reflexed, white ; columella concave below, with a rather strong fold above. Alt. 16, diam. 1\ ; alt. of aperture 6 mill. Alt. 131, diam. 6J ; alt. of aperture 5 mill. Bahia, Brazil (Blanchet). Helix (Bulimus) pubescens MORIC., Mem. Soc. Phys. et HisL Nat. Geneve, xi, p. 157, pi. 5, f. 21-23 (1846). Bulimus pubescens PFR. in Conchyl. Cab., p. 150, pi. 39, f. 10, 11 ; Monographia, ii, p. Ill ; vi, p. 57. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 63, f. 437. Smaller than B. constrictus Pfr., and with a stronger columellar fold. 6 2 BULIMULUS-HYPERAULAX. Section HYPERAULAX Pilsbry, 1897. Hyperaulax PILS., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 10 (Feb. 23). Bulimuli with wave-wrinkled apical sculpture, and an expanded or reflexed peristome, the aperture with a longitudinal groove or channel at the posterior angle and a callous nodule adjacent to it on the parietal wall. Type B. ridleyi. Distribution : Fernando Noronha Island ; Miocene of Florida (Silex-beds). This group, which is well distinguished by the channel at the posterior angle of the aperture, is apparently extinct, with the exception of a single surviving species. The Floridian Miocene species, B. floridanus Conrad, B. heilprinianus, americanus and stearnsii Dall, are practically identical with B. ridleyi in their main characters, differing only in unimportant details of proportion, size and striation. B. americanus is excessively like B. ridleyi. There can be no reasonable doubt that Bulimulus ridleyi is a living representative of the Miocene group, preserved practically unchanged on the remote island of Fernando Noronha, while the group has been wholly crowded out of existence in the continental faunas. B. RIDLEYI (E. A. Smith). PL 14, figs. 11, 12, 13. Shell urabilicated, ovate, conic above, moderately solid, brown with a buff line at the periphery, very delicately sculptured with lines of growth, and sometimes low wrinkles and fine impressed spiral striae. Spire conic, the apex obtuse, nepionic whorls sculp- tured with superficial vermiculate wrinkles. Whorls 5, slightly convex, the last a little descending and then slightly ascending in front, distinctly constricted behind the peristome ; base perforated by a deep and conspicuous though not wide umbilicus. " Aperture ovate, fleshy-brown inside, and showing a pale median line, half the length of the shell ; ' peristome flatly reflexed through" .out, the outer lip subangularly arcuate above, terminations joined by a thin or thick parietal callus, which is thickened and somewhat tubercular above, separated by a vertical groove or channel from a similar callous lobe on the outer lip near its insertion. Alt. 12*5, diam. 7*2; alt. of aperture 6'2 mill. Alt. 10'5, diam. 6'2 ; alt. of aperture 5'2 mill. BULIMULUS-DIVISION III. 83 Fernando Noronha Island, off Brazil, living under bark of Mango trees in the garden and on north side of island ; also at base of the Peak, north side, under stones, and on Eat Island (Ridley). Bulimus (Bulimulus) ridleyi E. A. SMITH, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., xx, p. 501, pi. 30, f. 9 (July 31, 1890). B. americanus Dall has a longer aperture and more broadly re- flexed lip ; it is also somewhat larger. The spiral strise of B. ridleyi are often scarcely discernable on specimens deprived of the cuticle but otherwise well preserved. Mr. Smith writes : " I do not know any species sufficiently near this form wherewith to offer a comparison. It resembles somewhat in form certain species of Partula; it faintly recalls, chiefly on account of color, B. jacobi of the Galapagos Islands, and the spiral striation, although finer, somewhat resembles that of some of the species of the genus Plecotrema" DIVISION III. Bulimuli with the nepionic whorls sculptured with regular, straight or nearly straight vertical rib lets. The third division of Bulimulus is remarkable for the discontin- uity of its distribution ; one group inhabiting eastern and north- eastern South America, another the Galapagos Archipelago, and a third, central and northern Mexico, Lower California and the south- central and southwestern United States. This probably indicates a former wide extension, with subsequent extinction in the region geographically intermediate between the present habitats of the groups. This contrasts with the distribution of the other two main groups of the genus Bulimulus, both of which occupy continuous areas. In many or most of the species of this division, adequate magni- fication reveals delicate and close spiral strise between the vertical riblets of the nepionic shell. This is an incipient condition of what becomes conspicuous in Neopetrceus, a group which probably arose from this stock. The shells of this division are almost invariably dull brown or white, often more or less streaked obliquely, but very rarely banded. The lip may be either simple or reflected ; and the contour, as in Bostryx, varies within the widest limits. Three subgenera of this group are here recognized, separated geographically and by the general appearance ; but it must be freely 84 BULIMULUS-PROTOGLYPTUS. admitted that rigid diagnoses are impossible, so great is the range variation within each of the three. The rank of subgenera is, there- fore, nominal. I. PROTOGLYPTUS (p. 84). Eastern and northern South Amer- ica, Trinidad, etc. II. N^ESIOTUS (p. 94). Galapagos Islands. III. ORTHOTOMIUM (p. 125). Central and northern Mexico, Lower California, southern United States. Subgenus PROTOGLYPTUS Pilsbry, 1897. Bulimuli with the apical whorls vertically costulate, the shell ovate-conic, usually rather thin and brownish, the outer lip unex- panded, columella foldless, the columellar lip dilated and reflexed. Distribution : eastern South America, Trinidad and some of the Caribbean Islands. This group stands somewhat intermediate in conchological char- acters between the typical Bulimulus (with Leptomerus), Rhinus, Orthotomium and Ncesiotus, with certain features not unlike Neo- petrceus. It may be regarded as a surviving primitive type, not much modified from the parent stock of the groups named above. Typical Bulimulus and Scutalus have apparently been differentiated from Protoglyptus by the crinkling of the riblets of the nepionic shell ; Neopetrceus by the development of a system of spirals between the straight riblets, a process culminating in Drymceus. Ncesiotus and Orthotomium are identical with Protoglyptus in apical sculpture, and have both been directly dirived, apparently, from this stock. Key to species. I. Shell thin, brown or corneous. a. Unicolored ; whorls 7 or less ; form ovate or conic. b. Densely pilose ; whorls very convex ; aperture decidedly less than half the alt.; alt. 13-14 mill. ; whorls 6, pilosus, p. 85. b'. With faint spiral stride but no hairs ; dark red- dish-chestnut ; aperture decidedly less than half of alt. Alt. 18-22 mill., chrysaloides, p. 87. b". Pilose when fresh ; whorls 7, convex, sutures deep ; a faint paler peripheral zone ; aperture two-fifths the alt. Alt. 21 mill., sanctceludce, p. 86. 'tilt BULIMULUS-PROTOGLYPTUS. 85 b"' '. Similar to (b"), but unicolored, sutures shallow, last whorl wider, v. lucice, p. 86. Faint growth lines and cuticular spirals; very thin and fragile ; apex densely striolate vertically ; whorls 4f , alt. 10*, diam. 6'6 mill. ; aperture over half the length, eudioptus, p. 89. a'. Whorls 7 2-9 ; form slender, long, the alt. more than twice the diam. ; often streaked. b. Hairy; openly perforate, with 8 slightly convex whorls; alt. 20, diam. 9; aperture 8? mill., trichodes, p. 92. b'. Not hairy. c. Umbilicus large ; 8 slightly convex whorls ; alt. 19, diam. 8 mill., rivasii, p. 91. c'. Umbilicus narrow ; whorls very convex, montivagus, p. 90 ; crepundia, p. 90. II. Shell solid, more calcareous. a. None of the riblets of early whorls beaded. b. Form compact, whorls 7, aperture about alt. ; alt. 19-24 mill. : durus, p. 87 ; ovuhim, p. 88. b r . Outer lip unexpanded ; aperture over half the alt. ; alt. 32 mill., pachys, p. 88. a'. Second nepionic whorl with the riblets beaded ; solid and calcareous species, glyptocephalus, p. 93 ; sarcochroa, 93. B. PILOSUS (Guppy). PI. 13, figs. 8, 9, 20. Shell small, umbilicate, oblong-conic, thin ; corneous-brown. Surface but little shining, with oblique growth-lines and very numerous spiral lines of short, delicate, velvety hairs, or the slight scars remaining when they are rubbed off. Spire conic, the apex very obtuse, earlier 1? whorls delicately vertically costulate (fig. 20), whorls fully 6, very convex, and separated by deep sutures. Aperture oblique, decidedly over one-third the total length ; peristome thin, the basal margin somewhat expanded, columellar margin broadly dilated. Alt. 13?, diam. 7 ; alt. of aperture 5? mill. Trinidad (Guppy). Buliminus pilosus GUPPY, Amer. Journ. Conch., vi, p. 310, pi. 17, f. 12 (1871). Bulimus pilosus GUPPY, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 323 ; 86 BULIMULUS-PROTOGLYPTUS. Quart. Journ. of Conch., i, p. 109. Bulimulu* pilosus Guppy, CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1890, p. 43, pi. 2, f. 3. GUPPY, Journ. of Conch., vii, p. 218 (1893). Bulimulus (Leptomerus') pilosus Guppy, SMITH, Journ. of Conch., viii, p. 241 (1896). The whorls are very convex and separated by deep sutures, sug- gesting B. constrictus Pfr., a species with different apical sculpture. This is the smallest of the known Protoglyptus species. B. SANCT^ELUCI^E (Smith). Shell elongated, narrowly rimate, thin, covered with a brown- cor- neous, little shining epidermis ; whorls 7, convex, the earlier two obliquely delicately costulate, the rest ornamented with oblique growth-lines and with spiral punctate and setigerous lines, separated by a simple but deep [profunda] suture ; the last whorl paler below and toward the lip, girt about the middle with an inconspicuous narrow, pale zone. Aperture small, whitish, about two-fifths the total length of shell ; peristome thin, hardly expanded, the colu- mellar margin broadly reflexed, nearly covering the umbilical chink. Alt. 21, diam. 9 ; aperture 8 mill, long, 5 wide. (Smith}. St. Lucia (G. A. Earn age). Bulimus (Leptomerus') sanctcelucice SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), iii, p. 403 (May, 1889). This species is somewhat intermediate in form between B. chrysa- lis Pfr. and B. martinicensis Pfr. It is, however, well distinguished by the sculpture of the apical whorls and the pilose punctured striae of the rest. The reflexion of the columella also is different. (SmitJi). Var. LUCI^: Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 12, fig. 43. Shell long, ovate-conic, narrowly umbilicate, thin ; yellowish- brown or reddish-brown. Surface slightly shining, with oblique growth lines and very numerous spiral lines of closely placed, short, stiff hairlets, mostly or entirely rubbed off in adult shells. Spire long and straightly conic, the apex obtuse, If nepionic whorls with regular delicate vertical riblets. Whorls 7, somewhat convex, the suture well marked but not deep. Aperture slightly oblique, irregularly ovate, fleshy-whitish with- in ; peristome thin and simple, the outer margin almost impercepti- bly expanded, basal margin well expanded ; columella flesh-colored, concave, the margin flatly dilated and reflexed. Alt. 22, diam. 12, alt. of aperture 10 mill. St. Lucia, British West Indies (Robert Swift). BULIMULUS-PROTOGLYPTUS. 87 This form differs, apparently, from Smith's unfigured B. sanctce- lueice in being wider with proportionally larger aperture ; is umbil- icate rather than rimate behind the flatly reflexed columellar lip, the sutures are not deep but rather superficial, and the color is of uniform tint throughout. Six specimens examined. As it inhabits the same island, and agrees in other characters, I can hardly doubt the specific identity of Swift's shells with those collected by Kamage, but they evidently constitute a marked variety. B. CHRYSALOIDES Pilsbry. PI. 9, fig. 52. Shells perforate, oblong-turrited, thin, deep reddish-chestnut, somewhat paler on the spire : surface luster less f with irregular, in- distinct growth- wrinkles and microscopic crowded spiral strise, very superficial and probably cuticular. Spire long, the apex obtuse, j?f nepionie whorls regularly vertically costellate, the riblets straight, closer on the latter portion. Whorls 6J, moderately convex, the last a trifle descending in front ; sutures impressed. Aperture small and short, slightly oblique, short-oval, contained slightly less than 2 2 times in length of shell, brownish-vinous with- in ; peristome thin, slightly expanded ; columellar margin expanded, not reflexed, forming a long triangular plate concave on theapertural side; the inner edge of columella rather acute, slightly concave. Alt. 22, diam. 10 mill. ; alt. of aperture 8 mill. Alt. 181, diam. 9t mill.; alt. of aperture 8 mill. Martinique. Bulimulus chrysaloides PILSBRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 20 (Feb. 23, 1897). The nepionie whorls, when unworn, show a vertically ribbed sculpture very different from the reticulate apices of the B. exilis group, but like the apex of B. sanctcelucice Smith. The peculiar columella also somewhat resembles that species, which in propor- tions is also quite similar, but the post-nepionic sculpture and dark color of chrysaloides are unlike Smith's form. B. DURUS (Spix). PL 13, figs, 5, 6, 24. Shell umbilicated, ovate-conic, rather solid, opaque-whitish, with a light brown band above and below the peripheral white girdle, the lower band narrow and fading into the whitish color of the base, the upper band more or less diluted above, spire light brown ; or some- times all brown markings are faint or wanting. Surface shining, 88 BULIMULUS-PROTOGLYPTUS. finely and irregularly striated, the striae cut by a few incised spirals ; base smoother. Spire conic, apex obtuse; If apical whorls with regular riblets, which are a trifle curved and finer on the latter part (fig. 24). Whorls 7, slightly convex, the last rounded-oval, not descending. Aperture subvertical, about half the length of shell, whitish with light brown bands inside; peristome obtuse, with an extremely nar- row reflexion, white ; the columellar margin dilated above and re- flexed. Alt. 24, diam. 14 mill. Bahia, Brazil. Bulimus durus SPIX, Test. Bras., p. 5, pi. 6, f. 2. DESH. in Lam., viii, p. 242. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 40, f. 253. PFR., Mouogr., ii, p. 104. Rhinus durus W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 124 (dentition and jaw). The solid, compact form of this species, and its costellate apical whorls, are unlike other described forms except the following two. B. OVULUM (Reeve). PL ] 2, fig. 48. Shell narrowly umbilicated, ovate-conic, solid, smoothish, shining, white. Spire conic, rather obtuse ; whorls 6*, a little convex, the last slightly longer than the spire. Aperture vertical, oval ; peri- stome simple, white, the columellar margin vertical, dilated at base, vaulted-reflexed, right margin narrowly expanded. Alt. 20, diam. 11 mill.; aperture 11 mill, long, with peristome 8J wide. (Pfr.). Pernambuco (Pfr.). Bulimus ovulum REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 76, f. 556. PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 338 ; iv, p. 399 ; vi, p. 45. Described from the " Philippines (Mus. Cuming) " by Reeve, but Pfeiffer corrects the locality as above. Judging from description and figure, it must be very near small and colorless forms of B. durus; but the apical sculpture is unknown. B. PACHYS Pilsbry. PI. 12, figs. 44, 45. Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, solid and strong ; surface smooth- ish, with slight growth-wrinkles, rather regular and close on the spire, and disposed to be interrupted. Spire acutely and straightly conic with subhorizontal sutures, the apex small, obtuse, earlier If whorls regularly and rather finely costulate vertically. Whorls 7?, BULIMULUS-PROTOGLYPTUS. 89 -convex; sutures well-impressed, the last hardly descending; last whorl regularly convex and inflated. Aperture subvertical, ovate, somewhat over half the length of shell, white inside; peristome unexpanded, rather blunt, the outer margin regularly arched, columella slightly concave, its margin broadly reflexed, with a salient angle at junction of reflexion with 'basal lip ; parietal callus moderate ; umbilicus deep and rounded. Alt. 32 i, diam. 20 ; alt. of aperture 18 mill. Province of Bahia, Brazil (v. d. Busch). Bulimulus pachys PILSBRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 20, Teb. 23, 1897. The type is a faded, decolored specimen, showing traces of a median white girdle, brown above and slightly so below it, as in B. d irus Spix. It is considerably like B. heterotrichus in size and form, but is unlike that species in the less oblique aperture with blunt, unexpanded outer lip, the differently formed columella and the costulate apical whorls. In general aspect it somewhat resem- bles Binney's B. patriarcha. The columellar lip is pressed in above, unlike that of B. durus, which is, besides, a smaller spe- cies. B. EUDIOPTUS Ihering, n. sp. PI. 14, figs. 16, 17. Shell small, ovate, narrowly perforate, very thin and fragile, light chestnut colored ; somewhat transparent, showing the columella through the shell, shining. Sculpture of slight, inconspicuous growth-wrinkles and very delicate cuticular spiral striae. Spire short, the apex rather obtuse, nepionic whorls ivith very fine, close longitudinal riblets, the intervals densely and lightly scratched spirally. Whorls 4f, rather convex, the last inflated. Aperture ovate, slightly more than half the length of the shell, colored within like the outside ; outer lip thin and fragile, unex- panded ; columellar lip narrowly reflexed above, nearly covering the narrow umbilical perforation ; columella concave. Alt. 10*5, diam. 6 - 6 ; alt. of aperture 5*5 mill. Sao Paulo, Brazil (Dr. H. von Ihering). More delicate and fragile than any other known member of this or related subgenera, being comparable in this respect to the Eudi- optus species. 90 BULIMULUS-PROTOGLYPTUS. B. MONTIVAGUS (d'Orbigny). PL 11, figs. 29, 30 ; pi. 14, fig. 14, 15. Shell much elongated, very narrowly umbilicated, thin, smooth or perceptibly striated by growth-lines; spire elongated, conic, obtuse at apex, composed of 9 convex whorls, separated by very deep, crenu- lated sutures. Aperture small, oblong, the peristome thin, generally a little reflexed ; columella straight, flat. The color is fawn, deeper toward the apex ; uniform or marked longitudinally with unequally spaced whitish lines. Alt. 20, diam. 7 mill. (Orb.^). " Caballu cuatia," Province of Entre Rios, Argentina, on moss and dead leaves under trees ; valleys of the extreme eastern Andes provinces of Valle Grande and Laguna, and in the Monte Grande^ or great forest separating Santa Cruz de la Sierra from the Prov. Chiquitos, always in poorly wooded places (Orb.) ; Corumbd, Matto Grosso, Brazil, in crevices of cliffs and on walls (H. H. Smith). Helix montivaga ORB., Synops., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 14. B. montivagus ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 275, pi. 34, f. 1-3. REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 475. PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 112. At La Laguna, all of the specimens lacked the longitudinal whitish lines. In the Prov. Entre-rios the shells were largest, and con- stantly marked with unequally spaced longitudinal whitish lines. The form collected by Mr. H. H. Smith at Corumba (pi. 14, figs. 14, 15) is russet or corneous-brown, without stripes or with one or a few on the last whorl. The surface is shining and shows very minute spiral cuticular striae under a strong lens, the striae, perhaps, very shortly pilose; whorls 8, decidedly convex, the earliest 1 longitudinally delicately costulate (fig. 14). Alt. 20, diam. 7; alt. of aperture 7 mill. The smallest specimen I have seen measures, alt. 15'2, diam. 5*8 ; alt. of aperture 5 mill. It is pale corneous with widely and unequally separated oblique chestnut streaks, sometimes accompanied by white streaks. B. CREPUNDIA (d'Orbigny). PL 11, figs. 33, 34. Shell elongated, turriculate, narrowly umbilicated, the umbilicus in part covered by columella. Thin, appearing smooth to the naked eye, but showing under a strong lens very fine, dense, transverse striation, besides some growth-lines. Spire elongated, conic, the apex very obtuse. Whorls 8, very convex, rounded, separated by a deep suture. Color uniform ashy light fawn. BULIMULUS-PROTOGLYPTUS. 91 Aperture quite large, oval, the borders thin and acute, noticeably reflexed; columella straight, inflated in the middle of its length. (Orb.). Alt. 25, diam. 10 mill. Near Mission of San Jose, southern part of Prov. Chiquitos t Bolivia* on the ground or under dead leaves (Orb.). Helix (Cochlogena) crepundia ORB., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 14. Bulimus crepundia ORB., Voy., p. 275, pi. 33, f. 18, 19. PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 173; iii, 412; iv, 471 ; vi, 114. Buliminus crepun- dius BECK, Index Moll., p. 71. Bulimus constrictus REEVE, C. Icon., pi. 47, f. 307. B. redditus REEVE, ibid., in addenda. PBulimus crepundia PARAVICINI, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, ix, no. 181, p. 7. Most nearly allied to B. montivagus, but the size is double, the form wider, mouth rounder, columella inflated, and especially dis- tinguished by the spiral striae. The subgeneric position is uncertain. PfeifFer gives the following diagnosis : Shell profoundly rimate, subperforate, turrited, oblong, thin, nearly smooth (very minutely decussated when seen under the lens)> diaphanous; brownish-ashen. Spire lengthened, the apex somewhat obtuse. Whorls 7 -8, convex, the last about equal to two-fifths the total alt., a trifle compressed at base. Columella somewhat receding. Aperture a little oblique, oval ; peristome simple, unexpanded ; colu- mellar margin dilated and wide. Alt. 22, diam. 9 mill. ; aperture 9 mill, long, 41 wide inside. (Pfr.). B. RIVASII (d'Orbigny). PI. 12, figs. 40, 41. Shell long-conic, turriculate, with a wide and deep umbilicus ; thin, smooth, translucid, grayish-brown, ornamented with longitudi- nal lines of brown. Spire rather short, conic, acute. Whorls 8, very little inflated, short ; suture not impressed. Aperture oblong, subangulate ; lip thin, acute ; columella straight, angular in front. Length 19, diam. 8 mill. (Orb.). Cuesta de Petaca, and the ravines along the Rio Grande, eastern foothills of the Bolivian Andes, under stones (Orb.). B. rivasii D'ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 276, pi. 34, f. 8- 10. PFR., Monogr., ii, 155; iv, 406. ? REEVE, Conch. Icon., pL 20, f. 122. 92 BULIMULUS-PROTOGLYPTUS. In form allied to montivagus and crepundia, but distinguished by the angular aperture, shorter spire and entirely smooth texture. {Orb.). The form described by Reeve is certainly a marked variety. It is described as follows. VAR. PL 12, fig. 46. Shell acuminately oblong, thin ; whorls 8, convex, aperture rather small, lip simple. Opaque-white, with longitudinal transparent horny streaks and lines. Alt. 19i mill. (Reeve). Near Chilon, Bolivia, under dead trunks of cacti (Bridges). Pfeiffer describes B. rivasii as follows : Shell narrowly umbil- icated, ovate turrited, rather solid and smooth ; pale corneous, with sparse streaks of chestnut. Spire pyramidal, rather acute, whorls 7 -8, a little convex, narrow, the last a little over one-third the length of shell, somewhat compressed at base. Columella a trifle receding. Aperture slightly oblique, oblong-oval ; peristome a mere trifle expanded, the outer lip arcuate above, then a little straightened ; columellar lip dilated and wide. (Pfr.). Alt. 18*, diam. 8 mill. ; alt. of aperture 7* mill. B. TRICHODES (d'Orbigny). PI. 12, figs. 49, 50, 51, 52. Shell openly perforate, ovate-elongate, thin, striatulate-granulate, beset with very short hairs, corneous, ornamented with close whitish longitudinal lines ; spire lengthened, the apex acute. Whorls 8, a little convex, the last nearly equalling two-fifths the length of shell. Aperture oblong-oval, the peristome simple, acute, right margin expanded a little, columellar margin vaulted, reflexed, wide ; columella straight, a little receding. Length 20, diam. 9 mill. ; aperture 82 mill, long, 4 wide in the middle. (Pfr.). Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, in gardens (Orb.). Helix trichodes ORB., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 12. Bulimus tri- chodes ORB., Voy., p. 277, pi. 33, f. 1-5. PFR., in Conchyl. Cab., p. 150, pi. 39, f. 12, 13 ; Monogr., ii, p. 112 ; iii, p. 347 ; iv, p. 413 ; vi, p. 58. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 75, f. 547. Buliminus trichodes BECK. Bulimus crepundia REEVE (not Orb.), Conch. Icon., pi. 47, f. 300. Apical sculpture unknown. Orbigny considers it closely allied to B. montivagus and B. crepundia, from which it differs in the less BULIMULUS-PROTOGLYPTUS. 93 lengthened form, shallower sutures, rounder aperture and the cloth- ing of hairs. It is very abundant in gardens in the town of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, burying itself in the earth during the dry season. *** The following species differ considerably from those just described. They are solid, cretaceous Bulimuli with the apex very obtuse, with apical dimple ; first whorl sculptured with curved spaced riblets, second whorl with these riblets beaded. Aperture about half the length of shell, with obtuse, unexpanded lip. B. GLYPTOCEPHALUS Pilsbry. PI. 5, figs. 62, 63, 64. Shell narrowly perforated, long ovate, solid and thick, of chalky texture. White or bluish-white, the apical whorl buff, the next bluish below, pale above. Surface irregularly and coarsely wrinkle- striate and conspicuously malleated ; apical whorl with conspicuous, arcuate riblets, becoming closer and beaded on the second whorl. Spire conic, the apex very obtuse, sutures impressed. Whorls 5J, weakly con- vex, the last suture slightly more descending along the latter half, and consequently a trifle oblique to the others. Aperture a trifle exceeding half the total alt. of shell, subvertical, white inside, with a faint, narrow baud at position of the periphery and another wide one above; outer lip blunt, obtuse, not expanded; columella concave below, straighter above, the columellar region broadly dilated above, reducing the umbilicus to a chink ; parietal callus white, rather thin. Alt. 31, diam. 17 mill. ; alt. of aperture 15 mill. Peru (A. Agassiz). Bulimulus glyptocephalus PILSBRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 21, Feb. 23, 1897. A peculiar form, unlike any Peruvian species known to me except the next, in the characters of the earlier whorls. It differs from the following species in its elliptical-ovate shape and larger aperture. B. SARCOCHROUS Pilsbry. PL 5, figs. 65, 66. Shell narrowly umbilicated, ovate-conic, solid and strong. Fleshy-white, becoming flesh-pink and then brownish above, the earlier two whorls brown below, white above. Surface irregularly, weaklv striate, more wrinkled below the sutures, faintly malleated / on the body-whorl : apical sculpture as in the preceding species, ex- cept that the riblets are less prominent and are much finer and 94 BULIMULUS-N^ESIOTUS. closer on the second whorl. Spire straightly conic, the apex very obtuse. Whorls 5*, nearly flat, the last one not more rapidly de- scending than the rest. Aperture ovate, one-half the alt. of the shell, vertical, light brown inside with a faint, narrow, light band at position of the periphery, and white within the lip-edge; outer lip obtuse and rather thick, not expanded ; columella with an oblique fold above, the coluraellar margin well dilated, rounded. Alt. 29, diam. 16 mill.; alt. of aper- ture 14J mill. Peru. Bulimulus sarcoehrous PILSBRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 21, Feb. 23, 1897. Closely allied to the preceding species ; but the spire is more slender, the umbilicus larger, surface less malleated and the colum- ellar fold more conspicuous. The apical riblets are finer and closer, less coarsely granulated on the second whorl. Subgenus NAESIOTUS Albers, 1850. NoBsiotus ALBERS, Heliceen, p. 162, 1850. Type B. mix. BALL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1896, p. 426. Ehaphiellus PER.. Ver- such einer Anordnung der Heliceen nach natiirlichen Gruppen. Malak. Blatter, II, p. 160, 1855. Type B. achatinellinus. MAR- TENS in Albers, Ed. ii, p. 238, 1860 (Sect. Bulimini). Omphalo- styla H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 161, 1855 ; not of Schlue- ter, Syst. Verz., p. 7, 1838. Nesiotes MARTENS, in Albers, ed. ii, pp. 220-21, ISQO.Nesiotus CLESSIN, in Pfeiffer, Norn. Hel. Viv., p. 254, 1881. Ataxus sp. CLESSIN, op. cit., p. 253. Pelecostoma REIBISCH {ex parte) in Isis, Abh. 3, p. 25, 1892. Perforate or rimate Bulimuli with vertically ribbed or striate nepionic whorls, the contour varying from ovate to slender and turrited, surface wrinkled or nearly smooth, generally with spiral strise ; aperture ovate or irregular ; peristome varying from simple to expanded, sometimes with dentiform callosities; the columella en- tire or truncate. Type B. nux. Distribution, Galapagos Islands. The land shells of the Galapagos Islands have recently been elaborately treated of by Dall (Insular Land Shell Faunas, etc., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1896). In the following pages his con- clusions have been adopted, so far as the scope of the Manual ad- BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. 95 rnitted. I have not hesitated to quote his observations both on the general aspect of the fauna and on nearly all the species, as they seem worthy of all confidence, and were based upon a mass of ma- terial greater than any former malacologist has studied. No definition can be made which would cover all forms of Ncesio- tus and exclude parallel species of similar contour from other regions. The group is, however, a natural one, the species having doubtless a common ancestry. The sculpture of the nepionic shell indicates that the Galapagos group arose from the division of Bulimulus now distributed over northern Mexico and Lower California, with a few forms in eastern South America. It is not allied to the groups now characteristic of Colombia, Equador, Peru and Chili. The anatomical details offer no characters by which the Gala- pagos species may be differentiated from many of the Bulimuli of the mainland. As Dall writes: "The utmost that can be said is that Ncesiotus is a convenient term for the geographical group in- habiting the Galapagos Islands, and, as such, we may retain it with- out giving way to the delusion that it stands for anything more im- portant." In Ncesiotus " the apex (pi. 24, fig. 35) is nearer to that of Ortho- tomium than to that of Bulimulus s. s. It is characterized invaria- bly by vertical riblets sometimes strong and with subequal furrowed interspaces; sometimes distant with wider, flat interspaces, and sometimes extremely delicate and fine ; but, except when worn, always unbroken and regular and with extremely fine spiral striae visible in a good light, between the riblets (pi. 24, fig. 36). The apex always has a dimple or funicle over the axis, but the upper margin of this is rounded, never keeled, as in some species of Orthotomium. It often happens, especially among those species which have the riblets low and fine, that they are broken by wear on the periphery of the nepionic whorls, thus suggesting the Buli- mulus type ; or even that they may be entirely removed, while the polished surface shows no trace of erosion. But in young, fresh specimens, they may always be found unbroken and regular, except in the case of rare abnormal individuals. Of the latter, I have come across only one or two in all my series of several hundreds of speci- mens " (Dall). "The nomenclature of this section has had serious vicissitudes, as indicated by the above synonymy. The group was named Ncesiotus by Albers who gave no derivation for it, though the sound of the 96 BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. word naturally inclined the hearer to suppose that it was suggested by vyffiv-rj?, islanders, and on this assumption von Martens pro- ceeded to modify the spelling to Nesiotes, which would be a proper latinization of that Greek word. There is no rule of nomenclature which authorizes any one to supply a gratuitous derivation for a word published without any ; still less because the original does not agree with the later assumption is any one authorized to modify or destroy a name properly proposed in other respects. Consequently von Marten's substitute cannot be accepted. "In describing his Bulimus achatellinus, Forbes says that it ' is unlike any known Bulimus, and its characters distinctly indicate affinity with the Achatinellince.' Elsewhere he speaks of it ' dis- tantly/ indicating ' affinity with the fauna of the Sandwich Islands.' This was not an unnatural conclusion when drawn from a few speci- mens, but, as is elsewhere shown in this paper, rests upon purely superficial characters. Actually the species is American in its rela- tions, and is very closely related in some varieties of B. mix, from which Protean species it may even be an offshoot. Consequently the sectional name \_Rliaphiellus\ proposed for it must fall into the syn- onymy of that given earlier to B. mix and its allies. It is probably due to the great rarity of this species that its situation in accepted systems has not been challenged before this ; certainly if it had been as common as B. mix, the facts could hardly have escaped attention so long. I have not found anywhere any reasons stated for putting the species into Buliminus rather than Bulimulus where it really belongs. The name Omphalostyla was applied by Schluter to Bulimi with the pillar vertically twisted, and his sole example was the African shell, since better known under the name Achatina ustulata (Lam.) Menke. It was probably to some accidental confusion of the spe- cies with the Bulimus ustulatus Sby. of the Galapagos, that is due the application by the brothers Adams of Schluter's name to the Ncesioti. "The type of the section Pelecostoma Reibisch, is a Ncesiotus which shows a ridge at the base of the pillar which gives a peculiar channelled aspect to the adjacent part of the aperture. This feature will be found more or less distinctly present in some specimens of almost any Galapagos species of which a large number is examined, showing that it is dynamic or individual, and not of systematic value. The second species of this " section ' is Leptinaria chat- BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. 97 hamensis, a species belonging to a totally distinct group. The name Peleeostoma, therefore, may be safely laid away on the synonymic- shelf." " The Galapagos Islands, lying under the equator about 90 west of Greenwich, comprise two principal groups separated by nearly 1,200 fathoms of water. One of these groups, northwest of the other, contains only Culpepper (550 ft.) and Wenman (830 ft. ele- vation) Islands and a few insignificant rocks. Culpepper, owing to its small elevation, is nearly barren, while Wenman shows on its upper surface a thin coating of grass and other vegetation. From neither of these has any collection been made or is any land shell known. " The main group of the Galapagos rests on an elevation of the^ sea bottom included within the 1,000 fathom line. It may be pro- visionally divided into three groups, a southeastern, a central and ft northeastern, in all about a dozen islands and some smaller islets^ and rocks. " The southeastern group comprises Charles, Chatham, Hood and' Barrington Islands. Hood is destitute of water in the dry season 1 and green only in the wet season, owing to its small elevation which 1 does not bring it into the region of condensing clouds. Much of the surface is covered with blocks of lava. Chatham and Charles are among the most fertile islands of the group. " The central islands include the largest of the whole : Albemarle, which appears to consist of several primitive islands united by low areas of volcanic material ; Narborough, which exhibited volcanic activity as late as 1836 ; James ; Indefatigable, and the much smaller Duncan Island, besides a number of islets. Of these, Nar- borough, said to be very fertile, has not been explored at all for land shells. " The northeastern group comprises three comparatively small islands, Abingdon, Bindloe and Tower. Three land shells, two of which are Auriculidce, are known from Bindloe; the faunae of Abingdon and Tower being still unknown. " The sea currents about the islands and between them and the mainland are very complicated. In a general way it may be said that two currents converge upon the islands, one from an east-north- easterly direction from the Gulf of Panama, and another from a southeasterly direction from the Peruvian coast. Both are strong currents ; both have doubtless contributed their aid in populating 98 BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. the Galapagos, but in this the Panama current seems to have pre- dominated, not only because it has a shorter traverse, but because around the Gulf of Panama, and on the banks of the rivers falling into it, a luxuriant fauna and flora are found close to the sea while along the Peruvian coast only in time of freshet could any large quantity of debris be expected to reach the waters of the current, owing to the aridity of the immediate shores. The two currents join forces at some distance eastward from the islands, and pour through the passages between them with considerable force. Pro- fessor Alexander Agassiz has shown how much terrigenous material the Panama current bears, and that there is no reason to doubt that trees still bearing leaves and with some of their branches above water might be carried from the Gulf and cast upon the islands, and that, at least during the rainy season and in favorable years, there would be opportunities for animals so carried, especially laud shells glued by the epiphragm to the bark of branches, to gain vegetation on the shores where they could support life and propagate their kind. Though unproven, yet there can be little doubt that in this way the land mollusk fauna of the islands was introduced and pre- served " (Dall). That these and other means of transport have been only in rare instances successful in introducing new members to the fauna is evident when we consider that the whole of the Bulimulidce belong to one group and apparently owe their existence to one importation, and the other strictly terrestrial genera yet known are Helicina (1 species), Leptinaria (2), Succinea (4), Pupa (2 or 3), Conulus (1), Vitrea (1) and one species resembling what is generally known as Microcystis. In all, seven or eight genera, most of them represented by but few species. Further investigation will doubtless increase the number of genera and species, but will hardly modify the con- clusion that the mollusk fauna of these islands was originally intro- duced by the chance means of transport alluded to above, and that there were very few successful immigrations. The large element common to several of the islands lends color to the belief of Dr. Baur that the archipelago has resulted from the disintegration of a single large island ; but while this seems ex- tremely probable, the theory that this island was formerly connected with the continent derives but slight support from what is now known of the land mollusks. BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. 99 B. ACHATELLINUS (Forbes). PL 16, figs. 26-31. Shell perforated, ovate-pyramidal with long, conic spire, rather thin ; variously colored, being banded with chestnut on an olivace- ous or whitish ground, or chestnut below, white above, always with a white line below the suture ; surface smooth and glossy, like an Achatinella with slight growth-wrinkles and an impressed band be- low the suture, pinched up into tubercles at irregular intervals. Whorls 7 J, slightly convex. Aperture small, about one-third the length of the shell, banded within ; outer lip unexpanded, columellar lip triangularly, flatly dilated above ; columella subvertical. Alt. 17, diam. 8$ ; alt. of aperture 6 mill, (specimen). Alt. 22, diam. 11 ; alt. of aperture 8* mill. (Pfr.). Upper levels of Chatham Island on trees and bushes (Kellett, Wolf and Baur) ; Hood Island (Habel, fide Wimmer). Bulimus achatellinus FBS., P. Z. S., 1850. p. 56, pi. 9, figs. 5 a-b. Bulimus achatinellinus PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv, III, p. 429, 1853 ; in Cheinn. Conch. Cab., ed. ii, Bulimus, p. 93, pi. 31, figs. 19, 20; Monogr. IV, p. 492, 1859. Bulimus (Rhaphiellus) achatinellinus PFR., in Malak. Blatt., II, p. 160, 1855. Bulimulus (Omphalostyld) achatinellus H. & A. Ads., Gen. Kec. Moll. II, p. 161, 1855. WIM- MER, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien., Ixxx, p. 43, 1879. Buliminus (Rha- phiellus} achatinellinus MARTENS, in Albers, Heliceen, ed. ii, p. 238, 1860. REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 15, t. ii, fig. 8. Bulimina (Rhaphiel- lus) achatinellina PFR., Norn. Hel., Viv, p. 300, 1881. Bulimulus (Rhaphiellus) achatinellinus STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, p. 428, 1893. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) achatellinus Forbes, DALL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1896, p. 428, pi. 17, f. 13 (jaw). The gloss and coloring of this species are quite Achatinella-like. Dall remarks : "The jaw is like the jaw of B. mix, with about 18 irregular, flat, plate-like ribs, whose blunt ends denticulate the margin, especially the cutting edge. The outer margin of these plates is a little raised and thickened, the color is pale amber, darker where thickest. The radula was rather broad, the single teeth did not differ in outline from those of B. mix more than those of one specimen of mix differs from those of another. The number of laterals is 14, of marginals 23, the formula 23'14-M4'23. " It will be observed from these facts that nothing in the dentition of B. achatellinus justifies the presumption that it deserves a section 100 BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. to itself. In Dr. Baur's specimen, the nucleus is delicately trans- versely ribbed, the vertex almost umbilicate, the earlier whorls nearly white and opaque, pinched up into irregular little tubercles at the suture ; the later whorls have revolving dark brown color bauds, separated by whitish interspaces covered with a yellowish epidermis. The base is mostly pale, with a dark band around the umbilicus. The outer lip is sharp-edged, and the umbilicus small. The pillar is short and straight. "A specimen sent by Cuming to Dr. Lea is not so large, and is darker colored, the ground color being an olivaceous brown with a narrow chestnut band at the periphery : the base pale and the um- bilicus entirely closed. The nodulous band in front of the suture is present and of a whitish color. " The name applied by Forbes was acliatellinus, which, by several authors, on the assumption that it was intended as a diminutive of Achatinella, has been emended to achatinellinus, a most awkward and clumsy word. But it is just as likely that he intended the word as a diminutive of the same root as Achatina; and, at any rate, no one has the right to make changes on an unsupported assumption, for which reason the original form is retained here." B. NUX (Broderip). PI. 16, figs. 31-38. Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, solid ; chestnut variously modified by olivaceous, whitish or yellowish suffusion, paler on the spire, and with a pale or yellow line below the suture, the apex either white or purple. Surface somewhat shining, with rather strong growth- wrinkles, decussated or cut into long beads by few or many spiral incised lines. Spire conic. Whorls 7-7, slightly convex, separated by well impressed sutures. Aperture squarish ovate, light within > with a dark submargin ; outer lip somewhat straightened in the middle, the columellar lip built forward and dilated ; columella generally subtruncate below. Alt. 20, diam. lli-12 ; alt. of aperture 9-9* mill. Galapagos Is.: Original typical mix of Broderip on bushes^ Charles Island, in the upper wooded region ; mut. nueiformis, Chatham Island (U. S. Fish Commission) ; mut. incrassatus, on the under side of leaves hibernating, 1,600 feet above the sea, on the S.-W. end of Chatham Island (Baur) ; mut. figured by Reeve in Couch. Icon., abundant on Charles Island (U. S. Fish Commission) ; variety ver- rucosus, Chatham Island; var. asperatus, Charles Island, abundant (Wolf and U. S. Fish Commission). BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. 101 Bulinus mix BROD., P. Z. S., 1832, p. 125 (Charles Id.); SBY., Conch. Ill, p. 6, figs. 37, 37*, 1833. Bulimus nux DESK, in Lara. An. s. Vert., ed. ii, vol. viii, p. 276, 1838. PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., II, p. 183, 1848. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. xxiii, fig. 150 (not typical) ; SMITH, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 72. Buliminus nux BECK, Ind. Moll., p. 70, 1838. Bulimus (Ncesiotus) nux ALBERS, Heliceen, p. 162. Buli- mulus (Omphalofityld) nux H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., II, p. 161, 1855. Bulimulus (Nesiotes) nux MARTENS, in Albers ed II, p. 220, 1860. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus') nux PFR., Norn. Hel. Viv., p. 254, 1881. Bulimus nuciformis PETIT, Journal de Conchyl., IV, p. 365, pi. xi,fig. 7, 1853. PER., Mon. Hel. Viv., IV,p. 410,1859. Bulimus (Ncesiotus) nuciformis PFR., Mai. Blatt., ii, Vers., p. 161, 1854.- Bulimulus (Nesiotes) nuciformis MARTENS in Albers, ed. ii, p. 220, 1860. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) nuciformis PFR., Norn. Hel. Viv., p. 254, 1881. Bulimus incrassatus PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p. 157; in Chemn, Conch. Cab., ed. ii, Bulimus, 79, pi. 30, figs. 13, 14; Mon. Hel. Viv., Ill, p. 415, 1 S53. Bulimulus (Omphalostyla) incrassatus H. & A. ADS., Gen. Rec. Moll., II, p. 161, 1855. Bulimulus unifas- ciatus REIBISCH (non Sby.) Isis, 1892, p. 32, pi. i, fig. 1, not p. 15. Bulimulus (NceMotus) nux REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 15. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus*) incrassatus REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 16, t. i. fig. 4a ; var. sul- catus REIB., Ibid. p. 16, t. i, figs. 4b c ; var. nuciformis REIB., Ibid., p. 16, t. i, fig. 4d. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus} nux STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, pp. 376-381, 425, 426, 1893. DALL, Proc. Acad. N. S. P., 1896, p. 429, pi. 16, f. 6 (genitalia), pi. 17, f. 10 (dentition). Type of the section Ncesiotus. B. nuciformis Petit is practically a typical n ux ; while Reeves' nux (pi. 16, figs. 33), is a rather heavier form with quadrate aperture and thick lip. " The synonymy exhibits, almost as clearly as the specimens, the great variability of this species. The facts also seem to indicate quite positively that a great proportion of this variability in this instance is due quite as much to an intrinsic tendency to vary in the matter of color and form as to any direct influence of the environ- ment promoting by special circumstances any special variation. At least, while it is not questionable that some of the variations might easily be made permanent by natural selection, it is probable, as yet, that matters have not reached that stage, since the evidence of collectors seems to establish the fact that the different variations of color and form are found indiscriminately in the same region and under the same conditions. Further and more precise observation 102 BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. is needed to establish this beyond controversy, but at present there seems no escape from this conclusion " (Dall). Form incrassatus (Pfr.). PL 16, figs. 42, 43, 44, 45. The form described as B. merassatus is quite solid, sculptured with rather strong oblique folds, which are yellow on a deep chest- nut ground ; incised spirals few ; apex purple-black. Var. verrucosus (Pfr.)- PI- 16, fig. 39. Shell openly and compressed umbilicate, ovate-conic, solid, sculp- tured with somewhat interrupted folds and oblong warts ; brown variegated with paler. Spire conic, rather acute, sutures subcanali- culate. Whorls 7 J, rather flat, the last about three-sevenths the total alt., rounded at base. Aperture subvertical, truncate-oval, sub- angular at columella, livid inside ; peristome straight, brown-bor- dered inside, the columellar margin dilated, spreading. Columella lightly folded. Alt. 23, diam. 1H, alt. aperture 11 mill. (Pfr.). Bulimus verrucosus PFR., P. Z. S, 1885, p. 116 (Gal. Is.) ; Mon. Hel. Viv, IV, p. 475, 1859. Bulimus (Ncesiotus*) verrucosus PFR., Mai. Blatt, ii, Vers., p. 161, 1854. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) verruco- sus PFR., Norn. Hel. Viv, p. 254, 188]. REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 15. -Bulimulus asperatus RETBISCH (non Pfr.), Isis, 1892, pi. 1, fig. 3 (syn. excl.). B. nux var. verrucosus Pfr., DALL, I. c. Var. asperatus (Albers). PI. 16, figs. 40, 41. Shell deeply rimate-umbilicate, ovate-pyramidal, solid, irregu- larly warty from spiral sulci and longitudinal wrinkles ; buff whitish under a deciduous cuticle. Spire conic, the apex acute; suture crispate, subexcavated. Whorls 7, slightly convex, the embryonal smooth, the last about as long as the spire, compressed at base. Aperture vertical, oblong, angular at base, white inside ; peristome simple, acute, the margins parallel, joined by a thin callus ; colum- ellar margin much dilated, vaultingly spreading. Columella straightened, descending to the base of the aperture. Alt. 24, diam. 11* ; alt. of aperture 12 mill. (Pfr.). Bulimus asperatus ALBERS, Malak. Blatt., IV, p. 98, 1857. PFR, Mon. Hel. Viv, IV, p. 475, 1859 ; VI, p. 121 ; Novit. Conch., IV, p. 145, pi. 133, figs. 8, 9. Bulimulus (Nesiotus') asperatus MAR- TENS in Albers Heliceen, ed. ii, p. 220, 1860. Bulimulus (Ncesio- tus) asperatus PFR, Norn. Hel. Viv, p. 254, 1881 ; not of Reibisch, Isis, 1892, pi. 1, fig. 3,=verrucosus var. Bulimulus mvalidus REI- BISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 17, t. 1, fig. 6. BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. 103 B. RUGULOSUS (Sowerby). PI. 16, figs. 46, 47. Shell rimate, oblong turrited, longitudinally wrinkled, granulated by elevated concentric lines. Brown, with two rufous girdles ; whorls 8, convex, the last over a third the total length of shell, com- pressed laterally. Aperture oblong ; peristome simple, a trifle expanded, the mar- gins subparallel, joined by a callus, the right margin lightly arcuate above, columellar margin dilated, vaulted and spreading. Alt. 21, diarn. 8, alt. of aperture 8 mill. (Pfr.). Galapagos Is. : Under stones near the shore, Blackbeacli Road, Charles Island (Dr. Baur) ; diaries Island (Darwin and Wolf) ; Chatham Island (Darwin, Kellett and Cuming). Bulinus rugulosus SBY., Conch. 111. Part 142, fig. 87 (a, b), 1839. Bulimus rugulosus PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., II, p. 113, 1848. Bul- imus eschariferus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. xx, no. 121, (text, figure excluded), 1848, not of Sowerby. Bulimulus (Omphalostyla) rugu- losus H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., II, p. 161, 1855. Bulimulus (Nwsiotus) rugulosus PFR., Nom. Hel. Viv, p. 254, 1881. ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Mai. France, IV, p. 294, 1887, (Chatham Island). STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, pp. 381, 426, 1893. DALL, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 431, pi. 17, f. 1 (jaw). B. rug- ulosus var. infuscata ANCEY, op. cit., p. 294, 1887. Not B. rugulosus REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 19, pi. 1, figs. 11 SL-b,=B.perspectivus Pfr. Decidedly narrower than B. nux. Dall writes: "Jaw thin, membranaceous, light horn-colored, low, wide, arcuate, of equal height throughout, ending bluntly ; anterior surface with about 20 broad, flat ribs, their outer edges reinforced, the margins of the jaw squarely denticulated by the projecting ends of the ribs. " Some varieties of B. nux approach this species quite closely, espe- cially that to which Reibisch gave the name ofinvalidus" In var. infuscatus Ancey, the bands spread, forming the ground- color of the shell, leaving only a narrow lighter zone between them. Var. nudus Reibisch. PI. 22, fig. 1. Shell long-conic, fusiform, perforate, rather solid, irregularly pli- cate or ribbed, with one white band ; spire acute; suture moderate, nodulous. Whorls 8i, convex, equally increasing, the nucleus smooth (?). Aperture a little oblique, semioval ; peristome simple, the margins joined by a thin callus, right margin angularly adnate 1 04 BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. above, arcuately joined with the straightened columella. Alt. nearly 18, greater diam. 8, lesser 7} mill. ; aperture 6 mill, long, 4 wide. (Reibiscli). Charles Island (Wolf). Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) nudus KEIB., Isis, 1892, p. 21, pi. 1, f. 15. Described from two dead shells. It is placed under B. rugulosus as a doubtful synonym by Dall. "In form this species stands between sculpturatus and rugiferus ; it is mainly differentiated from these by the greater size and less pronounced sculpture." (Reibiscli). B. PLANOSPIRA Ancey. PI. 16, fig. 48. Shell rimate, oblong with long spire; brown, lighter above, with two purple-brown spiral bands ; rather thin. Spire distinctly attenu- ated above, the apex obtuse; nepioiiic 21 whorls vertically ribbed, the riblets becoming much closer on the latter half of the last ; fol- lowing whorls with unequally spaced obliquely longitudinal narrow but strong folds, crossed by crowded cord- and thread-like spiral striae. Whorls about 7, very convex, the last two tumid below the deeply constricting sutures ; last whorl somewhat flattened peripherally. Aperture oblong, slightly oblique, purple-banded inside ; peristome thin, simple; columellar margin wide, white. Alt. 18, diam. 8 mill. ; aperture 7 mill, high, 5 wide. Northeast end of Charles Island, at about 200 feet (Dr. Baur). Bulimus eschariferus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. xx, fig. 121 (bad, text excl.), 1848. Bulimulus rugulosus var. planospira ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Mai. de France, IV, p. 294, 1887. Bulimulus (Nassiotus) planospira Anc., DALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 432, pi. 16, f. 3. "This is one of the most elegant species of the group. It is very closely related to B. rugulosus from which it may be discriminated by its larger size and greater number of whorls, and by the deeper suture and more lax manner in which the last whorl is coiled. In B. planospira the spiral sculpture is usually more elevated and con- spicuous. It has been found only on a limited portion of Charles Island, while rugulosus is common on both Charles and Chatham." (Dall). B. USTULATUS (Sowerby). PI. 23, figs. 16 ; pi. 16, figs. 49-52. Shell small, umbilicate, oblong with elevated spire, rather thin but solid. Rusty brown, with irregular oblique yellow streaks, or BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. 105 yellow with two interrupted dark brown bands ; rather shining ; sculpture of very irregularly spaced, obliquely longitudinal yellow folds, showing decussating spirals above, but only obscurely on the last whorl. Spire long conic, the apex obtuse, nearly 2 earlier whorls forming the costellate nepionic shell. Whorls 6J, convex, the last rounded. Aperture contained 2* times in length of the shell, whitish within with a brown margin toward the lip-edge ; peristome acute, outer lip strongly arcuate above, columellar lip dilated above, white; col- umella short, vertical. Alt. 13f, diam. 7, alt. of aperture 5 mill. Charles Island (Cuming). Bulinus ustulatus SBY., P. Z. S., 1833, p. 72, (Charles Island) ; Conch. 111., p. 6, fig. 42, 1833. Bulimus ustulatus DESH. in Lam. An. s. Vert,, ed. II, vol. viii, p. 279, 1838. PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., II, p. 217, 1848 ; in Chemn. Conch. Cab. ed. II, Bulimus, t. 62. figs. 16-18. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. xxi, fig. 130, 1848. Buliminus ustulatus BECK, Ind. Moll., p. 70, 1838. Bulimulus (Omphalostyla) ustulatus H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll., II, p. 161, 1855. Bulimus (Ncesiotus') ustulatus ALBERS, Heliceen, p. 162, 1850. Bulimulus (Nesiotes) ustulatus MARTENS in Albers, ed. ii, p. 221, 1860. Bul- imulus (Ncesiotus) ustulatus PFR., Norn. Hel. Viv., p. 254, 1881. STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, p. 427, 1893. DALL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1896, p. 432. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus') venustus REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 17, t. i, fig. 7. ? B. ustulatus Reibisch, Isis, 1892, p. 16, t, i, fig. 5,nux var. ? This species is notable for the yellowness of its paler parts and the bright sienna brown of its darker portions. It is closely related to B. calvus Sby., which is a smaller, narrower shell. The form figured by Reeve (pi. 16, fig. 52) and by Reibisch (pi. 16, fig. 51) under this name is somewhat larger than the true ustulatus, and is con- sidered by Dr. Stearns to be a banded variety of B. mix, but this is very doubtful. PI. 16, fig. 49 is a copy of Sowerby's original figure. PI. 23, fig. 16 is an enlarged view of a more streaked form. B. venustus Reibisch (pi. 16, fig. 50) does not seem to offer any differential characters, and is placed here by Dall. B. CALVUS (Sowerby). PI. 22, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5. Shell rimate umbilicate, oblong-turrited, solid ; chestnut with few darker, obliquely longitudinal bands. Surface somewhat shining, 106 BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. somewhat wrinkled longitudinally, with decussating spiral striae on the spire, absent below. Spire slightly attenuated above, the apex obtuse, If earlier whorls costellate, the rest convex, last whorl rounded at the periphery. Aperture contained about 2* times in alt. of shell, oval ; peristome thickened. Alt. 12*, diam. 6, alt. of aperture 5 mill. Alt. 13i, diam. 6, alt. of aperture 4f mill. Alt. 14, diam. 6, alt. of aperture 5J mill. (P/r.). James Island (Cuming) ; Charles Island (U. S. Fish Commission, Cuming and Wolf) ; Chatham Island (Kellett). Bulinus calvus SBY., P. Z. S., 1833, p. 72 (James Island) ; Conch. 111., p. 6, fig. 41, 1833. Bulimus calvus DESH. in Lam. An. s. Vert, ed. ii, vol. viii, p. 179, 1838. PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., II, p. 225, 1848 ; Chemn. Conch. Cab., ed. ii, Bulimus, t. 62, figs. 37, 38. Buliminus calvus BECK, Ind. Moll., p. 70, 1838. Bulimulus (Om- phalostyla) clavus H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll. II, p. 161, 1855. Bulimus calvus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. xx, fig. 126, 1848. Bulim- ulus (Nesiotes) calvus MARTENS in Albers, ed. ii, p. 221, 1860. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) calvus PFR., Nona. Hel. Viv., p. 254, 1881. REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 18, t. i, fig. 8. STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, p. 427, 1893, ex parte. DALL, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 433. Smoother than B. ustulatus, with less variegated coloration. u It is closely related to B. ustulatus and is rather nearly approached by certain dwarfish, unusually smooth specimens of B. rugulosus. B. nucula Pfr. is also closely allied." B. NUCULA (Pfeiffer). PI. 22, fig. 6. Shell narrowly umbilicated, ovate-conic, rather solid, very subtly rugulose-striate ; brownish-corneous, generally with a single pale girdle. Spire convex-conic, acute. Whorls 6, a trifle convex, the last a little shorter than the spire, slightly compressed at base. Aperture little oblique, somewhat semi-oval, angular at base ; per- istome simple, un expanded, the right margin very arcuate above, columellar margin reflexed, spreading. Columella straightened, obliquely subtruncate at the base. Alt. 11 , diam. 6, alt. of aperture 5* mill. (Pfr.). Charles Island (Wolf) ; Chatham Island near the S.~ W. end at a height of 1,600 feet (Baur). BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. 107 Bulimus nucula PFR., P. Z. S., 1852, p. 60 (Gal. Is.) ; Mon. Hel. Viv., Ill, p. 415, 1853 ; IV, p. 475, 1859. Bulimus (Ncesiotus) nucula PFR., Mai. Blatt. II, p. 161, 1854. Bulimulus (Omphalo- stylo) nucula H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll., II, p. 161, 1855.- Bulimulus (Nesiotes) nueula MARTENS, in Albers Heliceen, ed. ii, p. 221, 1860. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus} nucula PFR., Nom. Hel. Viv., p. 254, 1881. REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 15, t. i, fig. 2. DALL, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 433. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) nux var. STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, pp. 380, 426, 1893. " A specimen collected by Dr. Baur, submitted to Mr. Edgar A. Smith of the British Museum, was said to be somewhat darker colored and more coarsely striated than the type of nucula in that collection. These are, however, trivial differences under the circum- stances. It agrees closely with a specimen sent by Reibisch under the name of nucula. It is a smoother, smaller and more compact shell than rugulosus, and shows a somewhat attenuated and dark colored apex, resembling that of galapaganus Pfr. It is, perhaps, most closely related to B. ustulatus or B. calvus Sby., and a sufficient series might very likely connect them." (Dall). The figure is drawn from a specimen received from Dall, no. 107- 469, U. S. Nat. Mus. B. GALAPAGANUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 22, fig. 7. Shell compressed-umbilicate, ovate turrited thin, striatulate, silky, pellucid, corneous-waxen. Spire convexly turrited, rather acute ; suture somewhat marginated. Whorls 8, the last about one-third the length of shell, compressed around the umbilicus. Aperture subvertical, oblong-oval ; peristome simple, the right margin arcuate above, a trifle expanded, forming an angle with the columella, which is somewhat twisted within. Alt. 15?, diam. 6, length of aperture 5f mill. (Pfr.). Charles Island, at about 200 ft. elevation, near the northeast end of the island (Dr. Baur). Bulimus galapaganus PFR., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 58. Mon. Hel. Viv, IV, p. 503, 1859. Buliminus (Ncesiotus} galapaganus PFR.,. Mai. Blatt., II, Vers., p. 160, 1854. Bulimulus (Nesiotes) galapag- anus MARTENS, in Albers Heliceen, ed.ii, p. 221, 1860. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus} galapaganus PFR., Nom. Hel. Viv., p. 1881. REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 20. STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, p. 427, 1893. DALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 435. 108 BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. The specimen illustrated, collected by Dr. Baur (U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 107291) differs from Pfeiffer's description in being rather solid and not pellucid. It is yellowish-brown with some dark oblique streaks and a faint light peripheral girdle, the earlier 5 whorls blackish-purple, gradually fading below. The columella is strongly truncate below. Alt. 14*8, diam. 5'8, length of aperture 4'8 mill. It is perhaps closest to B. calvus Sowb. Dall writes: "This is very closely related to B. ustulatus Sby., is slightly longer and more pupiform, and wants the bright yellowish bands. The whorls are more rounded in B. galapaganus than in B. fierspectivus, and the latter is darker and more uniformly colored." B. ESCHARIFERUS (Sowerby). PL 22, figs. 8, 9. Shell rimate-perforate, oblong-pyramidal, rather thin ; brown, a little darker on each side of a light peripheral girdle which ascends the spire just above the suture, and with a narrow light line below the suture. Surface shining, with indistinct wrinkle-striae, a little puckered under the sutures, with faint spirals in fresh shells. Spire slender, its lateral outlines a trifle convex, slightly attenuated near the obtuse apex. Nepionic whorls 2J, costellate. Whorls 7 $-8, the earlier convex, the rest less so, last whorl oblong. Aperture small, about a third the shell's length, purple-brown and showing the band inside ; outer lip a trifle expanded, whitish ; col- umellar lip dilated. Columella obliquely truncated below. Alt. 16, diam. 6, alt. of aperture 5'3 mill. Alt. 15*7, diam. 6'3, alt. of aperture 5'5 mill. Alt. 18, diam. 6*5, alt. of aperture 6 mill. (Pfr.). Chatham Island (Darwin, Kellett, U. S. Fish Commission and Dr. Baur), under stones near the shore at Wreck Bay and else- where ; Charles Island (H. M. S. Peterel). Bulinus eschariferus SBY., Conch. 111., figs. 85 (a, b), 1833. Balimus esehariferus PFR., Symb., II, p. 45; Mon. Hel. Viv., II, p. 115, 1848. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 72. Bulimulus (Nvsiotus) eschariferus PFR., Nom. Hel. Viv., p. 254, 1881. KEIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 14. STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, pp. 381, 426, 1893. DALL, Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1896, p. 434. Bulimus rug- ulotus REEVE (not Sby.), Conch. Icon., pi. xx, fig. 123, 1848 (cita- tion, diagnosis and figure refer to eschariferus'). Bulimulus (Om- phalostyla} eschariferus H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll., II, p. 161, 1855. Bulimulus eschariferus ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Mai. France, IV, BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. 109 p. 295, 1887. B. eschariferus var. bizonalis ANCEY, op. cit., p. 295, 1887. B. eschariferus var. subconoidalis ANCEY, op. cit., p. 295, 1887. This species is lighter colored than B. perspectives Pfr., with nar- row umbilical perforation, although often rather broadly excavated behind the coluraellar lip, and the body-whorl does not hang sack- like below. Ball writes : " Though this species, as usually received, is apparently smooth and polished, it has minute more or less gran- ular spirals, which it is probable in the young state bear hairs." Var. pileatus Dall. "Among the living specimens obtained at Chatham Island by the U. S. Fish Commission were some rather smaller than the average and covered with a dense brown epidermis, which bears numerous spiral lines more or less minutely granulose, a small hair or process of the epidermis projecting from each granule, giving the shell a pilose appearance. These specimens measure about 12 mm. in length and 5 mm. in diameter, the color of the shell is browner than in the type, and, when denuded of the periostracum, the shell is seen to be marked by numerous fine sharp, almost microscopic spirals. It may, perhaps, form a variety pileatus, of the typical eschariferus." Var. ventrosus Keibisch. PI. 22, figs. 14, 15. Shell widely rimate, oblong-oval, thin, shining, arcuately striate r marked with slender granulose spiral lines ; pale yellowish with an encircling paler band ; spire rather acute, suture plicose-margined ; whorls 6I-7J, convex, the embryonal ribbed, last two inflated ; col- umella nearly straight. Aperture oblique, protracted, oval, glossy inside ; peristome simple, the ends joined by a thin callus, right mar- gin rounded, expanded, columellar margin reflexed, spreading. (Reibiscli). Alt. 17*5, diam. 8*3, length of aperture 7*5 mill. Alt. 16'8, diam. 7*3, length of aperture 6'6 mill. Barrington Island, common (Wolf, fide Reibisch, also Dr. G. Baur, who found it under stones near the shore). Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) ventrosus REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 19, 1. 1, fig. 12 a-b. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) eschariferus var. ventrosus Reibisch, DALL, Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1896, p. 434, pi. 17, f. 3 (dentition). 110 BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. " A specimen of this form was sent to Mr. Smith at the British Museum, and by him compared with the type of B. eschariferus with which he identified it. In color, form and range of variation the Barrington Island shells agree perfectly with those from Chatham and Charles Island (eschariferus'), but the latter are always a little more slender if the specimens I have seen can be taken as a criterion. Twenty-four of them averaged 16 mm. long by 5 mm. in diameter above the aperture, while the diameter of the most slender of forty- two Barrington Island specimens was 6 mm. The latter have the spire less attenuated and slightly more compact. On the whole, it is doubtful if this form can rank higher than as a local race of eschari- ferus." (Dall). B. PERSPECTIVUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 22, figs. 10, 11, 12 ; pi. 24, figs. 35, 36. Shell with a narrow but very deep and well-like umbilicus, oblong- turrited ; reddish-brown becoming paler on the spire, and sometimes with a narrow, pale peripheral girdle; glossy, with faint arcuate growth-wrinkles. Spire with slightly convex lateral outlines and obtuse apex; whorls 7, the earlier If costulate, all whorls convex, the last rather sack-like and full below, excavated behind the col- umellar lip. Aperture ovate, dark purple-brown inside, somewhat oblique, slightly exceeding one-third the shell's length ; peristome narrowly expanded throughout, and, with the broadly expanded columella, of a brown color. Columella either simply concave or conspicuously obliquely truncate below. Alt. 16*5, diam. 6'3 ; length of aperture 6*2 mill. Alt. 17, diam. 7 ; length of aperture 6'5 mill. Alt. 16, diam. 6'5 ; length of aperture 6'5 mill. (Pfr.~). Chatham Island, Galapagos, 300-600 ft. alt., on rocks and under stones (Wolf). Bulimus perspectiv us PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 33 ; Mon. Hel. Viv, ii, p. 97, 1848. REEVE, Conch. Icon., Bulimus, pi. 63, fig. 435. Bulimulus (Ataxus) perspectivus PFR. CLESSIN, Nomencl. Hel. Viv, p. 253, 1881. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus*) rugulosus REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 19, t. i, figs. 11 a-b. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) perspectivus Pfr., DALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 435. The species resembles B. eschariferus in form, but it is of a deep reddish, instead of an olivaceous brown, the last whorl is more swollen basally and the umbilicus is larger and penetrates well-like BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. Ill to the apex. Out of seven specimens before me, four show a narrow, pale band on the last whorl, another has it faintly traced, while on two it is absent. The lip is dark colored. Three of the specimens have the base of the pillar very prominent, almost channelled, the others are quite normal. The shell is midway between the typical eschariferus and the var. ventrosus in size. One specimen before me is but 11*6 mill, long, 5'5 wide, with hardly 6 whorls, although the lip proclaims it an adult. Such dwarfs occur in other species of this group. The first reference of it to B. rugulosus by Herr Rei- bisch was undoubtedly an error, which that gentleman detected upon examining the specimens in the British Museum. B. JACOBI cSowerby). PL 22, fig. 13. Shell small, ovate-conic, narrowly umbilicate, thin : brown, with a peripheral pale girdle, sometimes bordered with darker above and below. Surface dull, wrinkle-striate, with numerous, fine, unequal, granose spiral strise, every fifth or sixth being larger. Spire conic, the apex obtuse, nepionic If whorls costellate. Whorls about 6, convex, the last rounded. Aperture short-oval, slightly oblique, contained about 2J times in alt. of shell ; peristome thin, hardly expanded, everywhere arcu- ate ; columellar margin expanded ; columella concave. Alt. 10, diam. 51, length of aperture 4 mill. Alt. 10i, diam. 6f, length of aperture 5 mill. (Pfr.). James Island (Cuming) ; Charles Island (Cuming) ; 1,600 ft. near Wreck Bay, Chatham Island, on the under side of leaves of plants (var. pallidus), and on East Albemarle Island (Dr. Baur) ; Albemarle Island, 200-800 ft. on bushes and stones (Wolf, fide Rei- bisch) (var. pallidus) ; Chatham Island, 900-2,000 ft., in damp places and on the trunks of trees (var. acutus) (Wolf). Bulinus jacobi SBY.,?. Z. S., 1833, p. 74 (James Id.) Conch. 111., p. 7, figs. 45, 45 (2 vars.) 1833. Bulimus jacobi DESK, in Lam. An. a.Vert.,ed.ii,vol.viii,p.281, 1838. PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv. II, p. 98, 1848 (not of Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. xxi, fig. 135, 1848=. olla. Buliminus jacobi BECK, Ind. Moll., p. 70, 1838. Bulimulus (Om- phalostyla) jacobi H. & A. ADS., Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 161, 1855.- Bulimus (Nwsiotus) jacobi ALBERS, Helic., p. 162, 1850. Bulimulus (Nesiotes') jacobi MARTENS, in Albers, ed. ii, p. 221, 1860 Bulimulus (Ncesiotus] jacobi PFR., Norn. Hel. Viv, p. 254, 1881. REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 18. BALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 436. Not B. 112 BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. jacobi STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, p. 381, 1893 Bulimu- lus (NcBsiotus) pallidus REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 18, t. i, fig. 9. Buli- mulus (Ncesiotus) acutus REIB., op. cit., p. 20, t. i, fig. 13, 1892. ? Bull- minus avellana BECK, Index, p. 70. "The typical B. jacobi, sent by Cuming to Dr. Lea in 1838, is a small, stout shell, with rather inflated whorls, covered with fine granulations, minute, obliquely transverse broken wrinkles, and fine granular spirals, hardly visible without magnification. The shell is pale reddish-brown, sometimes with a narrow, pale peripheral band. The pillar and body are without fold or tubercular callus. Those collected by Dr. Baur on Charles Island are the smallest I have seen which can be positively referred to this species. The larger,, smooth form figured bv Reeve under this name is distinct, and will O v * be found referred to under the name of B. olla" (Dall). Var. pallidus Reibisch. PI. 23, fig. 20. Differs from the typical form in being slightly smaller and more slender without the wrinkles, and it is probable that a large series would show no dividing line between the variety and the type. Var. acutus Reibisch. PI. 23, fig. 21. Differs from pallidus in the almost entire absence of the spiral granulated sculpture, leaving much of the surface polished and smooth, except for incremental lines. Reibisch 's figure shows one whorl more in the same length than the specimen he was kind enough to send me for examination, but slight differences of this kind are common among these very variable forms. It also comes very close to some varieties of B. nucula and B. amastroides, the latter being slightly smaller and more spindle-shaped (Dall). Var. cinereus Reibisch. PI. 23, fig. 17. Shell with five and a half sharply granulated, wrinkled whorls ; suture deep, aperture small, simple, thin-edged ; umbilicus perforate, rather large but not funicular. Alt. 8, diam. 5'5, alt. of last whorl 6-0 mill. (Dall). James Island at James Bay (Dr. Baur and Wolf). Bulimulus (Nawotui) cinereus REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 19, t. i, fig. 10. Bulimulus jacobi var. vermiculatus DALL, Nautilus, VII, p. 53,. Sept., 1893. Bulimulus jacobi var. cinereus Reib., DALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 437, pi. 16, f. 14. BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. 113 No living specimens of this species appear to have been collected. This variety is hardly separable from the smaller B. jacobi, though the dead and the fresh shells appear quite dissimilar. It is some- what smaller than the smallest undoubted jacobi, and the granular sculpture is more dense and uniform. I have not seen any speci- mens with a spire as long and pointed as in Reibisch's figure. A specimen sent by him agrees in every way with those collected by Dr. Batir. Resembles a dwarf B. jacobi with very sharp, beaded, alternate granulations in spiral rows; transverse wrinkles small but distinct; the spire pointed but the apex rather blunt. B. OLLA Ball. PI. 23, figs. 18, 19. Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, thin, light brown with a faint, hardly noticeable paler peripheral zone ; somewhat shining; nearly smooth, but showing under the lens faint growth-lines and traces of a few spirals composed of oblong granules. Spire conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls about 7, convex, the last rounded. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique; peristome thin, unexpanded, colurnellar margin dilated ; columella slightly concave, a trifle truncate below. Alt. 14, diam. 8, alt. of aperture 6 mill. James Island (Cuming) ; Duncan Island, all dead, but fresh (Dr. Baur) ; Barrington Island, dead (Dr. Baur) ; Conway Bay, Indefa- tigable Island (Dr. Baur). Bulimus jacobi REEVE, Conch. Icon., Bulimus, pi. xxi, fig. 135, 1848. Bulimulus olla DALL, Nautilus, VII, p. 53, September, 1893. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus') olla DALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 437, pi. 1 6, f. 2. " This shell is closely related to B. jacobi, and was figured by Reeve under that name. B. olla is larger, and wants the granula- tions of B. jacobi, its surface is nearly smooth and almost polished, marked with faint incremental lines, has seven whorls (against six in the other species) and a very bulbous pillar. The present spe- cies inhabits the grassy upper zone, while B. jacobi is found in the wooded area " (Dall}. B. TANNERI Dall. PI. 23, fig. 25. Shell short, stout, pointed, with two nepionic and four subsequent whorls; nucleus rather coarsely transversely ribbed, the interspaces somewhat wider ; the subsequent whorls marked by incremental 8 1]4 BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. lines and obsolete traces of fine, partly granulose, inconstant spiral threads, only perceptible under a lens ; color pinkish or brownish- white with no traces of a peripheral paler band ; whorls somewhat inflated, suture conspicuous, umbilicus large and deeply pervious ; aperture large with a widely expanded lip, the outer lip much bent over at the body, closely approaching the pillar and united to it by a distinct callus. Length 11, max. diameter 7*0 mill. (Dalfy. Indefatigable Island, U. S. Fish Commission. Bulimulus (Rcesiotus) Fanneri DALL, Nautilus, VIII, p. 127, March, 1895, typ. err. for Tanneri, corrected in the index, p. iii, April, 1895. Bulimulus (Nozsiotus} Tanneri DALL, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 438, pi. 16, fig. 5. " This is about the size of B. cinereus Reib., but is more conical, inflated and stouter, with a very differently shaped aperture, the lip being more expanded and reflected than in any other species yet described from these islands. It is named in honor of Capt. Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., commanding the U. S. S. Albatross during the Galapagos explorations. None of the specimens were living' 3 (Dott). B. DUNCANUS Ball. PL 23, fig. 24. The shell is short, stout, inflated, thin, with two nepionic and four- and-a-half subsequent whorls. The apex is rather pointed, the axial dimple small, the whorls rapidly enlarging, with the suture behind the last whorl deeper than the rest and more oblique to -the axis ; the aperture is relatively small and rather oblique, the lip simple, sharp, not reflected, connected across the body with a thin callus, a single tubercle on the body, well within the aperture, and about equidistant from either lip ; umbilicus perforate, narrow. Height of the shell 18, of the last whorl 12'5 ; diameter of shell 11 mill. (Da//). Duncan Island, dead specimens only (Dr. Baur). Balimulus (NatBiotus) duncanus DALL, Nautilus, VII, p. 52, Sep- tember, 1893 ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1896, p. 438, pi. 16, f. 7. " The sculpture comprises only incremental lines and faint wrink- les in harmony with them, especially just in front of the suture and near the end of the last whorl. When perfectly fresh there were probably microscopic granules spirally arranged and sparsely dis- tributed, but these are now represented only by minute spots of BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. 115 erosion. Except the largest specimens of B. nux, these shells are the largest Bulimuli described from the islands. They are, however, thinner than any specimen of B. mix, in this respect resembling B. unifasciatus Sby." (Dalfy. B. DARWINI (Pfeiffer). PL 23, fig. 26. Shell deeply rimate, ovate-conic, rather solid, strongly sculptured with wavy and crispate wrinkles ; dull whitish. Spire conic, rather acute, corneous. Whorls 6, convex, the upper three smooth, the last about as long as the spire. Aperture wide, suboval, rather shining inside, white, with a cal- lous tubercle deep within on the parietal wall; peristome simple, straight ; right margin arcuate above, columellar margin much dilated, spreading. Columella somewhat twisted, subvertical. (Pfr.) Alt. 17, diam. 9, length of aperture 8J mill. Galapagos Is. (Darwin) ; Bindloe I. (Habel). Bulimus Danvini PFR.,P.Z.S.,1846,p. 29. Mon.Hel.Viv, ii, p. 199, 1848. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. xxi, fig. 136, 1848. Bulimulus (Omphalostyla) Danvini H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll., II, p. 161, 1855. WIMMER, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, p. 44, 1879 Bul- imulus (Nesiotes') Danvini MARTENS, in Albers, Heliceen, ed. ii, p. 220, 1860. Bulimulus (N&siotus) Danvini PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv, p. 254, 1881. REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 22. STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, p. 427, 1893. BALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 439. Bulimus manini " Pfr." CARPENTER, Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1856, p. 359. STEARNS, p roc . u. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, pp. 405, 427, 1 893 (Err. " The type specimen of this species has disappeared from the Cumingian Collection, and I have been unable to obtain a specimen for examination. The only reference to the particular island upon which it lives is derived from Habel " (Dall). B. WOLFI Reibisch. PL 23, figs. 22, 23. Shell inflated-ovate, perforate or umbilicate, solid, somewhat shin- ing, buff, arcuately streaked, towards the aperture nodose-plicate, with a pale, narrow band. Spire wide, rather acute, suture rather deep. Whorls 7, sculptured with very delicate spiral lines, the last separated by a deeper suture, somewhat furrowed at the position of the peripheral band, and tuberculately plicate on each side of it. Nucleus delicately striated. 116 BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. Aperture oblique, pentagonal, three-toothed ; the terminations of the thick lip connected by a strong white callus ; outer lip sinuous* forming an angle with the columellar lip ; columellar tooth at the end of the fold ; parietal tooth deeper within, the third tooth at the end of the peripheral furrow on the outer lip. Alt. 13, diam. 8, length of aperture 6 mill. (Reibiscfi). Indefatigable Island (Wolf, fide Reibisch). Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) Wolfi REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 22, t. 2, figs. 1 a-b. STEARNS, op. cit., pp. 414, 427, 1893. DALL, Proc. A. N.S., Phila., 1896, p. 439. "A specimen of this species kindly forwarded for examination by Herr Reibisch is clearly distinct from anything I have seen. It re- sembles B. Simrothi Reib., but is more robust, the surface of the upper whorls smoother and more regular in sculpture, the pillar- tooth is more prominent and stronger, the parietal tooth, apparently normal, is not found in any Simrothi I have seen, the umbilicus is larger than in the latter species. It resembles Reeve's figure of B. Damvini somewhat, but the latter is 17 mill, long, while B. Wolf, only reaches a length of 13'5 mill. (Dall). B. UNIFASCIATUS (Sowerby). PI. 23, fig. 27; pi. 18, figs. 45, 46, 47. Shell ovate-subpyramidal, thin, pellucid ; brown with one whitish band. Whorls 5-6, ventricose, longitudinally striated, shining. Aperture elliptical, acuminate above; lip thin. Umbilicus small. Alt. 0'8, diam. 0'45 inch (Soivb.). James Island, under lava (Cuming iii Lea Collection) ; Chatham Island, near the southwest end, at a height of about 1,600 feet (Dr. Baur) ; Chatham Island (Kellett) ; Charles Island (Cuming and H. M. S. Peterel). Bulinus unifasciatus SBY., P. Z. S., 1833, p. 37 (Charles Id.) ; Conch. 111., fig. 55, 1833. Bulimus unifasciatus DESH. in Lam. An. s. Vert., Ed. ii, vol. viii, p. 277, 1838. REEVE, Conch. Icon., xxiii, .fig. 149 (bad) 1848. PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv, II, p. 195, 1848. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 72. Bulimulus unifasciatus BECK, Index, p. 67, 1838. Bulimulus (Omphalostyla~) unifasciatus H. & A. ADS., Gen. Rec. Moll., II, p. 161, 1855. Bulimulus {Nesiotes} unifasciatus MARTENS, in Albers, ed. ii, p. 220, 1860. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) unifasciatus PFR., Norn. Hel. Viv, p. 254, 1881 ; STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, p. 427, 1893 BALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. 117 1896, p. 439, pi. 17, f. 6, 11 (teeth and jaw). Bulimulus unifasciatus REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 15, syn.; but not p. 32, pi. i, fig. I(=nux var.). " In its thin and ample shell, uniform reddish-brown color, and narrow, well-defined peripheral pale band, this form resembles the species of the mainland more than any other Galapagos species. The transverse riblets on the nepionic shell are very fine and almost always decorticated [as in fig. 47 ; but even when perfect they are confined to the crown of the whorl] ; the granular spirals are almost microscopic, and when fresh and perfect, bear small projections of the periostracum ' (Dall~). Fig. 46 is an enlarged view of the sculpture of the last whorl. B. SIMROTHI Reibisch. PI. 23, figs. 28, 29, 30. Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, solid ; brown above, becoming very pale on the body-whorl, where two faint, narrow, darker bands de- fine a light peripheral line. Surface lusterless, obliquely striate and with fine, indistinct spirals above, becoming very coarsely and deeply wrinkled and pitted on the body-whorl, which is feebly grooved at the position of the peripheral line. Whorls nearly 6J, convex, the last flattened laterally. Aperture pentagonal-oval, brownish inside, peristome white, thickened within, the thickening often irregularly calloused, edged by a smooth band outside. Columella calloused in the middle. Alt. 11*5, diam. 6*6, alt. of aperture 5 mill. La Tortuga, grassy zone, South Albemarle (Baur) ; 1,000-2,000 feet, in the moist region, Albemarle Island (Wolf). Bulimulus (Ncesiotes) Simrothi REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 23, t. 2, fig. 2. STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, pp. 414, 428, 1893. BALL, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 441, pi. 16, f. 11, 12, 13 ; pi. 17, f. 2 (jaw). Bulimulus (Ncesiotus') tortuganus DALL, Nautilus, VII, p. 54, 1893. " Herr Reibisch has kindly furnished a photograph of one of his types of B. simrothi with which I have compared my specimens of tortuganus. Wolf's shell in the photograph appears smoother, with- out the deeply indented markings, and exhibits color streaks in harmony with the lines of growth which none of the specimens of tortuganus do. Nevertheless, the two forms should probably be united, especially as Reibisch's description agrees better than the photograph as respects surface and color. As the specimens col- 118 BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. lected by Wolf were more or less immature, the original diagnosis needs some additional data. " I have figured several specimens to show the variations of form and sculpture. When mature the shell always has a pretty solidly thickened peristome. The young are more translucent and show projecting points of epidermis along the minute granular spiral lines, as in B. unifasciatus, and like that species show a distinct peripheral paler band " (Dall). B. BAURI Ball. PI. 23, fig. 31. Shell small, short, stout, with a dark, rapidly attenuated spire, distinct suture, and opaque yellow-brown last whorl ; whorls about seven, the earlier ones dark livid purple with straw colored streaks, paler at the suture, rude, wrinkled and malleated ; last whorl in- flated, more or less wrinkled transversely, somewhat shining; um- bilicus closed or a mere chink. Aperture subquadrate, angulated behind and at the base of the pillar; pillar short, oblique ; lips simple, thick, especially across the body where the callus has a raised edge ; throat white. Length of shell 10, of aperture 4'5 ; diam. of shell 6'5 mill. Hibernating on the under side of leaves of plants at the southwest end of Chatham Island, 1,600 feet above the sea (Dr. Baur). Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) Bauri DALL, Nautilus, VII, p. 54, Septem- ber, 1893; Proc. A. N. S. P., 1896, p. 441, pi. 15, f. 12; pi. 17, f. 7, 15 (jaw and teeth). "This is a very distinct little species, with a pale yellow-brown body whorl darkening toward the tip of the spire, with conspicuous, lighter transverse wrinkles on the upper whorls, and fine ribbing on the nepionic shell which is of a livid purple, almost black. In speci- mens which have survived hibernation, the aperture is usually pro- duced, contracted and conspicuously thickened. Many specimens have a narrow, pale line in front of the suture. There is no spiral sculpture" (Dalfy. The columella suddenly widens as it enters the throat, with a suggestion of the sort of fold seen in B. canaliferus. B. AMASTROIDES Ancey. PL 23, fig. 32. Shell small, oblong, subperforate, rather thin ; light olive colored, with a paler peripheral girdle bordered above and below by rather wide but very ill-defined brown bands. Surface glossy with growth BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. 119 wrinkles, but no spiral stride. Spire convex-conic, the apex obtuse, two nepionic whorls very finely, densely costulate. Whorls about 6J, slightly convex. Aperture irregularly ovate, acuminate above, contained about 2 times in length of the shell ; peristome simple, thin ; columellar margin triangularly dilated, white. Alt. 10, diam. 5, length of aperture 4.25 mill. Chatham Island (U.S. Fish Commission). Bulimulus (Nesiotus) amastroides ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Mai. de France, IV, p. 293, 1887. DALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 441, pi. 15, f. 16. Bulimulus jacobi STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,XVI, pp. 381, 426, 1893, not of Sby. Bulimulus calvus var. ? STEARNS, op. cit., p. 427. " The shell has an olivaceous tint which distinguishes it at once from the mostly reddish or yellowish-brown species of which the fauna contains so many. This is the smooth form of which the pli- cate aspect is B. curtus of Reibisch and Anceiji of Dall " (Dall). B. CURTUS Reibisch. PI. 23, fig. 33. Shell resembles B. amastroides Ancey, but with more plicate sur- face, ruder aspect, smaller mouth and more angular periphery. Alt. 9, diam. 4'5 mill. (Dall). Chatham Island, near Wreck Bay, at a height of 1,600 feet (Baur) ; usually on the under surface of the leaves of plants. Also reported from Chatham by Wolf (Reibisch) in grassy places and on the trunks of trees, at from 900 to 2,000 feet, and by the U. S. Fish Com- mission. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) curtus REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 21, t. i, fig. 14. DALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 442, pi. 15, f. 13 ; pi. 17, f. 8. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) amastroides Ancey, var. Anceyi DALL, Nau- tilus, VII, p. 53, September, 1893. " This is very closely related to B. amastroides Ancey, of which it is probably an offshoot. It has, in general, a more plicate surface, ruder aspect, smaller mouth, and more angular periphery. Speci- mens submitted by Herr Reibisch as representing his curtus agree exactly with the types of my variety Anceyi" (Dall). B. CANALIFERUS Reibisch. PI. 23, figs. 34, 35. Shell long-conic, fusiform, perforate throughout to the nucleus, thin, very glossy, delicately arcuate-striate ; buff or corneous 120 BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. brown, encircled by two wide brown bands ; spire acute, suture linear. Whorls 8-j to 10, flat, regularly increasing, base compressed, nucleus smooth, brown. Aperture oblique, compressed laterally, narrow, hatchet shaped ; peristome simple, the margins joined by a shining callus, right margin angularly ad n ate above, basal margin forming an angle with the somewhat thickened columellar margin ; a channeled columellar fold winds around the axis (Reibisch^). Alt. 10, diarn. 4*25, alt. of aperture 3*5 mill. Alt. 8, diam. 3*75, alt. of aperture 3 mill. Chatham Island, in moss and on ferns, 900-2,000 feet (Wolf, fide Reibisch). Bulimulus (Pelecostoma) canaliferus REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 25, t. ii, fig. 6 ; STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, pp. 415, 428, 1893. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) canaliferus Reibisch, DALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila.,1896, p. 442, pi. 15, f. 14. " This is a peculiar shell, characterized by its many-whorled spire, short aperture, and a large umbilicus with its walls deeply excava- vated, so that the groove shows as a prominent ridge on the pillar within the aperture. In the specimen sent by Herr Reibisch the edge of the aperture is hardly thickened and not at all reflected, there is a thin callus deposit over the body, but no trace of a parie- tal tooth. The species, with a totally different surface, has somewhat the form of B. rugiferus, but with a less slender and shorter spire. Reibisch's figure gives the impression of a more slender shell than the specimen I have examined " (Z)a//). B. SCULPTURATUS (Pfeiffer). PL 24, fig. 41. Shell perforate, ovate-ttirrited, rather thin ; longitudinally rather remotely and strongly wave-wrinkled, the intervals of the wrinkles sharply striated spirally ; brownish. Spire long-conic, the apex rather acute, corneous. Whorls 7, convex, the last about two-fifths the total length. Aperture elliptical, angular at base ; peristome simple, acute, the columellar margin vaulted, reflexed, free. Columella straightened, extending to the base of the aperture. Alt. 14, diam. 6* mill. ; length of aperture 6-} mill. (Pfr.). Galapagos Is. (Darwin). Bulimus sculpturatus PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 29 (Gal. Is.) ; Mon. Hel. Viv., II, p. 183, 1848 ; IV, p. 476, 1859. Bulimus (Ncesiotus) sculpturatus PFR., Mai. Blat. ii Vers., p. 161, 1854. Bulimus sculj> BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. 121 turatus REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. xx, fig. 125, 1848. Bulimulus (Omphalostyla) sculpturatus H. & A. ADS., Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 161, 1855. Bulimulus (Nesiotes) sculpturatus MARTENS, in Albers, Heliceen, Ed. ii, p. 220, 1860. Bulimulu* (Ncesiotus) sculpturatus PFR., Norn. Hel. Viv., p. 254, 1881. REIBISCH, Isis, p. 22, 1892. STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, p. 427, 1893. DALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 443. " The particular island to which this species, collected by Darwin, belongs, is not known. I have not been able to obtain a specimen for examination. Reeve's figure recalls a specimen of B. Simrothi in which the lip has not yet been developed fully, but if his meas- urement is correct, the shell should be a little larger as well as more slender than in B. Simrothi." (Dall). B. RUGIFERUS (Sowerby). PI. 24, fig. 37. Shell perforate, turrited, long and slender, dull brown ; surface lusterless. Whorls 7 2-9, the apex obtuse, earlier If whorls densely and finely longitudinally costulate, following two whorls with low wrinkles and fine spiral stride, the remaining whorls very coarsely corrugated, most of the wrinkles interrupted, branching or anasto- mosing, the whole covered with sharp, thread-like spiral stride. Aperture irregularly oval, brown inside; peristome thin, simple, the columellar margin dilated ; columella weakly truncated obliquely at base. Alt. 10'5, diam. 3'7, length of aperture 3 mill. Alt. 11, diam. 4, length of aperture 3'2 mill. Alt. 12'5, diam. 3'75, length of aperture 3'5 mill. James Island (Cuming). Bulimus rugiferus SBY., P. Z. S., 1833, p. 36 (James Id.) ; Conch. 111., fig. 40, 1833. Cochlicellus rugifer BECK, Index, p. 63, no. 11, 1838. Bulimus rugiferus DESK, in Lam. An. s. Vert., ed. ii, vol. viii, p. 276, 1838. PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 115, 1848. REEVE, Conch. Icon., xx, fig, 118, 1848. Bulimulus (Omphalostyla) rugi- ferus H. &. A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll., ii. p. 161, 1855. Bulimulus (Nesiotes) rugiferus MARTENS, in Albers, ed. ii, p. 220, 1860. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) rugiferus PFR., Nom. Hel. Viv, p. 254, 1881. REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 21. STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, p. 427, 1893. DALL, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 443. This species is more slender than B. nesioticus, less so than B. reibischi, and with coarser sculpture. 122 BULIMULUS-XAESIOTUS. B. NESIOTICUS Dall. PL 24, fig. 38. Shell small, thin, pale brown, with two nepionic and five subse- quent whorls ; spire slender, suture distinct, umbilicus small or ob- solete, apex rather blunt with an axial dimple, nepionic whorls transversely ribbed with fine, even regular riblets with about equal interspaces; the next whorl is sculptured with fine spirals, close set, under which are fine transverse wrinkles ; the subsequent whorls show a more or less variable transverse ribbing, in which the ribs have a tendency to break up and vary in direction ; these are crossed by fine, often granulose spirals, which are swollen where they cross the riblets ; aperture small, throat yellowish, the pillar white, widely reflected without any terminal plait or callus, outer lip thickened, somewhat expanded, continuous with the pillar and a slight callus on the body. Length 12, breadth 5 mill. (Dall~). James Island (U. S. Fish Commission). Bulimuhis (Ncesiotus) nesioticus DALL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1896, p. 443, pi. 16, f. 1. " This interesting species was obtained on James Island in small numbers, one specimen fresh but none living, the one figured has rather sparser ribbing than the best preserved specimen. Most of them are bleached white. The shell appears to be intermediate in character and size between B. sculpturatus as figured, and B. rugi- ferus Sby. It was first referred to the latter species, but further study showed B. nesioticus to have two whorls less in the same length and to be a perceptibly stouter shell." (Dall). B. REIBISCHI Dall. PL 24, fig. 42. Shell elevated, slender, with nine whorls of a pale ferruginous color and rather solid consistency ; sculpture like that of B. nesioti- cus but rather more closely ribbed ; the suture distinct, somewhat appressed, whorls little inflated but not flattened ; umbilicus a mere chink ; aperture oval, higher than wide, rounded in front, the pillar simple, the margins thickened but not reflected ; length 11, diame- ter 2-5 mill. (Dall). Indefatigable Island, two specimens (U. S. Fish Commission). Bulimulus (NoBsiotus) reibischi DALL, Nautilus, viii, p. 126,. March, 1895 ; Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 444, pi. 16, f. 4. " This shell, though shorter, is intermediate between such forms as B. chemnitzioides and the more normal Ncesioti. It is named in BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. 123 honor of Herr Paul Reibisch, of Dresden, who recently worked up the land shells collected by Wolf in these islands, in a paper to which I have made frequent reference." (Dall). BULIMULUS new species. PL 24, fig. 49. Shell of about nine whorls, small, slender, with flattish sides, almost cylindrical, transversely finely wrinkled, suture distinct; aperture small, the outer lip sharp, the pillar lip short, broadly re- flected, without plait or projecting callus ; length 11*5, breadth 2*5 mill. One specimen found on James and two on Indefatigable Island (Reibisch in lilt.}. Bulimulus new species DALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 444, pi. 15, f. 15. The above description and figure are taken from a photograph kindly submitted to me by Herr Reibisch. I refrain from naming the species as the last mentioned gentleman had over two years ago announced his intention of describing it, but has so far, I believe, published nothing referring to it. As a distinct form from any pre- viously reported from these islands, I have thought best to briefly indicate it. (Dall). B. HABELI Stearns. PL 24, fig. 40. Shell slender, elongated, thin, smooth and shiny, slightly umbil- icated, with thirteen to fourteen gradually increasing whorls ; whorls slightly convex and longitudinally obtusely plicated ; suture distinct ; aperture ovate and slightly reflected at the base of the columella. Color ashen white, slightly rufous, with hints of a narrow reddish band beneath the surface glaze. Dimensions (of largest example) : Long 17*5 mill., diameter 3*5 mill. (Stearns). Chatham Island (Habel, U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Alba- tross and Dr. G. Baur) under stones near the shore, at the southwest end of the island (typical form) ; Chatham Island, under stones and on mossy rocks in the moist region, 900-2,000 feet above the sea (Wolf fide Reibisch, B. terebra). Bulimulus (Pleuropyrgus) habeli (Stearns MS.) DALL, Nautilus, Jan., 1892, p. 99; STEARNS, Nautilus, Dec., 1892, p. 86; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, pp. 382, 428, pi. 51, f. 1, 1893. Bulimulus (Xce- siotus) habeli Stearns, DALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 445. 124 BULIMULUS-NAESIOTUS. Bulimulus (Pleuropyrgus) terebra REIBISCH, Isis, (Oct.) 1892, p. 24, t. ii, fig. 3. " This form is much more slender than P. chemmtzioides Fbs., which is well represented by the figures 6a, 6b, plate 9, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1850. Aside from the differences in color and sculp- ture, the surface of Forbes' species is dull in fresh, unrubbed, perfect specimens ; the ribs in the latter species are comparatively sharp, thread-like, regular, and somewhat distant, the interspaces being perceptibly wider than the ribs are thick." (Stearns). " The specimen of B. terebra (pi. 24, fig. 39) submitted by Herr Reibisch is slightly larger, more dull colored and has a more evident umbilicus than the typical specimens of Habeli which were obtained in a more unfavorable station, but the differences do not appear to be sufficient to be worthy of a specific name, at least judging from material I have been able to study. No specimens of B. Habeli containing the soft parts have been received by me. The nepionic whorls are usually decorticated and smooth, but when perfect show extremely fine transverse ribbing. In the single specimen I have seen of the variety terebra Reibisch, the nepionic ribbing is coarser and more evident." (Dall). B. CHEMNITZIOIDES (Forbes). PL 24, figs. 44-48. Shell subrimate, turrited, thin but rather solid, purple-brown with a yellow band under the suture and another at the periphery, or corneous-yellow with a chestnut band, the base also chestnut. Sculpture of rather strong vertical riblets separated by intervals of sometimes the same, sometimes greater width, with slight traces of spiral striation above. Whorls 12-15, convex, the last rounded at the periphery. Aperture irregularly ovate, its length contained about 4J times in that of the shell ; peristome thin, the outer lip unexpauded, slightly bent forward in the middle, columellar lip short, triangularly and flatly dilated above; columella straight, not truncated at base. Alt. 19, diam. 4, length of aperture 4 mill. (P/V.). Alt. 13*5, diam. 3*7, length of aperture 3'S mill. Chatham Island, at 300-600 feet elevation, with B. perspectivus Pfr., on rocks and under stones (Wolf), on the leaves of plants at 1600 feet elevation, near the southwest end of Chatham Island (Dr. Baur ; also Kellett, Habel and the IT. S. Fish Commission). BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. 125 Bulimus chemnitzioides FBS., P. Z. S., 1850, p. 55, pi. ix, fig. 6.- PFR., MOD. Hel. Viv., iii, p. 303, 1853; Chemn., Conch. Cab., ed. ii, Bulimus no. 113, pi. 31, figs. 21-23. Bulimus (Ncesiotus) chem- nitzioides PFR., Malak. Blatt., p. 160, 1855. Bulimulus (Omphalo- styla) chemnitzioides H. & A. ADS., Gen. Kec. Moll., ii, p. 161, 1855. Bulimulus (Pleuropyrgus) chemnitzioides MARTENS in Albers Heliceeu, ed. ii, p. 221, I860. PFR., Norn. Hel. Viv., p. 254. 1881. -REIBISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 24, t. ii, fig. 4. STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, p. 381, 1893. Bulimulus (Pleuropyrgus) lima REI- BISCH, Isis, 1892, p. 25, t. ii, fig. 5. Bulimulus (Ncesiotus) chemnitzi- oides Fbs., DALL, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1896, p. 445, pi. 17, f. 4 (dentition). " The younger specimens named lima by Reibisch (pi. 24, fig. 43) though apparently differing somewhat in form, appear to grade directly into the others. This species sometimes shows a small but distinct parietal tooth or callosity, but this is quite exceptional." (Dall). Buliminus lyelliae Beck, Index Moll., p. 70, from the " I. Gallap- pagos," is a nude name. Beck places it between B. calvus and B. Jacob i. Subgenus ORTHOTOMIUM Crosse & Fischer, 1874. Orthotomium C. & F., Moll. Terr, et Fluv. Mex., i, p. 473, 1874, type B. sufflatus. PILSBRY, Nautilus, ix, p. 114, 1896. DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xix, p. 357, 1897. + Globulinus C. & F., I.e., p. 475, type B.sufflatus; Mormus BINNEY & TRYON, not Albers ; Peronceus, Scutalus, Thaumastus, Mesembrinus of authors, not Albers. Shell umbilicate or rimate, varying from ovate-globose to cylin- drical or pillar-shaped; never with spiral color-markings ; with the initial H to 2 whorls sculptured with vertical riblets, the interspaces often minutely striate spirally ; a decided apical dimple or pit. Distribution : Central and northern Mexico, southwestern U. S. and Lower California. Distinguished from Ncesiotus and Protoglyptus by geographic dis- tribution and the general aspect of the shell, rather than by any definable differences. In other words, while the group is a natural one, comprising specific forms of undoubtedly common ancestry, it 126 BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. has not diverged in any important particular from that common stock of which Ncesiotus, Protoglyptus and Orthotomium are the modern and now geographically individualized remnants. Among the minor distinctions between these groups may be mentioned the coloration ; Orthotomium never having spiral bands, such as occur occasionally in Ncesiotus and Protoglyptus, and commonly in typical Bulimulus. The species of Orthotomium (as here limited) have been widely scattered throughout the complex maze of Bulimuloid subgenera by all authors up to a very recent date. In 1893 Dall reduced the chaos of Lower Californian subgenera to partial order; early in 1896 the writer, recognizing the cardinal value of apical sculpture, outlined the system herein adopted ; and in a later work Dall demonstrates the essential unity underlying the widely diverse con- tours of the adult shells. Three " sections " then, may conveniently be recognized ; although the differences, it will readily be understood, have no great signifi- cance. I. Columella bearing a strong callous lamina within the last whorl, Section Sonorma, p. 155. II. No callous lamina upon the columella. 1. Shell ovate or oblong; aperture much over a third the shell's length, generally one-half or more, Section Orthotomium s. s., p. 126. 2. Shell subcylindrical ; aperture less than one-third the length of shell, Section Plicolumna, p. 151. Section Orthotomium (C. &. F.) Pils. This section comprises two groups of species, those of central and eastern Mexico, Texas, etc., and those of Lower California. In the latter group the shell is frequently striated spirally and granular ; it is never so in the eastern group. Key to groups. I. Lip not expanded or hardly so, often thickened within ; no spiral striation. a. Ovate-conic or oblong forms of central and northeastern Mexico and southcentral and southwestern United States, Group of B. alternatus, p. 127. a'. Ovate-globose or oval species of Lower California, Group of B. sufflatus, p. 135. BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. 127 a". Oblong species of Lower California, Group of inscendens, p. 148. II. Lip expanded, surface generally granulate, Group of B. montezuma, p. 141. Group of B. alternatus. Thaumastus of authors, not of Albers (see Vol. x, p. 43). Rhab- dotus (in part) ALBERS, Die Hel., 1850, p. 164, not Rabdota Dej., 1833. A group of few species, of which B. dealbatus and its varieties and B. alternatus are excessively variable, prolific in individuals and widely distributed. B. durangoanus is known by only one specimen, and B. nigromontanus by several in very poor condition. The latter, if less removed geographically, would from the material as yet collected, be judged a variety of dealbatus ; but it lies far to the west of the known range of dealbatus and alternaius, and may show more distinctive features when good specimens come to light. The group as a whole differs from most of the Lower Californian forms in lacking spiral sculpture. It closely resembles the Chilian section Lissoacme (Vol. x, p. 154), but differs in apical sculpture. B. DURANGOANUS Martens. PL 18, figs. 32, 33. Shell perforate, rather lengthened, irregularly striatulate, some- what shining ; white, with scattered dots and little streaks of dia- phanous-gray. Whorls 6, the first and second subglobose, vertically costulate, pale brownish, the following a little convex with rather impressed suture, last moderately attenuated below. Aperture less than half the shell's length, a little oblique, ovate, acute above ; peristome simple, the outer margin straight, thin, arcuate, basal margin arcuate, columellar margin dilated above and a little reflexed. Alt. 15, diarn. 6; aperture, length 6J, width 4 mill. (Martens). Villa Lerdo, State of Durango, northern Mexico (Hoge). Bulimulus (Peronceus') durangoanus MART., Biol. Centrali Amer- icana, Moll., p. 246, pi. 16, f. 11, lla. A small and slender member of the group of dealbatus, ragsdalei and mooreanus, with the translucent gray dots and streaks of many specimens of the latter, from which its reduced size, small mouth and slender figure will distinguish it. The resemblances to B. 128 BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. gruneri Pfr. (=Drymceus virgo Lea !) and B. artemisia Binn. noticed by von Martens, are merely adventitious. B. NIGROMONTANUS Dall. Shell short, wide, white, with 5 whorls, rather rudely striated in harmony with the lines of growth, nuclear whorls 2, neatly, evenly sculptured with fine, usually wavy, minute ribs, the summit with a small central funicular dimple ; whorls moderately rounded, the last much the largest, the spire obtusely conical ; base full and rounded, with a rather large, deep and subcylindrical umbilicus ; outer lip sharp, hardly reflected ; pillar lip reflected rather widely near the body around (not over) the umbilicus ; body with a thin wash of callus, the outer lip strongly incurved at its junction, giving a somewhat tubular look to the suture ; substance of the shell thin, without markings. Length 18, of the last whorl 13, maximum diameter 11 mill. (Dall'). Summit of Black Mountain, Sonora, Mexico (Dr. Mearns). Bulimulus (alternatus var.f} nigromontanus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xix, p. 357. The shells above described are not in the best condition, and I have some hesitation in describing them, but after an exhaustive comparison with the Bulimuli of the region and of Lower Califor- nia I find none to which the present form can be confidently as- signed. It recalls somewhat B. xantusi Binney, and B. baileyi Dall, but is smaller and more globose than either. In form some of the varieties of B. alternatus Say, come nearest to it, but have a different surface and marking, which are absent from the present form, and none of them has so deep and cylindrical an umbilicus. I have thought it best, therefore, to put it on record until the recep- tion of more material shall enable a final decision to be made. (Dall}. B. DEALBATUS (Say). PL 17, fig. 1 ; pi. 18, figs. 27, 28, 29, 30, 48. Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, thin; corneous brown streaks which are slightly translucent alternating with opaque cream-white or light brown ragged streaks, either tint sometimes predominating. Sculpture of slight growth-wrinkles generally becoming stronger and more regular on the spire, the uepionic If whorls typically with subobsolete fine longitudinal riblets, almost smooth. Whorls about 65, convex. BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. 129 Aperture about half the shell's length, ovate, corneous and white inside, the peristome acute, unexpanded, generally slightly thick- ened, or with a rib within. Columellar margin dilated. Columella regularly concave. Alt. 20, diara. 11-12, alt. of aperture 10-11 mill. Southwestern North Carolina; Henry and Lawrence Counties, Kentucky ; ivest to Camden Co., central Missouri, and Shawnee Co., Kansas; southwest to Alabama and Corpus Christi, Eagle Pass and Pecos Co., Texas. Helix dealbata SAY, Journ. Acad. N. S. Phil., ii, p. 159 ; Binney's edition, p. 10. Bulimus dealbatus POT. et MICH., Galerie, i, p. 139, t. 13, f. 3, 4. PHIL., Abbild., i, p. 158, t. 2, f. 6. KUSTER, Couchyl. Cab., 1. 16, f. 11-13- PER., Monogr., ii, p. 187 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 55. KEEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 455. BINNEY, Terr. Moll, p. 276, pi. 51, f. 1 ; pi. 51a, except upper and lower figures. LEIDY, Terr. Moll. i, p. 229, pi. xv, f. 1 (anatomy). W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, p. 130, pi. 80, f. 6, 7 ; Land and Freshwater Sh. N. A., i, p. 208, f. 35S.Bulimulus dealbatus W. G. B., Terr. Moll., v, p. 393, f. 269 (jaw) ; pi. x, f. E (teeth), and Man. Amer. L. Sh., p. 401, f. 441. CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Mex., i, p. 566. STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, p. 97 ; xvi, 1893, p. 751. SAMPSON, Nautilus, viii, p. 18. SINGLEY, Texas Moll., in Fourth Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, p. 309. SIMPSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xi, 1888, 452. Scu- talus dealbatus Say, TRYON, Amer. Jour. Conch., iii, p. 173, pi. 14, f. 9. Buliminus dealbatus BECK, Index, p. 72. Zebrina dealbata HELD in Isis, 1837, p. 917. Bulimus liquabilis REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 387, pi. 57. Bulimus confinis REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 86, f. 643. Figures 28 and 30 represent the typical forms of this species, as developed in the region from Tennessee and Alabama to Kansas and northern Texas. In the latter state the shell becomes larger (figs. 1, 19, from Waco) and often of stouter figure with larger mouth (figs. 27, 29, 48, Lee Co.), while retaining the texture. The apical whorls of these are more strongly ribbed. Var. RAGSDALEI Pilsbry. PI. 18, fig. 31. Like typical dealbatus in contour or more slender. Entire sur- face sculptured with sharp, thread-like, obliquely longitudinal strice ; the stride white, spaces gray or pinkish-gray. Alt. 21, diam. 10'3, length of aperture 9'7 mill. Alt. 20, diam. 11, length of aperture 9'5 mill. 9 130 BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. * Texas: on the Red River in Cook and Montague Counties (G. H. Ragsdale) ; along the Rio Grande at Comstock (Win. Lloyd) and Langtry (V. Bailey), Val Verde Co; Fort Clark, Kinney Co. (Mearns). Bulimulus ragsdalei PILS., Nautilus, iii, p. 122 ; v, p. 37, pi. 2, f. 3 ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, pp. 64, 296, pi. 5, f. 3. W. G. BINNEY, Fourth Supplement to Terr. Moll., v, in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxii, p. 191, pi. 2, f. 9 (not good). Bulimulus dealbatus var. =B. ragsdalei STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, p. 97. Bulimulus dealbatus ragsdalei Pils., DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xix, p. 374. Var. MOOREANUS ('W. G. B. ' Pfeiffer). PI. 25, fig. 55; pi. 17, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5. Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic; white above, coffee-with-cream colored below the periphery, or with the basal tint absent ; some- times varied with waxen or dark gray streaks, and often showing scattered gray dots which are translucent by transmitted light. Sur- face smooth, under the lens showing more or less strongly developed strim on the spire; apex waxen or dark. Alt. 25, diam. 12 mill., but varying much in proportions. Texas, mainly from Fort Worth to DeWitt and Uvalde Counties. Bulimus sehiedeanus var. AY. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, p. 129, pi. 80, f. 8. Bulimus mooreanus " W. G. Binney " PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 143. Bulimulus sehiedeanus var. mooreanus W. G. B., L. &. F.-W. Sh. N. A., i, p. 205, f. 353-355 ; Terrestr. Moll., v, p. 392, f. 277-279 ; Man. Arner. L. Sh., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 28, p. 400. f. 438-440. This is the abundant form throughout central-southern Texas, particularly in the region about San Antonio. It lives in vast numbers in the mesquite chaparral, hibernating in the earth, acti- vating upon the bushes, adhering to the bark. It is smaller, thin- ner and smoother than the typical sehiedeanus, and more northern in distribution. The streaked specimens show all stages between mooreanus and dealbatus, and with a large geographic series it is easy to demonstrate the complete intergradation of the two. This is the form commonly known as " sehiedeanus ' among American collectors. BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. 131 Var. SCHIEDEANUS (Pfeiffer). PL 17, figs. 6 to 15. Ovate-conic, often with the spire rather attenuated above, solid and strong, calcareous, white, rarely with ochreous streaks ; roughly, irregularly striate, not much shining; spire as long as the aperture. Aperture varying from white to ochrey inside ; peristome without an internal callous rim. Alt. 31, diarn. 17, alt. aperture 17 mill. (Pfr. type). Alt. 34, diam. 18, alt. aperture 15? mill. (Coahuila). Alt. 30, diam. 15, aperture 14 mill, (western Texas). Mexico (Dr. Schiede, original locality); Tehuacan, State of Pue- blo, (F. C. Baker, Uhde and others) ; Laguna de Chapala, Jalisco (Deppe) ; Villa Lerdo, Durango (Hoge), States of Tamaulipas (Binney) and Coahuila (W. H. Dougherty), western Texas along the Rio Grande (H. C. Wood). Bulimus schiedeanus PFR., Symb. Hist. Hel., i, p. 43 (1841) ; in Philippics Abbild. Neuer Conch., i, p. 56, Bulimus, pi. 1, f. 12 ; Mon- ogr. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 187 ; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab. ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 160, pi. 46, f. 3, 4. REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, Bul- imus, pi. 54, f. 361. BINNEY, Terr, air-breath. Moll, of N. Am., iv, p. 129, pi. 80, f. 8 (var.), 15. Bulimus (Mesembrinus') schiedeanus ALBERS, Die Hel., ed. 1, p. 157. PFR. in Malak. Bliitt., ii, p. 158 (1855). Orthalicus (Mesembrinus) schiedeanus H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 157. Bulimulus ( Thaumastus) schiedeanus v. MART, in Albers Die Hel. ed. 2, p. 215. FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 563, pi. 24, f. 2. Bulimulus (Scutalus) schiedeanus v. MART, in Malak. Blatt., xii, p. 30 (1865). Thaumastus schiedeanus TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 172, pi. 10 (14), f. 1, 4 (1868). Bulimulus schiedeanus BINNEY & BLAND, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am., i, p. 204, f. 352 ; BINNEY, Terr, airbreath. Moll, of N. Am., V, (Bull. Mus. Com p. Zool., iv, p. 391), f. 276 (1878) ; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., v, p. 338, pi. 1, f. E (1879); Manual of Am. Land Shells, p. 399, fig. 437. STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Land-und Siissw. Conch., iv, pi. 6, f. 19 ; v, p. 57, pi. 11, f. 16, 17. VON MARTENS, Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll., p. 239, pi. 15, f. 12-23. Bulimus niveus HEGEWISCH, in litt. Bulimus candidis- simus NYST, in litt. ? Bulimus xanthostomus WIEGM. in Berlin Museum. The typical schiedeanus ranges over the greater part of central, north-central and northeastern Mexico, and in the region immediately 132 BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. north of the Rio Grande. It is abundant as far south as the State of Pueblo, where it was collected by the Mexican expedition from the Academy of Natural Sciences and by Uhde and Ho'ge. Typical schiedeanus does not occur in central southern Texas, being replaced there by mooreanus, a more glossy, generally thinner shell, smoother below and with regular striation on the spire. A form of schiedeanus from along the Rio Grande below El Paso has oblique ochre-red stripes on the body-whorl (fig. 6). The spire is slender above, as in the large, pure white specimens from the State of Coahuila (figs. 14, 15). Figs. 7-13 represent Mexican specimens. Var. PATRIARCHA (W. G. Binney). PI. 17, fig. 16. On the average larger than schiedeanus, with shorter, acuminate spire and more globose body-whorl. Solid and roughened, white ; aperture ochre colored inside. Alt. 35, diam. 19, length of aperture 19 mill. Northeastern Mexico at Buena Vista, State of Nuevo Leon (Ber- landiere) ; Also in Texas (W. G. Binuey). Bulimus patriarcha BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Phil., 1858, p. 116; Terr, air-breath. Moll, of N. Am., iv, p. 130, pi. 80, f. 13. PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv., vi, p. 143. Thaumastus patriarcha TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 171, pi. 9 (13), f. 15. Bulimulus patriarcha BINNEY and BLAND, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am., i, p. 200, f. 346; BINNEY, Terr, air-breath. Moll, of N. Am., v, p. 388, f. 270 ; Manual of Am. Land Shells, p. 396, f. 4^1. Bulimulus (Thaumastus) patriarcha FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mol- lusca, i, p. 564. Bulimulus schiedeanus var. patriarcha MARTENS, Biol. Amer. Centr., Moll, p. 242. This form seems quite distinct when compared with the so-called B. schiedeanus (==mooreanus) of central Texas, but its differences from the true schiedeanus of Mexico are only slight. Von Martens,, with his usual excellent judgment, unites them. B. ALTERNATUS (Say). PI. 25, figs. 50-53 ; pi. 17, figs. 17, 18, 20, 12, 22-26. Shell ovate oblong, umbilicate, solid and strong, nearly smooth ; the whorls of the spire not regularly striated. White, varying to blue or pink tinted, or suffused with coffee-brown, and usually with scattered gray dots, or alternately white and gray or brown striped. Aperture oblong, very dark chestnut within, or sometimes ochrace- BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. 133 ous ; outer lip strongly thickened within, with a light border ; col- umella more or less distinctly folded or even toothed above. Length about 30-35 mill. Northeastern Mexico and southern Texas. Bulimus alternatus SA^^WN Harmony Disseminator, Dec., 1830, p. 25 (ed. Binney, p. 39). PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 221. BINNEY, Terr, air-breath. Moll, of N. Am., IV, p. 126, pi. 80, f. 1, 3 (copy of Say's drawing). Thaumastus alternatus TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 171, pi. 9 (13), fig. 6 ; pi. 10 (14j, fig. 10. Bulimulus alternatus BINNEY & BLAND, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. Am., i, pp. 200-204, f. 347-350, 351 (radula) ; BINNEY, Terr, air-breath. Moll, of N. Am., v, pp. 388-391 (with the same figures repeated). COCKERELL, Journ. de Conch., xxxix, p. 23 (1891). STEARNS, in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, p. 99, (1891). Bulimulus (Thaumastus) alternatus FISCH. & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., Mollusca, i, p. 561, pi. 24, f. 1 (copy of Say's original draw- ing). BLAND & BINNEY, Am. Journ. Conch., vii, p. 181. Bulimus lactarius (Menke), PFR., Syrnb. Hist. Hel., iii, p. 85 (1846) ; Mon- ogr. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 187. REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, Bulimus, pi. 37, f. 2176. Bulimus (Scutalus) marice ALBERS, Die Helic. ed. 1, pp. 160, 162. Bulimus marice PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv., iii, p. 350; in Martini & Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., ed. 2, Bulimus, p. 157, pi. 48, f. 7, 8 ; P. Z. S., 1858, p. 23, pi. 40, f. 2. Bulimus (Ena) marice PFR. in Mai. Bliitt., xii, p. 154 (1855). Orthalicus (Scutalus) marice H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 158. Bulimulus (Thaumastus) marice v. MART., in Albers's Die Hel., ed. 2, p. 215. Thaumastus marice TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 172, pi. 10 (14), f. 3. Bulimus dealbatus var., BINNEY, Terr, air-breath. Moll, of N. Am., ii, p. 276, pi. 51, 51a (uppermost and lowest figures); pl.51b (the three middle figures). Bulimulus (Rhabdotus] alternates MARTENS, Biol. Cent. Amer., Moll., p. 243, pi. 15, f. 24-26. Bulimus binneyanus (Pfr., ins. label) BINNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, p. 128 (1859). Not B. binneyanus Pfr., Malak. BL, iv, p. 229 (1857). Bulimus cjaleottii NYST, in litt. Bulimulus alternatus STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, p. 99 (includes schiedeanus, patriarcha, marice, mooreanus as synonyms). B. dealbatus var. mooreanus has regular striation upon the post- nepionic whorls of the spire or some of them, lacking in alternatus. It is generally less oblong and thinner. B. dealbatus var. schiedeanus is rougher, with the aperture wider and shorter. 134 BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. This species approaches very near certain forms of B. dealbatus var. mooreanus in some Texan localities, and is only with great difficulty to be distinguished from them. Indeed some conchologists of great experience with Texan Bulimuli regard alternatus as merely a variety of dealbatus. My reasons for retaining E. alternatus dis- tinct, are that differences though inconspicuous actually exist ; that throughout the range of alternatus it occurs with either mooreanus or schiedeanus without intergrading in the vast majority of localities, and that as ordinarily found, the species is conspicuously distinct. It should be added that this opinion is based upon the study of many hundreds of shells, and considerable field experience in Texas. Typical ALTERNATUS, PI. 25, figs. 50, 51, 52, 53. As described by Mr. Say and represented by one of his types now before me, differs considerably from the ordinary form of the species. It is conic-ovate, not very thick, with 6 convex whorls separated by impressed sutures. Alternately ragged-striped with opaque white and blue-gray in dead shells, corneous-brown when living ; aperture bluish-white inside (hence the "perlaceous tinge ' of Say's description). Columella concave, with no noticeable fold. Alt. 30*, diam. 18 ; length of aperture 16* mill. Mexico (Maclure). The synonym B. lactarius apparently belongs to typical alternatus. Var. MARINE (Albers). PI. 17, figs. 17, 18, 20, 12, 22-26. Ovate-oblong, thick and solid, smooth, with 6 to 7 moderately con- vex whorls ; white or with brown streaks or ragged stripes ; aper- ture dark brown within (rarely ochraceous) ; columella more or less distinctly folded or toothed above. Dimensions and proportions quite variable. Alt. 27, diam. 15 mill, (average specimen). Alt. 22?, diam. 14 mill, (short specimen). Alt. 35*, diam. 17 mill, (long specimen). Texas: two or three tiers of counties north of the Rio Grande, from Corpus Christi N.- W. to Frio and Val Verde Counties and south- ward. Northeastern Mexico, at Matamoras and south to Tampico, State of Tamaulipa*. B. binneyanut Pfr., olim. is the same ; also " var. albidus Taylor," of Cockerell, which of course is utterly baseless. That the classifica- tion of varieties proposed by Mr. Cockerell (Journ. de Conchyl., BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. 135 1891, p. 23) is simply frivolous, will be apparent to anyone examin- ing a good series of these shells. Figures 17, 18 were drawn from specimens from Derby, Frio Co., Texas ; f. 20, Hidalgo, Hidalgo Co.; f. 12, Corpus Christi, an ex- ceptional form ; f. 22-25, Laredo, Webb Co. The limit of its range westward is not yet ascertained, either in Texas or Mexico ; that assigned above being merely what is now known. The localities " Louisiana " and " Isthmus of Tehuantepec," quoted in some works, are erroneous. ' B. alternatus* Forbes, P. Z. S., 1850, p. 54 "from Panama," is an error for B. alternans, a species of Drymceus. Group of B. sujjtatus. The species of this group and those following are Lower Californ- ian, with the exception of a few found upon the neighboring main- land. Of the latter, B. excelsus occurs at La Paz on the Peninsula, and in a distinguishable variety at Sinaloa (W. M. Gabb) on the mainland. The Costa Rica specimens referred to B. pallidior, prove to be decolored examples of a DrymcKus apparently identical with D. zhorquinemis Angas. B. baileyi occurs at many localities in the State of Sonora, but its occurrence on the Peninsula is very doubt- * ful. There is therefore but one species of Bulimulus, B. excelsus, which can be admitted on satisfactory evidence to inhabit both the Peninsula and the mainland ; although B. baileyi is very closely allied to some peninsular species. Most of the Lower Californian Bulimuli now known, inhabit the mountainous region lying southeast of a line connecting La Paz on the east coast with Todos Santos on the west ; while in the elevated region above the twenty-sixth parallel of latitude the genera Epi- phragmophora, Berendtia and Ccelocentrwn are developed, largely to the exclusion of Bulimuli, although Sonorina extends into this tract. The literature of Lower Californian Bulimuli has quite recently assumed extensive proportions, comprising several reports by J. G. Cooper on species collected by naturalists from the Californian Academy of Sciences, published in the Proceedings of that Academy, 1891 to 1895; a paper by Prof. Wm. H. Ball (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1893, 639) based upon material from the same source and Binney's types collected by Xantus de Vesey ; a paper by Jules Mabille upon collections made by Diguet, introducing a large number of new and unfigured species, without comparisons with known forms ; two brief 136 BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. notes by the writer, defining the natural groups of Bulimuli and describing new forms, and finally a philosophic and well-considered essay by Ball (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1896) discussing a portion of the fauna. B. SUFFLATUS (Gould). PI. 18, figs. 38-44. Shell broadly ri mate-perforate, thin but solid, oval; white under a pale yellowish cuticle, with occasional narrow oblique yellow-olive streaks. Surface shining, with growth-wrinkles. Spire very short ; whorls 5, convex, the first very finely costulate, the last large, oval, inflated. Aperture ovate, acuminate above, broadly rounded below, white within ; peristome thin and acute, not expanded ; columellar mar- gin broadly dilated above, white; columella concave, without fold. Alt. 28, diam. 18. alt. of aperture 17* mill. Alt. 20, diam. 14, alt. of aperture 12 mill. Alt. 36J, diam. 21 mill. Lower California, from San Jose del Cabo to La Paz (Gabb, Bry- ant) ; Sierra Laguna to 3000 ft. alt. (Eisen) ; El Taste Mts., 3200 ft. alt. ; El Chinche Mts., 2000 ft. alt. (var. chinchensis). Bulimulus vesicalis GOULD, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, p. 375, pi. 14, f. 1 (October, 1853). PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 467. CPR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 203. GABB, Amer. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 236, pi. 16, f. 6. Not B. vesicalis Pfr. (March, 1853), see p. 69. Bulimulus sufflatus GOULD, in W. G. BINNEY, Terr. Moll., iv, p. 25 ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, p. 188. GOULD, Otia Conch., p. 184. PFR., Mon- ogr., vi, p. 110. CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1871, p. 207. Bulim- ulus (Mormus) sufflatus BINN. & BLD., Land and Freshwater Sh. N. A., i, p. 206, f. 356. COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. (2), iii, p. 102. Bulimulus sufflatus BINN. & BLD., Amer. Journ. Conch., vi, p. 209, pi. 9, f. 8, 13 (jaw and teeth). COOPER, 1. c., pp. 208, 212, 340, pi. 14, f. 6 var. insularis ; iv, p. 140, pi. 5, f. 9, 11, with var. chinchensis, f. 10. MARTENS, Biol. Cent. Amer. Moll., p. 244. Bulimulus (Orthotomium, Globulinus) sufflatus CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Terr, et Fluv. Mex, pp. 473, 475, 568, pi. 20, f. 23, 24, 25 ; pi. 19, f. 17, 18 (jaw and teeth). Mormus sufflatus TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 172, pi. 14, f. 6. Bulimus juarezi PFR., P. Z. S.,1865, p. 832 ; Novit. Conch., p. 280, pi. 69, f. 1, 2 ; Monogr., vi, p. 123. Bulimulus (Orthotomium) sufflatus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, p. 648, pi. 72, f. 9.--STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. 137 Mus., xvii, 1894, p. 164. Bulimulus (Globulus) sufflatus MABILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomath, de Paris, (8), vii, p. 69 (1895). Var. insular is Cooper. " Found only by Mr. Bryant on one point of Espiritu Santo Is- land, where he got six dead chalky specimens, apparently fossil though only seen on top of the ground. Compared to Gould's type they are not so swollen (while others we have are much more so), but they closely resemble some from toward La Paz in form, being more narrowly ovate, but smaller. A half-grown one is as thin as many of them closely resembling a large B. pilula from Point Arena, but the full-grown are thickened more than any of either form, the mouths of two having a heavy callous connecting the lips, and in one developing a blunt tooth on the inner wall. (This excessive thickening is also found in a var. of Helix areolata from the same island). The umbilicus is like that of B. sufflatus of same size, and also as in large* B. pilula. It is 1*20 inch long, 0'70 wide, mouth 0.65 long, O50 wide, in most thickened specimens ; no distinct ex- pansion of lip, but its margin is thickened." (Cooper). Var. chinchensis Cooper. PI. 25, fig. 63. " Approach nearer to B. pilula, and are evidently mature, with thickened lips." (Cooper}. El Chinche Mts., 2000 ft. alt. B. KECOGNITUS J. Mabille. Shell ovate-globose, rather thin, solid, covered-perforate ; white under a thin, deciduous rufescent epidermis ; coarsely and irregu- larly costulate-striate ; apex subobtuse, regularly costulate, shining. Whorls 5, convex, regularly and rather rapidly increasing, separated by an impressed, obscurely crenulated suture ; last whorl large, I the alt. of the shell, globulose, inflated, at the base slightly attenuated, slowly descending in front. Aperture vertical, ovate, a little taper- ing and narrowed above ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the mar- gins joined by a thin, glossy callus ; outer lip with a long, decided arch, basal curved, columellar shorter, emitting a thin, shining lamina, impressed at its origin and nearly closing the perforation. Columella nearly straight, a little thickened, slightly truncate at base. Alt. 27, greatest diam. 17 mill.; aperture with peristome 16 mill, long, 12 wide. (Mabille). Lower California (Diguet). 138 BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. Bulimulus (Globulw) recognitus MAB., Bull. Soc. Philom. (8), viii, p. 69. B. PILULA (W. G. Binney). PI. 25, fig. 57. Shell globose, inflated, umbilicated ; thin ; with longitudinal wrinkles; chalk-colored; apex obtuse; whorls 4, convex, the last very inflated, equalling ten-elevenths the length of the whole shell ; columella simple, arched ; aperture oblique, rounded ; peristome simple, acute, its columellar end expanded so as to partially cover the umbilicus. Length 22, breadth 7 mill. ; aperture 9 mill, long, 6 wide. (Binney). Lower California : Todos Santos Mission and Margarita Island (Xantus), the type from the former locality. Bulimulus pilula "W. G. B., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 332, fig. PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 126. Bulimulus (Mormus) pilula BINN. & BLD., Land and Freshwater Shells of N. A., i, p. 206, f. 357. Bulimulus ( Orthotomium /) pilula DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, p. 646, pi. 72, f. 10. Not Mormus pilula Tryon, or Bulimulus pilula Crosse & Fischer and Cooper. While stating that the original types of B. pilula are distinct from the form so-called by Cro&se and Fischer, Dall has unfortunately neglected to point out what the differences are. Xantus collected both the types and the form now called cooperi. One of the original lot collected by him, received through Binney, is shown in fig. 35 of pi. 18. Another specimen bleached perfectly white, also received from Biuney, labelled Margarita Island, is shown in fig. 34 of the same plate. Binney made no distinction between the two forms, and as Tryon, Crosse and Fischer and Cooper all selected the "cooperi' form, which agrees well when bleached with Binney's description and first figure, it would have been better to restrict the species pilula to that form. Binney's measurements are of course wrong ; perhaps the "Long. 22 " was meant for 12 ; but even then the assigned diameter seems too small. The figure is copied from Binney's engraving of 1869. Dall writes : The types of this species in the National Museum have a distinct and mature appearance. The specimens connecting them with sufflatus are usually young sufflatus. The two types have 4 and 4? whorls, respectively, as many as specimens of sufflatus four times their size. The nuclear whorls are smaller than in sufflatus and more delicately sculptured, while the incremental wrinkling on BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. 139 the body whorl is more conspicuous and regular than in the larger species. I have seen no specimens of pilula which appear to be genuine except the types. All the others when critically studied resolve themselves into varieties of sufflatus. B. COOPERI Ball. PI. 18, figs. 34, 35, 36, 37. Shell umbilicate, globose, inflated, thin ; longitudinally obsoletely wrinkle-striate ; whitish-calcareous with two chestnut bands ; spire short, apex obtuse ; suture impressed. Whorls 4, convex, the em- bryonic 1J [delicately costulate], the last inflated, longer than the spire (in the proportion of 7 to 4). Aperture somewhat oblique, ovate-rounded, white inside ; peristome simple, whitish, the termi- nations separated, columellar margin broadly dilated, reflexed, partly covering the umbilicus; basal and outer margins acute. Alt. 11, greatest diam. 8, alt. of aperture 7 mill. (Crosse & Fischer'). Lower California: San Jose del Cabo (Bryant). Mormus pilula TRYON, Amer. Jourii. Conch., iii, p. 173, pi. 14, f. 7. Bulimulas pilula CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Terr. Mex., i, p. 570, pi. 21, f. 6, 6a. COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 2d ser., iii, p. 102, 210; iv, p. 143, pi. 5, fig. 12, 1894. Not Bulimus pilula Binney as restricted by Dall. Bulimulus cooperi DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1895, p. 5. COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad., v, p. 163. Bulimulus (Orthotomiwn) cooperi DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xix, p. 358. " This form, distinguished among other things by pale peripheral banding, is quite distinct from the true B. pilula of which the types are in the National Museum." (Dall). The longitudinal wrinkling is quite distinct, but there are no spiral lines or granulation. B. DECIPIENS Cooper. "I propose this name for a new form, of which three specimens were brought from San Lazaro Mt. They were living but appar- ently quite young, too immature to figure. The largest is nearly of the size and form of B. pilula as figured, but still more globular, being shorter and wider, with three whorls. It is more Heliciform, much resembling H. calif or niensis, young, and like that has a single vittiform band around the periphery, which becomes hidden in the suture of two upper whorls. The band is however, paler than the brownish epidermis (faded in alcohol). To prove their affinity to 140 BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. the Bulirnuli of the region, they show the vertical riblets on apical whorls, and a more sunken nucleus than in the Helix. No single-banded Helix is known for 200 miles north of the locality of this species." (Cooper*). Sierra San Lazaro, near Cape St. Lucas, Lower California (Eisen). Bulimulus decipiens COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), v, p. 164 (June, 1895). Bulimulus (Orthotomium*) decipiens DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xix, p. 358. " A third species was among those referred at first to B. pilula, with some doubt, by Dr. Cooper in the series submitted to me. Un- fortunately, the specimens, though living when obtained, are not adult. They appear, however, to represent a very distinct species. The shell is of pale, livid, pinkish-brown, with a peripheral, narrow, pale-yellow band. The largest specimen has a Leptobyrsus nucleus (not keeled) of 2 whorls, and about 2i rapidly enlarging later whorls. The suture is distinct, but not deep, the shell, when adult, is prob- ably about the shape of sufflatus, but thinner ; the umbilicus is deep, but very small, and almost hidden by the reflection of the pillar lip ; the base is rounded ; the surface marked by inconspicuous in- cremental lines and by spiral, microscopic but sharp, distant, slightly elevated lines, between which are still finer spiral striations. The general surface is not polished even when perfectly fresh, but the wear on the fine elevated lines seems to polish them, so that under a strong triplet they shine against the duller background of the rest of the surface. This sculpture is very characteristic and quite unlike that of any other Lower Californian species. The shell above described measures 11*5 mill, high, of which the last whorl stands for 10 mill., and 9'5 mill, in diameter. It was collected by Eisen in the Sierra San Lazaro, near Cape St. Lucas, in September, 1894." (Da//)- B. LEVIS Ball. PI. 19, fig. 64. Shell thin, ovate-conic, narrowly umbilicate, white under a thin olivaceous-yellow cuticle. Surface somewhat shining, with some- what irregular, low growth-wrinkles but no spiral stride or granula- tion. Whorls 5?, convex, the last more inflated than in B. xantu-n. Aperture ovate, the peristome simple, unexpanded. Columella straightened above, not folded ; parietal callus thin. Alt. 17, diam. 11'3, alt. of aperture 9 mill. Alt. 18, diam. 10'5 mill. Alt. 17, diam. 8'5 mill. BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. 141 Lower California : Ranclw Lagunas, Ptmta Arena, near sea level (Bryant) ; Sierra Laguna, near La Chuperosa, alt. 2000 ft. (Eisen). Bulimulm xantusi var. levis DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, p. 642. COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. (2) iv, p. 139, pi. 5, f. 14. -Bulimulus levis DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., xviii, 1895, p. 5 ; xix, p. 359. Bulimulus xantusi COOP., Proc. Cal. Acad. (2), iii, p. 213. This species is covered with a smooth, polished, greenish-yellow epidermis, with vertical darker streaks, instead of dark brown as in B. xantusi, and it is absolutely without granulation." (Dall). Group of B. montezuma. B. EXCELSUS (Gould). PI. 20, figs. 69, 70, 71. Shell large, oblong-conic, imperforate but with a conspicuous and deep reversed -sigmoid rimation ; fleshy-brown with oblique pale streaks and whitish below the suture; the lusterless surface rather finely obliquely striated, striae more or less distinctly cut into oblong granules. Spire long conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6i to 7, the tip of the first turned in, with a terminal deep comma-shaped dimple, 2| nepionic whorls regularly rather delicately costulate; following whorls but weakly convex, the last straight or a trifle ascending in front, oblong. Aperture about half the total length, ovate ; peristome broadly expanded, flaring, somewhat reflexed below ; columella dilated, with a rather conspicuous wide fold above (fig. 70). Alt. 44, diam. 19 mill. (Gould's type). Alt. 55, diam. 28, alt. of aperture 30 mill. (Sinaloa). Alt. 55, diam. 27? alt. of aperture 28 mill. (Sinaloa). La Paz, Lower California (Xantus, Belding, Fisher) ; Sinaloa State of Sinaloa (W. M. Gabb). Bulimus exeelsus GOULD, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1853, p. 376, pi. 14, f. 3 ; Otia Conch., p. 184. W. G. BINNEY, Terrestr. Moll., iv, p. 24, pi. 79, f. 12. PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 384.- Thawnastus exeelsus TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 171, pi. 13, f. 10. Bulimulus (Mesembrinus) exeelsus BINNEY & BLAND, Land and Freshwater Sh. N. A., i, p. 196, f. 342. COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), iii, pp. 101, 209. Bulimulus (Scutalus) exeelsus CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Mex., i, p. 514. Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) exeelsus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, p. 643, pi. 72, f. 7. Bulimus elatus GLD., op. cit., p. 408, in expl. of plate. 142 BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMITJM. Most nearly allied to B. pallidior, but larger with the whorls less convex, especially above. Dall writes: "This is the largest, finest, and most local of the forms of this group, when fresh is streaked with waxen-white and purplish-brown and is whitish in front of the suture. It has two nuclear whorls obtusely keeled and with a less conspicuous apical pit than the others. The spiral stria? on the nucleus are often ex- tremely faint, but can usually be made out with a magnifier on the later whorls, I have not seen any specimens where the striation w r as strong enough to granulate the wrinkles. While differing somewhat in form, the size is rather uniform compared with that of the other species as might be expected from its smaller range in area and altitude. The pillar bears an observable fold but no lamina." Figure 71 represents Gould's type. The shells collected by Gabb at Sinaloa (figs. 69, 70) are decidedly larger, and show spiral series of fine long granules on the spire, subobsolete on the body whorl. This large form may be distinguished as var. sinaloce. B. PALLIDIOR (Sowerby). PI. 19, figs. 49, 51, 53, 54, 55. Shell oblong-turrited, very deeply rimate, the umbilical region excavated; white or cream-white; surface shining, faintly wrinkled by growth-stride, and with subobsolete spiral series of oblong gran- ules, often hardly visible. Spire slender, high-conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6J to 7, convex, the nepionic costellate, the last whorl more convex at the shoulder ; sutures impressed, generally accompanied by an impressed line below producing a narrow margin. Aperture oblong, the peristome expanded, flaring below, broadly dilated and refiexed on the columellar margin. Columella concave below, straighter above, usually showing a deep-seated wide fold. Parietal callus light. Alt. 37, diam. 19*, alt. of aperture 20* mill. Alt. 39, diam. 21, alt. of aperture 20 mill. Lower California, chiefly southern ; San Jose del Cabo (Belding, Eisen) ; Cape St. Lucas (Xantus) ; Punta Arena (Bryant) ; Carmen Island (Stearns) ; Santa Margarita Island (U. S. Fish Commission). Bulinus pallidior SOWB., P. Z. S., 1833, p. 72 ; Conch. Illustr., f. 39, 44. Bulimus pallidior DESK, in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 280. PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 61 ; vi, p. 40. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 55, f. 365. W. G. BINN., Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1861, p. 331. Bulimulus pallidior BECK, Index, p. 66. H. FISCHER, Journal de BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. 143 Conchyl., 1895, p. 137, pi. 7, f. 6, 6a, 6b (living animal). COOPER, Zoe, iii, p. 15 ; Proc. Cal. Acad. (2), iii, pp. 101, 208, 210. Bulim- ulus (Mesembrinus) pallidior BINN. & BLD., L. and Fr. W. Sh. N. A., i, p. 195, f. 340, 341. Thaumastus pallidior TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 170, pi. 13, f. 9. Bulimulus (Scutalus) pallid- ior CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Mex., i, p. 512, pi. 20, f. 9. DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, p. 640, pi. 72, f. 2, 3. STEARNS, Proc. U. S. N. Mus., xvii, p. 164. Bulimus vegetus GLD., Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., vi, 1853, p. 375, pi. 14, f. 2 ; Otia Conch., p. 184. PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 397. Bulimulus {pallidior f) vegetus COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. (2), iv, p. 133, pi. 5, f. 2, 3, with var. vegexpiza, p. 134, pi. 5, f. 1 ; pi. 6, f. 27. Mesembrinus pallidior W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 122 (dentition). The specimens reported from Costa Rica are a species of Drymceus, showing a remarkable resemblance to this Bulimulus. Var. striatulus Dall. PI. 19, figs. 50, 52, 68. Surface finely but strongly granular from the persistence of spiral incised lines cutting close longitudinal wrinkles. Lip broadly re- -flexed and recurved throughout ; columellar fold conspicuous within. Carmen and Margarita Islands; Gulf coast of the Peninsula, and on the Sierra el Taste and Sierra Laguna. Figure 52 represents Cooper's variety vegexpiza, which is identical. B. ACHOLUS J. Mabille. Shell nearly covered rimate-umbilicate, conic ovate, solid, rather thick, subopaque ; gray, covered with a caducious dull rufous cuticle and sparsely marked with pale brown streaks ; longitudinally stri- ate, and everywhere with compressed scattered granules. Whorls 5, irregularly (the first moderately, the rest rapidly) increasing, con- vex, the last whorl much inflated, depressed toward the well im- pressed suture, attenuated at base, slightly descending at the apert- ure, nearly equalling a half of the shells length. Aperture ovate, rather ample, vertical ; peristome acute, slightly thickened, patul- ous, whitish ; margins approximating, the outer a little arcuate, col- umellar dilated over the umbilicus. Columella slightly oblique, arcuate. Length 46, greatest diam. 21 mill. ; aperture with per- istome 27 mill, long, 18 wide. (Mabille'}. Mountains of Lower California, in company with B. montezuma. {Diguet). 144 BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. Bulimulus (Scutalus) acholus MAB., Bull. Soc. Philomath, de Paris, (8), viii, p. 68 (1895). Compare B. montezuma, from which this seems to differ in having fewer whorls and narrower form ; if, indeed the diameter assigned be correct. B. COSMICUS J. Mabille. Shell covered rimate, ovate, apex attenuated; rather thick, a little opaque, white under a thin deciduous epidermis; rudely, irreg- ularly striate, under the lens seen to be quite conspicuously orna- mented with decurrent impressed lines and compressed granules; spire conoidal, little lengthened, apex minute, obtuse, closely costu- late. Whorls 5, irregularly increasing, (the first moderately, the rest very rapidly) ; suture impressed, deeply separating the embry- onic whorls and obscurely denticulated ; the last whorl large, oblong- ovate, inflated, slightly attenuated at the base, obscurely descend- ing in front. Aperture vertical, long ovate, acute above ; peristome patulously reflexed, thickened, the terminations joined by quite a distinct callus ; columellar margin widely expanded, closing the rimation, joining the long arc of the outer lip in an obtuse, wide angle. Columella' twisted, impressed in the middle, then arcuate. Alt. 48, greatest diam. 25 mill. ; aperture with peristome 34 mill, long, 20 wide. (Mabille}. Sierras of the south of the Peninsula of Lower California (Diguet). Buhnulus (Scutalus} cosmieus MAB., 1. c., p. 68. Certainly distinct from anything known in America, if Mabille's measurements are to be trusted. B. MONTEZUMA Dall. PI. 19, figs. 56, 57. Shell large, ovate-conic, deeply rimate, moderately solid ; whitish with rare livid streaks, or dull brown with occasional darker oblique streaks (no spiral color bands). Lusterless, densely and coarsely granose in spiral series. Whorls 6, the earlier If vertically costu- late ; moderately convex. Aperture ovate ; peristome broadly expanded outwardly and be- low ; ends converging; columellar margin very broadly dilated above; columella with a convex fold above. Alt. 46, diam. 24 ; alt. of aperture 26? mill. Alt. 48, diam. 26 ; alt. of aperture 28 mill. Alt. 521, diam. 28 mill. Alt. 63, diam. 30 mill. BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. 145 Lower California, mostly in the mountainous region; Sierra La- guna, 2000-3500 ft. alt. (Eisen and others) ; El Taste Mts., down to 1000ft. alt. (Eisen); Ranclio de San Bartoto (Diguet). Bulimus proteus W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 331. Bulimulus (Scutalus) proteus BINN. & BLD., Land and Freshwater Sh. N. A., i, p. 207, f. 358. COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2) iii, pp. 211, 208 ; Zoe, iii, p. 15. Bulimulus (Scuta- lus) montezuma DALL, Nautilus, vii, p. 27 ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xvi, 1893, p. 640, pi. 82, f. 1. COOPER, Proc. Acad. (2), iv, p. 136, pi. 6, f. 26. MABILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomath.de Paris, (8), vii, p. 68 (1895). " As Dr. Cooper observed, this species is not as " Protean " as some others. It exhibits no such variations in form or color as B. proteus ; the latter assumes almost every mutation of form, but taken on the average is less acute and has the last whorl less patulously drawn out, axially, than the B. montezuma. The color of B. proteus is variably distributed, but tends in the most strongly colored exam- ples to be laid on in 4-6 broad, spiral bands of brown, with indis- tinct boundaries, separated by paler zones. In B. montezuma the color is seldom present, but, when it is, it is laid on in narrow, obscure zones, parallel with the incremental lines and never spirally disposed. The granulation in the Californian shell is less coarse and intense than in the Peruvian species when most developed, and the umbilicus averages much smaller in the former. All these char- acters are of degree rather than kind, but two features may be men- tioned which appear constant and specific. In the Mexican shell the angle which the outer lip makes with the body whorl, or axial perpendicular, at its junction is invariably more acute than in B. proteus, which latter has the lip bent suddenly down at this point. Secondly, the larval shell or nucleus of B. proteus is beautifully shagreened with minute punctations or short, almost vermicular, indentations, visible plainly under a glass, and only absent when worn off by abrasion. Traces of this sculpture may always be found. In B. montezuma the nucleus is delicately ribbed in harmony with the incremental lines, and does not show the peculiar shagreening alluded to, a character which alone is sufficient to establish its dis- tinctness." (Dall). B. BAILEYI Dall. PI. 19, figs. 65, 66, 67. Shell when perfectly fresh with a delicate brownish epidermis, which is usually lost, beneath which the shell is brownish flesh color 10 146 BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. with irregular pale streaks in harmony with the incremental lines ; the margin of the whorl in front of the suture is also often whitish ; dead shells are waxen or pure white, often with a ferruginous dis- coloration ; whorls five and a half, the nucleus with a central pit or dimple at the apex, the first two turns regularly ribbed with small, sharp, rather distant ribs, the wider interspaces of which are spirally striate ; subsequent whorls with close, fine, sharp, somewhat irreg- ular wrinkles, in harmony with the incremental lines, sparse on the last whorl and crossed by fine sharp close striae of variable strength, sometimes hardly visible, but in other specimens distinct and gran- ulating the wrinkles ; all intermediate grades are observable in com- paring many specimens ; suture distinct ; form like that of pallidior on a smaller scale, varying from moderately wide to slender ; whorls rounded or moderately flattened ; umbilicus small but deeper pro- portionately than in pallidior; aperture rounded ovate, the lip rather widely reflected, thin, the outer and pillar lips approximat- ing, united by a thin wash of callus. (Dall}. Alt. 28, diam. 17, alt. of aperture 15 mill. Alt. 28J, diam. 15, alt. of aperture 16 mill. Alt. 26, diam. 13J, alt. of aperture 13 mill. Alt. 25, diam. 16, alt. of aperture 14 mill. State of Sonora, N.- W. Mexico, at Ortiz (Bailey), Guaymas (Pal- mer, Gabb), Hermosillo (Eisen), Cerro Tordilla, between Guaymas and San Marcial (Gabb). ? Cape St. Lucas, L. California (W. J. Fisher). Bulimulus (Scutalus) Baileyi DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, p. 640, pi. 71, f. 1. STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, p. 163. COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad.Sci. (2), iv, p. 139. The surface looks smooth to the unaided eye ; the aperture has a very regularly ovate form, the foldless columella concave and pass- ing without angle into the parietal margin. The spiral sculpture mentioned in the description is sometimes wanting entirely. The locality " Cape St. Lucas " is probably incorrect. Dall writes, as follows : " This species is larger than B. xantusi and the latter is without a reflected lip. B. baileyi has the color of excelsus rather than palli- dior. Its variations, within the limits of its smaller size, are similar to those of pallidior ; the granulation of the surface in the rougher specimens is much finer, but of the same character as that of B. mon- BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. 147 tezuma. The species was at first confounded with B. xantusi, the type of which had been mislaid, but when the latter was found and a series compared, it was obvious that they belonged to different sec- tions of the genus. It is named in honor of Mr. Vernon Bailey, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, who collected it in western Mexico." This is the only known species of the mainland except excelsus, which is very closely allied to the Peninsular group, unless the Mexican record of sufflatus proves correct. B. GABBI Crosse & Fischer. PI. 19, figs. 58, 59 ; pi. 33, fig. 34, 35. Shell umbilicate, ovate-conic, thin; white under a thin, light brown cuticle. Sculpture of irregular longitudinal wrinkles, and close, unequally spaced spiral series of short, rounded granules, situ- ated upon the wrinkles. Spire conic, the apex obtuse, two nepionic whorls well rounded, sculptured with delicate vertical riblets ; whorls 5* to 6, convex, rapidly increasing, separated by deep sutures. Aperture large, ovate, varying from nearly half to over half the total length of shell; peristome thin, outer lip scarcely expanded; columellar lip broadly dilated above ; columella concave below, straight or concave above, with no fold. Ait. 24, diarn. 14 ; alt. of aperture 12 J mill. Alt. 23, diam. 12 ; alt. of aperture 10s mill. Lower California (Gabb). Bulimulus (Scutalus') gabbi CROSSE & FISCHER, Journ. de Con- chyl., xx, 1872, p. 223 ; Moll. Mex., p. 517, pi. 20, f. 19. COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. (2), iii, p. 214, 340 (as probable var. of xantusi). A decidedly more conic species than B. xantusi with larger aper- ture, different sculpture and nucleus. In B. xantusi the first whorl is subangular above, with well excavated apical pit, approaching the form seen in B. inseendens, and the vertical riblets thereon are fine and close ; in B. gabbi the earliest whorl is well rounded, with moderate axial pit, as in B. baileyi, and the delicate costulse are much more separated. On the last whorl the granules are every- where small and rounded, much less coarse and irregular than in xantusi. B. gabbi is considerably like the more granular form of B. baileyi, but lacks the conspicuously expanded lip of that species. It has been united with B. xantusi by Dall and Cooper, but apparently without comparison of typical examples of gabbi. Having before 148 BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. me the original series collected by Gabb, I do not hesitate to separ- ate the form specifically from B. xantusi. Of the latter, among- others, we have one of the original specimens collected by Xantus. Group of B. inscendens. B. XANTUSI (W. G. Binney). PI. 19, figs. 60, 61, 62 ; pi. 33, fig. 36. Shell very deeply rimate or umbilicate, oblong-conic, thin ; white under a thin light brown cuticle ; surface lusterless, densely wrinkled longitudinally, wrinkles cut into oblong granules by revolving in- cised lines (fig. 62), the granulation coarse for the size of the shell. Whorls 6, the apex very obtuse, nepionic shell vertically ribbed, obtusely carinated above, with rather straightly sloping lateral mar- gins ; the following whorls convex, the last deeply excavated in the umbilical region. Aperture less than half the shell's length, ovate ; edge of lip a trifle expanded ; columellar margin broadly dilated, columella slightly concave, not folded. Alt. 20, diaru. 10*, alt. of aperture 10 mill. (type). Alt. 2T5, diam. 11, alt. of aperture 9'2 mill. Alt. 21, diam. 10'2, alt. of aperture 9 mill. Cape St. Lucas, Lower California (Xantus). Bulimus xantusi W. G. B., Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1861, p. 331, fig. PFR., Mai. Bi., 1864, p. 45; Monogr., vi, p. 111. Bulimulus (Scutalus} xantusi BINN. & BLD., Land and Freshwater Sh. N. A., i, p. 210, f. 362. CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Mex., p. 518, pi. 21, f. 10, lOa. B. xantusi COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), iii, p. 213 (in part?) ; iv, p. 138, pi. 5, f. 13, pi. 6, f. 29. Bulimulus (Mesem- brinus) xantusi DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, p. 641, pi. 72, f. 4. Scutalus xantusi TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 173, pi. 14, f. 11. Finely but intensely granular, resembling B. montezuma on a reduced scale, but with the lip-edge barely expanded, not reflexed. It is closely allied to B. gabbi, but differs in being decidedly less conic, with smaller aperture, and with high, laterally flattened nuclear whorls, bluntly angular above, instead of well rounded as in gabbi. B. DIGUETI J. Mabille. Shell openly umbilicate, quite thin, solid, subopaque, hardly shin- ing ; corneous-rufescent, sometimes paler, and marked with opaque BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. 149 yellowish, more or less regular, sparse streaks ; irregularly and coarsely striate ; oblong-ovate. Apex obtuse, generally eroded, closely and most minutely costulate. Whorls 6, convex, regularly increasing, separated by a deep and narrow suture ; the last whorl large, inflated, nearly half the length of the shell, a little ascending in front. Aperture vertical, elongate, the margins subparallel, ex- ternal margin slightly curved, basal arcuate, columellar broadly ex- panded, white, partly covering the umbilicus ; peristome straight, acute, white. Alt. 20-22, greatest diam. 10-12 ; aperture with peristome 10 mill, long, 7 wide. (Mabille*). " Sierra de la Victoria," Lower California (Diguet). Bulimulus (Thaumastus) Digueti MAB., 1. c., p. 69. B. BELDINGI Cooper. PI. 25, fig. 56. Shell deeply rimate, oblong-conic, chestnut-brown with a few in- conspicuous lighter streaks, becoming purplish-black toward the apex, lighter below the sutures ; rather solid. Surface slightly shin- ing, with light wrinkles of growth, no spiral striae. Whorls 6 or 6?, the earliest subcarinate above, with deep apical dimple and sculpt- ure of delicate vertical riblets, the others slightly convex. Aperture long oval, purplish with the luster of satin within ; per- istome expanded, narrowly reflexed, fleshy-brown ; columella with a faint long fold. Alt. 29'5, diam. 13, alt. of aperture 14'5 mill. Alt. 32, diam. 14, alt. of aperture 15 mill; Mountains of Lower California, near Cape St. Lucas. Bulimulus inscendens var. beldingi COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), iii, p. 209, 1892 ; p. 340, pi. 13, f. 5, 1893 ; iv, p. 137, 1894. Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) inscendens var. beldingi DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, p. 643. Bulimulus beldingi DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1895, p. 5. B. {Orthotomium) beldingi DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xix, p. 357. More compact, and stouter than B. inscendens, with the peristome more reflexed ; no spiral striation or granulation ; the typical beld- ingi is also smaller. Var. alta Dall. PI. 20, fig. 76. Whorls rounder, shell shorter, last whorl 25-38, aperture 20-38 of the whole length. Whorls 7 ; alt. 38, diam. 14 mill.; alt. of aperture 20 mill. 150 BULIMULUS-ORTHOTOMIUM. Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) inscendens var. alia DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, p. 643. COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. (2), iv, pp. 137, 143, pi. 5, f. 7. Bulimulus (Orthotomium) beldingi var. alta DALL, Proc. U. S. N. Mus., xix, p. 357. Var. monticola Dall. PI. 20, fig. 75. More slender, smooth, compact, last whorl 23-40, aperture 17-40 of the whole length. Recalls B. bryanti but has not the divergent last whorl nor the laminiferous pillar. Whorls 7i, alt. 40, diam. 14 mill.; alt. of aperture 17 mill. B. inscendens v. monticola DALL, op. cit. B. beldingi v. monticola DALL, op. cit. B. inscendens bryanti COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, pp. 137, 143, pi. 5, f. 8. B. CACOTYCUS J. Mabille. Shell covered ri mate-perforate, lengthened, somewhat thick, sub- opaque, shining ; rubescent, marked with opaque white streaks ; striated and cancellated with fine decurrent lines. Spire high conic, apex obtuse, striated. Whorls 7, convex-flattened, rapidly increas- ing, separated by a laciniate, impressed suture, margined by a white thread ; last whorl large, subcylindric-elongate, a little compressed on the left side, slightly descending in front. Aperture long-ovate, acute above, vertical ; peristome patulous, a little thickened, the mar- gins joined by a very thin, shining, concolored callus; columellar margin white, broadly dilated, covering the rimation, joining the long arc of the outer lip in an obtuse wide angle. Columella twisted, arcuate at base, impressed in the middle. Alt. 58-60, greatest diam. 23 mill. ; aperture with peristome, 33 mill, long, 20 wide. (Mabille}. Sierras of the south of the Peninsula (Diguet). Bulimulus (Scutalus) cacotycus MAB., 1. c., p. 69. B. INSCENDENS (W. G. Binuey). PI. 20, figs. 72, 73, 74. Shell thin, deeply rimate, lengthened-oblong ; chestnut brown, not shining. Surface granular, with growth-wrinkles and (typically) fine incised spiral strise, but the latter sometimes wanting or weak. Whorls 7, the apex obtuse, nepionic whorl costulate, subcarinate above with deep apical dimple, the following whorls but slightly convex, last whorl long. Aperture less than half the shell's length, ovate ; peristome some- what expanded outwardly and below, dilated at the columellar mar- BULIMULUS-PLICOLUMNA. 151 gin, continued in a rather strong callus across the parietal wall. Columelta with a long fold above and extending inward (fig. 74). Alt. 38, diam. 15, alt. of aperture 17 mill. Lower California : Cape St. Lucas (Xantus) ; San Jose del Cabo, San Leonicio, etc., 100-3000 ft. alt. (Eisen) ; Sierra Laguna, 3000 ft. (Eisen, smooth var.) ; San Lazaro (Eisen). Bulimus inscendens W. G. B., Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1861, p. 332, fig. PFR., Mai. Bl., 1864, p. 45 ; Monographia, vi, p. 149 ; viii, p. 182. Bulimulus (Mesembrinus} inscendens BINN. & BLD., Land and Freshwater Sh. N. A., p. 197, f. 343. CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Mex., p. 544. pi. 21, f. 11, 11 a. Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) in- scendens DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, p. 643, pi. 72, f. 6. Bulimulus inscendens COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), iii, p. 101 ; also pp. 208, 209 ; iv, p. 137, pi. 5, f. 4 (exclusive of subspecies and varieties) ; v, p. 1 64. Mesembrinus inscendens TRYON, Arner. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 170, pi. 14, f. 21. " The type specimens of this species show the very distinct gran- ulation due to spiral striae, and have a nucleus like that of B. artem- esia, obtusely keeled above. The pillar has a more or less distinct fold, which, however, never becomes laminar and is often feeble. The spiral striation may be coarse, fine or absent. A smooth form, that is, one in which there is no spiral striation or granulation of the axially directed wrinkles, yet which has the form of the type, also occurs. Both this and the type have large shells with flattish whorls and a rather acutely conical spire." (Dall). Section Plicolumna J. G. Cooper. Plicolumna COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), v, p. 164 (June, 1895). Pseudorhodea DALL, Nautilus, ix, p. 51 (Sept., 1895) ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, p. 5. Shell slender, small, with a nearly straight or gyrate and pervious axis in the last whorl and a half, without internal lamina; aperture less than a third the shell's length ; jaw as in Thysanophora. Type Colwnna ramentosa, J. G. Cooper. Distribution, Lower California. The extreme attenuation of the shell is the main differential feature of this group. It is to Orthotomium what Geoceras is to Lis- soacme. 152 BULIMULUS-PLICOLUMNA. The separation of B. ramentosus from B. artemisia on account of the somewhat cork-screw twisted axis of the former seems scarcely necessary. The axis of B. artemisia also is pervious. Dall has fully exposed the fallacy of the supposition that there is any affinity between these Lower California!! snails and the Colum- bian genus Rhodea. The latter belongs to the Stenogyroid division of Achatinidce. Columna, to which genus B. ramentosus has also been referred, is a West African group of true Achatinidce,, with neither affinity nor superficial resemblance to this group of Bulim- ulidce. B. ARTEMISIA (W. G. Binney). PI. 20, figs. 77, 78, 79 ; pi. 25, fig. 54. Shell narrowly rimate, slender, cylindric-turrited, thin, dark brown. Surface but slightly shining, with oblique growth-wrinkles and many spiral series of granules (fig. 78). Whorls about 82, the first carin- ated above, with excavated apical pit, vertically delicately costulate (fig. 79), those following convex, the last peripherally flattened. Aperture ovate, less than one-third the length of shell; peristome expanded and narrowly reflexed ; columellar margin dilated, con- tinued across the parietal wall in a rather heavy callus ; columella oblique, not folded. Alt. 23, diam. 6'2, alt. of aperture 6'3 mill. Alt. 17'3 diam. 5*6, alt. of aperture 5 mill. Lower California : Cape St. Lucas (Xantus) ; Sierra Laguna at 3000 ft. alt., and El Taste Mts., 3400-4200 ft. (Eisen) ; Sierra San Lazaro, 25 miles north of Cape St. Lucas (Eisen & Vaslit). Bulimulus artemisia W. G. B., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.Phila., 1861, p. 331, fig. PFR., Mai. Bl., 1864, p. 45 ; Monogr., vi, p. 150. Buli- mulus (Peronceus) artemisia BINN. & BLD., Land and Freshwater Sh. N. A., i, p. 210, f. 363. CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Mex., p. 557, pi. 21, f. 12, 12a. Bulimulus artemisia COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 208; iv, p. 137, pi. 5, fig. 17, pi. 6, f. 30; v, p. 163. Peronceus artemesia TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 174, pi. 14, f. 22. Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus} artemesia DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, p. 642, pi. 72, f. 5. Bulimulus (Orthotomium) arte- mesia DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xix, p. 360, pi. 31, f. 6 ; pi. 32, f. 6. With much the same sculpture as the larger species, and an apex a good deal as in the allied B. inscendens, this species is very much more slender than any except B. ramentosus. It has much the con- BULIMULUS-PLICOLUMNA. 153 tour of the Chilian B.pupiformis (vol. X, p. 138), but with totally dissimilar apical sculpture. The South American and Lower Cali- fornian species inhabit similarly arid, mountainous regions. B. ABBREVIATUS (Cooper). PL 20, figs. 80,81. Nuclear whorls 1?, vertically flattened, the others reduced to 8 or 9j, the 7th largest, 6th and 8th about equal and much smaller, pe- nultimate not narrowed and larger than fourth. Outline swollen at middle, contracted at suture of body whorl, which is shorter verti- cally than in C. ramentosa. Mouth subcircular, subacutely pointed at its apex, near suture, the constrictions on body whorl deep, partly visible inside, otherwise as in ramentosa. A very thin brownish epidermis covered the living shell. Length 0'85, breadth 0'19 inch ; mouth 0-22 long, 0'18 wide (Cooper). Sierra Laguna and El Taste Mts., 4200 ft. alt., Lower California. Columna ramentosa var. abbreviata J. G. COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), iii, p. 215. Columna (var. f) abbreviata COOP., t. c., p. 338, pi. 13, f. 2. Columna (ramentosa f) abbreviata COOP., 1. c., p. 140, pi. 6, f. 18, 31. Dall writes of this form as follows: " Dr. Cooper tells us that his ' Columna' ramentosa abbreviata has the apex, surface, and general form of B. artemesia, but with a gyrate pillar and pervious axis in the last whorl. In the only specimen I have seen of variety abbre- viata, the axis is not pervious and the shell is pathologically dis- torted. I do not doubt that some of Dr. Cooper's examples of this form (of which only nine specimens were collected in two years) have a pervious axis, but I am inclined to regard the shell as a variety of B. artemesia rather than C. ramentosa, and as a peculiar pathological product rather than a normal development. I fully agree to the proposition that B. abbreviata, if it is normal, presents characters (analogous to the gyrate axis of Leptobyrsus spirifer in its penultimate whorl) in many respects intermediate between B. artemesia and ' Columna ' ramentosa, and that all three are derived from the same stock." In the uncertainty as to the status of this form it may best stand provisionally as a distinct species. B. RAMENTOSUS (Cooper). PI. 20, figs. 82, 83, 84, 85. Shell narrowly rimate, slender, pillar-shaped, the apex squarely truncated, 6 or 7 earlier whorls gradually tapering, those below of about equal diameter. Dull brown. Surface lusterless, with sculp- 154 BULIMULUS-PLICOLUMNA. ture of oblique growth-wrinkles and numerous spiral series of gran- ules ; H earlier whorls vertically costulate (fig. 82). Whorls 11 % to 12 (13 to 16 according to Cooper) ; the first keeled at the shoulder, concave within the keel, the following increasing whorls convex, becoming less so upon the cylindrical portion of the shell ; last whorl flattened peripherally, and with a spiral sulcus or furrow there (often much less pronounced than in fig. 85). Aperture contained about 5J times in length of the shell, irregu- larly oval ; peristome thin, somewhat expanded ; columellar margin narrowly dilated ; columella with a low fold (fig. 83) or none. Ends of peristome connected across parietal wall by a more or less raised and thickened callus. Alt. 22 P 5, diam. of cylindrical portion 3'75, alt. of aperture 4 mill. "Alt. O'95-l'O, diam. of cylindrical portion 0'18, alt. of aperture 0-19 inch." Foothills near San Jose de Cabo, Lower California, near edge of lagoons (Bryant & Eisen) ; also on the adjacent mountains (Eisen, Vaslit). Rhodea californica subsp. ? ramentosa COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), iii, p. 102 (1891). Columna ramentosa COOPER, t. c., p. 215 (1892) ; p. 338, pi. 13, fig. 1 (1893) ; iv, p. 143, pi. 6, f. 19. Plico- lumna ramentosa COOPER, 1. c., v, p. 164 (June, 1895). Bulimulus (Pseudorhodea) ramentosus DALL, Nautilus ix, p. 51 (Sept., 1895) * Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, p. 5. Bulimulus (Orthotomium*) ramen- tosus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xix, p. 363, pi. 31, f. 8 (jaw). Sculpture as in B. artemisia, but the shell is more slender, column shaped, like a Cylindrella or Rhodea. 11 The distinctions between this form and Rhodea have been pointed out in the sectional diagnosis, but it may be as well to call attention to some minor details. The base of the last whorl in B. ramentosus is rounded and the constriction of the peripheral part of the whorl is variable in different specimens. It would almost seem as if the constriction and the gyration of the pillar were in some way correlated, as the pillar above the last two whorls is not gyrate though somewhat tortuous, and consequently the perviousness of the axis does not extend, as supposed by Cooper, to the entire axis, but only to that part of it included in the last whorl and a half or two whorls. The columellar muscle is exceptionally long, and at- tached for several whorls, so that it is very difficult to withdraw the animal from its shell even after it has been long in alcohol. The BULIMULUS-SONORINA. 155 axis appears to be destitute of any lamellse, plications or projections of any kind. In fact, the creature, so far as the shell is concerned, is a very attenuated Leptobyrsus with its gyrate axis continued into the adult state, whereas in the ordinary Leptobyrsus the gyration ceased in time for the pillar of the completed shell to appear nor- mally straight and the axis impervious. In a perfectly adult B.ramen- tosus the margins of the aperture are expanded and slightly thick- ened, but not reflected. The diameter of the hollow axis varies in different specimens" (Dall). Section Sonorina Pilsbry, 1896. Leptobyrsus CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Terr, et Fluv. Mex., i, p. 475, 1874. DALL Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, p. 642. Not Leptobyrsa Stal. Sonorina PILS., Nautilus, ix, p, 114, 1896. Bulimuli with the nepionic whorls vertically costulate, the colum- ella bearing within the last whorl a strong, more or less spirally twisted callous lamina. Type B. spirifer Gabb. Distribution, Lower California and islands in the Gulf of California. That all the Bulimuli of Lower California are more closely allied genetically than any of them are to the species of Orthotomium in- habiting eastern Mexico, must be acknowledged to be almost demon- strated. Keeping this fact in view, it is also clear that by the ex- aggeration or acceleration of certain features of growth in a portion of the species, the Peninsular stock has been differentiated into three groups, superficially very distinct. Sonorina, by developing an in- ternal callous lamina upon the columella, and Plicolumna by its lengthened Cylindrella-like growth and emphatic apical keel, have diverged from the normal Orthotomium type. The genesis of the several subordinate groups of Orthotomium, if the views herein expressed be correct, is exhibited by the following diagram : Probable phylogeny. Taxonomy. Original f Eastern Branch-Group of B. alternate j Orthotomium 8i s . stock of ( Group of B. montezuma J Orthotomium ( Western Branch -I Group of B. ramentosus Plicolumna. (. Group of B. spirifer Sonorina. The name Leptobyrsus was changed to Sonorina on account of a supposed preoccupation of that term by Leptobyrsa in insects. This is in accordance with the usage of most working concholo- gists in England at the present time, and with that of the American 156 BULTMULUS-SONORINA. ornithologists. The propriety or necessity of such changes is still doubtful. While the costellate apex and internal lamina of Sonorina readily distinguish the group from other American Bulimoid snails, certain species of Neopetrceus (see pi. 32, fig. 33) alone approaching it, some of the species of the subgenus Euryptyxis Fischer (Journ. de Con- chyl., xxxvi, 1888, p. 317), a Buliminoid group of Arabia, Socotra and Somaliland, are so similar in shell characters as to deceive the very elect. These shells have a similar columellar plate within, and nearly similar apical costulation. In Euryptyxis however thiscostu- lation is absent from the first whorl or half whorl, and in the forms most resembling Sonorina, such as E. labiosus Miill., revoili Bgt., maunoirianus Revoil, etc., there is a heavy callus connecting the ends of the peristome, with a slight vertical groove at its junction with the outer lip. This particular structure does not occur in Sonorina. In view then of the great resemblance of oriental and occidental forms, and the slight, elusive nature of their differences, can we believe the two groups to be fundamentally different in genesis? It is here that the testimony of the soft anatomy is given with no uncertain emphasis ; for Euryptyxis has the characteristic genital complications of Pupidce (see Bourguignat, in Revoil, Faune et Flore des Pays Comalis, p. 96), while in Sonorina the anatomy is as unequivocally that of Bulimulus. Several species belonging elsewhere have been referred to the pres- ent group. Misled by a false locality label, the writer described as new, B. hypodon (Nautilus, x, p. 102, 1897 ; see pi. 21, figs. 5, 6, 7), which upon mature study proves to be Euryptyxis labiosus var. jehennei Petit, of Socotra ; while B. zeledoni Dall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x vi, 1893, p. 644) is the unicolored form or variety of Drymceus josephus (Angas). Key to species of Sonorina. (Not including lapidivagus, dentifer, subspirifer and dismenicus, the internal characters of which are unknown). I. Peristome but slightly expanded ; aperture contained 2? times in alt. of the shell, rimatus, p. 157. II. Peristome reflexed ; aperture larger. a. Thin ; internal lamina corkscrew twisted, spirifer, p. 158. a' '. Thick ; internal lamina nearly straight, orthelasmus, p. 159. BULIMULUS-SONORINA. 157 a". Thin ; internal lamina a tongue-like or triangular lobe ; lip very broad, recurved. b. Length of aperture and diam. of shell decidedly exceeding half the alt., stout ; alt. about 35 mill., veseyianus, p. 160. CL" Thin ; internal lamina sinuous, emarginate or squarish, very high, lamellifer, p. 160. B. BIMATUS (Pfeiffer). PL 21, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. "Shell deeply rimate, oblong-turrited, [with rather convex lateral outlines], rather thin, subarcuately striatulate [and under the lens faintly showing long granules produced by spiral decussating stria?, usually visible only in places, and often almost obsolete, fig. 3], pale corneous [or light fleshy-brown, with an indistinct pale sub- sutural line, somewhat glossy] ; spire turrited, rather obtuse [with nearly two costulate nepionic whorls] ; whorls 7 [to 7i], nearly flat, the last three-eighths the length of the shell, rotund at base. "Columella with one fold within, [passing into a moderately high, strong, callous lamina spirally encircling the pillar within the last whorl, seen upon breaking the shell, fig. 1]. Aperture oblong- oval ; peristome simple, the margins approximating, joined by a callus ; right margin slightly expanded, [arching far across the whorl above] ; columellar margin dilated, spreading." "Alt. 33, diam. [above aperture, as usual with Pfr.] 11 mill.; aperture 13 mill, long, including peristome 4* [error for 9, evidently from misreading the scale] wide." (Pfr.). Alt. 33, diam. 13; alt. of aperture 12'7, width 8'8 mill, (speci- men). Near Sail Jose del Cabo, 12 miles east of the Cape (Bryant), to La Paz, Lower California. Bulimus rimatus PFR., P. Z. 8., 1846, p. 112; Monographia, ii, p. 104. REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 54, f. 359. Conf. ANCEY, Bull. Soc. Mai. France, iii, 1886, p. 20. Bulimina (Petrceus) rimata PFR. -CLESSIN, Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 286. Bulimulus (Mes&mbrinus) inscendens subsp. bryanti COOPER, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), iii, pp. 101,340, pi. 13, f. 4a-c, 1893; Zoe, iii, p. 15 ; Conf. also, Proc. Cal. Acad. (2), iv, pp. 135-138.- Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) bryanti (Cooper) DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, p. 645, pi. 71, f. 3, 4. Pfeitfer's original description of this species is given, with the in- terpolation of such details as additional specimens suggest. The 158 BULIMULUS-SONORINA. species is readily distinguished from B. inscendens by the internal lamina, which has about the form of that of B. spirifer, though more oblique. It differs conspicuously from B. spirifer in being of a more slender form with smaller aperture, the lip but little ex- panded, surface smooth though without the oily gloss seen in spiri- fer, and with hardly any spiral sculpture or granulation. The apex is like that of B. spirifer. Pfeiffer originally described B. rimatus without knowledge of its habitat, and it has later been surmised to be a Central Asian Bul- iminus. Ancey, who had not seen the species, offered the suggestion that it belonged to the South American group of B. derelictus (see Vol. X, p. 172). Reeve's figure of Pfeiffer's type is copied in our fig. 4. Von Martens (Biologia, p. 252) is mistaken in referring B. rimatus to B. spirifer. B. SPIRIFER (Gabb). PI. 21, figs. 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, Shell deeply rimate (the axis perforate above), elongated with oval body-whorl and long conic spire, rather thin ; corneous-brown, nearly uniform or with slightly darker oblique streaks, with a whitish sutural line ; very glossy, the surface showing slight growth wrinkles, and under the lens, fine spiral series of long granules caused by decussating spiral striae, variable in development but al- ways rather faint ; two apical whorls finely, vertically costulate, the apex obtuse, with axial dimple passing into a deep suture. Whorls 6 to 7, somewhat convex with shallow sutures, the last whorl oval. Aperture ovate, fleshy-brown within ; peristome broadly ex- panded, reflexed, sometimes revolute, flesh-tinted ; the terminations approaching, connected by a thick or thin callus. Columellar mar- gin dilated above, the columella passing above into a strong, whitish, spirally entering fold, which within the last whorl becomes a high, callous or laminar crest, revolving about the axis (fig. 89), but not penetrating deeper than the last whorl. Alt. 41, diam. 18 ; alt. of aperture 19 mill. Alt. 32, diam, 15 ; alt. of aperture 161 mill. Alt. 33J, diam. 15; alt. of aperture 16 mill. Lower California, from San Antonio, below La Paz, to near San Borja, in the mountains among rocks (Gabb) ; San Jose, on the Gulf of California (Belding) ; near La Paz (Brandegee) ; around the volcano of Las Virgines (Diguet). BULIMULUS-SONORINA. 159 Bulimus spirifer GABB (in part), Amer. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 236 (pi. 16, f. 5 ?) 1867. BINNEY & BLAND, Land and Freshwater Sh. of N. A., i, p. 191, f. 332. Bulimulus (Leptobyrsus) spirifer CROSSE