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University of Illinois Library HAY 2 5 1 5 MM i 4 AUG2 JUN22 APRO 60 1960 m\ 1992 .1997 L161 H41 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS PART 3 SUBJECT INDEX BY REUBEN MYRON STRONG RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, DIVISION OF ANATOMY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY PROFESSOR AND CHAIRMAN EMERITUS, DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY LOYOLA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL, CHICAGO ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 25, PART 3 1946 PUBLICATION 581 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ANATOMY, BEHAVIOR, BIOCHEMISTRY, EMBRYOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, GENETICS, ECOLOGY, AVICULTURE, ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY, POULTRY CULTURE, EVOLUTION, AND RELATED SUBJECTS PART 3 SUBJECT INDEX BY REUBEN MYRON STRONG RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, DIVISION OP ANATOMY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY PROFESSOR AND CHAIRMAN EMERITUS, DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY LOYOLA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL, CHICAGO ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 25, PART 3 1946 PUBLICATION 581 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS -. PREFACE The manuscript of this Subject Index was apparently ready in the summer of 1939. Study, however, revealed that most of it could be improved by rearrangement and that much checking for accuracy was needed. Each item was checked against the Author Catalogue by assistants, two or more times. Much additional library work by myself was found desirable, as questions arose. Hardly a week passed during the following two years when it was not necessary to consult publications cited, and usually there were a number of such consultations each day. Because in the early years of preparation of this work there was uncertainty as to how extensive a subject index was feasible, from the standpoint of expense of publication, and also because there was a gradual evolution in the general plan, there is not a completely consistent recognition of details in publications. For instance, items in Behavior and Ecology at first were recorded as such without elabo- ration, but were much subdivided later. Thousands of publications were reviewed one or more times, as the policy of elaboration devel- oped, but it was not feasible to see all publications a second time, especially when they were not in Chicago libraries. However, some were re-examined in the libraries of other cities. This re-examination also involved noting whether publications have literature citations, a practice borrowed from the Dean Bibliography of Fishes after the manuscript for Parts 1 and 2 had been typed. There is much, but not complete, cross referencing. It is hoped that the Finding Index will supplement the cross references suffi- ciently to compensate considerably for this incompleteness. Though both the subject and finding indices are extensive, they do not pretend to include all the topics that occur in publications cited in Parts 1 and 2. Cordial support by Mr. Stanley Field, President of Field Mu- seum, and by Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, Director of the Museum, has made this project possible. Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology, has at all times shown a friendly and helpful interest, as has the Chief Curator Emeritus, Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood. Acknowledgments are due also to the following ornithologists for aid in substituting scientific names for vernacular names: Messrs. Emmet R. Blake and Rudyerd Boulton, of Field Museum; J. L. Peters, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; 4 PREFACE John T. Zimmer, of the American Museum of Natural History; W. L. McAtee, of the United States Biological Survey; and Dr. Herbert Friedmann, of the United States National Museum. Mr. Boulton kindly arranged the African division in the section on Fauna. Grateful acknowledgment is made to Miss Lillian A. Ross, Editor of Scientific Publications in Field Museum, who had the editorial responsibility for this volume. Her unfailing patience and sense of humor as well as competent management of a difficult undertaking are greatly appreciated. February, 19U R- M. STRONG CONTENTS OF PART THREE PAGE RULES AND SYMBOLS EMPLOYED 7 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 11 LIST OF PERIODICALS CONTAINING ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS OF PUBLICA- TIONS REFERRING TO BIRDS 18 SUBJECT INDEX PAGE PAGE Accidents 21 Glands 225 Adaptation 21 Grafts 228 Alimentary Canal 23 Growth 230 Anatomy 33 Habits 233 Apparatus 39 Head 254 Aviculture 40 Hearing 257 Banding 44 Heart 257 Behavior 46 Hibernation 261 Biochemistry 60 History of Ornithology 261 Blood and Lymph 71 Hybrids 261 Bone Marrow 75 Hypophysis 269 Brain 75 Iconography 271 Castration 85 Immunology 274 Chromaffin System 86 Integument 276 Circulatory System 86 Life Histories 279 Cloaca 91 Limbs 281 Coloration 92 Liver, Including Gall Bladder and Connective Tissue 110 Ducts 283 Conservation Ill Locomotion 284 Cytology 114 Longevity 291 Digestion 116 Lymphoid Tissue and Organs. . . . 292 Diseases of Man 118 Meninges 293 Distribution 119 Methods 294 Ear 120 Migrations 296 Ecology 124 Miscellaneous Topics 308 Economic Ornithology 134 Molt 309 Education 143 Mortality 311 Embryology 143 Myology 313 Endocrinology 160 Mythology 320 Evolution 160 Natural History 320 Excrement 164 Nervous System 322 Extinction 164 Nutrition 334 Eye 165 Olfactory Organs 338 Falconry 173 Oology 338 Fauna 173 Orientation 339 Feathers 198 Ossification 340 Fecundity 204 Ovary 342 Food 206 Paleontology 343 Form 214 Pancreas 345 General Works 215 Parasitology 346 Genetics 217 Parathyroid Glands 349 CONTENTS Pathology 350 Physiology 371 Pineal Body or Gland 375 Plumage 375 Population 384 Poultry Culture 386 Quantitative Works 400 Reflexes 408 Regeneration 410 Regurgitation 410 Reproduction 410 Respiration 425 Respiratory Organs 427 Senses 432 Sex 432 Skeleton 443 Skull 454 Smell 459 Social Relations . . . 460 Sound Production 462 Speciation 466 Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands 467 Syrinx 468 Taste 469 Taxidermy 469 Taxonomy 470 Technic 479 Temperature 482 Teratology 485 Testes 499 Thymus Gland 501 Thyroid Gland 503 Tissue Culture 505 Urogenital System 508 Variation 513 Vision 517 Vitamins 519 Zoologies 521 CORRIGENDA. . . 523 RULES AND SYMBOLS EMPLOYED A. In the Subject Index it was found desirable to divide certain over-large sections into two or more parts. Thus, the division dealing with the brain was separated from the section on the nervous system and made a co-ordinate section. Likewise, the division dealing with the skull was removed from the section on the skeleton. B. The following order has been used in arranging items for each section: (1) Books, grouped according to languages and more or less general for the section. (2) General publications found mostly in periodicals. (3) Items that have a geographic significance. Not all sections have such a division. (4) General publications classified according to species or groups. (5) Miscellaneous topics not fitting into any of the various divisions and subdivisions that follow. (6) Items classified according to various topics. When there are not many items in groups 2 and 4, and group 3 is absent, all are combined into one group. Group 2 is sometimes absent. Publications classed as "general" include works (a) that are more or less comprehensive for the section, (b) that were classi- fied before the system of subdivision of sections had been evolved, and that were not afterwards re-examined, or (c) that are limited in scope but are best placed under the main heading, as they do not fit into any of the subdivisions that follow. C. Many publications have several entries in the indices, but it was not feasible to have a consistent policy of recognition of all topics cited by an author. D. In each main section of the Index, two and sometimes three conflicting criteria have been involved in the order of arrangement. More general topics precede and more special follow progressively. Alphabetization is also a principle of arrangement, but it has not always been possible to have a strictly alphabetical order of headings in some places and at the same time preserve the general to special progression. Furthermore, there is sometimes more than one reason for such an order. Thus, in the division on the Intestine, occurring in the section on the Alimentary Canal, subdivisions occur, with Anatomy, Development, and Histology as headings. 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS Anatomy, Development, and Histology concern the entire intestine. Subdivisions follow that include gross divisions of the intestine, i.e. Ceca, Diverticulum ilei and Hind gut. These topics are not co- ordinate with Anatomy, Development, and Histology, nor can they be considered as subdivisions of these topics. The solution of this problem involved placing Anatomy, Development, and Histology of the entire intestine as fourth-rank headings under Intestine, a second-rank heading. Ceca, Diverticulum ilei, and Hind gut are placed one rank higher. The major divisions of the Alimentary Canal, i.e. Oral cavity, Esophagus, etc. are arranged according to their rostral to caudal order and not alphabetically. On the other hand, cranial nerves in the section on the Nervous System are arranged alphabetically. It has not been possible to give uniform treatment to the sections, each of which must accordingly be scruti- nized by the user of the Index. E. Scientific names of orders and families, when used in taxo- nomic arrangements, as, for instance, in the section on Anatomy, are those employed by Wetmore in his Systematic Classification of the Birds of the World. When such names, in non-taxonomic arrange- ments, differ from those used by Wetmore, the name used by Wet- more is placed in brackets following that used by the author of the publication cited. Scientific names of species are cited as used by authors, but when a name of more recent usage is available it follows in brackets in many cases; however, this practice was not always feasible. For North American birds, the 1931 American Ornithologists' Union Check- list was available. Peters' Check-list of Birds of the World was used to some extent for the groups covered by it. Unfortunately, only three volumes of this work had appeared when most of these revisions were made. Hartert's Die Vogel der paldarktischen Fauna was also used occasionally for such revisions. Vernacular names are avoided as far as possible (see also para- graph M of Rules and Symbols, pp. 15-16 of Part 1). Their equi- valents in scientific names have been used when possible. The works employed in the revisions of scientific names and mentioned above have been consulted. Various other publications were also used for birds not included in these. Ramsay's Guide to the Birds of Europe was especially useful for vernacular names, in various languages, of European birds. The use of scientific names is variable. Only the genus is men- tioned in many cases, either (a) because the author did not mention RULES AND SYMBOLS 9 the species, (b) because memoranda made when the publication was examined did not include sufficient information, or (c) it was not possible to determine the species when only a vernacular name was used. Group names have been used in paragraphs that also include specific names when (a) the author used only such names, or (b) a vernacular name could not be translated into a specific or generic name, or (c) many species could be thus covered. Names of species, genera, families, etc., usually are listed alphabetically without reference to rank. F. Textbooks, reference works, and other similar publications are specified as books with the language indicated. Theses and other works giving the results of research, even though not in periodicals, are not usually classed as books. This book classification was attempted with the idea that it might be useful to readers desiring works of this type in certain languages. Books cited for single specific entries are not placed at the beginning (see B) of a subdivision but are listed after the special topic. G. In using the Subject Index, the reader should not assume that the works cited under specific topics and subtopics are the only publications dealing with these topics. Items entered under more general headings preceding in the section should also be consulted. Furthermore, the limitations mentioned on pages 3 and 4 of Part 1 should be considered. The works cited in such sections as General Works and Anatomy may also include these special topics. H. The expression "many species" is used where several or more species are mentioned in the work cited. "Includes birds" indicates that other animals than birds are discussed in the publica- tion. "Includes Columba" (or any other bird) also means that other animals than birds are treated. I. Subdivisions with the word "experimental" in their headings do not necessarily include all references cited that involve experi- mental work. J. Only the first two initials of an author, his surname, and the year of publication of the article are used in citations. These are usually sufficient for identification in the Author Catalogue. When not sufficient, as in the case of Muller, Reiner, and Mtiller, Robert, the given name has been spelled out. Portions of a name in paren- theses are not ordinarily used. K. The Century Atlas of the World has been used as the main authority for geographic classifications. Political changes since 1914 have not been recognized. 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS L. Bold-faced type for the year of publication of an entry indicates that a publication has literature citations. These do not necessarily include birds nor all of the topics treated by the author. M. Main section headings in cross section references are printed in bold-faced type with an initial capital letter; headings of divisions or subdivisions are printed in roman with an initial capital letter. N. An asterisk is used in the Subject Index (see N, p. 16 of Part 1) to indicate works regarded as especially important. Its absence does not mean, necessarily, that a publication was considered unimportant. I did not presume to judge importance in some fields with which I am not familiar. Undoubtedly some important works are not thus distinguished, and there may be a difference of opinion as to the significance of some publications which have an asterisk. O. The spelling "albumen" is used in a morphological sense for the white of an egg; "albumin," with an i in the last syllable instead of an e, indicates a chemical substance. BIBLIOGRAPHIES' A. Bibliographies Devoted Entirely to Birds, and Catalogs of Orni- thological Libraries p American Ornithological Bibliogra- phy. By Elliott Coues. Pt. 1. Misc. Pub. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., 1878, No. 11, pp. 567-784. Pts. 2-3. Bull. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., 1879-80, No. 5, pp. 239-330, 521-1066. Pt. 4. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1880, 2, pp. 359-482. ICJ. Beitrage zu einer >t>rnithplogischen Bibliographic des Atlas Gebietes. By Herman Schalow. J. Orn., 1906, 54, pp. 100-140. Bibliografia fauny polskiej do roku. (Bibliographic de la faune polonaise jusque a 1'annee 1880.) By Antoni Jakubski and Marja Dyrdowska. Prace Kom. fizjogr. polsk. Akad. Um., 1880, 3, xxiii+470 pp.; 4, 384 pp. PW.* Bibliografia ornitolojica de Chile. By Carlos E. Porter. 1912. 14 pp. 8vo. Univ. Santiago. ICF. Bibliographia ornithologiae Aethio- picae. By Anton Reichenow. J. Orn., 1894, 42, pp. 172-226. Bibliographia ornithologica Bohemi- ca. Ueber die Vergangenheit und Gegen- wart der Ornithologie in Bohmen. By J. P. Prazak. 1897. 86 pp. Fr. Eugen Kohler, Gera-Untermhaus. ICJ. Bibliographia ornithologica marchica. By Herman Schalow. J. Orn., 1881, 29, pp. 315-323; 1890, 38, pp. 42-74. Bibliographia ornithologica Salisbur- gensis. (Die ornithologische Literatur Salzburgs.) By V. von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen. Mitt. Ges. salzburg. Lan- desk., 1909, 49, pp. 179-194. NN.* Bibliographic des faunes ornitholo- giques des regions francaises. By Marcel Legendre. Rev. franc. Orn., 1926, 10, pp. 80-87, 182-191, 264-279, 372-382; 1927, 11, pp. 60-71, 153-161. ICF. Bibliography of the Birds of Aus- tralia. By Gregory M. Mathews. 1925. Supplement No. 4 to The Birds of Australia. 149 pp. folio. Witherby, London. ICF. Bibliography of the Birds of Pennsyl- - vania and New Jersey, pp. 153-176 of The Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. By Witmer Stone. 1894. Delaware Valley Ornithological Club, Philadelphia. ICJ. A Bibliography of the Books Treating on Fancy Pigeons, By T. B. C. Williams. 1887. 20 pp. 8vo. Privately printed, London. DLC. A Bibliography of British Ornithology from the Earliest Times to the End of 1912, Including Biographical Accounts of the Principal Writers and Bibli- ographies of Their Published Works. By William Herbert Mullens and H. Kirke Swann. 1917. xx+691 pp. 8vo. MacMillan & Co., London. ICJ. Sup- plement by H. Kirke Swann. 1923. xvii+42 pp. Wheldon & Wesley, Lon- don. ICJ. A Bibliography of California Orni- _ thology. By Joseph Grinnell. Pacif. Cst. Avif., 1909, No. 5, pp. 1-166; 1924, No. 16, pp. 1-173; 1938, No. 26, pp. 1- 213. ICF. Bibliography of London Birds. By Hugh Boyd Watt. Zoologist, 1909, (4), 13, pp. 15-16; 1910, (4), 14, pp. 386- 390. ICJ. Bibliography [of Michigan Birds]. Appendix 3, pp. 758-776, to Michigan Bird Life. By Walter Bradford Bar- rows. 1912. Lansing. ICF. [Bibliography of North German Low- land Ornithology.] pp. [46J-137 of Beitrage zur Vogelfauna der Mark Brandenburg. Materialien zu einer Or- nithologie der norddeutschen Tiefebene. By Herman Schalow. 1919. Deuts.Orn. Ges., Berlin. ICJ. A Bibliography of Tennessee Orni- thology. By Jesse M. Shaver. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 1931, 6, pp. 179-190. ICJ. Bibliotheca accipitraria. A Catalogue of Books, Ancient and Modern, Relating to Falconry, with Notes, Glossary, and Vocabulary. By James Edmund Hart- ing. 1891. xxviii+289 pp., 26 pis. 8vo. B.Quaritch, London. ICJ. Bibliotheca ornithologia Norvegica, 1591-1924. By H. T. L. Schaanning. 1 This list contains bibliographies devoted only in part to birds and also the more important bibliographies which are devoted entirely to birds. Special bibliographies on restricted subjects will be found throughout the Subject Index under their respective sections. Citations having the year in bold-faced type contain useful bibliographies of the subjects indicated. Bibliographies of bibliographies are indicated with an asterisk. 11 12 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS Norsk orn. Tidsskr., 1925, (2), 5, pp. 57-131. ICF. Bibliotheca ornithologica. Catalogue of the Ornithological Library of the Late Paul Leverkiihn. By Paul Leverkiihn. 1907. 110 pp. 22 cm. ICJ. Catalogue of a Collection of Books on Ornithology in the Library of Frederic Gallatin, Jr. [Compiled by the Knicker- bocker Book Shop.] 1908. 177 pp., 3 pis. 24 % cm. Privately printed, New York. ICJ. Catalogue of a Collection of Books on Ornithology in the Library of John E. Thayer. By Evelyn Thayer and Vir- ginia Keyes. 1913. 186 pp. Privately printed, Boston. ICJ. Catalogue of the Edward E. Ayer Ornithological Library. By John Todd Zimmer. 1926. Pub. Field Museum Nat. Hist., Nos. 239-240, (Zool. Series), 16, x+706 pp. A Consideration of Some Ornithologi- cal Literature with Extracts from Current Criticism, 1876 to 1893. By L. S. Foster. Abst. Linn. Soc. N. Y., 1894, No. 6, pp. 47-99. ICJ. Contribution a la ornitologia del Paraguay. By Roberto Dabbene. An. Mus. nac. B. Aires, 1912, 23, pp. 283- 390. ICJ. Contribuciones al estudio de la fauna Argentina. Bibliographia relativa a la ornitologia. By Carlos A. Marelli. Memorias del Jardin Zoologico, 1934, 5, pp. 37-106.*** Auk, 1935, 52, p. 112. Forteckning over sveriges ornitolo- giska litteratur rorande svenska fagel- faunan. By R. Nilsson, 1920. 160 pp. C. W. K. Gleerup, Lund. ICJ. Forschungsergebnisse und Fortschrit- te der palaarktischen Ornithologie in den Jahren 1907-1911. By Kurt Ehren- reich Floericke. In Jahrbuch der Vogel- kunde, 1, 2, 3. 1908-13. Kosmos: Ges. Naturf., Stuttgart. ICJ. A Geographical Bibliography of Brit- ish Ornithology By William Her- bert Mullens, H. Kirke Swann, and F. C. R. Jourdain. 1919-20. viii+558 pp. 8vo. Witherby & Co., London. ICF. Index to Papers Relating to the Food of Birds by Members of the Biological Survey in Publications of the U. S. Dept. Agric. 1885-1911. By Waldo Lee McAtee. Bull. U. S. Bur. Biol. Surv., 1913, No. 43, pp. 1-69. ICJ. Kortfattet oversigt over Danmarks ornithologiske litteratur. Vol. 1, pp. 11-197 of Danmarks fugle med hen- blik paa de i Gr0nland, paa Faer^erne og i Kongeriget Island forekommende Arter. By E. Lehn Schiller. 1925. Gyldendalske Boghandel: Nordisk For- lag, Kj0benhavn. ICJ. A List of Books on Ornithology Con- tained in the Carnegie Library of Pitts- burgh. Cardinal, 1929, 2, pp. 133-180; 1934, 3, pp. 185-196. ICF. The Literature of the Charadrii- formes from 1894-1928, with a Classifi- cation of the Order, and Lists of the Genera, Species, and Subspecies. By George C. Low. 2nd ed., 1931. xi+637 pp. H.F. & G. Witherby, London. DLC. Ornis Saxonica. Ein Beitrag zur Bibliographie des Gebiets. By Richard Schlegel. J. Orn., 1925, 73, pp. 247-255. Ornithologische Literatur Oester- reich-Ungarns, 1901-21. By V. von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen. Title varies. Verh. zool. -bot. Ges. Wien, 1903, 53, pp. 271-285; 1904, 54, pp. 487-507; 1905, 55, pp. 181-202; 1906, 56, pp. 280- 305; 1907, 57, pp. 245-274; 1908, 58, pp. 93-125; 1910, 60, pp. 194-225; 1911, 61, pp. 347-377; 1912, 62, pp. 260-289; 1913, 63, pp. 184-212; 1915, 65, pp. 255-286; 1916, 66, pp. 201-227, 467- 480; 1918, 68, pp. 142-158; 1921, 71, pp. 24-48; 1923, 73, pp. 194-223. ICJ. Die Ornithologische Literatur Italiens wahrend dem Jahre 1891 bis 1893. By Ettore Arrigoni ' degli Oddi and Paul Leverkiihn. J. Orn., 1894, 42, pp. 280- 290. Die Ornithologische Literatur des Konigreichs Sachsen. In Ornis Saxonica. By Richard von Heyder. J. Orn., 1916, 64, pp. 174-196; 1922, 70, pp. 6-14. Partial Bibliography of Alaskan Ornithology, pp. 223-226 of Report upon Natural History Collections Made in Alaska between the Years 1877 and 1881. By Edward William Nelson. 1887. Edited by Henry W. Henshaw. Arctic Series of Publications, Signal Service, U. S. Army, No. 3. Govt. Print. Office, Washington. ICJ. A Partial Bibliography of Chinese Birds. By J. H. Riley and C. W. Rich- mond. J. N. China Br. R. Asiat. Soc., 1922, 53, pp. 196-237; 1923, 54, pp. 225- 226. ICF. Auk, 1924, 41, p. 369. Thesaurus ornithologiae. Repertor ium der gesammten ornithologischer Literatur und Nomenclatur sammt BIBLIOGRAPHIES 13 licher Gattungen und Arten der Vogel nebst Synonymen und geographischer Verbreitung. By C. G. A. Giebel. 1872- 77. 3 vols. viii+868, vi+787 pp., 861 pp. 4to. F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig. ICJ. B. General Bibliographies Which Include References to Birds, and Catalogs of Libraries Which Con- tain Many Ornithological Pub- lications American Game Mammals and Birds. A Catalogue of Books, 1582-1925; Sport, Natural History and Conserva- tion. By John C. Phillips. 1930. 639 pp. 21% cm. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston and New York. ICJ. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte. Berichte ; Jahresberichte. [Section on birds.] 1-92, 1835-1926. 8vo. Berlin. ICF. Berliner Titeldrucke. Verzeichnis der von der Staatsbibliothek, den preussi- schen Universitatsbibliotheken und den Bibliotheken der technischen Hoch- schulen erworbenen Druckschriften .... Berlin and Leipzig. 1, 1892+. Title varies. Alphabetischer Jahrescatalog . . . Staatsbibliothek, Berlin. 1, 1931+. ICJ. Bibliographia physiplogica (diario Zentralblatt fiir Physiologie adnexa) 1893-1914. Edidit Concilium biblio- graphicum, Viennae et Lipsiae. l-(Ser. 3), 9, 1894-1914. ICJ. Bibliographia zoologiae et geologiae. A General Catalogue of All Books, Tracts, and Memoirs on Zoology and Geology. By Louis Agassiz. Corrected, enlarged, and edited by H. E. Strick- land (and Sir Wm. Jardine, for Vol. 3). 1848-54. 4 vols. 2259 pp. 8vo. London. ICJ. Bibliographia zoologica (ad hue diario "Zoologischer Anzeiger" adnexa) con- dita ab J. Victor Cams, edidit, sub cura dpctoris Herbert Haviland Field. Sumptibus Concilium biblipgraphicum Zurich. 1, 1896+. Continuation of Zoologischer Anzeiger. *The Bibliographic Index; a Cum- ulative Bibliography of Bibliographies 1, 1938+ . H. W. Wilson Co., New York. Bibliographic Service from the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia. A system of bibliographic cards with topics and names of animals involved. 1,1922+. Bibliographie der deutschen natur- wissenschaftlichen Literatur. 1901-14. 18 vols. 8vo. G. Fischer. Jena and Ber- lin, 1902-14. ICJ. Bibliographie der deutschen Zeit- schriften-Literatur, mit Einschluss von Sammelwerken und Zeitungen .... 1, 1896+. ICJ. Bibliographie der schweizerischen na- turwissenschaftlichen Literatur. Schwei- zer Landesbibliothek, Bern. 1, 1927+ . ICJ. Bibliographie des travaux scientifi- ques (sciences mathematiques, physi- ques et naturelles), publics par les societ^s savantes de la France depuis 1'origine jusqu'en 1888. By J. Deniker. 1916. 607 pp. 4to. Paris. ICJ. Bibliographie scientifique frangaise. Recueil mensuel publie sous les aus- pices du Ministere de 1'instruction pu- blique par le Bureau francais du Cata- logue international de la litterature scientifique. Gauthier-Villars, Paris. 1, 1902+. ICJ. A Bibliography of American Natural History. The Pioneer Century 1769- 1865 By Max Meisel. 1924-1929. 3 vols. Premier Pub. Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. ICJ. A Bibliography of Vertebrate Embry- ology. By C. S. Minot. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1886-93 (1893), 4, pp. 487-618. Bibliotheca anatomica. Qua scripta ad anatomen et physiologiam f acientia a rerum initiis recensentur. By Albrecht von Haller. 1774-77. 2 vols. 1686 pp. 4to. Orell, Gessner, Fuessli, et Socc., Tiguri. ICJ. Bibliotheca animalis, oder Verzeich- niss derer meisten Schriften, so von Thieren und deren Theilen handeln, .... By Franz Ernst Briickmann. 1743. 277 pp. 8vo. Wolfenbiittel. NNM.* Suppl. vol. 1747. Bibliotheca chemica. Verzeichniss der auf dem Gebiete derreinen, pharmaceu- tischen, physiologischen und techni- schen Chemie in den Jahren 1840 bis Mitte 1858. By Ernst Amandus Zu- chold. 1859. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Gottingen. ICJ. Bibliotheca historico - naturalis . . . oder systematisch geordnete Uebersicht der auf dem Gebiete der gesammten Naturwissenschaft neuerschienenen Bii- 14 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS cher, .... 38 vols. 8vo. Gottingen. 1851-88. NN. Bibliotheca historico-naturalis. Ver- zeichniss der Bucher liber Natur- geschichte . . . welche in Deutschland, Scandinavian, Holland, England, Frank- reich, Italien und Spanien in den Jahren 1700-1846 erschienen sind. By Wilhelm Engelmann. 1846. 786 pp. 8vo. Leipzig. ICJ. Continued as Bibliotheca zoolog- ica. Bibliotheca Hungarica historiae natu- ralis et matheseos. Magyarorszag ter- mszettukomanyi es mathematikai ko- nyyeszete, 1472-1875. By Jozsef Szinn- yei and J6zsef Szinnyei (the younger). 1878. 1008 cols. 8vo. Budapest. DLC. Bibliotheca medico-chirurgica et ana- tomicp-physiologica. Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der medizinischen, chirur- gischen, gebiirtshiilflichen, anatomi- schen und physiologischen Bucher, welche vom Jahre 1750 bis zu Ende des Jahres 1847 in Deutschland erschienen sind. By Wilhelm Engelmann. 1868. 6th ed. viii+734 pp. 23 cm. Leipzig. Suppl.-Heft. Enthaltend die Literatur vom Jahre 1848 bis Ende des Jahres 1867. 1868. Leipzig. DLC. Bibliotheca, ordine chronologico re- censens Daniae, Norvegiae, Islandiae & Holsatiae auctores et libros, scientias naturales tractantes Pt. 1 of Li- teratura Danica scientiarum natur- alium. By Martin Thrane Briinnich. 1783. 242 pp. Hafniae & Lipsiae. ICJ. Bibliotheca regni animalis atque lapidei, seu recensio auctorum et libro- rum, qui de regno animali et lapides . . . in usum naturalis tractant, historiae studiosorum. By Laurentius Theodorus Gronovius. 1760. 326 pp. 4to. Lugduni Batavorum. NNM.* Bibliotheca scriptorum historiae na- turalis, oeconomiae, aliarumque artium ac scientiarum ad illam pertinentium realis systematica. By G. R. Boehmer. 1785-89. 2 vols. (in 3 pts. each). Extra vol. 2690 pp. 8vo. Lipsiae. Subsect 2. Ornithologi de avibus. Kap. 2. Vogeln. Vol. 1, (Pt. 2), pp. 491-604. DLC. Bibliotheca scriptorum historiae na- turalis omnium terrae regionum inser- vientium. Historiae naturalis Helyetiae prodromus. Accessit celeberrimi viri Jacobi Le Long, biblipthecarii oratori- ani de scriptoribus historiae naturalis Galliae. By Johann Jacob Scheuchzer. 1751. [141+241 pp. 17cm. TypisHei- deggeri & Soc., Tiguri. ICJ. Bibliotheca veterinaria; oder, Ver- zeichnis samtlicher bis zur Gegenwart im deutschen Buchhandel erschienenen Bucher und Zeitschriften auf dem Gebiete der Veterinarwissenschaften. By Robert Klee. 1901. 247 pp. Her- mann Seemann Nachfolger. Leipzig. ICJ. Bibliotheca zoologica. Verzeichniss der Schriften iiber Zoologie . . . welche vom Jahre 1846-1860 selbstandig er- schienen sind, etc. By J. Victor Carus and Wilhelm Engelmann. 1861. 2 vols. 2140pp. 4to. Leipzig. ICJ. Continu- ation of Bibliotheca historico-naturalis (q. P.). Bibliotheca zoologica II. Verzeichniss der Schriften iiber Zoologie . . . welche vom Jahre 1861-80 selbstandig er- schienensind. ByO.Taschenberg. 1887- 1923. 8 vols. 6620 pp. 4to. Leipzig. ICJ. Bibliotheca zoologica Danica, 1876- 1906. Fortegnelse over Danmarks zoologiske literatur, 1876-1906. By Svend Dahl. 1910. 262 pp. 23 Y 2 cm. J. L. Lybeckers Forlag, Kj0benhavn. ICJ. Bibliotheca zoologica Fenniae. By Odert Ossian Reuter and Alexander Luther. Acta Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn., 1909, 24, (No. 1), xii+361 pp. ICJ. Bibliotheca zoologica Rossica. Litera- tur liber die Thierwelt Gesammtruss- lands bis zum Jahre 1885 incl. By Fried- rich Theodor Koppen. 1905-08. 2 vols. 25 K cm. Kais. Akad. Wiss., St. Peters- burg. ICJ. Bibliothek der Forst- und Jagd- Wissenschaft; oder Verzeichniss der in alterer und neuer Zeit, besonders aber vom Jahre 1750 bis gegen Ende des Jahres 1842 in Deutschland erschien- enen Bucher liber alle Theile des Forst- und Jagdwesens. ... By T. C. F. Ens- lin & W. Engelmann. 1843. 102 pp. 8vo. Leipzig. 2nd ed. revised by Engel- mann; 1st by Enslin, 1823.*** Con- tinued as: Bibliothek der Fqrst- und Jagd- Literatur. Ein Verzeichniss der liber alle Theile des Forst- und Jagdwesens und iiber Fischerei in Deutschland erschienenen Schriften umfassend dem Zeitraum vom Jahre 1842 bis zum Jahre 1856. By F. W. Schneider. 1856. iv+ 63 pp. 8vo. Berlin. M.H.* Bibliotheque physique de la France, ou liste de tous les puvrages tant im- primis que manuscrits qui traitent de BIBLIOGRAPHIES 15 I'histoire naturelle de ce royaume. By L. A. P. Herissant. 1771. 496 pp. 8vo. Paris. ICJ. Catalog der Handbibliothek des k. zoologischen und anthropplogisch-eth- nographischen Museums in Dresden. 1898. 8vo. R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin. ICJ. Catalogue de la bibliotheque de la societe d'histoire naturelle de Colmar (Alsace). 1910. ICJ. Catalogue des livres d'histoire na- turelle de la bibliotheque de feu Al- phonse Milne-Edwards. 1901-02. 3 pts. 285 pp. Paris. ICJ. Catalogue ge'ne'ral de la librairie francaise . . . 1840-1918. By Otto Lo- renz. 1892-1924. 28 vols. Paris. ICJ. Catalogue general des livres imprimes de la bibliotheque nationale. Paris. Auteurs A-Memus. 1-111, 1840-1931. ICJ. Catalogue of the Books, Manuscripts, Maps and Drawings in the British Museum (Natural History). 1903-23. 7 vols. Vols. 1-5, A-Z; 6-7, Suppl. A-0. 4to. London. Catalogue of the North American Natural History Library of John Lewis Childs, Floral Park, New York. By John Lewis Childs. 1917. 150 pp. small 4to. NNM. Auk, 1918, 41, p. 93. Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800- 1900) Compiled by the Royal Society of London. 1867-1925. 17 vols. 4to. London. Issued in 4 series (4th incom- plete), and commonly known as the "Royal Society Catalogue." Continued as International Catalogue of Scientific Literature (q. P.). Catalogus bibliothecae historico- naturalis. By Joseph Banks. 1796. Tome 2, Zoology, xx+378+30 (not numbered) pp. Birds, pp. 110-151. Gul. Buhner et Soc. London. ICJ. Christian Gottlob Kayser's voll- standiges Biicher-Lexicon . . . 1750- 1910. 1834-1912. 36 vols. in 33. C.H. Tauchnitz, Leipzig. ICJ. Concilium bibliographicum. H. H. Field, editor. Zurich, 1, 1896+ . A sys- tem of bibliographical cards arranged alphabetically by authors, and numeri- cally by subjects. See also Bibliographia zoologica. Dansk tidsskrift-index. Systematisk fortegnelse over indholdet af 225 dan- ske tidsskrifter. By Svend Dahl, Th. D0ssing, & Robert L. Hansen. Kj0ben- havn. 1, 1915+. ICJ. *Index bibliographicus. Catalogue international des bibliographies couran- tes. Societe' des Nations. Volkerbund. Deuxieme ed. mise a jour et conside"- rablement augmented. By Marcel Go- det & Joris Vorstius. 1931. Walter de Gruyter&Co. Berlin ; Leipzig. ICJ. Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office. United States Army. Ser. 1, 16 vols.; Ser. 2, 21 vols.; Ser. 3, 10 vols. indexed according to authors and subjects. Ser. 1, Vol. 1, published in 1880; Ser. 4 in process of publication, 1941. Govt. Print. Office, Washington. Index Medicus, a Monthly Classified Record of the Current Medical Litera- ture of the World. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1879-99, 1903-27. Uni- ted with Quarterly Cumulative Index in 1927 to form the Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus. International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. 8vo. The Royal Society, London. I. Section K: Paleontology. 13 vols. 1903-16. II. Section N: Zoology. 1904-14. The first 5 vols. of Section N (1904-07) appeared as separate issues; those for 1908-14 as the Zoological Record. An Introduction to the Literature of Vertebrate Zoology Based Chiefly on the Titles in the . . . Libraries of McGill University, Montreal. . . . By Casey A. Wood. 1931. xix+643 pp. Oxford University Press. Has classified index. Katalog polskiej literatury matema- tyczno-przyrodniczej wydawany przez Polska Akad. UmiejetnoSci Dipius 1901. [Catalog of Polish Scientific Literature.] Krakow. Irregular publication. ICJ. A Kir. Magyar termeszettudomanyi tarsulat. Konyveinek Czfmjegyzeke. By Arnold Lajos Rath. 1901. Budapest. 587 pp. ICJ. "List of Manuscript Bibliographies in the Biological Sciences. By Clarence Jay West and Gallic Hull. 1923. No. 45, 51 pp. Reprint and Circ. Series. Nat. Res. Council, Washington, D.C. ICJ. Die Litteratur tiber die Tierwelt des Konigreichs Sachsen. By Johannes Fickel. 1902. 71 pp. Dresden. Birds, pp. 1-5, 10-25. ICJ. 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS A Magyar allattani irodalom ismer- tetese 1 1870 tol 1880 ig bezar61ag. Daday Jeno. 1882. vii pp.+186 cols. [93 pp.] 26^ cm. Budapest. Birds, pp. 107-119. Vol. 3 by Szilady Zoltan. Literature 1891-1900. Birds, pp. 327- 356. ICJ. Naturae novitates. Bibliographie neuer Erscheinungen aller Lander auf dem Gebiete der Naturgeschichte und der exakten Wissenschaften. R. Fried- lander & Sohn. 1, 1879+. Berlin. ICJ. Norsk tidsskrift-index. Systema- tisk fortegnelse overindholdet av norske Eeriodiske skrifter .... Steensk For- ig, Oslo. 1, 1919+. ICJ. Quarterly Cumulative Index to Cur- rent Medical Literature. American Medical Association, Chicago. 1-12, 1916-26. United with Index Medicus to form Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus. 1, 1927+. The Record of Zoological Literature 1864-69. [Section on birds.] 1865-70. 6 vpls. 4to. London. Continued as Zoo- logical Record. Reportorium commentationum a so- cietatibus literariis editarum scientia naturalis. By Jeremias David Reuss. 1801-21. 16vols. Gottingae. ICJ. Societatum litterae. Verzeichniss der in den Publikationen der Akademieen und Vereine aller Lander erscheinenden Einzelarbeiten auf dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften. 1887-1900. 14 vols. Friedlander und Sohn, Berlin. ICJ. Systematisches Verzeichniss aller der- jenigen Schriften welche die Natur- geschichte betreffen, von den altesten bis auf die neuesten Zeiten. By Chris- tian Frederick Prange. 1784. 446 pp. Halle. NN. Udsigt over Danmarks zoologiske literatur med en indledende frem- stilling af de videnskabelige grund- saetninger for naturvidenskabens isaer zoologiens studium. By C. C. A. Gosch. 1870-78. 3rd ed. 2 vols. Kj0benhavn. 1st ed. 1870, 360 pp.; 2nd, 1873, 2 vols. ICJ. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 1878-95. 18 vols. 1878-95. 8vo. Deutsche Zoolo- gische Gesellschaft, Leipzig. For the years named, issued in 2 parts, "Mit- theilungen" & "Litteratur." Succeeded in 1896 by Bibliographia zoologica (q, *.). Zoologischer Jahresbericht. 1879- 1910(1880-1911). 8vo. Stazi6ne Zoolo- gica, Napoli. The Zoological Record, Being Rec- ords of Zoological Literature. [Section on Birds.] 4to. London. 1870+. For earlier issues, see The Record of Zoo- logical Literature. C. Bibliographies Which Contain References to Fossil Birds The literature of avian paleontology is well covered by Lambrecht, K. 1921, 1930, and 1933 (Author Catalogue refer- ences). Other useful bibliographies are as follows. Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrates of North America. By Oliver Perry Hay. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1902, No. 179, 868 pp. Bibliography of North American Geology, Paleontology, etc. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1888-1936. I. 1888-1892. By Charles Rollin Keyes. 1894. Bull. No. 121, 251 pp. II. 1892-1900. By Fred Boughton Weeks. 1902. Bull. No. 188, 717 pp.; No. 189, 337 pp. III. 1901-05. By F. B. Weeks. 1906. Bull. No. 301, 770 pp. IV. 1906-07. By F. B. Weeks & J. M. Nickles. 1908. Bull. No. 372, 317 pp. V. 1908-18. By J. M. Nickles. 1909 -19. Bull. No. 409, 148 pp.; Bull. No. 444, 174 pp.; Bull. No. 495, 179 pp.; Bull. No. 524, 162 pp.; Bull. No. 545, 192 pp.; Bull. No. 584, 183 pp.; Bull. No. 617, 167 pp.; Bull. No. 645, 144 pp.; Bull. No. 665, 172 pp.; Bull. No. 684, 154 pp.; Bull. No. 698, 148 pp. VI. 1919-28. By J. M. Nickles. 1931. Bull. No. 823, 1005 pp. ICJ. VII. 1929-32. By J. M. Nickles. 1931. Bull. No. 834, 280 pp.; 1934. Bull. No. 858, 300 pp. VIII. 1933-36. By E. M. Thorn. 1935. Bull. No. 869, 389 pp. 1937. Bull. No. 892, 504 pp. ICJ. Catalogue and Index of Contribu- tions to North American Geology, 1732- 1891. By Nelson Horatio Darton. 1896. 1045+vii pp. 23 cm. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 127, Washington. ICJ. A Catalogue of Australian Fossils (including Tasmania and the Island BIBLIOGRAPHIES 17 of Timor). Stratigraphically and Zoolog- ically Arranged. By Robert Etheridge, Jun. 1878. 232pp. Cambridge, Eng- land. Bibliog., pp. 205-226. ICJ. Geologic Literature on North Amer- ica, 1785-1918. By John Milton Nickles. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1923, No. 746, 1167 pp.; 1924, No. 747, 658 pp. ICJ. Index to Paleontology (Geological Publications 1847-1926). By Frank Nicolas. 1925-30. 2 vols. x+482 pp. 8vo. King's Printer, Ottawa. ICJ. North American Geologic Formation Names. Bibliographies, etc. By Fred Boughton Weeks. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1902, No. 191, 448 pp. ICJ. Verzeichnis der geologischen Litera- tur iiber die frankische Alb und der fur deren Versteinerungskunde Geologic wichtigsten Literatur aus anderen Ge- bieten. By W. Koehne. 29 pp. ICJ. D. Bibliographies Which Include References to the Parasites of Birds Bibliography of Avian Species of the Cestode Family Hymenolepididae. Illi- nois Biol. Monog., 1925, 10, pp. 97-103. ICJ. Helminthological Abstracts. Imperial Bureau of Agricultural Parasitology. St. Albans, Herts, England. 1, 1932 +. ICU. Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology. By Charles War- dell Stiles and Albert Hassall. Bull. U. S. Bur. Anim. Ind., 1902-12, No. 39, pp. 1-2766. Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology. Trematoda and Trematode Diseases. By Charles War- dell Stiles and Albert Hassall. Bull. U. S. Hygienic Lab., 1908, No. 37, pp. 1-398. ICJ. LIST OF PERIODICALS CONTAINING ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS OF PUBLICATIONS REFERRING TO BIRDS A. General Ornithology Archiv fur Naturgeschichte. Berichte; Jahresberichte. [Section on Birds.] Ber- lin. 1-92, 1835-1926. ICF. Auk, The. (American Ornithologists' Union.) Cambridge, Mass. 1, 1884+. Bird-Banding. (Northeastern Bird- Banding Association.) Boston. 1, 1930+ . Bird-Lore. (National Association of Audubon Societies.) New York. 3, 1901+. A Consideration of Some Ornithologi- cal Literature with Extracts from Cur- rent Criticism, 1876 to 1893. By L. S. Foster. Abst. Linn. Soc. New York, 1894, No. 6, pp. 47-99. ICJ. Emu. (Royal Australasian Ornithol- ogists' Union.) Melbourne. 23, 1923+. Forschungsergebnisse und Fortschrit- te der palaarktischen Ornithologie in Jahren 1907-1911. By Kurt Ehren- reich Floericke. In Jahrb. Vogelkunde, 1, 2, 3. 1908-11. Kosmos: Ges. Naturf., Stuttgart. ICJ. Ibis, The. (British Ornithologists' Union.) London. Since 1896, more completely since 1926. Verhandlungen der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern. Miinchen; Jena. 13, 1917. DerVogelzug. Berlin. 1, 1930+ . ICF. Wilson Bulletin. (Wilson Ornithologi- cal Club.) Sioux City, Iowa; Ann Arbor, Mich. 31, 1919+. B. General Biology, Science, or Zo- ology, Including All Branches of Ornithology American Journal of Science. New Haven. 1,1818+. L'Ann6e biologique. C. R. des tra- vaux de biologic generate. Paris. Les presses universitaires de France. 1, 1895+. ICJ. Australian Science Abstracts. By G. A. Waterhouse. (Australian Nat. Res. Council.) Sydney. 1, 1922+. ICJ. Berichte iiber die gesamte Biologie. Abt. A. J. Springer, Berlin. 1, 1926+. Berichte iiber die osterreichische Lite- ratur der Zoologie, Botanik und Palae- ontologie aus den Jahren 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853. (Zool.-bot. Ver. Wien.) 1855. ICJ. Bericht iiber die wissenschaftliche Biologie .... J. Springer, Berlin. 1, 1926+. Biological Abstracts. A Comprehen- sive Abstracting and Indexing Journal of the World's Literature in Theoretical and Applied Biology, Exclusive of Clinical Medicine. Philadelphia. 1, 1926+. Has Author, Subject, and Taxo- nomic Indexes. Japanese Journal of Zoology. (Na- tional Research Council of Japan.) Tokyo. 1,1922+. ICF. Nature. London. 1, 1869+. The Quarterly Review of Biology. Baltimore. 1, 1926+. Zentralblatt fur allgemeine und ex- perimentelle Biologie .... 1910-12. S. Heizel, Leipzig. 1-2, 1911-12. ICJ. Zentralblatt fur Zoologie, allgemei- ne und experimentelle Biologie. B. G. Teubner, Leipzig und Berlin. 1-6, 1912- 18. ICJ. Continues preceding and Zoologisches Zentralblatt. Zoologischer Bericht. Im Auftrage der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesell- schaft G. Fischer, Jena. 1, 1922+. ICJ. Zoologischer Jahresbericht. Zoolo- gischen Station zu Neapel. Berlin, Leipzig. 1-35, 1879-1919. Zoologisches Zentralblatt 1894- 1911. W. Engelmann, Leipzig. 1-18, 1895-1911. ICJ. Cont'd as Zentral- blatt fur Zoologie .... C. Medical Sciences in General Japanese Journal of Medical Sciences. Abstracts [of Japanese publications]. (National Research Council of Japan.) Tokyo. 1-4, 1922-27. Cont'd in 13 sections. Medical Science. Abstracts and Re- views. (Medical Research Council.) Oxford Univ. Press. 1-12, 1913-25. 18 ABSTRACTS 19 SPECIAL SUBJECTS A. Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology Anatomischer Bericht. Referierendes Organ fur das Gesamtgebiet der Ana- tomie. Im Auftrage der Anatomischen Gesellschaft. Jena. Gustav Fischer. 1, 1923-34. ICJ. Bericht iiber die Fortschritte der Anatomic und Physiologie, 1856-71. C. F. Wintersche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig; Heidelberg. 1-16, 1857-72. Cont'd by Jahresberichte . . . 1873- 93. ICJ. Berichte iiber die gesamte Physio- logie und experimentelle Pharmakolo- gie J. Springer, Berlin. 1, 1920+. ICJ. Bibliographic Service from the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology. A system of cards. Philadelphia. 1,1922+. Endocrinology. (Association for the Study of Internal Secretion.) Glendale, Calif.; Los Angeles, Calif. 1, 1917+. Ergebnisse der Anatomie und Ent- wickelungsgeschichte. Fr. Merkel and R. Bonnet. Wiesbaden. 1, 1891+ . Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte ' der [21-22 as animalischen] Physiolo- gie, 1892-1911. F. Enke, Stuttgart. 1-22, 1894-1914. ICJ. Continues physiological part of Jahresberichte iiber die Fortschritte der Anatomie und Physiologie. Cont'd by Jahresbericht iiber die gesamte Physiologie. . . . Jahresbericht iiber die gesamte Physi- ologie und experimentelle Pharma- kologie mit vollstandiger Bibliographie, 1920+. J. Springer et al. Berlin. 1, 1923+. ICJ. Continues Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte der Physiologie and Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte der Tierchemie oder der physiologischen, pathologischen und Immunochemie und der Pharmakologie. Jahresbericht iiber die Leistungen und Fortschritte in der Anatomie und Physiologie, 1866-1915. A. Hirsch- wald, Berlin. 1866-1916. DSG. 1873- 74, 77-1911. ICJ. 1898-1916. Jahresberichte iiber die Fortschritte der Anatomie und Entwicklungsges- chichte, 1892-1914. G. Fischer, Jena. 1-20, 1897-1918. ICJ. Continues anatomical part of Jahresberichte iiber die Fortschritte der Anatomie und Physiologie. Jahresberichte iiber die Fortschritte der Anatomie und Physiologie, 1872-91 [13-20 as Jahresberichte]. F. C. W. Fogel, Leipzig. 1-20, 1873-93. ICJ. Continues Bericht iiber die Fortschritte der Anatomie und Physiologie. Cont'd in two sections: Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte der [21-22 as animalischen] Physiologie and Jahresberichte iiber die Fortschritte der Anatomie und Ent- wicklungsgeschichte. Physiological Abstracts. H. K. Lewis & Co., London. 1, 1916-38. Physiological Reviews. (American Physiol. Soc.) Baltimore. 1, 1921+. Zentralblatt fur Physiologie. (Phy- siologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin und Morphologisch-physiologischen Gesell- schaft zu Wien.) Leipzig; Wien. 1-34, 1887-1921. B. Bacteriology and Pathology Archives of Pathology and Labora- tory Medicine. (American Medical Association.) Chicago. 1, 1926+. Zentralblatt fiir allgemeine Patholo- gie und pathologische Anatomie. (Deut- sche Pathologische Gesellschaft.) G. Fischer, Jena. 1, 1890-f . Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Para- si tenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten. 1. Abt. Referate. Jena. 1, 1902+. C. Behavior The Journal of Animal Behavior. Henry Holt & Co., Boston; New York; Cambridge. 1-7, 1911-17. Psychological Abstracts. (American Psychological Association.) Worcester, Mass. 1, 1927+. Psychological Bulletin. Psychologi- cal Review Co., Princeton, N. J. 1, 1904+. Psychological Index. (American Psy- chological Association.) Princeton, N. J. 1, 1895-1935. Zeitschrift fiir Psychologie und Phy- siologie der Sinnesorgane. Abt. 1. Z. fur Psychologie. Leipzig. 41, 1906+. D. Biochemistry Annual Review of Biochemistry. Stanford University, Calif. 1, 1932+. 20 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS Chemical Abstracts. (American Chemical Society.) Easton, Penn. 1, 1907+. Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte der Tierchemie oder der physiolo- gischen und pathologischen Chemie [37-49, physiologischen, pathologischen und Immunochemie und der Pharmak- ologie], 1871-1919. J. Bergmann, Wies- baden; Miinchen. 1-49, 1873-1922. ICJ. Cont'd by Jahresbericht iiber die gesamte Physiologic und experimentelle Pharmakologie .... E. Ecology Ecology. All Forms of Life in Rela- tion to Environment. (Ecological So- ciety of America.) Brooklyn; N. Y. 1, 1920+. Journal of Animal Ecology, The. (British Ecological Society.) Cam- bridge University Press. 1, 1932+. F. Genetics Journal of Heredity . . . , The. A Monthly Publication Devoted to Plant Breeding, Animal Breeding and Eugenics. (American Genetic Associa- tion.) Washington. 1, 1910+ Resumptio genetica .... M. Nijhoff, 's Gravenhage. 1, 1925+. ICJ. G. Hematology Folia haematologica. Internationales Zentralorgan fur Blut- und Serumfor- schung. Berlin; Leipzig. 1, 1904+. H. Neurology Folia neuro-biologica. Internationales Zentralorgan fur die gesamte Biologie des Nervensystems. Leipzig; Haarlem. 1, 1907-22. Neurologisches Zentralblatt. Ueber- sicht der Leistungen auf dem Gebiete der Anatomie, Physiologic, Pathologic und Therapie des Nervensystems ein- schliesslich der Geisteskrankheiten. Viet & Comp., Leipzig. 1-40, 1882-1921. Revue neurologique. (Bull, officiel de la Societe de Neurologic de Paris.) Masson et Cie, Paris. 1, 1893+. I. Parasitology Helminthological Abstracts. Imperial Bureau of Agricultural Parasitology. St. Albans, Herts, England. 1, 1932+. ICU. J. Poultry Culture Experiment Station Record. Office of Experiment Stations, Washington. 1, 1889+. Index published for 1-60, 1929. SUBJECT INDEX ACCIDENTS See also under Mortality and Pathology. General. Taylor, H. R. 1893a. Accidents to eggs or nesting young. Tobias, L. 1852. Ruptured oviduct. Gallus. Martin, J. H. & Anderson, W. S. 1919. AMPUTATIONS Leg. Hoag, B. 1895. Toes by wool. Vanettus. Elton, H. B. 1909. ENTANGLEMENT IN Burdock burrs. Little, L. T. 1925. Sheep wool with resulting necrosis of legs. Vanellus. Ticehurst, C. B. 1904. FRACTURES Beak. Snell, S. H. 1904. Falco tin- nunculus. Neubaur, R. 1903. Bone fractures Book. Text in French. Includes bone fractures. Gallus. Heusinger, K. F. 1847. General. Larcher, O. E. 1875a. Sco- lopax gallinago. Kutorga, S. 1839. Leg bone that healed. Columba. Howe, R. H. 1905. Lanius ludovidanus excubitorides. Kennedy, C. H. 1911a. INJURIES FROM VARIOUS CAUSES General. Shufeldt, R. W. 1881b. Drinking water on which fluids for killing mosquito larvae have been poured. In Germany. Schuberg, A. 1914. Encountering thundercloud when flying. Anserinae. Harting, J. E. 1896c. Hail stones. Measurements and weights of stones dangerous to birds. Martin, P. 1907. Impalement on sharp twigs. Kumlein, A. J. 1876. Striking lighthouses in flight at night. In Germany. Hennicke, C. R. 1914. Swallowing a grasshopper. Myiar- chus. Howell, A. H. 1918. Swallowing too large a beetle. Kum- lein, A. J. 1876. Telegraph wires. Liebe, K. T. 1882. ADAPTATION See also under Anatomy, Ecology, Evolution, Habits, and Locomotion. Books. Text in English. Darwin, C. R. 1868; Ealand, C. A. 1921; Morgan, T. H. 1903; Pycraft, W. P. 1910a; Thomson, G. M. 1922. Text in French. Cuenot, L. 1925. Text in German. Reichenau.. W. 1887; Roux, W. 1881. General. Abel, O. 1911; Bergmann, C. G. 1850; Boker, H. 1927b; Breninger, G. F. 1905; Fabani, C. 1892e, 1893b; Finn, F. 1892a; Grinnell, J. 1920a; Mottram, J. C. 1915; Noll, F. C. 1889a; Oustalet, J. F. 1892; Pitman, C. R. 1922; Potts, T. H. 1884b; Pycraft, W. P. 1902c; Reh, L. 1910b; Wagner, P. 1898a. Includes birds. Ealand, C. A. 1921. Anatidae. Ternier, L. 1909. Arenaria i. interpres. Smith, C. B. 1909. Corvus corone. Meise, W. 1928. Drepanididae. Perkins, R. C. 1901. Flightless birds. Morgan, M. A. 1912; Wiglesworth, J. 1900. Picidae. Burt,W.H. 1930. Stru- thio. Duerden, J. E. 1918. Effect of training on resistance to asphyxia. Anas. Richet, C. R. 1898. Middle ear to barometric fluctuations. Gallus. Pohlman, A. G. 1919a. Migration and distribution. Nichols, J. T. 1926b. Oyster-opening. Haematopus. Dewar, J. M. 1922. Rattlesnake venom. Columba. Dav- enport, C. B. & Neal, H. V. 1895. Recovery after extensive loss in num- bers. Sialia s. sialis. Taverner, P. A. 1922. Tamenessin park. Beebe, C. W. 1903. Tameness of unmolested birds. Dis- tant, W. L. 1900. 21 Adaptation BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 22 Visual adaptations. Portier, P. 1923b. Callus. Hess, C. 1907a. Weapon adaptations. Lucas, F. A. 1895h. ANATOMIC ADAPTATIONS General. Bowdish, B. S. 1910. In- cludes birds. Anthony, R. L. 1912. Picidae. Burt, W. H. 1930. Struthio. Duerden, J.E. 1918, 1919d, 1920c, 1923. Alimentary canal to food. Braun, M. 1879-80. Diving, adaptation in structure to. Sula. Culemann, H. W. 1929. Form adaptation to feeding habits. Cygninae. Cleland, J. B. 1906. Heart size at high altitudes. Lagopus. Strohl, J. 1910a, b, c, d. Lack of teeth. Includes birds. Struck, W. 1915. Beak General. Ammodramus, Coturni- culus, & Passerculus. Trotter, S. 1891. Blood-sucking birds. Moller, W. 1931. Feeding habits. Loxia. Lavauden, L. 1924; Robbins, C. A. 1932. Seed- eating birds. Gloger, C. W. 1856c. Filter or sieve. Spatula. Zander, E. 1908. Lack of adaptive correlation. Geo- spiza. Snodgrass, R. E. 1902. Lower mandible General. Lebedinsky, N. G. 1918b, 1921a. To feeding habits. Many spe- cies. Lebedinsky, N. G. 1918a, b, 1921a. Large rounded bosses on palate and mandible for crushing food. Cocco- thraustes. Pycraft, W. P. 1905c, e. Foot General. Beebe, C. W. 1906c. Hydra- lector gallinaceus. Hen eke, H. 1901. Pygoscelis papua. Anthony, R. L. 1912. Integument General. Fabani, C. 1893b. Plumage. MacGillivray, W. 1827. Skeleton Diving habits. Biziura. Pycraft, W. P. 1906b. Femur. Includes birds. Le Damany, P. 1906. Flight. Geoff roy St. Hilaire, E. 1838; La Fresnaye, F. 1853. Sternum. Sula. Flower, J. 1879b. Vertebral column. Includes Ardea. Virchow, H. J. 1914. Stomach Seasonal adaptations. Larus. Sem- per, K. G. 1881. Gizzard. Anon. 1719. Many species. Pilliet, A. H. 1894. Anser & Fako. *Roux, W. 1906. Tongue General. Gardner, L. L. 1925 ; Lucas, F.A. 1895e. Bloodsucking birds. Mol- ler, W. 1931. Condition. Callus. Mercier, L. & Poisson, R. 1927. Food. Picidae. Lucas, F. A. 1895e. COLOR ADAPTATIONS General. Gadow, H. F. 1910; Mac- pherson, H. B. 1909b; Wallace, A. R. 1868a, b. Includes birds. Swynnerton, C. F. 1919. Passeres. Braun, F. 1900d. Coloration to geographic distribu- tion. Meyer, R. 1874. Egg color. Many species. Lucas, A. H. 1887. Insects supposedly protectively col- ored, as well as bad tasting or haying warning colors, eaten freely by birds. Judd, S. D. 1899b. Whiteness of breast in crevice- search- ing birds. Catherpes. Grinnell, J. 1924b. EGG ADAPTATIONS Egg envelopes for protection against heat, cold, and desiccation. Loisel, G. 1900e. Excessive humidity. Loisel, G. 1900h. Shape of eggs. Mathematical analy- sis. Mallock, A. 1925. Shell structure to respiration. Ogil- vie, G. 1867. ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATIONS General. Sub-Antarctic birds. Ben- nett, A. G. 1927. Burned-over areas. Pennsylvania. Weygandt, C. 1911. 23 SUBJECT INDEX Adaptation Effects of civilization. Many species. Otto, H. 1907. French Alps. Includes birds. Perolle, L. 1899. Adaptation to new environment Introduced species. Acridotheres tris- tis. Stoner, D. 1923b. Chenopsis. Gunther, R. T. 1917a. Death Valley. Passer domesticus. Grinnell, J. 1919. Urban conditions. Speotyto cunicu- laria hypugaea. Abbott, C. G. 1930. Climatic adaptations Acclimatization and declimatization. Many species. Wolda, G. 1923. African climate. Lonnberg, A. J. 1926a. Body size. Boetticher, H. 1913. High altitudes General. Includes birds. Kingston, R. W. 1926. FLIGHT ADAPTATIONS General. Allen, J. A. 1887-88; Amans, P. C. 1885; Anthony, R. L. 1910; Boker, H. 1921, 1927a; Brooks, W. K. 1874; Finter, K. 1926; Legal, E. & Reichel, P. 1879-85, 1881; Lull, R. S. 1906. Includes birds. Pettigrew, J. B. 1870. Opisthocomus&Stringops. Boker, H. 1929. Body form. Adaptation to flight. Grobbels, F. 1926a, c; Lesmuller, A. 1906; Putter, A. 1917. Structural adaptations General. Nordmann, C. 1923b, 1924. Organs of flight General. Amans, P. C. 1885. Tail. Baskett, J. N. 1910; Lorenz, K. 1933. Ammodramus, Coturniculus, & Passerculus. Trotter, S. 1891. Wing General. Blasius, J. H. 1866; Lan- caster, J. 1886d; *Lorenz, K. 1933. Emargination of primaries. Coues, E. B. 1888a. Gliding flight. Walker, G. T. 1925. FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS Cells in tissue culture. Callus. Weiss, P. 1928. Digestive organs. Anas. Weiss, G. 1901. HABITS General. Didunculus strigirostris. Whitmee, S. J. 1875b. Arboreal habits. Anthony, R. L. 1912. Birds in captivity. Finn, F. 1892b. Changes in habit. Beak weaker and curved. Colaptes auratus. Sharp, B. 1889. Breeding General. Swynnerton, C. F. 1917a. Nesting habits. Burns, F. L. 1924; Peck, M. E. 1908; Wallace, A. R. 1867b; Anon. 1869a. Parasitic breeding habits. Cuculus. Baker, E. C. 1923. To parasitic cuckoos' eggs. Baker, E. C. 1913a. Feeding General. Anser. *Schepelmann, E. 1906. Nearctic birds. *McAtee, W. L. 1932d. Feeding on flowers. Porsch, 0. 1924a, b, 1926. MIMICRY General. Finn, F. 1896; Heikertinger, F. 1921. Includes birds. Beddard, F. E. 1892c. Egg mimicry. Cuculus. Cipriani, L. 1926. ALIMENTARY CANAL See also under Digestion, Nutrition, and Physiology. Books. Text in Dutch. Postma, G. 1887. Includes birds. Brants, M. A. 1881. Text in English. Grew, N. 1681; Owen, R. 1866-68. Lagopus scolicus. Wilson, E. A. 1911c. Text in German. Gadow, H. F. 1891d; Mollendorff, W. 5, 1927-30; Tiedemann, F. & Gmelin, L. 1831; Alimentary Canal BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 24 Wolff, C. F. 1812. Includes birds. Oppel, A. 1896-97. Text in Swedish. Kjellmann, A. F. 1875. General. Geoffrey St. Hilaire, E. 1822d, e. Many species. Forbes, W. A. 1880e; Gadow, H. F. 1876a; Oppel, A. 1898. Aedirhinus. Haswell, W. A. 1883a. Aeronautes. Marshall, M. E. 1907. Alcedo hispida. Cunningham, R. O. 1870. Aptenodytes patachonica. Reid, J. 1835. Bubo. Marshall, M. E. 1907. Buceros cavatus. Owen, R. 1833. Calodromas. Beddard, F. E. 1890b. Casuarius galeatus. Knox, R. 1824c; *Meckel, J. F. 1830. Cephalopterus. Eyton, T. C. 1861. Ceryle stellata. Cunningham, R. O. 1870. Chauna. Crisp, E. 1864b. Ciconia. Anon. 1733c. Coccothraustes. Heister, L. 1727. Cochleariidae. Murie, J. 1872b. Columba. Brugnone, C. G. 1805-08. Corythaix porphyreolopha. Owen, R. 1834b. Cuculus. Smith, J. A. 1858b. Dacelo gigas. Cunningham, R. 0. 1870. Dicholophus cristatus. Gadow, H. F. 1876b. Dromaeus [Dromiceius]. Knox, R. 1824c, 1832. Eurynorhynckus. Ander- son, J. 1879b. Eurypygidae. Murie, J. 1872b. Gallus. Brugnone, C. G. 1805-08; Fleischmann, A. 1924; Hart- mann, P. J. 1689d. Geococcyx. Marshall, M. E. 1907. Megapodidae. Oustalet, J. F. 1880. Notornis. Benham, W. B. 1899a, b. Opisthocomus. Deville, E. 1852. Phalacrocorax. Perrault, C. 1733h. Phalaenoptilus. Marshall, M. E. 1906. Phoenicopterus. Gadow, H. F. 1877a. Plotus. Garrod, A. H. 1878b. Podoa. Giebel, C. G. 1861b. Procel- lariiformes. Gadow, H. F. 1891a, d. Psophia crepitans. Traill, T. S. 1826. Rhea. Gadow, H. F. 1885. Rhino- chetidae. Murie, J. 1872b. Steatornis. Garrod, A. H. 1873c. Struthio. Duver- ney, J. G. & Me"ry, J. 1733. Perrault, C. 1733a. Sturnella. French, G. H. 1898. Thalassidroma. MacGillivray, W. 1838-39. Trochilus colubris. Crisp, E. 1862b. Turacoena. Haswell, W. A. 1883a. Uria. MacGillivray, W. 1838- 39. Fine figures. Aquila & Buteo. Mac- Gillivray, W. 1837. Anatomy General. *Gadow, H. F. 1879; Mac- Gillivray, W. 1837. Many species. Kahlbaum, C. L. 1854. Includes birds. Neergaard, J. W. 1806. Alcedo. Postma, G. 1887. Anser. Kaiser, H. 1925. Columba. Kaiser, H. 1925; Postma, G. 1887. Cypselus. Postma, G. 1887. Dicaeidae. Dessel- berger, H. 1931. Eudyptes. Bartram, E. 1901. Larus & Nucifraga. Postma, G. 1887. Regulus. Greschik, J. 1918b. Turdus. Postma, G. 1887. Adaptation to nature of food. Braun, M. 1879-80. Blood supply. Gadow, H. F. 1879. Development. Gallus. Boyden, E. A. 1919; Kashchenko, N. F. 1887. Innervation. Shin, F. 1930. Gallus. *Nolf, P. 1925c. Measurements. Struthious birds. Crisp, E. 1864a. Mesenteries. Columba & Corvus. Robert, H. L. 1837. Taxonomic characteristics. Attagis & Thinocorus. Garrod, A. H. 1877c. Topographic relations. Gallus. Fleischmann, A. 1924. Histology Books. Text in English. Lagopus scoticus. Wilson, E. A. 1911c. Text in German. Goette, A. W. 1867. General. Braitmaier, H. 1904. Many species. Kahlbaum, C. L. 1854. In- cludes birds. Leydig, F. 1854a. Alcedo. Postma, G. 1887. Anser. Kaiser, H. 1925. Columba. Kaiser, H. 1925; Postma, G. 1887. Cypselus. Postma, G. 1887. Eudyptes. Bartram, E. 1901. Larus & Nucifraga. Postma, G. 1887. Regulus. Greschik, J. 1918b. Turdus. Postma, G. 1887. Glands. Jobert, C. 1873b. Many species. Kahlbaum, C. L. 1854. Physiology General. Braitmaier, H. 1904; *Gadow, H. F. 1879; MacGillivray, W. 1837. Includes birds. Neergaard, J. W. 1806. Dicaeidae. Desselberger, H. 1931. Effects of experimental diet. Magnan, A. 1914b. Peristalsis. Nolf, P. 1925a, b, c, 1927. ORAL CAVITY This section includes articles dealing with the mouth. 25 SUBJECT INDEX Alimentary Canal General. Anas. Belogolowy, J. A. 1910a. Cathartidae. Beddard, F. E. 1903a. Gallus. Belogolowy, J. A. 1910a. Otis. Murie, J. 1869. Passer. Pinaroli, A. 1926. Tinnunculus & Tur- dus. Belogolowy, J. A. 1910a. Development. Many species. Salvi, G. 1903b, 1905. Buccal pouch. Nucifraga caryoca- iactes. Sine"ty, S. 1852. Anatomy General. Many species. *Heidrich, P. K. 1908. Dental ridges. Reeker, H. 1892. Development of spines of mouth and tongue. Jeffries, J. A. 1883b. Histology of oral cavity. Many species. Heidrich, P. K. 1908. Roof of mouth. Embryonal differ- entiation. Fringilla canaria. Stellwaag, F. 1912. GULAR POUCH A pouch of variable size and shape con- nected with the floor of the mouth near the base of the tongue. It has been the subject of great controversy. In the Pelecaniformes and especially in the pelicans, it is a food storage chamber. In male Otidae, however, it is a long narrow sac connected with the mouth cavity by a relatively small opening, and it may be inflated and used in a display performance, during the breed- ing season. Books. Text in English. Otis. Albin, E. 1740. Text in French. Otis. Degland, C. D. 1849; Pallas, P. S. 1793. Cypselus apus. Heming, G. O. 1834. Eupoaotis. Elliot, W. 1880; Forbes, S. A. 1880b; Garrod, A. H. 1874a, c. Leptoptilus crumeniferus. Peters, W. K. 1866. Otis. Bloch, M.E. 1782; *Cullen, W. H. 1865; Flower, W. H. 1865; Garrod, A. H. 1874a, c; Giebel, C. G. 1861a; *Murie, J. 1868a, 1869; *Newton, A. 1862; Owen, R. 1835-1836; *Pycraft, W. P. 1898c ; Ramsay, E. P. 1867; Teget- meier, W. B. 1866; Yarrell, W. 1855. Histology and physiology. Pele- canus. Kuhnau, W. 1932. TEETH IN BIRDS Book. Text in German. Hesperor- nis. Terra, P. 1911. General. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, E. 1821; Giebel, C. G. 1880b. Four rows of conical projections in nestling, suggesting palatal teeth of Reptilia. Panurus b. biarmicus. Pycraft, W. P. 1908a. In embryo Books. Text in English. Includes birds. Morgan, T. H. 1903. Text in German. Terra, P. 1911. General. Blanchard, C. E. 1860b; Fraisse, P. 1881a, c; Geoffroy St. Hilaire, E. 1821. Includes birds. Anson, B. J. 1929. Gallinula, Haema- topus, & Limosa. Willink, H. D. 1899a, b. Melopsittacus. Ihde, . 1912; Keibel, F. 1901b. Numenius & Oedic- nemus. Willink, H. D. 1899a, b. Psittacus. Fraisse, P. 1880, 1881a, c. Sterna. Rose, C. 1892; Willink, H. D. 1899a, b. Struthio. Rose, C. 1892. TONGUE Books. Text in English. Kidd, A. 1907; Owen, R. 1866-68. Text in German. Beautiful plates. Includes birds. *Ludwig, F. 1884b. General. Chaine, J. 1905a; Gardner, L. L. 1927a; Giebel, C. G. 1858. Good figure. Borrichius, 0. 1673a. Many species. Lucas, F. A. 1895e, 1897c; Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1858; Schenkling-Prevfit, C. 1894, 1895e. Birds incidental. Mayer, A. F. 1844; Minot, C. S. 1880b; Oppel, A. 1902b. Bloodsucking birds. Moller, W. 1931. Acanthorhynchus. Lucas, F. A. 1894c. Accentor. Sigismund, B. 1863. Accipi- tres. Beddard, F. E. 1903c. Alcedo hispida. Cunningham, R. O. 1870. Anas. Borrichius, O. 1673a. Anser. Borrichius, O. 1673a; Sigismund, B. 1863. Aptenodytes. Forster, J. R. 1781 ; Le Souef, W. H. 1902b. Aquila. Bor- richius, O. 1673a. Ardea. Muralto, J. 1683b. Caprimulgidae. Sclater, P. L. 1866a. Cathartidae. Beddard, F. E. 1903a. Cephalopterus penduliger. Eyton, T. C. 1861. Ccrthidia. Snodgrass, R. E. 1903. Ceryle stellata. Cunningham, R. 0. 1870. Cochleariidae. Murie, J. 1872b. Cocornis. Snodgrass, R. E. 1903. Coereba. Lucas, F. A. 1895c. Coraciidae. Wetmore, A. 1919d. Dacelo gigas. Cunningham, R. O. 1870. Den- droica tigrina. Lucas, F. A. 1894c. Eury- pygidae. Murie, J. 1872b. Fringilla. Alimentary Canal BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 26 Sigismund, B. 1863. Includes Gallus. Reuter, F. L. 1820. Gecinus. Wolf, J. 1800a. Geospiza. Snodgrass, R. E. 1903. Glossoptila. Lucas, F. A. 1895c. Irrisor. Strickland, H. E. 1843. Lep- tosoma discolor, Sclater, P. L. 1895c. Micropodidae. Ridgway, R. 1892b; Shufeldt, R. W. 1895c. Nestor. Dorner, H. 1873; Garrod, A. H. 1872b. Otis. Murie, J. 1869. Pants. Sigismund, B. 1863. Phaethon. Brandt, J. F. 1840b. Picidae. Lucas, F. A. 1895f, 1896g; Waller, R. 1716. Picus. Chaine, J. 1904d; Jacobaeus, 0. 1680. Picus v. viridis. Wolf, J. 1800a. Plegadis. Greschik, J. 1922. Psittaci. Bor- richius, 0. 1673a; Weinland, D. F. 1855. Regulus. Greschik, J. 1918b; Sigis- mund, B. 1863. Rhinochetidae. Murie, J. 1872b. Rhinochaetes jubatus. Mar- shall, W. A. 1870. Scolopax. Sigis- mund, B. 1863. Tenuirostres. Gadow, H. F. 1883. Tetrao u. urogallus. Hell- mann, A. 1853a. Trochilidae. Gosse, P. H. 1863; Ridgway, R. 1892b; Shu- feldt, R. W. 1893a. Upupa. Strick- land, H. E. 1843. Zosterops. Beddard, F. E. 1891b. Color variations in young birds. Ingram, C. 1907b. Markings on tongue in young birds. Ingram, C. 1907b. Relation of form to character of food. Pici. Lucas, F. A. 1895g. Tongue muscle function. Duvernoy, G. L. 1836. Anatomy General. Include birds. Duvernoy, G. L. 1811b, 1835a; Minot, C. S. 1880b. Campethera & Dendropicos. Stein- bacher, J. 1935. Drepanidae. Scharnke, H. 1932. Falconidae. Greschik, J. 1928. Jynx. Jourdan, E. 1890. Meli- phagidae. Scharnke, H. 1931. Nectar- iniidae. Scharnke, H. 1932. Phoeni- copterus. Manis, S. 1906. Pici. Jaco- baeus, O. 1680. Picidae. *Leiber, A. 1907a, b; Lucas, F. A. 1895g; Scharnke, H. 1931. Picus viridis. Huber, V. A. 1821. Promeropidae. Scharnke, H. 1932. Psittaci. Ciaccio, G.V. 1878, 1900. Thripias. Steinbacher, J. 1935. Trochilidae. Lucas,F.A.1892b; Scharnke, H. 1930c, 1931. Vultur. Rapp, W. L. 1847b. Extension of horns of hyoid apparatus over skull and into right nasal cavity. Picus. Lindahl, J. 1879. Joint in tongue. Gallus. Hollis, W. A. 1900-01. Muscles of tongue. Many species. *Chaine, J. 1905a. Relation to palate and nasopharynx. Good figures. Goppert, E. 1903. Development Anas. *Kallius, E. 1905. Gallus. Cuccati, G. 1889; Mall, F. P. 1887. Meliphagidae. Scharnke, H. 1931. Melopsittacus. "Kallius, E. 1906. Pas- ser. "Kallius, E. 1905. Picidae. Scharnke, H. 1931. Serinus. Stell- waag, F. 1912. Trochilidae. Scharnke, H. 1931. Physiology General. Picidae. *Leiber, A. 1907a. Functions. Lucas, F. A. 1895g. Movements of tongue. Mery, J. 1733e. Includes birds. Duvernoy, G. L. 181 Ib. Picus viridis. Huber, V. A. 1821. PHARYNX A poorly defined region in adult bird, which is not recognized by some authors. General. Many species. *Heidrich, P. K. 1908. Anas. Belogolowy, J. A. 1910a. Cathartidae. Beddard, F. E. 1903a. Includes Fringilla. Kriegbaum, A. 1911. Gallus. Belogolowy, J. A. 1910a. Passer. Pinaroli, A. 1926. Turdus. Belogolowy, J. A. 1910a. Development General. Many species. *Salvi, G. 1905. Includes birds. Chauveau, C. 1900. Gallus. Cadiat, L. O. 1878b. In- clude Gallus. Liessner, E. 1887, 1889; *Mall, F. P. 1887; *Salvi, G. 1903b. Passer. *Salvi,G.1903b. Serinus. Stell- waag, F. 1912. Mode of perforation of pharyngeal membrane. Gallus. *Manno, A. 1903. Histology General. Many species. *Heidrich, P. K. 1908. Corvus. Greschik, J. 1914b. Mucosa. Histology and physiology. GaHus. Heidrich, P. K. 1905. Pharyngeal pouch. Cypselus apus. Heming, G. C. 1834. Histology and physiology. Pelecanus. Kiihnau, W. 1932. 27 SUBJECT INDEX Alimentary Canal CROP Book. Text in German. Anser, Fal cones, Gallus, & Meleagris. Tiede- mann, F. & Gmelin, L. 1831. General. Many species. Swenander, G. 1899; Wolf, J. 1799. Predatory birds. Wolf, J. 1805b. Columba. Arcangeli, A. 1904, 1909; Teichmann, M. 1889. Gallus. Lentilius, R. 1690; Mangold, E. 1906. Opistho- comus. Boker, H. 1929; Gadow, H. F. 1891-93; Perrin, J. B. 1877. Stringops. Boker, H. 1929. Anatomy General. Many species. Swenander, G. 1902. Anatomy during breeding period. Columba. Niethammer, G. 1933; Yoschida, S. 1915. Development General. *B6ker, H. 1927b. Columba. Wolfler, A. 1880. Changes in last hours of incubation and at beginning of feeding young. Columba. Ficatier, A. & Desfosses, L. 1879. Histology Many species. *Bartels, P. 1895; Swenander, G. 1902. Anser. Berlin, W. 1852-53. Columba. Arcangeli, A. 1909; Hasse, C. 1865; Phisalix, C. A. 1890. Blood vessels. Kuriyama, T. 1931. Columba. Phisalix, C. A. 1890. Glands. Columba. *Dulzetto, F. 1928a, b. Lymphatics. Location and direction of flow. Gallus. Kutsuna, M. & Kuriya- ma, T. 1932. HISTOLOGY WHEN FUNCTIONING General. Columba. Arcangeli, A. 1904. During brooding of eggs and period of feeding young. Columba. *Litwer, G. 1926; Niethammer, G. 1933; Yos- chida, S. 1915. Innervation and activity. Columba & Gallus. Ihnen, K. 1928. Physiology General. Iljin, M. D. 1913b. Anser. Berlin, W. 1852-53. Columba. Hasse, C. 1865; Niethammer, G. 1933. Digestive function. Columba. Dul- zetto, F. 1927. Emptying with different foods. Columba & Gallus. Ihnen, K. 1928. Feeding experiments after extirpation of crop. Gallus. Kawakami, Z. 1913. Prolactin effects. Streptopelia. Rid- dle, O., Bates, R. W., & Dykshorn, S. W. 1932. Movements. Columba & Gallus. Ihnen, K. 1928. Reactions of circular muscle in ana- phylactic shock. Columba. Hanzlik, P. J. & Stockton, A. B. 1927. Regeneration. Columba & Gallus. Kuriyama, T. 1932. Secretion Columba. Charbonnel-Salle", . & Phisalix, C. A. 1886b; Hunter, J. 1786; Phisalix, C. A. 1890. Chemical composition. Reid, E. W. 1894. Effect of anterior pituitary gland hormone on secretions. Columbidae. Riddle, O. & Braucher, P. F. 1931. Effect of castration. Columbidae. Riddle, O. & Dykshorn, S. W. 1932. Relation to milk. Columba. Hasse, C. 1865. ESOPHAGUS Books. Text in German. Heidrich, P. K. 1905. Text in Latin. Redi, F. 1729. General. Holmgren, F. 1867. Many species. Swenander, G. 1904b. Cephalopterus penduliger. Eyton, T. C. 1861. Chrysopteris, Diomedea, & Manucodia. Pavesi, P. 1876-77. Opis- thocomus cristatus. Perrin, J. B. 1877. Platalea & Tantalus. Garrod, A. H. 1875d. Toccus. Gulliver, G. 1872. Inflation of proximal portion. Anon. 1901b. Eupodotis denhami. Forbes, W. A. 1880b. Special function of esophagus. Boom- ing of bittern. Chapin, J. P. 1922. Vascular supply. Kuriyama, T. 1931. Anatomy Many species. Swenander, G. 1902, 1904b. Columba. Hasse, C. 1865. Gallus & Haliaeetusalbicilla. Grimm, J. D. 1866. Alimentary Canal BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 28 Development Alcidae, Anatidae, & Colymbo. Schreiner, K. E. 1900. Callus. Cadiat, L. O. 1878b. Include Callus. Meuron, P. 1886b; Pensa, A. 1910. Laridae. Schreiner, K. E. 1900. Histology Many species. *Bartels, P. 1895; Swenander, G. 1902. Alcidae & Anatidae. *Schreiner, K. E. 1900. Columba. Hasse, C. 1865. Colymbo. *Schreiner,K.E. 1900. Corvus. Greschik, J. 1914b. Callus. Grimm, J. D. 1866; Schumacher, S. 1926. Hali- aeetusalbicilla. Grimm, J.D. 1866. Lar- idae. *Schreiner, K. E. 1900. Lymph nodules. Columba. *Arcan- geli, A. 1914. Motor innervation. Kreidl, A. 1895. Musculature. Includes birds. Eura, S. 1927. Pelecanus [Phalacrocorax] car- bo. Yarrell, W. 1828a. Striped muscle in Raptores, deficiency of. Gulliver, G. 1870. Esophageal glands General. Columba. *Arcangeli, A. 1914. Development. Callus. Schumacher, S. 1925b, 1926. Phylogeny. Androglossa. Greschik, J. 1917a. STOMACH Books. Text in English. Grew, N. 1681. Otis. Albin, E. 1740. Text in German. Mollendorff, W. 5, 1927-30. Anser, Falcones, Callus, & Meleagris. Tiedemann, F. & Gmelin, L. 1831. Text in Latin. Auerbach, L. 1863. General. Anderson, R. J. 1912; Cat- taneo, G. 1888; Gadow, H. F. 1891a, d; Herissant, F. D. 1757b; Leuckart, F. S. 1841; Sommer, J. G. 1697-98. Many species. Swenander, G. 1904b; Wolf, J. 1799. Includes birds. Nuhn, A. 1870. Anas. Hartmann, P. J. 1689h. Anastomus oscitans. Mitchell, P. C. 1915b. Anser. Hartmann, P. J. 1689h; Peyer, J. C. 1683. Ardea. Guimard, V. 1925. Buceros. Bartlett, A. D. 1869. Carpophaga. Viallane, H. 1878a. Carpophaginae. Cadow, G. 1933. Cephalopterus penduliger. Eyton, T. C. 1861. Cereopsis novae-hollandiae. Yarrell, W. 1831a. Chauna. Garrod, A. H. 1876e. Ciconia. Peyer, J. C. 1684. Corythaix. Martin, W. C. 1836a. Cuculus. Herissant, F. D. 1756. Falco. French, G. H. 1898. Fringilla. Holmgren, F. 1867. Gallinae. Som- mer, J. G. 1697-98. Callus. Baistroc- chi, E. 1886; Peyer, J. C. 1677. Micro- glossus. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, E. 1823c. Micropterus. Cunningham, R. 0. 1871- 72. Penelope. Yarrell, W. 1833c. Plotus. Cazin, M. 1884; *Garrod, A. H. 1876c. Podiceps. Madon, P. 1926b. Rhea. Holmgren, F. 1867. Rhinochaetes jubatus. Marshall, W. A. 1870. Struthio. Duverney, J. G. & Mery, J. 1733; Gadow, H. F. 1891a; Taschen- berg, E. O. 1879b; Anon. 1733d. Stur- nella. French, G. H. 1898. Tantalus. Swinhoe, R. 1867. Vultur [Sarcor- hamphus] gryphus. Harlan, R. 1830. Anatomy General. Nagy, J. 1860. Many species. Cazin, M. 1886c; Home, E. 1812; Swenander, G. 1902, 1904b. Aethopyga. Forbes, W. A. 1880a. Alcedo. Bergonzini, C. 1885. Anas. Doyon, M. 1894a; Hartmann, P. J. 1689h. Anser. Grimm, J. D. 1866; Hartmann, P. J. 1689h; Home, E. 1810. Calli&te. Forbes, W. A. 1880a. Car- duelis. Bergonzini, C. 1885. Chloro- phonia & Coereba. Forbes, W. A. 1880a. Columba. Bergonzini, C. 1885; Doyon, M. 1894a; Oppel, A. 1897; Retzius, A. A. 1842b. Coracias. Retzius, A. A. 1842b. Cygnus. Home, E. 1810. Euphonia. Forbes, W. A. 1880a; Steinbacher, G. 1935c. Fuligula. Retz- ius, A. A. 1842b. Callus. Doyon, M. 1894a; Grimm, J. D. 1866; Oppel, A. 1897. Haliaeetus albidlla. Grimm, J. D. 1866. Lams. Retzius, A. A. 1842b. Meleagris. Home, E. 1810. Melopsittacus. Bergonzini, C. 1885. Passer. Doyon, M. 1894a. Phasianus. Retzius, A. A. 1842b. Pitylus, Tachy- phonus, & Tanagra. Forbes, W. A. 1880a. Development General. Many species. Cattaneo, G. 1884. Alcidae, Anatidae, & Colymbo. *Schreiner, K. E. 1900. Callus. Cazin, M. 1887c. In eludes Callus. Laskovsky, N. 1868. Laridae. *Schreiner, K. E. 1900. Tanagra. Wetmore, A. 1914. 29 SUBJECT INDEX Alimentary Canal Taxonomic consideration. Many spe- cies. Swenander, G. 1903. Histology General. Many species. "Cattaneo, G. 1884; "Cazin, M. 1887b; Molin, R. 1852; Swenander, G. 1902. Aedon. Molin, R. 1852. Alcidae. *Schreiner, K. E. 1900. Anas. *Cazin, M. 1887b. Anatidae. *Schreiner, K. E. 1900. Anser. Grimm, J. D. 1866; Molin, R. 1852. Asio. *Greschik, J. 1914a. Buleo. *Greschik, J. 1914a; *Hasse, C. 1866. Columba. Braitmaier, H. 1904; Molin, R. 1852. Colymbo. *Schreiner, K. E. 1900. Corvus. Gres- chik, J. 1914a, b. Cygnus. *Hasse, C. 1866. Falco. Molin, R. 1852. Frin- gilla & Strix. *Hasse, C. 1866. Gallinula. Molin, R. 1852. Gallus. *Cazin, M. 1887b; Grimm, J. D. 1866; Greschik, J. 1914a; *Hasse, C. 1866; Molin, R. 1852. Haliaeetus albicilla. Grimm, J. D. 1866. Hydrocorax. Curl, H. C. 1911. Jynx&Lanius. Greschik, J. 1914a. Laridae. *Schreiner, K. E. 1900. Pelecanus. Molin, R. 1852. Psit- tacus. *Hasse, C. 1866. GLANDS Book. Text in German. Many spe- cies. Muller, J. P. 1830b. General. Many species. Home, E. 1812. Birds incidental. Glaettli, R. 1852; Oppel, A. 1896. Anser. Grob- bels, F. 1924a; Anon. 1769. Columba. Grobbels, F. 1924a. Gallus. Cazin, M. 1885. Hydrochloric acid formation. In- cludes Gallus. Harvey, B. C. & Bensley, R. 1912. Cytology. Includes birds. Hirano, K. 1927. Histology General. Wilczewski, P. 1870. Fine illustrations. Many species. *Berg- mann, C. G. 1862b. Gland ducts and canaliculi. Includes many species. Monti, R. 1898b. Innervation. Anas, Columba, & Gallus. Doyon, M. 1894b. Pylorus glands. Anas, Columba, & Gallus. Zietzschmann, O. 1908. MUCOSA Including references to the "lining of the stomach." General. Struthio. Brock. G. T. 1925. Boundary zone between gizzard and duodenum. Anas, Columba, & Gallus. Zietzschmann, O. 1908. Epithelium. Altmann's granules. In- cludes Columba & Gallus. Hirano, K. 1926a. Leukocytes in gastric mucosa. Co- lumba & Gallus. Hirano, K. 1926b. Musculature General. Columba, Cypselus, &Larus. Oppel, A. 1895. Passer. Bertacchini, P. 1900. Cytology. Gallus. Balli, R. 1907. Histogenesis. Gallus. Balli, R. 1907. Muscle layers of stomach. Many species. Oppel, A. 1895; Soli, U. 1906. Physiology General. Grobbels, F. 1930. Anas. Doyon, M. 1894a. Includes Anas. Keeton, R. W., Koch, F. C., & Luck- hardt, A. B. 1920. Buteo. Mangold, E. 1911a. Columba. Doyon, M. 1894a. Corvidae. *Mangold,E. 1911b. Gallus. Doyon, M. 1894a; Mangold, E. 1910a; Rossi, G. 1904, 1905. Passer. Doyon, M. 1894a. Peristalsis. Action of Vagus nerve. Nolf, P. 1925b. Relation in size of stomach to diet. Magnan, A. 1912c. Seasonal changes in adaptation to food. Larus. Semper, K. G. 1881. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES General. Anas, Columba, & Gallus. Doyon, M. 1894b. Peristalsis. Effect of anoxemia and hypercapnia. Nolf, P. 1925a. Physiology in normal diet and inani- tion. Columba. Braitmaier, H. 1904. Response of mucosa to gastrin bodies. Includes Anas. Keeton, R. W., Koch, F. C., & Luckhardt, A. B. 1920. OIL FOUND IN STOMACH Chemical and physical properties. Fulmarus gladalis. Rosenheim, 0. & Webster, T. A. 1927. Ejected when bird is frightened. Pos- sible use. Fulmarus gladalis. Rosen- heim, O. & Webster, T. A. 1927. Alimentary Canal BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 30 Vitamin content. Aestralata kssoni. Leigh-Clare, J. L. 1927. Proventriculus In birds, the stomach is divided into a proximal glandular portion, the proven- triculus, and a distal muscular grinding portion, the gizzard. In different groups of birds great variability exists in the relation and size and structure of the two, depending on food habits. General. French, G. H. 1898. Anas, Colymbus, Corvus, Cypselus, & Emberiza. Bergmann, C. G. 1862b. Falco. French, G. H. 1898. Gallus, Pelecanus, & Strix. Bergmann, C. G. 1862b. Sturnella. French, G. H. 1898. Histogenesis. Michalovskij,S.0. 1910. HISTOLOGY General. Michalovskij, S. O. 1910. Anas. Bergmann, C. G. 1862b. Ardea. *Cattaneo, G. 1883. Asio. *Greschik, J. 1914a. Buteo. *Bergmann, C. G. 1862b; *Greschik, J. 1914a. Columba. *Cattaneo, G. 1883. Colymbus & Corvus. *Bergmann, C. G. 1862b; *Greschik, J. 1914a, b. Cypselus, Emberiza, & Falco. *Bergmann, C. G. 1862b. Gallus. *Cattaneo, G. 1883; *Greschik, J. 1914a. Gecinus. *Cat- taneo, G. 1883. Jynx&Lanius. *Gre- schik, J. 1914a. Larus, Melopsitlacus, & Otus. "Cattaneo, G. 1883. Pelecanus, Strix, & Sturnus. *Bergmann, C. G. 1862b. Turdus. *Cattaneo, G. 1883. Crypts in mucosa. Pseudotantalus ibis. Mitchell, P. C. 1895b. Glands General. Cazin, M. 1887a. Birds in- cidental. Oppel, A. 1896. Anas. Bergmann, C. G. 1862b; Zietzschmann, O. 1908. Aquila. Re- mouchamps, E. 1880. Buteo. Bergmann, C.G. 1862b. Casuarius. Remouchamps, E. 1880. Columba. Nussbaum, M. 1877; Zietzschmann, O. 1908. Colymbus, Cor- vus, Cypselus, Emberiza, Falco, & Pele- canus. Bergmann, C. G. 1862b. Rhea. Remouchamps, E. 1880. Sturnus & Strix. Bergmann, C. G. 1862b. Struthio. Remouchamps, E. 1880. Development. Columba. Nussbaum, M. 1877. Cytology. Birds incidental. Pilliet, A. H. 1887. Development. Michalovsky, J. 1911. Muscle layers. Columba, Cypselus, & Larus. Oppel, A. 1895, 1897. Functional changes in cells. Many species. *Michalovsky, J. 1909. Stimulation of formation of gastric juice. Gallus. Collip, J. B. 1922. Gizzard The muscular portion of the stomach, which is highly developed in many groups of birds that eat hard food. General. Boulton, W. W. 1864a; Cazin, M. 1888; Retzius, A. A. 1849 (p. 347); Helvetius, J. C. 1721. Anas. Reaumur, R. A. 1756. Calaenas nicrobarica. Germain, R. 1866. Carpo- phaga. Garrod, A. H. 1878a. Columbi- dae. Borelli, G. A. 1752. Crex praten- sis. Y., A. R. 1832. Cuculus. Crisp, E. 1853. Gallus. Reaumur, R. A. 1756c. Globicera pacifera. Wood, C. A. 1924b. Meleagris. Reaumur, R. A. 1756c. Pezophaps solitarius. Newton, A. 1878a. Rallus. Y., A. R. 1832. Struthio. Reaumur, R. A. 1756c. Development. Cattaneo, G. 1885; *Cornselius, C. 1925. ANATOMY General. Garrod, A. H. 1872d; Flower, W. H. 1860. Alcedo, Carduelis, Charadrius, & Columba. Bergonzini, C. 1885. Euphonia. Steinbacher, G. 1935c. Gallus. *Mangold, E. 1906. Melopsittacus. Bergonzini, C. 1885. Form of gizzard. Conditions deter- mining. Many species. Pilliet, A. H. 1894. HISTOLOGY General. *Bauer, M. 1901. Many species. *Cornselius, C. 1925; *Cursch- mann, H. 1866. Alcedo. Bergonzini, C. 1885. Anser. Gebhardt, F. A. 1914; Leydig, F. 1854a. Ardea. *Cattaneo, G. 1883. Asio. *Greschik, J. 1914a. Buceros. Murie, J. 1874a. Buteo. *Greschik, J. 19l4a, b. Carduelis, Charadrius, & Columba. Bergonzini, C. 1885; "Cattaneo, G. 1883. Corvus. *Greschik, J. 1914a, b. Gallus. "Cattaneo, G. 1883; *Greschik, J. 1914a. Gecinus. "Cattaneo, G. 1883. Jynx & Lanius. Greschik, J. 19l4a. Larus. "Cattanep, G. 1883. Melopsit- tacus. Bergonzini, C. 1885; *Cattaneo, G. 1883. Otus & Turdus. *Cattaneo, G. 1883. Passer & Tetrao. Leydig, F. 1854a. 31 SUBJECT INDEX Alimentary Canal Mucosa Gland cells. Anas, Columba, & GaUus. Pilliet, A. H. 1886. Histogenesis. Anas, Columba, & Falco. *Vigorita, D. 1906. Gallus. Cazin, M. 1885. Meleagris, Passer, & Strix. "Vigorita, D. 1906. Histology. General. Cazin, M. 1886a. Includes birds. Bischoff, T. L. 1838. Anas. "Vigorita, D. 1906; Zietzschmann, O. 1908. Anser. Grob- bels, F. 1924a. Columba. Grobbels, F. 1924a; *Vigorita, D. 1906; Zietz- schmann, O. 1908. Falco. *Vigorita, D. 1906. Gallus. *Vigorita, D. 1906; Zietschmann, O. 1908. Meleagris, Passer, & Strix. *Vigorita, D. 1906. Cuticula or lining Secreted by the epithelium of the mucosa. General. Calaenas. Bartlett, A. D. 1860a. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. & Brock, G. T. 1924. Chemical studies. Gallus. Hedenius, I. 1892. Color of cuticula. Grobbels, F. 1929. Effect of alcohol. Carlet, G. 1876. Histology. Capobianco, F. 1902. Alcedo, Ara, Chrysotis, Columba, Frin- gilla, & Loxia. Cattaneo, G. 1885. Regurgitation. Many species. Mc- Atee, W. L. 1917g. Buceros. Flower, W. H. 1869;Murie, J. 1874a. Columba. Tobias, L. 1869. Merula. Jackel, A. J. 1873. Numenius. Smith, H. H. 1913. Plotus. Bartlett, A. D. 1881. Ste- ganura paradisea. Freyberg, . 1879; Strix & Sturnus. Tobias, L. 1869. Sturnus, Surnia, & Turdus. Jackel, A. J. 1873. "Villi" or "hairs," described by Cazin, M. 1884 as hardened secretion filaments. Gunn, T. E. 1866b. Cuculus. Cams, C. G. 1823; Nitzsch, C. L. 1823; Richter, H. 1823. Lining of hairs said to arise from pigment. Cuculus. Heu- singer, K. F. 1823. Muscle tissue General. Viktoroff, K. R. 1904. Lack of thick muscular gizzard which other Gallinae have. Centrocercus uro- phasianus. Ridgway, R. 1874. Structure of muscle fibers. Chloris, Gallus, & Passer. Soli, U. 1906. PHYSIOLOGY General. Garrod, A. H. 1872d; Hel- vetius, J. C. 1721; *Roux, W. 1906; Struck, W. 1915. Anser & Gallus. *Kato, T. 1914; 'Mangold, E. 1906. Meleagris. Tre"beden, E. 1902. Effects of experimental diets. Anas. Weiss, G. 1901. Gallus. Houssay, F. 1901b, 1902c, d. . Feeding experiments had no effect on structure. *Brandes, G. 1896b. Functional adaptation. Anser & Falco. *Roux, W. 1906. Motlllty Effects of anoxemia and hyper capnia. Nolf, P. 1925a. Sympathetic nerve influence. Nolf, P. 1925b. STONES, GRIT, AND OTHER HARD OB- JECTS IN GIZZARD; OCCURRENCE AND FUNCTION General. Duverney, J. G. & Mery, J. 1733; Herr, O. 1922; Jaeckel, H. 1925; Menegaux, H. A. 1922b; Rey, J. G. 1907b; Sappey, M. P. 1894. Gallus. Kaupp, B. F. 1924a; Zaitschek, A. 1904. Lagopus. Kolderup, C. F. 1924. Pezophaps solitarius. Newton, A. 1878a. Black metallic powder. Struthio. Velsch, G. H. 1673b. Fate of grit. Gallus. Kaupp, B. F. & Ivey, J. E. 1923a. Feathers. Function. Colymbidae. Wood, N. 1836. Grit rejected when worn. Maclntyre, D. 1918b. Pin. Gallus. Regnart, N. 1705. INTESTINE Book. Text in English. Grew, N. 1681. Anastomus oscitans. Mitchell, P. C. 1915b. Ardea. Jacobaeus, O. 1675b. Carpophaga. Viallane, H. 1878a. Car- ppphaginae. Cadow, G. 1933. Cereop- sis novae-hollandiae. Yarrell, W. 1831a. Corythaix. Martin, W. C. 1836a. Euphones. Lund, P. W. 1829. Rhino- chaetus jubatus. Marshall, W. A. 1870. Struthio. He"rissant, F. D. 1759. ANATOMY General. Grimm, J. D. 1866. Anser. Kaiser, H. 1925. Buteo. Garnich, E. 1925. Columba. Kaiser, H. 1925. Gal- Alimentary Canal BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 32 lus. Grimm, J. D. 1866; Xriiger, A. 1923. Bacterial flora of intestine. Gallus. Joest, E. 1902. Effects of experimental feeding. Mag- nan, A. 1910a, 1911b. Ratio of length to food eaten and to species. Brants, M. A. 1881. Relative size of intestine in various genera. Custor, J. 1873. Coils, loops, or convolutions Some authors attach taxonomic value to these features. General. *Beddard, F. E. 1911; Ga- dow, H. F. 1889b. Many species. Hilton, W. A. 1902; Mitchell, P. C. 1896b, 1901c. Ardeidae &Balaeniceps rex. Mitchell, P. C. 191 3a. Certhidia & Cocornis. Snodgrass, R. E. 1903. Colius. Pycraft, W. P. 1907e. Euphonia. Clark, H. L. 1913a. Geospiza. Snodgrass, R. E. 1903. Limicolae. Mitchell, P. C. 1905. Notornis. Benham, W. B. 1899b. Opisthocomus cristatus. Mitchell, P. C. 1896a. Phaeton. Derscheid, J. M. 1925. Spheniscidae. Pycraft, W. P. 1907g. DEVELOPMENT Books. Text in German. Goette, A. W. 1867; Wolff, C. E. 1812. General. Includes birds. Macalister, A. 1877. Anas. *Hilton, W. A. 1902; Ludwig, E. 1919; Weber, A. 1902d. Archilochus, Bonasa, & Colinus. *Hilton, W. A. 1902. Gallus. Campana, A. 1874; Dareste, C. 1891c; *Kersten, A. 1912; Seessel, A. 1877; Wolff, C. F. 1768. Hind gut. Anas & Gallus. Keibel, F. 1921. Solid stage. Gallus. Minot, C. S. 1900b. Temporary occlusion. Gallus. Livini, F. 1910a. HISTOLOGY, INCLUDING HISTOGEN- ESIS AND HISTOPHYSIOLOGY General. *Cattaneo, G. 1884; *Clara, M. 1926. Excellent figures. "Greschik, J. 1912. Anser. Kaiser, H. 1925. Buteo. Gar- nich, E. 1925. Columba. *Cloetta, N. 1893; Kaiser, H. 1925. Corvus. Gres- chik, J. 1914b. Euphonia. Lund, P. W. 1829. Gallus. Grimm, J. D. 1866 ; Kriiger, A. 1923. Includes Gallus. Corti, A. 1912. Lyrurus tetrix. Schu- macher, S. 1925a. Lymph nodules General. Anser. *Basslinger, J. 1854. Peyer's patches General. *Basslinger, J. 1854, 1858a. Development. Anas, Anser, &Gallus. Retterer, E. & Lelievre, A. 1910c. Mucosa General. Many species. *Clara, M. 1926; *Miiller, S. 1922. Anser. Klug, F. 1892a. Anser, Columba, Corvus, & Gallus. Klug, F. 1892b. Epithelium. Cytology. Greschik, J. 1923. Birds incidental. Golgi, C. 1909. Ciliated epithelium. Transitory in em- bryos. Eberth, C. J. 1860b, 1862. Glands. *Clara, M. 1926. Includes Columba &Falco. Garel, J. 1879. Lago- pus. Schumacher, S. 1921. Absorption General. Columba. Arcangeli,A. 1907. Appearance of intestinal epithelium. Gallus. Mingazzini, P. 1901. vim General. Bujard, E. 1906, 1909. Occurrence of villi in large intestine. Cygnus. Davy, J. 1849. Development. Anas, Archilochus, Bonasa, & Colinus. "Hilton, W. A. 1902. Gallus. Torikata, Y. & Shindo, T. 1923. Epithelium. Changes during absorp- tion and digestion. Gallus. Luca, U. 1904; Mingazzini, P. 1901. Passer. Biscossi, A. 1908. Histology. Anas, Archilochus, Bonasa, & Colinus. Hilton, W. A. 1902. Gallus. Kriiger, A. 1923. Lagopus. Schu- macher, S. 1921. Variation in length and in area of mucosa surface. Crampe, H. 1872. Ceca (Caeca) General. Calleja, C. 1902. Many species. Meckel, J. F. 1809; Wagner, R. 1837. Include birds. Burgi, O. 33 SUBJECT INDEX Alimentary Canal 1905; Crofts, D. R. 1925; Muthmann, E. 1913. Alauda. Barren, C. 1867. Anhinga. Wetmore, A. 1920d. Anser. Peyer, J. C. 1683. Ardea. Jacobaeus, O. 1675b. Ca- suarius. Maumus, J. J. 1900. Chryso- coccyx. Barren, C. 1867. Columbae. Garrod, A. H. 1874d. Gallus. Browne, T. G. 1922. Melanitta. Miller, W. D. 1926. Oidemia. Miller, W. D. 1926. Otis tarda. Kostanecki, K. 1930. Penelope. Yarrell, W. 1833c. Scolopa- cinae. Alpheraky, S. N. 1907. Trogoni- dae. Miller, W. D. 1918. Development. Anas. Lelievre, A. & Retterer, E. 1910b. Columba. Sey- fert, F. R. 1897. Callus. *Kersten, A. 1912; Looper, J. B. & Looper, M. H. 1929. Includes Gallus. Forssner, H. 1907, Passer. Seyfert, F. R. 1897. Location of ceca. Magnan, A. 191 Ih. Otis. Kostanecki, K. 1930. Taxonomic value. Mitchell, P. C. 1901c. Third cecum. Anas & Gallus. Mau- mus, J. 1902b. HISTOLOGY General. Many species. *Maumus, J. 1902a. Includes birds. *Kosta- necki, K. 1926. Anas. Lelievre, A. & Retterer, E. 1910b. Columba. Calleja, C. 1902; Seyfert, F. R. 1897. Colymbus. Corti, A. 1906. Callus. Looper, J. B. & Looper, M. H. 1929. Lyrurus tetrix. Schumacher, S. 1925a. Passer. Seyfert, F. R. 1897. Tetraonidae. *Schu- macher, S. 1922. Ciliated epithelium in embryos, transitory. Anas, Gallus, & Strigidae. Eberth, C. J. 1860a. Lymph nodes. Anas, Anser, Gallus, & Meleagris. Eberth, C. J. 1861. PHYSIOLOGY Ablation of ceca. Anas & Gallus. Maumus, J. 1901. Experimental diet. Anatidae. Mag- nan, A. 1913e. Function. Includes birds. *Kos- tanecki, K. 1926. Gallus. Morgero, A. 1915. Secretory function. Lagopus, Tetrao, & Tetrastes. *Schumacher, S. 1922. Abllgation or ligaturing General. Maumus, J. 1902c. Utilization of food in cases of abli- gated ceca. Meleagris. Hunter, J. E., Durant, A. J. & Hogan, A. G. 1930. Diverticulum ilei (Meckel's diver- ticulum) present in some birds General. Lonnberg, A. J. & Jager- skiold, L. 1890; Macartney, J. 1811. Involution. Anas. Lelievre, A. & Retterer, E. 1910b. Taxonomic value. Mitchell, P. C. 1901c. Transformation into lymphoid tissue. Mitchell, P. C. 1904. Hind gut General. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, E. 1822e, 1823d. Fluctuations of intrarectal pressure. Gallus. Shiraki, T. 1925. Histology. Many fine figures. Many species. *Greschik, J. 1912. ANATOMY This section includes only publications which deal with the general anatomy and morphology of birds. References to the structure and morphology of individual organs and systems occur under these topics. See also under Paleontology. Textbooks of comparative anatomy, handbooks, manuals, etc. which include descriptions of bird anatomy. See also under Paleontology and Zoology. Text in Danish. Heilmann, G. 1914- 15, 1916a; Schi01er, E. L. 1925-31. Text in English. Allen, H. 1869; Aristotle, . 1910; Atkinson, J. 1820; Audubon, J. J. 1831-39; Beddard, F. E. 1898b; Beebe, C. W. 1906a; Blumen- bach, J. F. 1827; Bourne, G. C. 1902; Bradley, O. C. 1915; Bradley, S. M. 1875; Carus, C. G. 1827; Chauveau, A. & Arloing, S. 1893; Collins, S. 1865; Coues, E. B. 1890, 1903; Evans, A. H. 1909; Evers, P. 1839; Gegenbaur, C. 1878; Grant, R. E. 1841; Harwood, B. K. 1796; Headley, F. W. 1895b; Heilmann, G. 1926; Home, E. 1814-28; Anatomy BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 34 Hudson, W. H. 1895; Hunter, J. 1861; Huxley, T. H. 1864, 1871, 1872; Kaupp, B. F. 1922; Kidd, J. 1824; Kingsley, J. S. 1917; Knowlton, F. H. 1909; MacGillivray, M. 1837-52; Monro, A. 1791; Owen, R. 1835-36, 1866-68; Parker, T. J. 1884; Pycraft, W. P. 1910a; Rees, A. and others 1819; Rolleston, G. 1870; Thomson, J. A. 1923a; Todd, R. B. 1835-59; Ward, M. A. 1874; Wilson, E. A. 1911b; Wilson, S. B. & Evans, A. H. 1890-99; Anon. 1782. Text in French. Berthelot, S. 1875- 76; Bory de Saint-Vincent, J. B. 1822- 31; Boubier, M. 1926b; Cams, C. G. 1835; Cuvier, G. L. 1805, 1817; Daudin, F. M. 1800; Hollard, H. 1837; Jammes, L. 1904; Malherbe, A. 1859-62; Milne- Edwards, A. & Grandidier, A. 1879-81; Milne-Edwards, H. 1857-81; Paris, P. 1921; Perrault, C. 1672; Roule, L. 1892-98; Serres, A. E. 1860a; Straus- Durckheim, H. 1843; Vialleton, L. 1911; Vicq d'Azyr, F. 1805. Text in German. Aristotle,. 1868; Bergmann, H. & Leukart, R. 1855; Blumenbach, J. F. 1815; Butschli, O. 1910; Burmeister, C. H. 1856b; Carus, C. G. 1818, 1834; Carus, C. G., Otto, A. W. & Alton, J. S. 1826-55; Ellen- berger, W. & Baum, H. 1926; Engel- mann, F. 1928; Floericke, C. E. ^OS- IS; *Gadow, H. F. 1891d; Gegenbaur, C. 1864-72, 1870, 1874; *Grobbels, F. 1932-37; Gruber, W. 1879; Gurlt, W. 1879; Hennicke, C. R. & Wedekind, R. 1915; Hilzheimer, M. & Haempel, O. 1913; Kaup, J. J. 1835-37; Kolb, C. 1854; Kuhl, H. 1820; Marshall, W. A. 1895; Meckel, J.F. 1821-28; Merrem, B. 1788; Naumann, J. F. 1905; Nuhn, A. 1875; Oken, L. & Kieser, D. G. 1807; Rathke, M. H. 1862; Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1910; Schmidt, E. O. 1854, 1865, 1882; Schmidt, M. 1870-72; Schneider, J. G. 1784; Schultze, C. A. 1828; Stannius, F. H. 1846; *Stresemann, E. 1927-34; *Tiedemann, F. 1810-14; Wagner, R. 1834-35. Include birds. Siebold, K. T. & Stannius, F. H. 1846; Wiedersheim, R. E. 1883, 1898, 1907. Good pictures of brain, eye, ear, mouth, heart, & sympathetic nervous system. Columba. *Vogt, C. C. & Yung, E. 1888-94. Text in Latin. Casserius, J. 1601; Illiger, J. K. 1811; Malpighi, M. 1697; Valentini, M. B. 1720; Willughby, F. 1676. Callus. Langly, W. 1674a. Curious illustrations. Blasius, G. 1681. Text in Slavic. Lindeman, K. E. 1899. Text in Swedish. Kolthoff, G. I. & Jagerskiold, L. 1898; Ringius, G. E. 1874. General. Albers, J. A. 1900c; Amans, P. C. 1906, 1911c; Beebe, C. W. 1905a; Bergmann, C. G. 1850; Bloch, M. E. 1779; Brendel, F. 1859; Burton, E. 1822; Eyton, T. C. 1841a, b; Forbes, W. A. 1880a, 1881d; Fiirbringer, M. 1892a; Garnot, P. 1829; Haskins, C. H. 1921; Hoffmann, J. M. 1722d; Hooke, R. 1679; Huxley, T. H. 1867; Jeffries, J. A. 1883f; Lavocat, A. 1899; Magen- die, F. 1822; Muralto, J. 1684; Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1862a; Parker, W. K. 1887; Pycraft, W. P. 1900b; Rothschild, L. W. 1901; Schuberth, L. 1841; Shufeldt, R. W. 1883c, 1891e; Vandelli, D. 1765; Verrall, . 1869; Vicq d'Azyr, F. 1776-78, 1787; Wagner, P. 1898a; Wiedersheim, R. E. 1884. Many species. Lucas, F. A. 1895c; Wolf, J. 1799. Includes birds. Clarke, J. 1701. ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE FOLLOWING GROUPS AND SPECIES OF BIRDS Anseriformes Anatidae. Cornevin, C. E. & Lesbre, F. X. 1894; Crisp, E. 1861. Book. Text in English. Eyton, T. C. 1838. Anas. *Gurlt, E. F. 1847-1848; Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1862a. Hybrid of Anas moschata X A. boschas. Yarrell, W. 1832b. Anser. Fuld, L. 1816; Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1862a. Anseranas semipalmata. Miller, W. D. 1919b. Biziura. Forbes, W. A. 1882i. Cereopsis. Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1862a. Clangula. Valen- tini, M. B. 1722. Cygnus. Bartholinus, T. 1668, 1742; Bewerlinus, J. J. [1650]; Duverney, J. G. 1733b; Major, J. D. 1666; Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1862a; Wedel, G. W. 1671; Yarrell, W. 1830. Fuligula. Cabot, S. 1846b. Anhimidae. Chauna chavaria. Crisp, E. 1864b; Mitchell, P. C. 1895a. Palamedea. Beddard, F. E. & Mitchell, P. C. 1894; L'Herminier, F. J. 1837. 35 SUBJECT INDEX Anatomy Apterygiformes Apterygidae. Apteryx. Beddard, F. E. 1899a; *0wen, R. 1838, 1841, 1849, 1879; 'Parker, T. J.1890,1892a,b. Caprimulgiformes Caprimulgidae. Beddard, F. E. 1886d; Sclater, P. L. 1866a, b. Steatornithidae. Steatornis caripen- sis. Humboldt, F. H. 1817, 1841; Miiller, J. P. 1842a. Casuariiformes Casuariidae. Casuarius. Duverney, J. G. 1733b; *Meckel, J. F. 1830; Mer- rem, B. 1819; Perrault, C. 1733a, g. Book. Text in Latin. Valentini, M. B. 1720. Casuarius emeu. Martin, W. C. 1834. Casuarius galeatus. Knox, R. 1824c. Dromiceidae. Casuarius [Dromiceius]. Knox, R. 1824c, 1832; Wedemeyer, G. 1824. Dromaeus [Dromiceius]. Du- champ, G. 1853; Harrison, R. 1847. Book. Text in German. Mayer, A. F. 1839. Charadriiformes Alcidae. Brachyrhamphus & Synth- liborhamphus. Shufeldt, R. W. 1887a. Charadrii. MitcheU, P. C. 1905. Chionidae. Chionis. Blainville, H. M. 1836. Laridae. Larus. Valentin, C. B. 1719a. Rynchopidae. Rynchops. Beddard, F. E. 1896a. Scolopacidae. Aechmorhynchus can- cettatus. Lowe, P. R. 1927. Rhyn- chaea. Beddard, F. E. 1901b. Tringa. MarshaU, W. A. 1870. Ciconiiformes Ardeidae. Ardea. Blasius, G. 1674; Muralto, J. 1687; Valentini, M. B. 1727. Book. Text in Swedish. Ringius, G. E. 1874. Balaenicipitidae. Balaeniceps rex. Beddard, F. E. 1888b; MitcheU, P. C. 1913a. Ciconiidae. Anastomus. Beddard, F. E. 1901e. Ciconia. Jacobaeus, O. 1677-79; Limprecht, J. A. 1717; Per- rault, C. 1734f; Schelhammer, G. C. 1688. Books. Text in Latin. Valen- tini, M. B. 1720. Text in Swedish. Ringius, G. E. 1874. Dissoura. Bed- dard, F. E. 1896b. Phoenicopteridae. Phoenicopterus. Owen, R. 1832b; Perrault, C. 1734e. Scopidae. Scopus. Beddard, F. E. 1884. Threskiornithidae. Guara alba. Per- rault, C. 1734f. Platalea. Perrault, C. 1734d. Coliiformes Coliidae. Colius. Garrod, A. H. 1876b. Columbiformes Columbidae. Columba. Borrichius, 0. 1671a; Deiters, 0. 1856; Harris, E. D. 1868. Books. Text in English. Parker, T. J. 1884; Parker, T. J. & Haswell, W. A. 1897; Rolleston, G. 1870. Text in German. *Vogt, C. C. & Yung, E. 1888-94. Text in Latin. Valentini, M. B. 1720. Ectopistes migratorius. Shufeldt, R. W. 1915a. Turtur. Hart- mann, P. J. 1689g. Raphidae. Didus. Blainville, H. M. 1835. Colymbiformes Colymbidae. Aechmophorus major. Beddard, F. E. 1896d. Coraciiformes Alcedinidae. Mitchell, P. C. 1901b. Alcedo hispida, Ceryle stellata & Dacelo gigas. Cunningham, R. 0. 1870. Bucerotidae. Beddard, F. E. 1889b. Buceros cavatus. Owen, R. 1833. Bucor- vus. Garrod, A. H. 1876f. Coraciidae. Wetmpre, A. 1919d. Coracias garrulus. Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1857b. Leptosoma dis- color. Forbes, W. A. 1880c. Todidae. Forbes, W. A. 18821. Todus. Clark, H. L. 1913b. Upupidae. Upupa epops. Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1857d. Cuculiformes Cuculidae. Beddard, F. E. 1885d. Carpococcyx radiatus. Beddard, F. E. 1901c. Cuculus canorus. Oppel, F. M. 1858. Geococcyx. Marshall, M.E. 1907; Shufeldt, R. W. 1886b. Scythrops. Beddard, F. E. 1898a. Anatomy BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 36 Musophagidae. Corythaix [Turacua]. Blainville, H. M. 1826. Martin, W. C. 1836a. Corythaix [Turacus] porphyreo- lopha. Owen, R. 1834b. Falconiformes General. Yarrell, W. 1828b. Accipitridae. Small hawk. Monro, A. (Pr.) 1781. Aquila. Borrichius, O. 1671b; M6ry, J. 1732; Muralto, J. 1683a; Perrault, C. 1733e; Anon. 1733b. Books. Text in Latin. Aldro- vandus, U. 1610-13; Valentini, M. B. 1720. Gypaetus. Perrault, C. 1734a. Gypaetus barbatus. Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1866c. Haliaeetus. Text in German. Merrem, B. 1781. Vultur. Duverney, J. G. 1733d. Vultur fulvus. Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1863. Cathartidae. Cathartes. Giebel, C. G. 1857a. Falconidae. Falco. Giebel, C. G. 1857a. Falco lymnaetus & Falco niveus. Bernstein, H. A. 1859b. Gallifortnes Megapodiidae. Oustalet, J. F. 1880a. Meleagrididae. Meleagris. Perrault, C. 1733f; Anon. 1733b. Books. Text in French. Perrault, C. 1671, 1672. Numididae. Numida. Perrault, C. P. 1733b; Anon. 1733b. Text in Latin. Valentini, M. B. 1720. Opisthocomidae. Opisthocomus cris- tatus. Garrod, A. H. 1879a; L'Her- minier, F. J. 1837; Shufeldt, R. W. 1918ft. Phasianidae. Gallus. *Gurlt, E. F. 1847-48; Souba, A. J. 1923. Books. Text in English. Kaupp, B. F. 1922; Monro, A. (Pr.) 1781. Text in Latin. Aldrovandus, U. 1610-13; Fuld, L. 1816; Harvey, W. 1651; Langly, W. 1674a; Valentini, M. B. 1720. Tetraonidae. Book. Text" in Latin. Valentini, M. B. 1720. Lagopus. Ray, J. 1706. Lagopus scoticus. Book. Text in English. Wilson, E. A. 191 la, b. Tetrao. Cavanna, G. 1879; Wurm, W. 1899a. Hybrid Tetrao. Yarrell, W. 1830-31. Urogallus. Hoffmann, J. M. 1722c. Gruiformes General. Hartmann, P. J. 1689e; Mitchell, P. C. 1902. Aramidae. Shufeldt, R. W. 1916c. Aramus giganteus. Mitchell, P. C. 1915a. Aramus scolopaceus. Eyton, T. C. 1846. Cariamidae. Chunga. Beddard, F. E. 1889c. Dicholophidae. Dicholophus [Cari- ama] cristatus. Burmeister, C. H. 1853; Martin, W. C. 1836b. Gruidae. Anthropoides virgo. Per- rault, C. P. 1733c. Balearica pavonina. Perrault, C. P. 1734b. Grus. Maynard, C. J. 1889b. Book. Text in Swedish. Ringius, G. E. 1874. Heliornithidae. Heliornis surina- mensis. Beddard, F. E. 1893. Podica. Beddard, F. E. 1890c. Podoa suri- namensis. Giebel, C. G. 1861b. Mesoenatidae. Mesites. Lowe, P. R. 1924; Milne-Edwards, A. 1878a. Meso- enas. Lowe, P. R. 1924. Otidae. Otis. Perrault, C. 1733d; Anon. 1733b. Otis tarda. Yarrell, W. 1855. Psophiidae. Psophia. Beddard, F. E. 1890e. Rallidae. Fulica. Hoffmann, J. M. 1722a. Book. Text in Swedish. Ringius, G. E. 1874. Porphyrio. Per- rault, C. 1734g. Rhynochetidae. Rhinochetus juba- tus. Burckhardt, K. R. 1900; Marshall, W. A. 1870. Rhinochetus kagu. Mitch- ell, P. C. 1915a. Turnicidae. Hemipodius. L'Her- minier, F. J. 1837. M icropodif ormes Micropodidae. Sclater, P. L. 1865b; Shufeldt, R. W. 1892b, 1893a. Aero- nautes. Marshall, M. E. 1907. Cyp- selus. Bernstein, H. A. 1856. Cyp- selus apus. Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1857c. Trochilidae. Shufeldt, R. W. 1892b, 1893a; Traill, T. S. 1840. Trochilus colubris. Crisp, E. 1862b; Wilson, J. 1824. Passeriformes General. Blyth, E. 1838b; Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1862b. Acanthisittidae. Acanthidositta chloris. Pycraft, W. P. 1905f. Acan- thisitta. Forbes, W. A. 1882d. 37 SUBJECT INDEX Anatomy Bombycillidae. Ampelis [Bombycilla] garrulus. Schaanning, H. T. 1917. Campephagidae. Coracina scutata. Burmeister, C. H. 1856a. Cinclidae. Cinclus. Crisp, E. 1865. Coerebidae. Lucas, F. A. 1895c. Corvidae. Corvus cornix. Jung, R. A. 1858. Gracula. Cabot, S. 1851. Eurylaimidae. Pseudocalyptomena. Lowe, P. R. 1931. Fringillidae. Loxia coccothraustes. Szeliga-Mierzeyewski. W. 1927. Sica- lis. Clark, H. L. 1914. Hirundinidae. Shufeldt, R. W. 1898a. Hirundo rustica. Hellmann, A. 1856. Oxyruncidae. Oxyruncus. Clark, H. L. 1913b. Philepittidae. Philepitta. Forbes, W. A. 1880a. Pipridae. Pipra. L'Herminier, F. J. 1837. Sturnidae. Heleralocha. Garrod, A. H. 1872c. Thraupidae. Rhodinocichla. Clark, H. L. 1913c. Spindalis. Clark, H. L. 1913b. Timeliidae. Trochalopteron. Clark, H. L. 1914. Pelecaniformes Anhingidae. Plotus [Anhinga] levail- lanti. Garrod, A. H. 1878b. Plotus [Anhinga] melanogaster. Beddard, F. E. 1892b. Forbes, W. A. 1882k. Pelecanidae. Pelecanus. Perrault, C. 1734c; Stetter, F. W. 1865. Pele- canus rufescens. Martin, W. C. 1835b; Owen, R. 1835. Phaethontidae. Phaethon. Beddard, F. E. 1897b. Phalacrocoracidae. Phalacrocorax. Perrault, C. 1733h, i; Shufeldt, R. W. 1914a. Sulidae. Sula. Maynard, C. J. 1889c. Piciformes General. Blyth, E. 1838b. Bucconidae. Forbes, W. A. 1882b. Capitonidae. Forbes, W. A. 1882g. Galbulidae. Forbes, W. A. 1882b. Indicatoridae. Indicator. Sclater, P. L. 1870. Indicator xanthonotus. Stoliczka, F. 1873. Picidae. Melanerpes torquatus. Shu- feldt, R. W. 1888b. Picus. Berthold, A. A. 1824; Hoffmann, J. M. 1722b; Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1866b; Valentin, C. B. 1719b. Rhamphastidae. Forbes, W. A. 1882g. Rhamphastos. Owen, R. 1832a, 1834a. Procellariiformes General. Forbes, W. A. 1882a, n. Psittaciformes Psittacidae. Beddard, F. E. & Parsons, F. G. 1893; Duverney, J. G. 1733b; Garrod, A. H. 1876a; Giebel, C. G. 1862; Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1862c; Thuet, M. J. 1838; Waller, R. 1694. Book. Text in German. Finsch, 0. 1867-68. Geopsittacus occi- dentalis. Murie, J. 1868b. Nasiterna. Camerano, L. 1878. Psittacus. Jacob- aeus, O. 1675a. Rheiformes Rheidae. Rhea. Martin, W. 1834. Book. Text in German. Mayer, A. F. 1839. Sphenisciformes General. Sclater, P. L. 1887. Spheniscidae. Aptenodytes. *Watspn, M. 1883. Aptenodytes patachonica. Reid, J. 1835. Aptenodytes patagonica. Jullien, J. 1882. Pygoscelis. Waters- ton, D. & Geddes, A. C. 1909; * Watson, M. 1883. Spheniscus. *Watson, M. 1883. Strigiformes General. Hoffmann, J. M. 1722d. Strigidae. Muralto, I. 1683c, d. Book. Text in Latin. Valentini, M. B. 1720. Bubo. Marshall, M. E. 1907. Photodilus. Beddard, F. E. 1890d. Scotopelia peli. Murie, J. 1872g. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea. Shu- feldt, R. W. 1889b. Stru th ion if or me s Struthionidae. Struthio. Bonsdorff, E. J. 1853; Browne, E. 1682, 1779; Duerden, J. E. 1912a; Duverney, J. G. & Mry, J. 1733; Garrod, A. H. 1872d; Garrod, A. H. & Darwin, F. 1872; Anatomy BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 38 Hildebrandt, G. F. 1805; Lowe, P. R. 1928; Macalister, A. 1867; Perrault, C. 1733a; Ranby, J. 1730-31; Rapp, W. L. 1847a; Sloane, H. 1724; Warren, G. 1728; Willich, J. 1647; Anon. 1733b. Books. Text in German. Mayer, A. F. 1839. Text in Latin. Valentini, M. B. 1720. Trogoniformes Trogonidae. Clark, H. L. 1918a. EXTERNAL TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY Many of the publications listed under General and Taxonomic Anatomy in- clude descriptions of external topo- graphic anatomy. Book. Text in English. Diagram of regions. Chapman, F. M. 1912b. General. Pycraft, W. P. 1903e. Galltts, *Latimer, B. & Osborn, J. A. 1923. Irrisor. Strickland, H. E. 1843. Rhinochetus. Bennett, G. 1861. Upupa. Strickland, H. E. 1843. Body form. Developmental mechan- ics. Includes Gallus. Book. Text in German. His, W. 1874. Nomenclature of topographic anat- omy in English, German, Italian and Latin. Reichenow, A. 1906. HISTOLOGY (MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY) Histologic structure is usually con- sidered in the sections for various organs and systems. Books. Text in English. Bradley, 0. C. 1915. Text in Esthonian. Poliakov, P. A. 1908. Text in French. Mandl, L. 1838. Text in German. Gadow, H. F. 1891d; Gurwitsch, A. 1913; *Krause, R. 1922; Mollendorff, W. 1927-30; Schneider, K. C. 1902; Stresemann, E. 1927-34. Many species. *Oppel, A. 1896-97. General. Anser & Columba. Leydig, F. 1854a. Loxia. Szeliga-Mierzeyew- ski, W. 1927; Leydig, F. 1854a. Passer & Tetrao. Leydig, F. 1854a. Intercellular bridges in epithelium. Birds incidental. Luna, E. 1911. Pavement epithelium lining. Serous cavities and air sacs. Includes birds. Tourneux, F. & Herman, G. 1876. INTERNAL ANATOMY General. Butler, G. W. 1889. Celom function. Provides means for control of pressure connected with heart and air sac contractions. Jones, F. W. 1913. Viscera, Anatomy of General. Grew, N. 1757. Alcidae. Shufeldt, R. W. 1887f. Carduelis. Hartmann, P. J. 1689a. Columba. Flourens, M. J. 1843a. Corythaix buf- foni. Martin, W. C. 1836a. Gallus. Flourens, M. J. 1843a. Good pictures. Bittner, H. 1925a. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1912c. Peritoneum. Includes birds. Ander- son, R. J. 1883. Peritoneal folds. Robert, H. L. 1837. Topographic with cross section fig- ures. Includes Gallus. Fleischmann, A. 1924. TAXONOMIC ANATOMY Articles discussing bird anatomy pri- marily from a taxonomic standpoint. Many publications with such a bearing will also be found listed under various organs or regions of the body. Books. Text in English. Yarrell, W. 1837-43. Text in Finnish. Maklin, F. W. 1867. General. Brandt, J. F. 1840a, c; Forbes, W. A. 1881g; Fiirbringer, M. 1883-84, 1884; Gadow, H. F. 1882c, 1891b, 1892; Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. 1825; Herman, O. 1902a; MacLeay, W. S. 1829; Otto, H. 1903; Parker, W. K. 1863. Many species. Reichenow, A. 1877b. Anseriformes Anhimidae. Palamedia chavaria. Parker, W. K. 1863. Caprimulgiformes Steatornithidae. Steatornis. L'Her- minier, F. J. 1849. Steatornis cari- pensis. Miiller, J. 1841. Casu ariif ormes Casuariidae. Casuarius. Jouan, H. 1863. 39 SUBJECT INDEX Anatomy Charadriiformes Structural diversity correlated with color pattern differences. Lowe. P. R. 1933b. Ciconiiformes Phoenicopteridae. Phoenicopterus. Gadow, H. F. 1877a; Weldon, W. F. 1883. Coraciiformes Leptosomatidae. Leptosoma discolor. Sclater, P. L. 1865c. Cuculiformes Cuculidae. Crotophaga. L'Herminier, F. J. 1849. Galliformes Opisthocomidae. Opisthocomus. Gar- rod, A. H. 1879a. Pedionomidae. Pedionormis. Gadow. H. F. 1891b. Gruiformes Aramidae. Aramus. Garrod, A. H. 1876d; L'Herminier, F. J. 1849. Eurypygidae. Helias. L'Herminier, F. J. 1849. Micropodiformes , Micropodidae. Microptis. Garrod, A. H. 1877e. Passeriformes General. Blyth, E. 1838b; Forbes, W. A. 1880a; Garrod, A. H. 1877d, 1878d; Wallace, A. R. 1874. Conopophagidae. Conopophaga. Forbes, W. A. 1881a. Cotingidae. Rupicola, L'Herminier, P. J. 1849. Hirundinidae. Hirundo. Garrod, A. H. 1877e. Paridae. Forbes, W. A. 1881e; Madarasz, G. 1881. Timeliidae. Eupetes. Forbes, W. A. 1881d. Orthonyx. Forbes, W. A. 1882d. Piciformes General. Blyth, E. 1838b. Procellariiformes Hydrobatidae. Thalassidroma. Forbes, W. A. 1881h. Psittaciformes Psittacidae. Geopsittacus occidentalis. Murie, J. 1868b. Nasiterna. Forbes, W. A. 1880d. Rheiformes Rheidae. Rhea. Gadow, H. F. 1885. APPARATUS See also under Methods, Poultry cul- ture and Technique. Bands. Different types of bands for tagging birds. Tratz, E. P. 1914c. Brooder for nutrition experiments. Gallus. Carrick, C. W. 1926. Cranioscope. Walser, . 1848. Electric apparatus for recording body temperature and visits of parents to nests. Baldwin, S. P. & Kendeigh, S. C. 1927; Kendeigh, S. C. & Baldwin, S. P. 1930. Glass container for study of embryo. Saint-Loup, R. 1891. Injection apparatus. For early chick embryos. Earle, W. R. 1924. Mercury manometer used in study of blood circulation and respiration. Barry, M. 1827. Recording bird songs. Brand, A. R. 1932; Hegemann, F. 1895. Sexograph. For indicating sex of eggs. Gallus. Lienhart, R. 1921. Traps. Sunkel, W. 1927. For Passer. Dearborn, N. 1910. Ultramicroscope. Includes Gaily*. Stuebel, H. 1914. BLINDS Book. Text in English. Abbot, C. G. 1911; Chapman, F. M. 1912b. General. Gabrielson, I. N. 1914b, 1915b, 1922; Lodge, R. B. 1901; New- some, J. E. 1926; Sawyer, E. J. 1909; Strong, R. M. 1914, 1917a. Long Island shore birds. Nichols, J. T. & Harper, F. 1916. Shooting crows. Hellmann, A. 1855. Study of eagle's nest. Haliaeetus leucocephalus. Herrick, F. H. 1924a. Apparatus BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 40 INCUBATORS General. Krantz, J. H. 1874a, b; McCue, J. J. 1898, 1900. Electric thermostat for incubator. Landois, H. 1881a. Experimental embryology. Roman- off, A. L. 1929d. MEASURING Acceleration of flight. Huguenard, E. & Magnan, A. 1927. Eggs. Fatio, V. 1865. Force used by bird in flying. Cag- niard-Latour, . 1837a, b. Sternum. Balducci, E. 1910. MODELS Demonstrating mechanics of flight. Brearey, F. W. 1878. Early embryology. Hammer, J. A. 1893. Red blood corpuscles. Includes Fringilla. Welcker, H. 1872. PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS Book. Text in English. Chapman, F. M. 1900a. General. Bent, A. C. 1909; Gross, A. O. 1933. Electric control of shutter from blind. Bailey, G. A. 1914; Lodge, R. B. 1901. Telephoto lenses in cinematography. McClintock, N. 1917. STUDY OF Heredity. Gallus. Pearl, R. & Surface, F. M. 1909a. Mechanics of flight. Liais, E. 1861. TELESCOPE General. Hausman, L. A. 1929. Altitude determination of migrating birds. Stebbins, J. 1906. Velocity determination of migrating birds. Stebbins, J. & Fath, E. A. 1906. AVICULTURE See also under Conservation and Poul- try culture. For diseases of birds, see Pathology. Books on aviculture Text In English Birchley, S. W. 1909; Buist, K. A. 1874; Gamgee, J. 1863-64; Gedney, C. W. 1879; Heresbach, C. 1614; Kidd, W. 1855, 1856a, c; Nolan, J. J. 1850; Ward, T. 1728? Falcones. Harting, J. E. 1898. Fringillidae. Butler, A. G. 1894, 1899. Propagation of game birds including waterfowl. Job, H. K. 1915b, 1923. Song birds. Kidd, W. 1856c; Syme, P. 1823. Swimming birds. Hubbard, R. 1907. Waders. Huntington, D. W. 1910. Text in French Cari6, P. 1916; Delacour, J. T. 1925; Gobin, A. 1891; Joubert, C. 1857; Megnin, J. P. 1893. Classification of domestic birds. Cornevin, C. E. 1895. Hygiene. Me"gnin, J. P. 1893. Text In German Adametz, L. 1926; Bartsch, O. 1925; Blancke, B. 1904; Brehm, A. E. 1870- 76; Brehm, C. L. 1820-22; Brocker, H. 1904; Dackweiler, W. 1883; Griinhaldt, 0. 1885; Herzog, F. 1891; Hohnau, A. L. 1838; Kisch, O. M. 1904; Lobe, W. 1903; Neunzig, R. 1927c; Russ, K. F. 1921- 27; Schuster, M. J. 1890; Schwarzlose, M. 1894; Siedler, T. 1896; Anon. 1896e. Breeding. Griinhaldt, 0. 1885. Classification of birds according to their songs. Voigt, A. 1905. Exotic birds. Russ, K. F. 1871. Speaking birds. Russ, K. F. 1889. Publications in periodicals Butler, A. G. 1902a, 1906a; Dicker, H. 1901; Legendre, M. 1922; Lovell-Keays, L. 1915a; Mylan, J. G. 1905; Neu, J. 1880c; Read, M. C. 1878; Ziembicki, W. 1927. Birds of prey. Meade-Waldo, E. G. & Bonhote, J. L. 1910. Hybrids. Carduelis X Serinus. Hiinefelt, L. 1864. Cinclus. Butler, A. G. 1905b. Talk- ing birds. Page, C. N. 1906. Upland game birds. Job, H. K. 1915a. Wild water-fowl. Job, H. K. 1915c; McAtee, W. L. 1929d. 41 SUBJECT INDEX Aviculture Ampelis [Bombycilla] cedrorum. McAtee, W. L. 1910b. Anatidae. Larsen, C. S. 1916. Anser & Bernicla. Brown, A. E. & Caton, J. D. 1880. Anseriformes. Commarmond, A. 1855. Casuarius. Sheak, W. H. 1923. Cheli- don urbica. Butler, A. G. 1891. Chen- opsis. Gunther, R. T. 1917a. Cinclus. Weber, S. A. 1913. Circus hudsonius. Shelley, L. O. 1935. Coccothraiistes vespertina. Shufeldt, R. W. 1890c. Colaptes. Brewster, W. 1893. Columba. Curry, A. V. 1891a. Columbidae. Moore, J. 1735. Dendragapus. Bishop, W. L. 1912. Dromiceius. Bell, R. 1898; Milne-Edwards, A. 1896a; Sheak, W. H. 1923. Francolinus clappertoni. Koehler, M. A. 1882. Fringillidae. Butler, A. G. 1894, 1897b. Grus montignesia. Bartlett, A. D. 1861. Hesperiphona. Fleming, J. H. '1903. Hirundinidae. Reyen, L. 1906. Melop- sittacus. Russ, K. F. 1905. Mergus ser- rator. Strong, R. M. 1912e. Oenanthe. Arnault, C. 1926. Otis. Horsbrugh, C. B. 1906b. Pelecanidae. Delacour, J. T. 1927b. Pinicola. Knight, O. W. 1896. Procellaria. Ticehurst, C. B. 1912b. Rhea. Sheak, W. H. 1923. Serinus. Bibrack, H. 1922. Sialia. Butler, A. G. 1907a. Sitta (young). Daley, F. K. 1926. Sphyrapicus. Bolles, F. 1892b. Sporadinus. Ezra, A. 1915. Strix. Bolles, F. 1890, 1912. Struthio. Nolte, C. W. 1895. Sylvia borin. Anzinger, F. 1893a. Syrrhaptes paradoxits. Blaauw, F. E. 1890b. Talegalltis. Bartlett, A. D. 1860b. Tragopan. St. Quintin, W. H. 1903. Trochilidae. Ezra, A. 1915; Pam, A. & Pam, H. 1907. Turdus musicus. Weber, S. A. 1913. Tympanistria. Butler, A. G. 1906g. Tyto alba pratin- cola. Stoner, E. A. 1922a. Zenaidura graysoni. Gifford, E. W. 1927. Acclimatization of Lophortyx cali- fornica in France. Fiedler, H. 1866. Age of birds in confinement. Bon- hote, J. L. 1910; Gunther, A. C. 1910. Artificial brooding. Cantelo, W. J. 1874. Catching birds. Braun, F. 1907b. Effects of long captivity. Braun, F. 1917a. Exportation of wild birds from Rus- sia. Szielasko, A. E. 1896. Preparation of live birds for shipment. Bartlett, A. D. 1862b. Rearing from egg. Charadrius h. hiaticula. Percival, W. G. 1902b. Turnix. Seth-Smith, D. 1907b. Rearing young birds. Heinroth, O. 1917c. Resistance of exotic birds to cold. Delacour, J. T. 1917b. Sex distinction. Book. Text in English. Butler, A. G. 1907c. Signs of laying. Handrik, . 1908. Ventilation and cleanliness. Neu, J. 1880c. Winter care. CoZinus. Duke, H. J. 1904. Foreign birds. Lovell-Keays, L. 1915b; Rattigan, G. 1915. CAGE BIRDS Books. Text in English. Andrews, T. 1843; Barnesby, G. J. 1872; Birchley, S. W. 1909; Blakeston, W. A. 1880; Buist, K. A. 1874; Butler, A. G. 1894; Gedney, C. W. 1879; Greene, W. T. 1883, 1891, 1898; Kidd, W. 1856a, b, c; Nash, J. 1824; Norman, H. 1908. Brit- ish song birds. Nash, J. 1824. Text in French. Delacour, J. T. 1925; Fleuriot, C. 1882. Text in German. Achtermann, C. 1847; Bade, E. 1895, [1902]; Baldamus, A. C. 1903; Bechstein, J. M. 1900; Boecker-Wetzlar, W. 1889; Hohnau, A. L. 1838; Pheyel, J. 1887; Russ, K. F. 1888. Text in Italian. Manzini, C. 1645. General. Meyer, O. 1877. Effects of long extended captivity on behavior and body form. Braun, F. 1917a. Food. Sauermann, C. 1891a. Traffic in United States. Olds, H. W. 1906. CARE, BREEDING, AND TRAIN- ING OF CANARIES (Serinus) AND RELATED SPECIES Books. Text in Dutch. Noorduyn, C. L. 1907b. Text in English. Barnesby, G. J. 1872; Blakeston, W. A. 1880; Greene, W. T. 1898; Hervieux de Chanteloup, J. C. 1718; Kidd, W. 1854; St. John, C. W. 1911; Smith, F. 1872; Syme, P. 1823; Tavistock, M. 1929; Wallace, R. L. 1884. Aviculture BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 42 Text in French. Hervieux de Chan- teloup, J. 1743. Text in German. Borchart, J. 1896; Brocker, H. 1904; Noorduyn, C. L. 1905. Canary hybrids. Walter, L. 1895. General. Bibrack, H. 1922. Canary training. Blanchon, H. L. 1900. Establishing of pure canary stock. Brandner, O. 1886. PARROTS AND PARAKEETS (PSITTACIDAE) Books. Text in English. Greene, W. T. 1883-87; Lauder, T. D. & Brown, T. 1835; Page, C. N. 1906; Russ, K. F. 1884, 1898; Seth-Smith, D. 1902-03; Tavistock, M. 1929. Text in French. Michel, . 1829. Text in German. Bade, E. 1894; Bungartz, J. 1902a, b; Russ, K.F. 1881, 1905. General. Neubert, W. 1862. Hybrid cockatoos. Cosgrave, R. 1912. Parakeets. Michel, . 1829. Hybrids of Alisterus amboinensis suluensis. Tavistock, M. 1927. Psitiacus indicus. Hauth, . 1900-01. PHEASANTS (PHASIANIDAE) Books. Text in English. Baily, J. 1883; Barton, F. T. 1912; Tegetmeier, W. B. 1873, 1881. Text in German. Liebeskind, W. 1911. General. Callenbach, E. W. & Mur- phy, R. R. 1932; Kriiger, . 1884; Olds, H. W. 1910b; Simpson, G. M. 1914. Experimental. Thomas, R. H. 1911, 1912b. Hybrid pheasants. Huet, L. 1889. PIGEONS (COLUMBIDAE) Books. Text in English. Eaton, J. M. 1858; Girton, D. 1805; Lyell, J. C. 1887, 1892; Tegetmeier, W. B. 1868a; Ure, G. 1890. Squab breeding. Foy, F. 1909. Text in French. Boeve, R. 1893; Boitard, P. & CorbiS, . 1824. Text in German. Baldamus, A. C. 1908; Friderich, C. G. 1923; Liebes- kind, W. 1911; Pfenningstorff, F. 1905; Schuster, M. J. 1890. Homing pigeon. Ohlrogge, W. 1898. Pigeon varieties. Bungartz, J. 1893; Ortleb, A. & Ortleb, G. 1895. General. Cole, L. J. & Kirkpatrick, W. F. 1915; Curry, A. V. 1891a, b; Eder, R. 1890. Bibliography of fancy pigeons. Wil- liams, T. B. 1887. Squab culture. Graham, C. K. 1907. BIRD FARMS: AVICULTURE ON LARGE SCALE Egret (Ardea) farming in India. Birch, G. 1914. Ostrich (Struthio) farming Books. Text in English. Douglass, A. 1881 ; Mosenthal, J. & Harting, J. E. 1879. Text in French. MenSgaux, H. A. 1913. General. Bell, R. 1898; Cairnes, J. E. 1914; Charon, P. 1911; Douglass, A. 1905, 1906; Duerden, J. E. 1907c, 1909e, 1918, 1920c; Forest, J. 1895; Forest, N. 1910; Gurney, J. H., Jr. 1872b; Hardy, J. 1860; Hennings, C. 1905; Herbert, T. J. 1913; Katterns, W. 1901; Lee, A. R. 1911b; Long, A. G. 1913; Mene- gaux, H. A. 1907c; Nolte, C. W. 1895; Pickrell, W. 1906; Sheak, W. H. 1923. Acclimatization at Hamburg, Ger- many. Duerden, J. E. 1909b. Breeding experiments. Duerden, J. E. 1919a. Breeding principles. Duerden, J. E. 1910a. Egg-laying records. Duerden, J. E. 1907b. Incubation, artificial. Long, A. G. 1914; Merlato, L. 1881. FEATHER INDUSTRY General. Thornton, R. W. 1909, 1916. Clipping and quilling do not involve cruelty. Duerden, J. E. 1913. Effect of climatic changes on feather growth. Duerden, J. E. 1907b. Feather modifications and defects. Duerden, J. E. 1909d, e. 43 SUBJECT INDEX Aviculture Feeding experiments. Effects on feather development. Bassermann, W. 1911. Growth rate. Duerden, J. E. 1907b. Improvement. Elley, S. 1909. Plumages. Duerden, J. E. 1911. Success in domestication of ostrich suggests that other species might be saved this way. Duerden, J. E. 1917. Terminology of. Duerden, J. E. 1909b. Valuation for trade. Thornton, R. W. 1909. BREEDING IN CAPTIVITY Book. Text in English. Hopkinson, E. 1926. General. Crandall, L. S. 1927; Foth- ergill, H. 1902 ; Jabouille, P. 1927. Many species. Hopkinson, E. 1932; Nicholson, F. 1875. Alauda arvensis. Anon. 1872c. Anas clypeata. Bouillod, E. 1867. Anas ga- lericulata. Laurence, M. A. 1861. Anas sponsa & Anas tadorna. Bouillod, E. 1867. Anserinae. Blaauw, F. E. 1905b. Bubo. Behm, A. 1909. Caccabis. Portal, M. 1921. Calopezus. Seth-Smith, D. 1904a. Carduelis. Bennett, E. 1893. Ca- suarius. Geoffrey St. Hilaire, A. 1882. Catheturus lathami. St. Quintin, W. H. 1904. Colinus. Bailey, W. S. 1918. Cor- pus. Behm, A. 1909, 1910b. Crypturus tataupa. Seth-Smith, D. 1903, 1904c. Dromaeus [Dromiceius]. Gibson, J. 1878. Francolinus clappertoni. Koehler, M. A. 1882. Grus montignesia. Bart- lett, A. D. 1861. Haliaeetus leucoce- phalus. Herrick, F. H. 1932. Lagopus. Behm, A. 1910b. Lanius. Giinther, A. C. 1905. Nolhoprocta perdicaria. Smith, C. B. 1908. Nyctea. Gurney, J. H. 1875b, 1880; Gurney, J. H., Jr. 1876c. Peacock parrot. Gabriac, P. J. 1823. Pelecanus. Beebe, C. W. 1914a. Perdix. Duclos, G. 1888. Pica. Bree, C. R. 1863. Poephila. Besnier, A. 1910. Porphyrio caeruleus. Whit- aker, J. I. 1899. Rhea. Fothergill, H. 1902. Rhynchotus rufescens. Blaauw, F. E. 1896. Somateria. Blaauw, F. E. 1902. Synoecus australis. Seth-Smith, D. 1905. Syrnium. Behm, A. 1909. Tadorna. Percival, W. G. 1902a. Urae- ginthus. Decoux, A. 1914. Breeding experiments with various birds. Turdus m. merula & Turdus m. musicus. Weber, S. A. 1913. Care of captured young birds by a male parent also in captivity. Sylvia rubecula. Snell, F. H. 1857b. Care of young birds. Heinroth, 0. 1917c. Rearing plume-producing birds for millinery trade. Bonhote, J. L. 1912. DOMESTICATION Book. Text in English. Darwin, C. R. 1868. General. Mather, F. 1887. Aquatic birds. Brown, A. E.& Caton, J.D. 1880. Anser. Brown, A. E. & Caton, J. D. 1880. Ardea. Forest, J. 1901. Berni- da. Brown, A. E. & Caton, J. D. 1880. Crax. Barthelemy-Lapommeraye, . 1854. Dromaeus[Dromiceius\. LePrestre, F. 1871. Meleagris. Caton, J. D. 1877. Otis. Aubusson, L. M. 1907a; Eldred, E. J. 1909. Penelope. Aubusson, L. M. 1908. Psittacidae. Buxton, . 1901. Spheniscidae. Bikkessy,G.1891. Tetrao. Aubusson, L. M. 1907b. Self domestication. Singing birds. Langerhans, . 1904. FOOD OF BIRDS IN CAPTIVITY Eremophila [Otocorys] alpestris. Gor- don, C. 1869. Insect food General. Peal, H. W. 1903; Spallek, W. 1880. Cocoons. Sauermann, C. 1892b. Digestibility of ant pupae. Sauer- mann, C. 1891c. Food for delicate insectivorous birds. Astley, H. D. 1906. Use of "green bug" of Calcutta as food for birds. Finn, F. 1900c. Winter live food. Wacquant-Geo- zelles, S. 1893. INCUBATION Artificial incubation. Casuartus. Bouchereaux, A. 1883. Rhea ameri- cana. Bouchereaux, A. 1881. Struthio. Creput, . 1879; Merlato, L. 1881. Of egg of Dromaeus novae-hollandiae byGallus. North, A. J. 1890. Periods and breeding seasons. Weber, H. C. 1876. Banding BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 44 BANDING This section includes publications which refer to tagging or marking birds in order to identify individuals which may be captured later. Most of these cases involve placing an aluminum label band on the leg of a bird which has been trapped or has been caught as a nestling not yet able to fly. Book. Text in English. Thomson, A. L. 1936a. Africa. Sclater, W. L. 1922. Asia. Pauri, G. B. 1927. Japan. Uchida, S. 1928. Australia. Severenty, D. L. 1937. Europe Abadie, R. 1925; Ahrens, T. G. 1923; Alexander, H. G. 1923; Besserer,L. 1912, 1913, 1915; Blasius, R. 1907; Blyth, R. 0. 1922; Bonomi, A. 1910; Brasil, L. 1910; Braun, M. 1907; Burkitt, J. P. 1924; Christoleit.E. 1911; Clarke, W.E. 1915, 1917, 1918; Daut, K. & Hess, A. 1914, 1917; Drescher, E. 1920; Drost, R. 1925, 1926a, 1927b; Evans, W. 1910; Franz, V. 1911 ; Gurney, J. H., Jr. 1899b; Harms, M. 1928; Hagen, W. 1912; Haglund, P. A. 1914; Hamel, E. D. 1915; Herman, O. 1908b; Hess, A. 1913, 1920; Jagerskiold, L. 1914, 1927; Joy, N. H. 1912a, b; Knauer, F. K. 1912a, b, 1914; Lincoln, F. C. 1925b; Lloyd, H. 1925; Lonnberg, A. J. 1925b, 1926c, 1927a; Loos, C. 1914, 1916; Loudon, G. W. 1912; Lucanus, F. K. 1919a, c, 1929; Liihe, M. 1908b; M011er, A. 1926; Mortensen, H. C. 1914; Miiller, F. 1911; Noll-Tobler, H. 1914; Palme'n, J. A. 1913, 1914a, b, c, d; Parrot, C. P. 1911; Poliakov, G. I. 1910,1912; Quantz, B. 1925; Rendahl, H. 1919b; Robinson, H. W. 1926, 1937; Ruppell, W. 1937; Schaanning, H. T. 1921; Schenk, J. 1908b; Schnabel, E. 1926; Seilkopf, H. 1915; Skovgaard, P. 1920a, 1921a, 1925e, 1930a, b, c, 1931d, 1932a, b, 1933b; Stoll, F. E. 1915; Stresemann, E. 1911; Sundstrom, K. E. 1925; Sword, J. 1914; Szeots, B. 1911, 1912, 1913, 1916, 1917; Thiene- mann, J. 1902a, 1908a, b, c, d, e, f, 1909c, d, e, f, 1910, 1911a, b, 1913, 1915a,b, 1916, 1917, 1922; Thomson, A. L. 1909, 1911b, 1912, 1913, 1915, 1922a, b, 1923a; Tratz, E. P. 1913a, 1914a, c; Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, V. 1911b; Valikangas, I. 1926, 1927; van Oort, E. D. 1912a, b, c, 1913a, b, 1923, 1926; Warga, K. 1924b; Weigold, H. 1913a, b; Witherby, H. F. 1908b, 1909, 1914b; Anon. 1911a, 1913. Finland. Sundstrom, K. E. 1925. Iceland. Skovgaard, P. 1930b, c, 1933b. Spain. Witherby, H. F. 1926a. North America Allen, A. F. 1920; Bailey, A. M. 1928c; Baldwin, S. P. *1919, 1921a, b, 1922, 1923a, b, 1931; Bergtold, W. H. 1914; Butts, W. K. 1927; Cleaves, H. H. 1913; Cole, L. J. 1909d, 1910, 1922b; Cooke, M. T. 1923; Crosby, M. S. 1924; Dales, M. 1925; De Lury, R. E. 1924; Fletcher, L. B. 1922; Friedmann, H. 1933a; Harrington, A. B. 1923; Hempel, K. M. 1925; Law, J. E. 1923a, b; Lincoln, F. C. 1921a, 1924a, b, d, 1926a, c, 1927c, 1928, 1933; Lyon, W. I. 1921, 1922a, b, 1922-28; Magee, M. J. 1922, 1924, 1926b; Mailliard, J. 1926; May, J. B. 1924; Michener, H. 1925; Mich- ener, H. & Michener, J. R. 1926; Musselman, T. E. 1923, 1925, 1926; Nice, M. M. 1931c, 1933b, 1934b; Nichols, J. T. 1923a; Preston, C. H. 1929; Ropes, W. H. 1926; Seton, E. T. 1921a; Stoddard, H. L. 1922a, 1925a; Stoner.D. 1921a, b, 1923c, 1926; Strong, R. M. 1924; Talbot, L. R. 1922; Taver- ner, P. A. 1904c, 1906; Test, L. A. 1927; Whittle, C. L. 1923; Whittle, C. L. & Fletcher, L. B. 1924; Woodruff, E. S. 1908a. Amazilia t. tzacatl. Skutch, A. F. 1931. Anas [Dafila] acuta. Mortensen, H. C. 1914. Anatidae. Allen, A. F. 1920; Lincoln, F. C. 1922c, 1926c, d; Musselman, T. E. 1925; Thomson, A. L. 1923a. Archibuteo. Jagerskiold, L. 1914. Ardea cinerea. Skovgaard, P. 1925d. Astragalinus & Branta. Whit- tle, C. L. & Fletcher, L. B. 1924. Branta canadensis minor. Lincoln, F. C. 1926c. Carpodacus. Bergtold, W. H. 1914; Whittle, C. L. & Fletcher, L. B. 1924. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. Michener, H. & Michener, J. R. 1926. Carpodacus purpureus cali- fornicus. Michener, H. 1925. Carpo- dacus p. purpureus. Magee, M. J. 1924. Chaetura pelagica. Musselman, T. E. 1926; Stoddard, H. L. 1926a. Chelidon r. rustica. Szeots, B. 1911. Ciconia. Thienemann, J. 1908c, e, f, 1909c, e, 1910; Anon. 1914c. Ciconia alba. Skovgaard, P. 1926b. Ciconia 45 SUBJECT INDEX Banding nigra. Skovgaard, P. 1926a. Ciconiidae. Sclater, P. L. 1909b. Columba. van Oordt, G. J. & Bol, C. J. 1929. Corpus c. comix. Thienemann, J. 1909d. Cor- vus frugilegus. Chappellier, A. 1928. Corvus monedula. Skovgaard, P. 1927b. DajUa. Poliakov, G. I. 1910. Dafila acuta tzitzihoa. Lincoln, F. C. 1924b. Diomedia. Rosenberg, C. B. 1887b. Dumetella. Gill, G. 1935. Egretta. Bailey, A. M. 1928c. Erithacus. Bur- kitt, J. P. 1924. Falco peregrinus pealei. Richards, V. F. 1919. Gallinago g. gallinago. Thienemann, J. 1915b. Gar- rulus. Skovgaard, P. 1924. Hirun- dinidae. Szeots, B. 1912, 1913; Warga, K. 1924b; Witherby, H. F. 1919b, 1920b, 1923a, b. Hirundo erythrogaster. Stoner, D. 1935b. Hirundo rustica. Abadie, R. 1925, 1926. Hydroprogne. Lyon, W. I. 1926; Strong, R. M. 1924. Junco. Whittle, C. L. & Fletcher, L. B. 1924. Laridae. Besserer, L. 1912, 1913, 1915; Lyon, W.I. 1926. Larus. Parrot, C. P. 1911; Strong, R. M. 1924. Larus argentatus. Lincoln, F. C. 1924a, 1928; Lyon, W.I. 1926; Skovgaard, P. 1921b, 1932c; Strong, R. M. 1924. Larus canus. Jagerskiold, L. 1927; Skovgaard, P. 1927c. Larus glaucescens. Pearse, T. 1923. Larus ridibundus. Parrot, C. P. 1911; Robinson, H.W. 1915; Skovgaard, P. 1923a; Thienemann, J. 1909d, 1915a; Ticehurst,C.B.1911a. Marecapenelope. Witherby, H. F. 1927b. Melospiza. Nice, M. M. 1931c, e, 1933e, 1934c. Micropus. Jenner, E. 1824. Mimus. Michener, H. & Michener, J. R. 1935. Numenius. Clarke, W. E. 1915. Nyroca americana. Woodruff, E. S. 1908a. Nyroca valisineria. Olds, H. W. 1908. Parus. Haglund, P. A. 1914. Parus major. Skovgaard, P. 1928c. Passer- herbulus. Whittle, C. L. & Fletcher, L. B. 1924. Pelecanus. Ward, H. B. 1924. Penthestes. Whittle, C. L. & Fletcher, L. B. 1924. Phoenicurus. Drost, R. 1927a. Pica caudata. Skov- gaard, P. 1927d. Riparia r. riparia. Stoner, D. 1925a. Rissa. Lloyd, H. 1925; Witherby, H. F. 1927a. Scolo- pax. Clarke, W. E. 1917, 1918; Witherby, H. F. 1917c. Scolopax rusti- cola. Thomson, A. L. 1929; Weigold, H. 1913b. Serinus. Hobart, M. F. 1923. Spizella p. passerina. Whittle, C. L. 1925. Sterna. Evans, W. 1910; Jagerskiold, L. 1914; Lyon, W. I. 1926; Sclater, W. L. 1922; Strong, R. M. 1924. Sterna anglica. Skovgaard, P. 1929b. Sterna cantiaca. Skovgaard, P. 1928d. Sterna hirundo. Lincoln, F. C. 1921a; Strong, R. M. 1924; Thiene- mann, J. 1913. Sturnus vulgaris. Joy, N. H. 1911, 1912a, b; Mortensen, H. C. 1900; Skovgaard, P. 1925e, 1928e; Thomson, A. L. 1922b. Troglodytes. Baldwin, S. P. 1921b, 1922; Baldwin, S. P. & Bowen, W. W. 1928. Turdus musicus. Skovgaard, P. 1928b. Vanel- lus. Witherby, H. F. 1917c. Vanellus cristatus. Skovgaard, P. 1928f. Vermi- vora leucobronchialis. Carter, T. D. & Rowland, R. H. 1923. Zonotrichia. Whittle, C. L. & Fletcher, L. B. 1924. Zonotrichia albicollis. Ferine, T. R. & Keble, B. 1925. Zonotrichia I. leuco- phrys. Mailliard, J. 1927a. EARLY BANDING OR MARKING ACTIVITIES Banding as a method of studying bird movements. Cole, L. J. 1909d; Nelson, E. W. 1927. Cartridge case attached to neck of a crane in Russia, 1892. Bailey, A. M. 1928a. Claw cutting. Micropus apus. Jen- ner, E. 1824, 1826. Marking beaks of swans. Book. Text in English. Gurney, J. H., Jr. 1921. Early records America. Audubon, J. J. 1827-38, vol. 1, 227; Cole, L. J. 1909d, 1922b; Seton, E. T. 1921a. Egypt. Bailey, A. M. 1928a. Germany. Braun, M. 1907. HISTORY AND PURPOSE Banding as a method of studying movements. Cole, L. J. 1909d; Lincoln, F. C. 1921b, 1926a, 1933; Nelson, E. W. 1927. First important demonstration of the possibilities of the method. *Baldwin, S. P. 1919, 1931. Recent progress. *Thomson, A. L. 1936c. Value General. Herman, O. 1910; Lincoln, F. C. 1922b; Nelson, E. W. 1927; Nice, M. M. 1934b; Oberholser, H. C. 1923; Thomson, A. L. 1921a, b, 1936a, b. Determining food consumption. Taber, W. B. 1926. Banding BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 46 Suggestions for work. Gross, A. 0. 1925b. World war observations. Thiene- mann, J. 1922. METHODS Analyzing banding data. Boulton, R. & Nichols, J. T. 1925. Instructions for banding. Lincoln, F. C. 1921c, 1924c; Lincoln, F. C. & Baldwin, S. P. 1929. Traps, use of General. Sprot, G. D. 1924. Anati- dae. Lincoln, F. C. 1922c, 1926d. Danger to birds. Nelson, E. W. 1925. Fish nets used. Anatidae. Lincoln, F. C. 1922b. RECORDS OF RECOVERIES OF BANDED BIRDS AND RETURNS TO BREEDING PLACES Book. Text in English. Tait, W. C. 1924. General. Baldwin, S. P. 1921b; Drost, R. 1927b; Lincoln, F. C. 1924d, 1927c, 1933; Lloyd, H. 1924, 1925; Lonnberg, A. J. 1922b, 1923a, b, 1925b, 1926c, 1927a; Lucanus, F. K. 1919a, c; Masefield, J. R. 1912; M011er, A. 1926; Schiiz, E. 1936; Skovgaard, P. 1932a, b; Stemmler, K. 1914; Stoner, D. 1937b; Thienemann, J. 1908b, e, 1909c, d, e, 1915a; Thomson, A. L. 1911c, 1936c; Ticehurst, C. B. 1911b; Tratz, E. P. 1914e; van Oort, E. D. 1912a, c, 1913a, b, 1923, 1926; Weigold, H. 1924c; Wet- more, A. 1923b; Whittle, C. L. 1925; Witherby, H. F. 1909b, 1917c, 1926a, b; Woodruff, E. S. 1908a; Anon. 1924. Anas penelope. Witherby, H. F. 1927b. Ciconia. Thienemann, J. 1908c, f, 1909c, e. Corvus c. comix. Thiene- mann, J. 1909d. Cuculus. Weigold, H. 1924c. Hirundinidae. Witherby, H. F. 1913f, g, 1916b, 1919b, 1920b, 1922b, 1923a, b. Hirundo. Masefield, J. R. 1912. Larus argentatus ommissus. Skov- gaard, P. 1932c. Larus ridibundus. Thienemann, J. 1909d, 1915a. Melo- spiza m. melodia. Nice, M. M. 1931c. Micropus apus. Jenner, E. 1824. Mus- cicapa fusca [Sayornis phoebe]. Audu- bon, J. J. 1831-39. Nyroca. Woodruff, E. S. 1908a. Phoenicurus. Drost, R. 1927a. Scolopax. Witherby, H. F. 1917c. Spizella p. passerina. Whittle, C. L. 1925. Sturnus vulgaris. Joy, N. H. 1911. Sula. Robinson, H. W. 1937; Witherby, H. F. 1917b. Vanel- lus. Witherby, H. F. 1917c. Bands placed on herons taken from stomach of alligator two months later. Sprunt, A., Jr. 1930. Recent progress. Thomson, A. L. 1936c. Suggestions for work. Gross, A. 0. 1925b. Recoveries in distant places Banded in Farne Islands. Recovered in Labrador. Rissa. Witherby, H. F. 1927a. RECOVERIES IN AFRICA Banded in Europe General. Ciconia. Anon. 1914c. Hi- rundo. Witherby, H. F. 1922b, 1923a, b. Hirundo r. rustica. Schiiz, E. 1937. Berkshire. Recovered in Cape Prov- ince. Witherby, H. F. 1922b. Carmarthenshire. Recovered in Transvaal. Witherby, H. F. 1923a. Germany. Recovered in Africa. Thienemann, J. 1908b. Ciconia. Thiene- mann, J. 1908f, 1909c, e, 1910. Hungary. Recovered in South Africa. Anon. 1914c. BEHAVIOR This section includes publications which are likely to be of especial value to students of animal psychology who may also find the section headed Habits of interest. There is no sharp line between these two divisions. For auditory reactions see under Hearing; for olfactory and other reactions see under Smell, Vision, etc. See also un- der Ecology, Physiology, and Social relations. Books. Text in Dutch. Thijsse,J. P. 1906. Text in English. Allen, G. M. 1925; Brown, T. 1876; Chisholm, A. H. 1935; Cornish, C. J. 1896; Darwin, C. R. 1872; Dixon, C. 1897a; Finn, F. 1922; Head- ley, F. W. 1895b; Herrick, F. H. 1902, 1935; Hobhouse, L. T. 1915; "Howard, H. E. 1920, 1935; Hunter, John, 1861; Levick, G. M. 1914; Lub- bock, J. 1888; Morgan, C. L. 1891; Phillips, J. C. 1922-26; Pycraft, W. P. 1910a, 1922; Rennie, J. 1835; Roma- 47 SUBJECT INDEX Behavior nes, G. J. 1884; Thomson, J. A. 1923a; Washburn, M. F. 1926. Birds inci- dental. Wundt, W. M. 1896. Text in German. Altum, B. 1868; Deegener, P. 1918; Floericke, C. E. 1908-13; Groos, K. 1896; Hempelmann, F. 1926; Reichenau, W. 1887; Schneider, K. C. 1909; Ziehen, G. T. 1914. General. Bretscher, K. 1915a; But- ler, A. G. 1908a; Deegener, P. 1918; Gabrielson, I. N. 1922; Grinnell, J. & Wythe, M. W. 1927; Grobbels, F. 1911a, b; Herrick, F. H. 1901; Lucanus, F. K. 1911a; Mach, E. 1916; Marody, L. 1908; Maszewska-Knappe, J. 1932; Menegaux, H. A. 1912; Noll-Tobler, H. 1920; Pap, J. 1870; Placzek, B. 1910; Plinius, C. 1832-34; Portielje, A. F. 1927a; Renzi, P. 1863; Saint-Loup, R. 1890a; Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1924b, e, 1930; Strecker, J. K. 1926, 1927; Szy- manski, J. S. 1918; Tirala, L. G. 1923; *Vincent, S. B. 1914; Wachs, H. 1927a; Washburn, M. F. 1912; Wheeler, W. M. 1904; Wundt, W. M. 1876. Publications which are unimportant or which treat bird behavior inciden- tally only. Ettlinger, M. 1910; Grep- pin, L. 1911; Schuster, W. 1910; Sprenger, A. 1916; Staub, T. 1925; Watson, J. B. 1912. Anatidae. *Heinroth, O. 1912a; Millais, J. G. 1902b; Phillips, J. C. 1922-26. Anous. *Watson, J. B. 1908. Anseres. Bent, A. C. 1923, 1925. Aquila chrysaetos canadensis. Sumner, E. L. 1929. Ardea. Bent, A. C. 1926. Bombycilla cedrorum. Post, K. C. 1916. Botaurus stellaris. *Portielje, A. F. 1926. Bubo v. virginianus. Errington, P. L. 1932; Reed, B. P. 1925. Capri- mulgus europaeus. Heinroth, O. 1909a. Cathartes. Prentiss, D. W. 1882. Catop- trophorus s. semipalmatus. Vogt, W. 1938. Charadriiformes. Bent, A. C. 1927,1929. Charadrius :melodus. Rob- bins, C. A. 1919. Circus hudsonius. Shelley, L. 0. 1935. Coccyzus. *Her- rick, F. H. 1910b. Colaeus. Soffel, K. 1907. Columba. Mangold, E. 1913. Columbidae. *Whitman, C. O. 1919a. Columbiformes. Bent, A. C. 1932. Corvidae. Lorenz, K. 1931. Corvus. Eardley-Wilmot, S. M. 1897-99; Man- gold, E. 1910b; Soffel, K. 1907. Corvus americanus [brachyrhynchus], Coburn, C. A. 1914. Cuculus. Butterfield, E. P. 1916a; Raspail, X. 1925. Cygnus. Christoleit, E. 1926a. Diomedia. Dill, H. R. 1916; Fisher, W. K. 1904b. Falconiformes. Bent, A. C. 1937. Galliformes. Bent, A. C. 1932. Gallin- ago gallinago. Stubbs, F. J. 191 la. Gallinula chloropus. Partridge, H. T. 1854. Callus. Mangold, E. 1910b, 1913; Revesz, G. 1922; *Riekel, A. 1922; Schelderup-Ebbe, T. 1922a, b, 1923d, 1924b, 1931; Thorndike, E. L. 1899, 1911. Include Callus. Kline, L. W. 1899; Schmidt, B. 1912. Gavia. Beebe, C. W. 1907c. Grus canadensis tabida. Mackay, G. H. 1893a. Hali- aeetus kucocephalus. Herrick, F. H. 1924a, c, 1934. Histrionicus. Michael, C. W. & Michael, E. 1922. Lagopus. Morand, P. 1913. Laridae. Bent, A. C. 1921. Larus argentatus. Strong, R. M. 1914. Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis. Shaw, W. T. 1936. Lophophorus. Rodon, G. S. 1899. Megalornis g. grus. Hesse, E. 1913b. Mimus. Michener, H. & Michener, J. R. 1935. Myiarchus crinitus. Gabrielson, I. N. 1915b. Nycticorax. Gross, A. O. 1923a. Opisthocomus. Beebe, C. W. 1909b. Passer. Miller, R. C. 1921a, b, 1922. Pavo. Santini de Riols, E. N. 1907. Pelecaniformes. Bent, A. C. 1922. Includes Perdix. Maire, A. 1910. Phaethon. Gross, A. O. 1912. Phala- crocorax carbo subcormoranus. *Portielje, A. F. 1927b. Phalaenoptilus. Dixon, J. S. 1923. Phasianus. Morgan, C. L. 1894b. Phoenicopteri. Bent, A. C. 1926. Piranga. Koumly, P. M. 1893. Psaltriparus. Miller, R. C. 1921a, b. Includes Psittacidae. Tirala, L. G. 1923. Psittacus. Klunzinger, C. B. 1914; Saint-Loup, R. 1890a. Pygo- podes [Alcidae, Colymbidae & Gavidae]. Bent, A. C. 1919. Pygoscelis. Gain, L. 1912. Richmondena c. cardinalis. Nice, M. M. 1927a. Serinus. Klunzinger, C. B. 1914. Includes Serinus. Tirala, L. G. 1923. Sterna. * Watson, J. B. 1908. Struthio. Schreiner, S. C. 1897. Tubinares [Procellariiformes]. Bent, A. C. 1922. Tyrannus. Ridgway, R. 1869. Vireo olivaceus. Stephens, T. C. 1917b. Zamelodia [Hedymeles], Gab- rielson, I. N. 1915a. Zenaidura. Nice, M. M. 1921, 1922. Zonotrichia querula. Nice, M. M. 1929b. Alcohol, effects of. Callus. Arlitt, A. H. 1914. Chicks hatched from alcoholized eggs. Callus. Fletcher, J. M., Cowan, E. A., & Arlitt, A. H. 1916. Antipathy to purple. Passer. Havi- land, G. D. 1892. Appetites. 'Craig, W. 1918. Stru- thio. Sternberg, W. 1908. Behavior BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 48 Architectural ability. Hublard, E. 1899. Books. Text in English. Rennie, J. 1831, 1833. Artificially and naturally hatched young birds compared. Larus. Thomson, J. A. 1901. Attentiveness. Troglodytes. Baldwin, S. P. & Kendeigh, S. C. 1927. Attraction to fires. Kelsall, J. E. 1889; Lano, A. 1895. Autosurgery. Anas c. crecca. New- man, E. 1855a. Aversions. *Craig, W. 1918. Banded and trapped birds. Stoner, D. 1922. Banding as a method in studying character and disposition. Lyon, W. I. 1922a. Behavior in presence of strong smell- ing insects. Osmaston, B. B. 1909a. Cannibalism. Strix. Daggett, F. S. 1913. Castration, effects of. Meleagris. van Oordt, G. J. & Van der Maas, C. J. 1929. Choice of food. Schwartz, M. 1908. Classification of species according to behavior. Book. Text in French. Hachet-Souplet, P. 1900. Concealing postures. Podilymbus. Culver, D. E. 1914. Confused behavior. Due to disease. Grill, J. W. 1863. Criticism of anthropomorphic atti- tude in writing. "Humanizing birds." Lucas, F. A. 1900b. Dancing behavior. (See also under Sexual behavior.) Burhinus. Cleland, J. B. 1908. Diomedea. *Fisher, W. K. 1904a, b. Slruthio. Cleland, J. B. 1908; Duerden, J. E. 1907d; Evelyn, F. W. 1908b; Latzel, R. 1914. Danger, behavior in. Birds incidental. Doflein, F. 1915. Desperation. Gallus. Schjelderup- Ebbe, T. 1914. Display. (See also under Sexual be- havior.) Centrocercus. Horsfall, R. B. 1920. Paradisea. Pycraft, W. P. 1905b. Diurnal rhythm in rest and activity. Szymanski, J. S. 1916, 1918. Drinking. Young birds. Morgan, C. L. 1896b. Drumming with deformed beak. Colaptes. Law, J. E. 1916. Experimental studies of behavior. Sterna. Watson, J. B. 1907. Fascination by snakes, supposed. Poulton, E. B. 1918, 1919. Food finding. Beck, H. H. 1920. Hatching behavior. Streptopelia. Craig, W. 1912a. Head movements. Dunlap, K. & Mowrer, O. H. 1930. Individual behavior. Gallus. Schjel- derup-Ebbe, T. 1923e. Migrating flocks, behavior of. Branta canadensis. Phillips, J. C. 1916. Modifiability in behavior. Larus argentatus. Strong, R. M. 1914. Multiple choice method studies. Columba. Hunter, W. S. 1911. Corpus. *Coburn, C. A. & Yerkes, R. M. 1915. Serinus. Sadovinkova, M. P. 1923a. Streptopelia. Strong, R. M. 191 Ib. Nestlings. Gallus. Thorndike, E. 1899. Gavia. Beebe, C. W. 1907c. "Occult" sense (critical discussion). Johnson, C. E. 1920. Position sense. Passer. Porter, J. P. 1904. Protective behavior. Butterfield, W. C. 1918. Psychic development. Columba & Gallus. Mills, T. W. 1895. Reluctance to leave habitat on freez- ing of water. Fulica. Jung, C. S. 1924. Replacement of one habit by another habit. Many species. Schut, L. W. 1921. Right- and left-handedness. Birds incidental. Ludwig, W. 1929. Self injury (wound in breast). Pele- canus. Bennett, G. 1834a. "Shadow boxing," i.e. fighting image in mirror. Ritter, W. E. & Benson, S. B. 1934. Pipilo. Dickey, D. R. 1916. Piranga rubra. Koumly, P'. M. 1893. Turdus migratorius. Allen, J. A. 1879. So-called suicide of wounded water birds. Forbush, E. H. 1923b. Social behavior. (See also under So- cial relations.) Herrick, F. H. 1912; Lorenz, K. 1935. Books. Text in English. Herrick, F. H. 1902, 1935. 49 SUBJECT INDEX Behavior Columbiformes. Craig, W. 1908, 1909b. Crateropus canorus. Osmaston, B. B. 1898. GaUus. Fischel, W. 1927. Lams argentatus. Strong, R. M. 1914. Nycti- corax n. hoactli. *Noble, G. K., Wurm, M., & Schmidt, A. 1938. Soul or psyche. Gorka, S. 1902. Sounds made by beak as substitute for singing. Picidae. Argyll, G. D. 1880. Synchronous action. Tyler, W. M. 1915. Territorialism. (See also under Social relations.) Grobbels, F. 1907; Nice, M. M. 1934a. Lams argentatus. Her- rick, F. H. 1907a, 1912; Strong, R. M. 1914. Melospiza. Nice, M. M. 1934c. Nycticorax n. hoactli. Noble, G. K. f Wurm, M., & Schmidt, A. 1938. Towering of wounded birds. Dixon, C. 1878; Millett, F. W. 1877; Souther- land, A. 1877; Walters, J. H. 1877. Variation in behavior. Finn, F. 1902c. Wind, reactions to. Lents argen- tatus. Strong, R. M. 1914. World war, effects on behavior of birds. Book. Text in English. Glad- stone, H. S. 1919. Migrating birds. Schuster, L. 1916. AESTHETIC SENSE General. Howard, H. E. 1903; M6- bius, K. A. 1906; Stubbs, F. J. 1913a. Corpus. Allen, F. H. 1918. Color appreciation. Mobius, K. A. 1904. Musical appreciation General. Fabani, C. 1895a. Pipilo. Hunt, R. 1922. Psittacidae. Gothan, W. 1903. Musical sounds, effects of. Includes birds. Stearns, R. E. 1890. AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR See also under Economic ornithology. General. Larus argentatus. Strong, R. M. 1914. Behavior toward bees. Glaser, L. 1883. Chasing a weasel. Lophortyx & Pas- ser. Jaeger, E. C. 1926. Combat between albino robin and mole. Deane, R. 1878. Defense reaction of colonies. Des- chiens, R. 1918. Fighting. Gallus. Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1914. Larus argentatus. Strong, R. M. 1914. In captivity. Fringillidae. Braun, F. 1915b. Larus argentatus. Strong, R. M. 1914. Killing other birds. Deane, R. 1895. Maltreatment of young of same spe- cies in colonies, often resulting in death. Larus argentatus. Dutcher, W. & Baily, W. L. 1903; Herrick, F. H. 1907a, b; Strong, R. M. 1914; Ward, H. L. 1906a, b. "Mobbing" of snakes by small birds. Poulton, E. B. 1919. BREEDING BEHAVIOR General. Bigglestone, H. C. 1913; Brehm, C. L. 1840b. Marsh birds. Schuster, L. 1926c. Ardeae. Detmers, E. 1907a. Cuculus. Butterfield, E. P. 1916b. Polioptila c. caerulea. Nice, M. M. 1932a. Strigiformes. Brehm, C. L. 1840a. Brooding by foster-mother. Brehm. C. L. 1835d. Sympathy and foster-parentage. Palmer, E. G. 1888. CAPTIVITY, BEHAVIOR IN General. Braun, F. 1903. Birds of prey. Muller, C. 1895a. Botaums. Swain, J. M. 1901. Coccothraustes vespertine. Shufeldt, R. W. 1890c. Ectopistes. Deane, R. 1896. Hylocichla. Owen, D. E. 1897. Procellaria. Tice- hurst, C. B. 1912b. Psittacus. Schjel- derup-Ebbe, T. 1922c, 1923b. Pycno- notus hemorrhous. Butler, A. G. 1893a. Rhamphastidae. Broderip, W. J. 1825. Spheniscus. Townsend,C.H.1926. Tyto alba pratincola. Stoner, E. A. 1922a. Attitudes in captivity. Ixobrychus. Griffith, A. F. 1894. Combativeness in captivity. Frin- gillidae. Braun, F. 191 5b. Song. Captivity effects. Braun, F. 1917a. DOCILITY OR TAMENESS General. Hunter, J. 1868; Walter, A. 1877b. Anseres. Dorrien-Smith, I. 1913. Bubo v. virginianus. Baerg, W. J. 1926. Circus hudsonius. Shelley, Behavior BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 50 L. O. 1935. Larus argentatus. Strong, R. M. 1923a. Psaltriparus. Finley, W. L. 1905. Capacity for tameness. Somateria. Townsend, C. W. 1914. Not accustomed to man. Laysan Island. Fisher, W. K. 1903b. Unmolested birds. Distant, W. L. 1900. When much starved. Larus ridi- bundus. Warren, R. 1896. Young bird. Cuculus. Tuck, J. G. 1889. EMOTIONS General. Beebe, C. W. 1903, 1905b; Braun, F.1911c. Columba. *Rouse,J.E. 1906. Columbae. Whitman, C.O.1919a. Callus. Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1930. Psittacidae. Braun, F. 1911c. Affection and amity. Brehm, C. L. 1837; Denise, L. 1909; Gadeau de Ker- ville, H. 1890. Emotional basis for peep of chick. Callus. Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1924b. Humor. Do birds have sense of humor? Clarke, R. H. 1907. Instinctive emotional life. *Fried- mann, H. 1934b. Expression of emotions Book. Text in English. Includes birds. Darwin, C. R. 1872. General. Includes birds. Grosseteste, W.1911. Columbidae. *Craig,W.1909a. Captive birds. Braun, F. 1910. Effects upon respiration. Columba. *Rouse, J. E. 1905. In song. Bay, J. C. 1894; Bowdish, B. S. 1893. Reaction to red color. Ciconia. Mikolas, K. 1929a. EMOTIONAL EFFECTS ON COLOR OF SKIN Naked skin about head. Blushing. Callus. Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1916. When blood supply is cut. Bieder- mann, R. 1898. Fear General. Ciconia. Schultz, S. 1677. Young birds. Anas. Phillips, J. C. 1912a. Do birds fear birds of prey instinc- tively? Brass, M. 1912a. Fear when danger threatens nests. Pershouse, S. 1909. Loss of fear (taming). Psaltriparus family. Finley, W. L. 1905. Reaction to loud noise. Hirundo. Midgley, T. 1896. HYPNOTISM General. Carlier, W. 1924; Mangold, E. 1910b, 1913; Maxwell, H. 1919; Steiniger, F. 1935. Many species. Patrick, D. M. 1927. Include birds. Baege, M. H. 1915; Anon. 1915c. Anser. Prentiss, D. W. 1882. Athene noctua. Reisinger, L. 1926b. Cathartes. Prentiss, D. W. 1882. Columba. Man- gold, E. 1913. Corvus. Mangold, E. 1910b. Callus. Erhard, H. 1922; Mangold, E. 1910b, 1913; Prentiss, D. W. 1882. Includes Callus. Szyman- ski, J. S. 1912. Serinus. Prentiss, D. W. 1882. Female of Glaucidium nanum de- scribed as hypnotizing other birds, especially sparrows, after which she pierces the cranium and sucks the brain. Machon, F. 1926. INSTINCT Books. Text in English. Howard, H. E. 1935; Morgan, C. L. 1896a, 1900; Morgan, T. H. 1903; Romanes, G. J. 1884; Stanley, E. 1848; Wallace, A. R. 1895. Columba, Molothrus & Struthio. Darwin, C. R. 1859. Text in French. Gall, F. J. 1810-19; Hement, F. 1880; Joly, H. 1901. Text in German. Schneider, K. C. 1909. Birds incidental. Ziehen, G. T. 1914. General. Argyll, G. D. 1868; Bald- win, J. M. 1896; Basedow, H. 1888b; Bau, A. 1908b; Beebe, C. W. 1903; Blackwall, J. 1831c, 1850; Boon, B. 1906; Brown, W. 1883; Bryant, H. & Pappenheim, S. 1848; Buchanan, G. C. 1896; *Craig, W. 1918; Fricken, W. M. 1862; Gengler, J. 1908a; Gloger, C. W. 1829b; Heckewelder, J. G. 1799; Her- rick, F. H. 1901, 1907a, b, 1908, 1909, 1919; Hildebrandt, H. 1919b; Kenyon, F. C. 1897; KerhervS, L. B. 1893; Le"niez, A. 1876-77; Lovett, E. 1884; Morgan, C. L. 1896c; Noll, F. C. 1876; Oettingen, A. 1886; Pelletier, H. 1880- 51 SUBJECT INDEX Behavior 81; *Portielje, A. F. 1922; Potts, T. H. 1884b; Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1923c, 1924c;Schuster,W.1902a;Webb,J.1865; Weismann, F. L. 1878. Many species. Blackwall, J. 1824b;Konig-Warthausen, R. 1889; Whittle, C. L. 1923. Include birds. Good, J. M. 1825; Spalding, D. A. 1875, 1902; Whitman, C. 0. 1899. Young birds. Mills, T. W. 1896b; Morgan, C. L. 1896c; Spalding, D. A. 1873. Agelaius phoeniceus. Scott, W. E. 1904b. Anas. Stiebeling, G. C. 1873. Ardetta involucris. Hudson, W. H. 1875. Coccyzus. Herrick, F. H. 1909, 1910b. Columba. Joly, N. 1876. Co- lumbae. Whitman, C. O. 1919a. Cor- vus. Cauderay, H. 1873. Cuculidae. Blackwall, J. 1824a. Cuculus. Sar- dinka, M. S. 1877. Cygnus. Home, M. 1899. Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Scott, W. E. 1904b. Fulica a. atra. Masse, F. 1909a. Gallinula c. chloropus. Selby, P.J. 1841b. Gallus. Burch, G. J. 1895; KerhervS, L. B. 1893; Schjelderup- Ebbe, T. 1914, 1924b; Stiebeling, G. C. 1873. Includes Gallus. Schmid, B. 1912. Hirundinidae. Chateau, E. 1902; La Harpe, J. 1864. lonornis martinicus. Gross, A. O. & Van Tyne, J. 1929. Lanius. Miller, A. H. 1931. Larus. Butcher, W. & Baily, W. L. 1903. Meleagris gallopavo. Pennant, T. 1781. Merula migratoria. Scott, W. E. 1902b. Pica. Graves, J. 1884. Incubator chick. Fere, C. 1895k. Acorn storing. Melanerpes. Michael, C. W. 1926. Allowance for refraction effects of objects under water. Ardea. Cassin, J. 1846. Comparison of instinct in birds and fishes. Berthelot, S. 1875-76. Development of instinct. *Breed, F. S. 1911; *Kuhlmann, F. 1909. In- cludes birds. Byrne, J. 1875. Diving. (See also under Loco- motion.) Jewel, L. L. 1915. Drinking by newly hatched bird. Gallus. Elliott, H. W. 1896. Effect of alcohol on instincts of birds hatched from alcoholized eggs. Gallus. Fletcher, J. M., Cowan, E. A., & Arlitt, A. H. 1916. Familial instinct. Gue'niot, . 1917: Feeding. (See also under Habits: Feeding.) Hartzell, J. C. 1896; Lucas, F. A. 1896c. Young birds. Mills, T. W. 1896b. Feigning of death. Include birds. Blyth, E. 1837a; Rabaud, E. 1917. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1907a. Feigning of injury to attract from nest or young. Begbie, A. 1909; Dewar, D. 1908a; Donald, C. H. 1908b; Gabrielson, I. N. 1914a. Vanellus. Davenport, H. S. 1902; Riviere, B. B. 1902. Zenaida z. zenaida. Nice, M. M. 1922. "Freezing." Remaining motionless when in danger. Arenberg, E. 1911; Masse, F. 1910; Palmer, W. 1909. Botaurus. Barrows, W. B. 1913. Habit compared with instinct in breeding. Watson, J. B. & Lashley, K. S. 1915. Homing instinct. (See also under Orientation.) Suggested explanation. Gould, G. M. 1888-89. Columba. Musy, M. 1911. Honey guiding. Habit of attracting attention of man and guiding to bee trees. Indicatorinae. Barneby, W. T. 1900; Chapin, J. P. 1924a. Imitation and instinct compared. Butler, A. G. 1906c. Turdus. Boscher, E. 1893. Impaling prey on thorns. Lanius. Watson, J. B. 1910. Instinct in captivity. Braun, F. 1910. Killing instinct. Muller, J. W. 1854. Birds in captivity. Hanau, A. 1875. Falco. Haggerty, M. E. 1912. Killing young. Larus argentatus. Ward, H. L. 1906b. Male doves reared in isolation. Craig, W. 1914. Migratory instinct. (See also under Migrations.) Caged wild birds. Emerson, W. O. 1890; Leopold, N. F. 1923; Schurer, J. 1905. Melospiza. Nice, M. M. 1933a. Opening nuts. Sitta caesia. Eysell, A. 1911. Pecking instinct. Lucas, F. A. 1896c. Development. Gallus. Shepard, J. F. & Breed, F. S. 1913. Persistence of instinct of wild bird in domesticity. Anas. Meilheurat, V. 1912. Pouting. Columba. Whitman, C. O. 1899. Tumbling. Columba. Whitman, C. O. 1899. Zenaidura. Metcalf, M. M. 1925. Water attraction. Verlaine, L. 1937. U. OF ILL LIB. Behavior BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 52 Modifiability in instinct General. Gallus. Shepard, J. F. & Breed, F. S. 1913. Effect of injection of castrated crows with human urine and placental extract. *Rowan, W. 1932. Relation of instinct to Experience. Weissenborn, W. 1838. Learning to eat, drink, etc. Bumpus, H. C. 1896. Learning song and call notes of English sparrows reared by canaries. *Conradi, E. 1905. Reproductive instinct General. Brehm, C. L. 1838; Bruck- ner, O. 1911; Dixon, C. 1877. Gallus. Pe"zard, A. 1921c. Hirun- dinidae. Chateau, E. 1902. Molothrus. Hudson, W. H. 1874a. Podiceps. Arundel, W. B. 1905. Periodic reproductive instinct. Anas. Rame, E. 1904. BROODING INSTINCT General. Whitman, C. 0. 1899. Galli- nula chloropus. Lasnier, J. 1910. Hen brooding and hatching eggs of a kite when placed under her, but desert- ing them after hatching. Hutchinson, R. F. 1880. (See also under Recognition.) Heredity. Gallus. Goodale, H. D., Sanborn, R., & White, D. 1920. CASTRATION EFFECTS General. Gallus. Pezard, A. 1924b. Meleagris. van Oordt, G. J. & Van der Maas, C. J. 1929. Treading instinct present in capons. Brooded chicks and cared for them even clucking. Gallus. Goodale, H. D. 1916d. MATERNAL AFFECTION General. Raspail, X. 1895b. Wild birds. Orr, H. L. 1899. Gallus. Schjel- derup-Ebbe, T. 1924b. Capons. Gallus. Breton, P. 1889. Effect of prolactin on maternal instinct. Riddle, O. 1935. NEST-BUILDING Book. Text in English. Wallace, A. R. 1895. General. Allen, J. A. 1878; Argyll, G. D. 1868; Byrne, J. 1875; *Herrick, F. H. 1911 ; Hubbard, E. 1882; Kenyon, F. C. 1897; Konig-Warthausen, R. 1889; Landois, H. 1881b, 1882b. Seiurus aurocapillus. Nice, M. M. 1931d. Experiments in hindering and aiding birds in nest-building. Abbott, C. C. 1883. Improvement in nest-building. Fitz- gerald, J. 1873. Is nest-building an instinct? Lowne, B. T. 1879. Nesting. Birds with stoppage of ovi- duct. Gallus. Curtis, M. R. & Pearl, R. 1915. Vocal instinct General. Blackwall, J. 1824b, 1850; Braun, F. 1910, 1912a, c, 1915a; Burkitt, J. P. 1922; Butler, A. G. 1892; Conway, C. 1834; Dorno, C. 1924; Grobbels, F. 1907, *1925a; Voigt, A. 1911; White, W. H. 1836b; Witchell, C. A. 1892. Many species. Christoleit, E. 1927b. Development of instinct to sing. Braun, F. 1908c. In individual. Craig, W. 1902. Significance of song. Headley, F. W. 1909. Song of hand-reared birds reared so they could not hear song of parents. Agelaius phoeniceus, Dolichonyx oryzi- vorus, & Hedymeles ludovicianus. Scott, W.E.1904b. Linota. Miller, L.H.1921a. Sturnella magna. Scott, W. E. 1904b. INTELLIGENCE Publications dealing with the question whether birds may be said to have intelligence. Books. Text in English. Ealand, C. A. 1921; Howard, H. E. 1935; Menault, E. 1899. Text in French. Berthoud, S. H. 1891; Hement, F. 1880. General. Abbott, C. C. 1877; Adams, A. L. 1873; Bignon, F. 1894; Bird, . 1882; Blackwall, J. 1831c; Butler, A. G. 1909a, 1915; Clarke, R. H. 1906a; Craig, W. 1918; Dodsworth, P. T. 1910b; Donald, C. H. 1910; Gengler, J. 1908a; Greppin, L. 1906; Grubb, J. 1861; *Herrick, F. H. 1910a; Hubbard, E. 1882; Hunt, C. J. 1905; Killermann, 53 SUBJECT INDEX Behavior . 1906; Lanzi, L. 1903; Lorenz, K. 1932; Menegaux, H. A. 1907b; *Porter. J. P. 1910; Radcliffe, H. D. 1909; Spectator, 1873; Wallace, A. R. 1867b; Wilkins,A. 1891; Anon. 1873a. Include birds. Byrne, J. 1875; Menault, E. 1899; Schonbauer, L. 1914. Anas. Verlaine, L. 1937. Carpo- dacus. Abbott, C. C. 1877. Columba. Hunter, W. S. 1911; Whitman, C. O. 1919a. Corpus. Frazar, A. M. 1876; Taber, W. B. 1927. Corpus corax. Pleske, T. D. 1916. Callus. Katz, D. & Toll, A. 1923; Kerherve, L. B. 1893; Kroh, O. & Gotz, W. 1926; Rabaud, E. 1904. Gruidae. (Uncritical.) St. Quintin, W. H. 1907. Hydralector gallinaceus. Hencke, H. 1901. Lanius. Childs, J. L. 1900. Passer. Coch, M. 1907; Rabaud, E. 1886. Pericrocotus. Dodsworth, P. T. 1910a. Phasianus & Pica. Rabaud, E. 1904. Pooecetes. Abbott, C. C. 1877. Psittaci. Braun, F. 1911c; Lacaze-Duthiers, H. 1885. Rallus longirostris crepitans. Pettingill, O.S. 1938. Spizella&Sturnella. Abbott, C. C. 1877. Turdus. Drew, S. A. 1872. Ability to distinguish sounds of dif- ferent pitch and timbre, also to repro- duce them. Psittacus. Lashley, K. S. 1913. Counting. Can birds count? Killer- mann, . 1906; Noll-Tobler, H. 1919; Rey, J. G. 1905c. Do birds know how to avoid electric wires? Rossignol, . 1905. Feigning injury or death. Does it indicate intelligence? Delamain, J. 1914. Ideation and instinct compared. Oehlerking, G. 1877. Inability to select individual fishes for food when they swam in a close mass formation. Allen, W. E. 1920. Inferior intelligence. Zenaidura. Nice, M. M. 1921. Inferiority of female sex. Snell, F. H. 1858. Insight. Does bird possess insight in causal relation? Reinke, J. 1921. Instinct and intelligence compared. Bowen, F. 1846; *Herrick, F. H. 1908, 1910a. Lack of discrimination in feeding young. Dunlop, E. B. 1912. Problem solution. Szymanski, J. S. 1922. Profiting by experience. Porter, J. P. 1904, 1906; Williams, R. 1896. Columba. Hunter, W. S. 1911. Reason. Can birds reason? Butler, A. G. 1915; Littler, F. M. 1903. Resourcefulness. Labyrinth studies. Columba. Hunter, W. S. 1911. Visual constants. Gallus. *G6tz, W. 1926. Association General. Columba. Rouse, J. E. 1906. Psittaci. Hachet-Souplet, P. 1904. With reference to color. Melopsit- tacus undulatus. Bailey, F. W. & Riley, C. F. 1931. LANGUAGE Publications dealing with the ques- tion of the ability of birds to communi- cate with each other, especially vocally. See also under Sound production. General. Beebe, C. W. 1903, 1905b; Fenis, F. 1917; Grosseteste, W. 1911; KerhervS, L. B. 1893; Woodbury, A. M.1930b. Corvidae. Gerlach, W. 1927. Gallus. Burch, G. J. 1895. Communication by movements and voice. How birds make themselves understood by man. Gadeau de Ker- ville, H. 1903b. Expression to man of desires and moods. Psittacidae, etc. Raspail, X. 1903e. Origin and development of language in birds. Rhoads, S. N. 1889. LEARNING Publications dealing with the ability of birds to learn. Books. Text in English. Howard, H. E. 1935. Includes Gallus. Thorndike, E. L. 1911. General. Blanchon, H. L. 1900 ; Bux- baum, L. 1892; Craig, W. 1918; Gotz, W. 1926; Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1930; Anon. 1889c. Exotic birds. Delaurier, A. 1881. Anas. Morgan, C. L. 1894a. Anous. *Watson, J. B. 1908. Gallus. Grindley, G. C. 1927; Hadley, P. B. 1909a; Koh- ler, W. 1915; Kroh, O. 1927; Kroh, O. & Gotz, W. 1926; Kroh, O. & Scholl, R. 1926. Garrulus. Niederreiter, A. 1892. Hirundo rustica. Plocq, M. 1915. Molothrus & Passer. Porter, J. P. 1906. Behavior BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 54 Phasianus. Peal, S. E. 1895. Pooe- cetes. Porter, J. P. 1906. Psittacidae. Baldwin, J. M. 1914. Sterna. *Watson, J. B. 1908. Turdus. Coward, T. A. 1915. Drink, learning to. Columbidae. Craig, W. 1912b. Multiple choice study of learning. Labyrinth studies. Columba. Hunter, W. S. 1911. Corpus. Coburn, C. A. & Yerkes, R. M. 1915. Fringilla, Loxia, Pyrrhula, & Serinus. Sadovinkova, M. P. 1923a, b. Streptopelia. Strong, R. M. 1911b. Relation of strength of stimulus to rate of learning. Gallus. Cole, L. W. 1911. Speak, learning to. (See also under various sections involving Corvus, Psit- tacidae, and Sturnus vulgaris.) Psitta- cidae. Braun,F.1912b,1923b; Lucanus, F. K. 1923b. Training of young in nest. Many species. Raspail, X. 1903d. Butalis grisola. Raspail, X. 1903b. Cannabina linota. Raspail, X. 1904c. Cuculus. Raspail, X. 1895a. Emberiza cirlus. Raspail, X. 1903a. Emberiza citrinella. Raspail, X. 1892c. Ligurinus Moris. Raspail, X. 1904b. Passeriformes. Raspail, X. 1896b. Pica caudata. Raspail, X. 1896a. Prunella modu- laris. Raspail, X. 1903c. Pyrrhula. Raspail, X. 1899a. Visual constants. *Gotz, W. 1926. Sing, learning to General. Bulman, G. W. 1911. Acquisition of new song. Scott, W. E. 1902a. Is ability to sing learned or inherited? Christoleit, E. 1927b; Conradi, E. 1905; Hagen, W. 1923. Learning to sing, by hand-reared birds. Agelaius phoenicus & Dolichonyx oryzivorus. Scott, W. E. 1904b. Stur- nella magna. Scott, W. E. 1904d. Za- melodia [Hedymeles] ludovidana. Scott, W. E. 1904c, d. MEMORY General. Includes birds. Lucanus, F. K. 1924. Anser. Anon. 1889a. Gallus. Katz, D. & Revesz, G. 1908. Schjel- derup-Ebbe, T. 1914. Passer. Clarke, R. H. 1906b; Porter, J. P. 1904. Kinesthetic memory. Meise, W. 1933. Labyrinth studies of memory. Co- lumba. Hunter, W. S. 1911. Rate of learning in relation to strength of stimulus. Gallus. Cole, L. W. 1911. Training studies involving acoustical stimuli. Columba. Jellinek, A. 1926. MIMICRY, MOCKING, AND RE- LATED TOPICS, USUALLY VOCAL General. Brown, R. H. 1924; Busch, M. 1877; Butterfield, W. C. 1895a; Cresswell, O. E. 1899; Csorgey, T. 1922; Fabani, C. 1892e, 1894a; Fish, E. E. 1881; Forbes, H. 0. 1878; Forrest, H. E. 1924; Gurney, J. H. Jr. 1897b; Hoff- mann, B. 1925; Mata, A. B. 1923; Newton, A. 1878b; *Porter, J. P. 1910; Potts, T. H. 1872; S., H. H. 1878; Stadler, H. & Schmitt, C. 1915; Thom- son, J. S. 1878; Townsend, C. W. 1924b; Voigt, A. 1901; Witchell, C. A. 1896b, 1900; Young, J. 1878. Botaurus. Nagy, E. 1916. Cerchneis. Burrell, H. 1908. Coccothraustes vul- garis. Macpherson, H. A. 1882. Icte- rus galbula. Scott, W. E. 1901. Mareca penelope. Shore, A. C. 1924. Mimus [Dumetella] carolinensis. Bailey, S. W. 1912; Dickey, D. R. 1922; Michener, H. & Michener, J. R. 1935; *Whittle, C. L. 1922a. Phylloscopus. Meyrick, H. 1908. Psittacidae. Raspail, X. 1903e; Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1930. Psittacus. Lashley, K. S. 1913. Serinus. Lauer, H. 1908b. Sturnus vulgaris. Bready, M. B. 1929; Thorpe, D. L. 1892. Tur- dus. Butler, A. G. 1902c; Colthrup, C. W. 1924. Turdus musicus clarkei. Gordon, A. 1924; Magrath, H. A. 1924; Shore, A. C. 1924; Terras, H. 1924. Vireo. Blincoe, B. J. 1924. Ability to reproduce sounds of dif- ferent pitch and timbre. Lashley, K. S. 1913. Imitation of serpent hiss. Penthes- tes. Pickens, A. L. 1928. List of species mocking. Crett6 de Palluel, A. 1903-04. Sings, whistles, barks, etc. Chry- sotis. Lashley, K. S. 1913. MORAL BEHAVIOR General. Member, G. A. 1909. Moral and mental attributes in birds. Butler, A. G. 1909a, b. 55 SUBJECT INDEX Behavior "Moral superiority." Corvidae. Hor- wood, A. R. 1909. PARENTAL BEHAVIOR See also under Maternal affection, Instinct. General. Many species. Brehm, C. L. 1868b. Parent diving with young under wings when frightened. Podilymbus p. podiceps. Strong, R. M. 1912f. PERCEPTION Direction perception. (See also under Orientation.) In young. Gallus. Thorndike, E. L. 1899. Discrimination tests. Corvus. Co- burn, C. A. 1914. Distance perception. In young. Gal- lus. Thorndike, E. L. 1899. Visual pattern-discrimination. In- cludes Gallus. *Johnson, H. M. 1914. Form, size, and space perception General. Gallus. *Bingham, H. C. 1913; Revesz, G. 1925. Form discrimination. Gallus. Kroh, 0. 1927; Kroh, O. & Scholl, R. 1926. Form perception. Gallus incidental. Hunter, W. S. 1913; Kroh, 0. 1927. Size perception. Gallus. Kroh, 0. 1927; Kroh, O. & Gotz, W. 1926. Young. Gallus. Thorndike, E. L. 1899. Space perception Book. Text in German. Cyon, E. 1908. General. Includes birds. Tschermak, A. 1914. Gallus. Revesz, G. 1925. Function of semicircular canals in space perception. Cyon, E. 1878, 1900b. PLAY Books. Text in English. Cornish, C. J. 1896. Text in German. Groos, K. 1896; Schneider, K. C. 1909. General. Momber, G. A. 1909; Wurm, W. 1911. Many species. Masse, F. 1909b. Sea birds. Bux- baum, L. 1902. Fringillidae in capti- vity. Braun, F. 1907a. Exercise and play. Curruca, Grus, & Otus. Walter, A. 1877a. Struthio. Latzel, R. 1914. Playing-house constructed by Chla- mydera & Ptilonorhynchus. Gould, J. 1840. REACTIONS TO VARIOUS STIM- ULI Color. (See also under Vision : Color vision.) Bierens de Haan, J. A. 1924. Concealing colors. Henning, H. 1916. Danger. Artillery fire. Includes birds. Damm, 0. 1915. Heat reaction of young. Birds reacted to heat of lamp as though in sunlight. Falcones. Biedermann-Im- hoof, R. 1911. Insects supposed to be bad tasting or offensive. All species were eaten by same species in captivity. Butler, A. G. 1889a,b. Insects with warning or confusing colors. Krausse, A. H. 1911. New situations. Selasphorus. Du- bois, A. D. 1923a. Optical stimuli. Gallus. *Breed, F. S. 1912. Phototropism (Attraction to light) General. Pigot, T. D. 1863; Saxby, H. L. 1863a. Fire. Kelsall, J. E. 1889. Fire at night. Lano, A. 1895. Lighthouses. Gurney, J. H. Jr. 1871, 1872a, 1878; Hennicke, C. R. 1914. Light value (using Weston meter) for leaving and returning to roosting places. Quiscalus & Sturnus vulgaris. Nice, M. M. 1935. RECOGNITION OF Experiments and observations test- ing ability of birds to recognize familiar objects. General. Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1914. Nest. Christy, R. M. 1884. Anous s. stolidus & Sterna fuliginosa [f. fuscata], Watson, J. B. & Lashley, K. S. 1915. Sterna dougalli & Sterna hirundo. Cahn, A. R. 1916. Parents by offspring. Nycticorax n. hoactli. Noble, G. K., Wurm, M., & Schmidt, A. 1938. Self in mirror. Meissner, O. 1908. Behavior BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 56 Sex. Many species. Noble, G. K. & Vogt, W. 1935. Colaptes auratus. Noble, G. K. 1936. Nycticorax n. hoactli. Noble, G. K., Wurm, M., & Schmidt, A. 1938. Eggs General. Butler, A. G. 1878. Cep- phus & Sphenisciformes. Ussher, R. J. 1901a. Does cuckoo know its own egg? Scholey, G. J. 1924. Number and form of eggs. Grob- bels, F. 1908a. Substituting eggs of other species, or other objects. Butler, A. G. 1878; Christy, R. M. 1884; Drescher, E. 1926; Hilgert, C. 1908, 1926; Hugues, A. 1904; Raspail, X. 1910; Riefkohl, E. 1861. Accipiter cooperi & Gallus. Williams, R. W. 1896b. Anous s. stolidus & Sterna fuliginosa [f. fuscata]. Watson, J. B. 1908. Asiof.flammeus&Gallus. Dubois, A. D. 1923b. Melospiza m. melodia & Tyrannus tyrannus. Strong, R. M. 1891b. EXPERIMENTAL COLORING OF EGGS General. Rensch, B. 1925e. Anous s. stolidus & Sterna fuliginosa [f. fuscata], Watson, J. B. 1908. Spotting with water-color paints. Melospiza, Sialia & Turdus. Savary, W. B. 1926. Young General. Anous s. stolidus & Sterna fuliginosa [f. fuscata}. Watson, J. B. & Lashley, K. S. 1915. Young interchanged between nests of different species. Christy, R. M. 1884. SEXUAL BEHAVIOR Books. Text in English. Chisholm, C. L. 1922; Dixon, C. 1897a; Howard, H. E. 1935. Birds incidental. Wundt, W. M. 1896. Text in German. Zimmermann, R. 1922. Includes birds. Deegener, B. 1918. Arctic region birds. Faber, F. 1825- 26. General. Allen, F. H. 1923; Baldwin, S. P. & Kendeigh, S. C. 1927; Braun, F. 1919; Brehm, C. L. 1838; Craig, W. 1918; Csorgey, T. 1922; Curry, A. V. 1890; Cuvier, F. G. 1808; Detmers, E. 1913; Eckstein, K. 1889a; Gifford, E. W. 1927; Grote, G. A. 1909; Hawkins, C. J. 1918, 1920; Huxley, J. S. 1926; Lorenz, K. 1932; Marx, A. 1914; Neumann, C. 1893; Saposnikov, C. 1915; Schjelderup- Ebbe, T. 1924e; Schuster, L. 1926c; Sherman, A. R. 1924; Tinbergen, N. 1936. Many species. Brehm, C. L. 1840b; Noble, G. K. & Vogt, W. 1935. Tropical birds. Heim, A. 1913. Agelaius. Gabrielson, I. N. 1915c. Anas. Chodziesner, M. 1929; Kem- pen, C. 1909. Anas platyrhynchus. Geyr von Schweppenburg, H. 1924b. Archilochus alexandri. Woodbury, A. M. 1930a. Ardea. Selous, E. 1925b. Ardeidae. Detmers, E. 1907a. Bonasa. Stockwell, G. A. 1888. Botaurus lenti- ginosus. Strong, R. M. 1911a. Capri- mulgidae; Reboussin, R. 1924. Casu- arius. Le Prestre, F. 1871. Centro- cercus [Tetrao] urophasianellus. Hors- fall, R. B. 1920. Colaptes auratus. Noble, G. K. 1936. IncludesCohmba. En- jalbert, J. 1905. Columbidae. Varigny, H. C. 1898. Cuculus. Gloger, C. W. 1854d. Cygnus. Pissot,C.E.1868. Dendragapus. Anthony, A. W. 1903. Dendroica mag- nolia. Nice, M. M.1926. Diomedea. Dill, H. R. 1912. Dromaeus [Dromiceius]. Le Prestre, F. 1871; Schneider, K. M. 1925. Galliformes. Forel, A. 1906. Gallo- pavo. Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1924c. Gallus. Kempen, C. 1909; PSzard, A. 1921c; Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1924c. Haliaeetus leucocephalus. Herrick, F. H. 1932. Jacana. Miller, A. H. 1930. Larus. Dunlop, E. B. 1916. Meleagris. Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1924c; Stockwell, G. A. 1888. Melopsittacus. Cinat-Tomspn, H. 1926. Melospiza melodia. Nice, M. M. 1933c. Myiar- chus. Gabrielson, I. N. 1915b. Oidemia. Gunn, D. 1923. Pavo. Schjelderup- Ebbe, T. 1924c. Phaethornis. Davis, T. A. 1934. Philohela minor. Mousley, W.H. 1927. Pica. Stubbs, F. J. 1909a. Pipilo e. erythrophthalmus. Boggs, M. A. 1926. Podiceps c. cristatus. Huxley, J. S. 1924b; *Selous, E. 1920. Podiceps f. fluviatilis. Huxley, J. S. 1919b. Pygmornis. Davis, T. A. 1934. Pyrrhocorax. Zollikofer, E. H. 1927b. Recurvirostra americana. Huxley, J. S. 1924a. Strigiformes. Brehm, C. L. 1840a. Telmatodytes p. palustris. Wel- ter, W. A. 1935. Tetrao. Stockwell, G. A. 1888. Tympanuchus. Bell, C. N. 1885. Tyto pratincola. Potter, J. K. & Gillespie, J. A. 1925. Vireo. Boggs, M. A. 1926. Zenaidura. Nice, M. M. 1931b. Hybrid of male Acanthis and 57 SUBJECT INDEX Behavior female hybrid of male Carduelis and female Sennits. Larcher, O. E. 1866. Aberration. Skriabina, K. 1908e, Deafness in sexual excitement. (See also under Ear.) Tetrao urogallus. Ehr- lich, H. 1907. Fighting. Tetrao u. urogallus. Wurm, W. 1899b. Irregularity in monogamous birds. Sturnus vulgaris. Eckardt, W. R. 1919a. Male stimulating female to lay with- out copulation. Columbidae. *Craig, W. 1911, 1913c. Males other than mate pursuing nest- ing female. Anas. Huxley, J. S. 1912b. Mating of two individuals of same sex. Gloger, C. W. 1860d. Modification by injection of ovarian extract. Columba. Riddle, O. 1914b. Mutual recognition of sex. Krohn, H. 1924. Periodic changes in sexual behavior. Anas. Rame, E. 1904. Revival of sex instinct in autumn. Howe, R. H. 1899. Sexual behavior when gonads are absent or reduced. Columbidae. Riddle, 0. 1925a. Courtship Books. Text in English. Chisholm, A. H. 1922; Dixon, C. 1897a; Pycraft, W. P. 1922; Townsend, C. W. 1912b. Includes birds. Poulton, E. B. 1890. Corpus /. frugilegus. Yeates, G. K. 1934. Phalacrocorax auritus. Lewis, H. F. 1929. General. Allen, F. H. 1923; Altum, B. 1860a, b; Beebe, C. W. 1903, 1905b; Brehm, C. L. 1835b, 1854a; *Erhard, H. 1923, 1924; Finn, F. 1902f; Huxley, J. S. 1916, 1926; Nice, M. M. 1929c; Noble, G. K. & Vogt, W. 1935; Patten, C. J. 1926; Russow, V. 1871; Selous, E. 1916; Townsend, C. W. 1920, 1925; Wood, T. W. 1871. Many species. Noble, G. K. & Vogt, W. 1935. In- cludes birds. Marx, A. 1914. Agelaius. Allen, A. A. 1914b. Anas. Brock, S. E. 1914a. Anas boschas. Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1923a. Anas crec- ca. Boase, H. 1925a. Anatidae. Brooks, A. 1920; Townsend, C. W. 1916b; Wor- mald, H. 1910, 1914. Anous. Watson, J. B. 1908. Ardea. Selous, E. 1925a, b. Argusianus argus. Seth-Smith, D. 1925. Bucephala [Glaucionetta]. Boase, H. 1924b. Calidris. Verwey, J. 1930. Cassidix mexicanus major. Townsend, C. W. 1927. Centrocercus. Bond, F. 1900. Ceriornis. Bartlett, A. D. 1864. Ceriornis satyr a. Smith, C. B. 1912. Clangula. Brewster, W. 1911b; Towns- end, C. W. 1910. Colaptes auratus luteus. *Noble, G. K. 1936. Columba. Townsend, C. W. 1915. Columbae. Butler, A. G. 1898a; Finn, F. 1901b; Whitman, C. O. 1919a. Colymbus stel- latus. *Huxley, J. S. 1923. Corpus b. brachyrhynchos. Townsend, C. W. 1927. Cuculus. Mackeith, T. T. 1908. Dendragapus. Brooks, A. 1926a. Em- beriza. Kirkman, F. B. 1913. Emberiza c. citrinella. Rope, G. T. 1913. Eris- matura jamaicensis. Townsend, C. W. 1926a. Eunetta falcata. Finn, F. 1915a. Fulica americana. Townsend, C. W. 1926a; Wetmore, A. 1920e. Fuligula baeri. Millais, J. G. 1902c. Fulmarus. Boase, H. 1924a. Gallopavo & Callus Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1924c. Haema- topus ostralegus. "Huxley, J. S. & Mon- tague, F. A. 1925. Icteridae. Tyler, W. M. 1923. Junco. Gabrielson, I. N. 1911. Lanius. Miller, A. H. 1931. Larus. Haviland, M. D. 1914a. Lo- phophorus. Rodon, G. S. 1899. Lopho- rina superba minor. Winterbottom, J. M. 1929. Meleagris. Schjelderup-Ebbe, T.1924c. Mergus. Brock, S. E. 1912; Colman, H. R. & Boase, H. 1925; Lonnberg, A. J. 1926e; Townsend, C. W. 1911b, 1916b. Motacilla. Boase, H. 1926a. Motacilla yarrelli. Rope, G. T. 1913. Nycticorax n. hoactli. Noble, G. K., Wurm, M., & Schmidt, A. 1938. Nyroca. Boase, H. 1926b. Ny- roca affinis. Townsend, C. W. 1927. Nyrocinae. Alford,C.E.1921. Oidemia. Gunn, D. 1927a. Oedicnemus o. oedic- nemus. Munn, P. W. 1912. Oxyechus v. vociferus. Pickwell, G. B. 1930. Para- disea. Crandall, L. S. 1922. Pavo. Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1932. Phala- crocorax penicillatus. Townsend, C. W. 1925. Podiceps. Boase, H. 1925c. Podiceps c. crisiatus. *Huxley, J. S. 1914, 1924c. Polyplectron cristata. Seth-Smith, D. 1912a. Ptilorhis mag- nifica. Seth-Smith, D. 1922, 1923. Richmondena c. cardinalis. Shaver, J. M. & Roberts, M. B. 1933. Rostrha- mus sociabilis plumbeus. Townsend, C. W. 1927. Schlegelia vnlsoni. Winter- bottom, J. M. 1928, 1929. Somateria. Boase, H. 1925b; Townsend, C. W. Behavior BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 58 1910. Sterna. Watson, J. B. 1908. Struthio. Pocock, R. I. 1909. Telma- todytes p. palustris. Welter, W. A. 1935. Tetrao urogallus. Ehrlich, H. 1907. Tetanus calidris. Huxley, J. S. 1912b. Tragopan. Seth-Smith, D. 1927. Va- nellus. Brock, S. E. 1911; Haviland, M. D. 1915d. Courting bowers. Ptilonorhynchi- dae. Book. Text in English. Chisholm, A. H. 1935. Dancing performances by various birds. These are more or less related to courting. Anser. Stetter.F. W. 1861. Burhinus gallarius. Cleland, J. B. 1908. Chiroxiphia. Holt, E. G. 1925. Colaptes auratus. Noble, G. K. 1936. Gallinae. Stetter, F. W. 1861. Lophophorus. Rodon, G. S. 1899. Struthio. Cleland, J. B. 1908; Evelyn, F. W. 1908b. Tringa. Stetter, F. W. 1861. Display performances, usually by male in courting female General. Csorgey, T. 1922. Argusi- anus argus. Seth-Smith, D. 1925. Calidris. Verwey, J. 1930. Ceriornis satyra. Smith, C. B. 1912. Citinnurus regius. Ingram, W. J. 1907. Emberiza c. citrinella. Kirkman, F. B. 1913; Rope, G. T. 1913. Eupodotis. Garrod, A. H. 1874c. Lophornis superba minor. Winterbottom, J. M. 1929. Motacilla lugubris. Boase, H. 1926a; Kirkman, F. B. & Masefield, J. R. 1913. Motacilla yarrelli. Kirkman, F. B. 1913; Rope, G. T. 1913. Nycticorax n. hoactli. Noble, G. K., Wurm, M., & Schmidt, A. 1938. Otis. Garrod, A. H. 1874a. Paradisea minor. Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1905c. Paradiseidae. Le Souef, A. S. 1919. Podiceps. Boase, H. 1925c. Polyplectron cristate. Seth-Smith, D. 1912a. Ptilorhis magnifica. Seth-Smith, D. 1922, 1923. Schlegelia wilsoni. Winterbottom, J. M. 1928, 1929. Scolopax. Bahr, P. H. 1912a. Taccocua. Gill, E. H. 1923. Tetrao urogallus. Wurm, W. 1911. Tragopan. Seth-Smith, D. 1927. Trochilidae. Nicholson, E. M. 1931a. Cerebral decortication effects on courtship behavior. Columba. Rogers, F. T. 1920a. Display by female. Eunetta falcata. Finn, F. 1915a. Drumming. Bonasa. Gleason, L. R. 1924; Jones, L. 1905; Scott, D. 1876. Colaptes auratus. Noble, G. K. 1936. Gallinago. Evans, W. 1889, 1908. Excellent pictures. Bonasa. Hodge, C. F. 1906. Gonads: effects on courtship behav- ior. Benoit, J. 1922. Tail spreading reflex. Meleagris. Hill, L. 1910. Use of crest, wings, and tail. Gadeau de Kerville, H. 1897. White nuptial plumes, display. Botaurus lentiginosus. Brewster, W. 1911a; Strong, R. M. 1911a; Wright, H. W. 1920. INFLATION Breast air sacs. Tachypetes aquilum. Vigors, N. A. 1830-3 Ib. Esophagus in booming. Struthio. Anon. 1901b. Lining of cloaca. Coracopsis casa. Sclater, P. L. 1884. Marital relations General. Miller, L. H. 1919. Trog- lodytes. *Baldwin, S. P. 1921a. Vireo. Boggs, M. A. 1926. Bigamy. Erithacus phoenicurus. Warga, K. 1926. Copulation. Anas boschas. Schjeld- erup-Ebbe, T. 1922e. Micropus a. apus. Laubmann, A. 1916. Nycticorax n. hoactli. Noble, G. K., Wurm, M., & Schmidt, A. 1938. Mates for second brood. Nice, M. M. 1930a. Matings subsequent to loss of first nesting. Mousley, W. H. 1917c. Polyandry. Rhea. Astley, H. D. 1907. Turdus merula. Noack, T. 1910. Polygamy. Rhoads, S. N. 1890. Preferential mating. Species with sexes alike in color. Huxley, J. S. 1922. Rapid remating. Falco p. peregrinus. Witherington, G. 1910. Second brood in spite of loss of male. Eckardt, W. R. 1919a. Subsequent mating when female was killed. Buteo vulgaris. Kempen, C. 1905. FIDELITY OF MATES General. Columba. Enjalbert, J. 1905. Constancy of mates (variable) to each other and to territory. Dumetella. Gill, G. 1935. 59 SUBJECT INDEX Behavior LENGTH OF PERIOD BIRDS REMAIN MATED Do birds remain mated for life? Law, J. E. 1919; Willard, F. C. 1918. Anas tadorna. Momsen, P. C. 1913. Remaining mated for a number of years. Carpenter, N. K. 1919. Same pair breeding for two seasons. Spizella passerina. Whittle, C. L. 1925. MATINGS BETWEEN DIFFERENT SPECIES Intergeneric mating. (See also under Hybrids.) Streptopelia & Columba. Archibald, C. F. 1894. Interorder conjugal affection. Seri- nus & Psittacus. Debreuil, C. 1899. Mating inclinations of duck with a fowl. Kempen, C. 1909. Pairing of two species. Turdus. Dobbier, J. K. 1892. Nuptial flight Including song flight. Asio. Dubois, A. D. 1924. Calypte. Hunt, R. 1920b. Capella delicata. Hoffmann, R. 1924. Philohela. Brewster, W. 1894. Selas- phorus. Bassett, F. N. 1921b. TEMPERAMENT General. Acanthis hybrids. Braun, F. 1913a. Turtur [Streptopelia} risorius. Yerkes, R. M. 1915. Individuality. Corpus incidental. Yerkes, R. M. & Yerkes, A. W. 1917. Relation to singing. Braun, F. 1917b. UNUSUAL BEHAVIOR General. Frauenfeld, G. R. 1863b. Birds as nurses. Larus. Oudemans, A. C. 1888. Entering water voluntarily. Struthio. Aplin, O. V. 1894c. Feeding young of other species. Chelidonaria feeding Hirundo. Mase- field, J. R. 1917. Feeding of young in nest by young bird from same parents but over two months older. Columbidae. Snell. F. H. 1857b. Male incubating eggs. Meleagris gallopavo. Oeldmann, S. 1799. Otus brooding young of Colaptes. Lyon, W. I. 1922c. Solar eclipse, behavior during. Booth, H.B.1927. Suicide. Bacmeister, W. 1911. Swimming. Columba palumbus. Mac- pherson, A. H. 1908. Transfer of eggs from one nest to another. Perdix cinerea. Raspail, X. 1893b. Unmated male feeding young of nor- mal pair. Turdus pilaris. Lonnberg, E. 1929b. Variability in behavior. Larus argen- tatus. Strong, R. M. 1914. Behavior of birds with experimental lesions of brain Decerebellate and decerebrate chicks. Callus. Martin, E. G. & Rich, W. H. 1918. Decerebrate bird, behavior of. Co- lumba. Jolyet, F. 1902; Voit, C. 1868. Decorticated bird. Columba. Rogers, F. T. 1920a. Education of decerebrate bird. Co- lumba. Treves, Z. & Aggazzotti, A. 1901. Experimental lesions of cerebral cortex and corpus striatum. Columba. *Rogers, F. T. 1922a. VOCAL BEHAVIOR See also under Sound production. Cackle of hens, significance of. Kel- lerman, W. A. 1893. Singing behavior General. Braun, F. 1908c, 1909. Development. Braun, F. 1920. Migration singing. Baxter, E. V. & Rintoul, L. J. 1914. Psychological basis of singing. *Grob- bels, F. 1910. Singing of sick and dying birds. Braun, F. 1917c. WEATHER EFFECTS ON BE- HAVIOR General. Blatz, C. 1907b; Anon. 1899b. Larus ridibundus. Rendahl, H. 1913a. Anticipation of weather changes. Brehm, C. L. 1848; Eckardt, W. R. 1919c, d. Anser. Buxbaum, L. 1891. Behavior BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 60 Songs of birds. Davenport, H. S. 1899; Fowler, W. W. 1899. Mimus. Shaver, G. M. & Walker, G. 1930. Thunder, effects of. Phasianidae. Macpherson, A. H. 1896; Rope, G. T. 1896. Use of bird behavior in weather fore- casting. Altum, B. 1890a; Brehm, C. L. 1848; Wiese, G. 1867a. BIOCHEMISTRY This section comprises publications which involve chemical compounds, processes, or treatment; it also includes pharmacology. See also under Physi- ology: Metabolism and Nutrition. Books. Text in German. Lehmann, C. G. 1850-52; Oppenheimer, K. 1924- 30. Birds incidental. Vierordt, H. 1906, p. 385. General. Fulmarus glacialis. Stan- ford, E. C. 1870. Amylolytic activity variations. Liver and pancreas. Columba. Tiger, R. & Simonnet, H. 1921. Antagonistic action of potassium and lecithin towards calcium and cholester- in. Histologic study. Includes Galliis. Kosaka, K. 1930. Chemical synthesis. Gallus. Bongers, I. A. 1887. Composition of air in air cells of bones. Cygnus. Davy, J. 1849. Edible swallows' nests. Hirundinidae. *Zeller, H. 1913. Food: chemical composition. Includes birds. Balland, J. A. 1900. Heat production in cells. Anser. Meyerhof, O. 1912. Oxidation. Strix noctua. Albini, G. 1895c. Respiration. Includes birds. Re- gnault, V. & Reiset, J. 1849. Secretion, gastric. Includes Anas. Keeton, R. W., Koch, F. C., & Luck- hardt, A. B. 1920. Sex differences. Variations in repro- ductive cycle. Riddle, O. & Burns, F. H. 1927. Toxicity of embryonic extracts; effect on blood pressure. Gallus. Roffo, A. H. & Lopez Ramirez, R. 1926. CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Acetylcholine: its action in nervous impulse discharge. Nolf, P. 1922. Albumin of blood and eggs. Heyn- sius, A. 1875. Amino sugar and proteins. Edible birds' nests. Wang, C. C. 1921a, b. Benzoic acid retention in body. Gattus. Jaffe, M. 1877. Carbon dioxide: production in incuba- tion. Burke, E. 1925. Dinitrophenol. Calorigenic action in normal and thyroidectomized birds. Columbidae. Riddle, 0. & Smith, G. C. 1935. Ether effects on embryonic cells in tissue culture. Gattus. Cash, J. R. 1919. Fatty acids. Concentration. Hypo- chera & Sporaeginthus. Terroine, E. F. 1914. Fluorine in feathers. Gautier, A. & Clausmann, P. 1913. Furfurol. Presence in Gallus. Jaff6, M. & Cohn, R. 1888. Glutathione content in tumors and normal tissue. Gattus. Kennaway, E. L. & Hieger, I. 1927. Glycine. Use in diet deficiency in vitamin B. Columba. Kon, S. K. 1927a. Histamine. Action on gastric secre- tion. Columba. Koskowski, W. 1922. Hydrochloric acid formation in stom- ach. Includes Gallus. Harvey, B. C. & Bensley, R. 1912. Lecithin. Antagonistic action to- wards potassium. Kosaka, K. 1930. .- .-' : Nucleic acid, anti-coagulation proper- ties of. Doyon, M. & Sarvonat, F. 1913. Nucleoprotein formation. Gallus. *Fridericia, L. S. 1912. Ornithuric acid. Synthesis in bird. Nagara, J. 1930. Potassium. Antagonistic action to- wards calcium and lecithin. Kosaka, K. 1930. Saccharose present in crop. Columba. Dulzetto, F. 1927. Starch in testes. Dareste, C. 1872. Strontium. Gattus. Wheeler, W. P. 1919. 61 SUBJECT INDEX Biochemistry Tyramine. Action in beriberi. Colum- ba. Lipschitz, W. 1923. Volatile salt. Borrichius, O. 1673b. Adrenalin Nitrogen and sugar excretion in urine as affected by adrenalin. Anas & Anser. Paton, D. N. 1904. Nitrogenous metabolism as affected by adrenalin. Anser. Halliburton, W. D. 1904. Amino acids General. Gallus. Sendju, Y. 1925. Aminopropionic acid (alanin). Co- lumba. Gaglio, G. 1888. Content in diet as affecting growth. Gallus. Osborne, T. B. & Mendel, L. B. 1916. Toxicity of o-amino acids for cells of embryo. Gallus. Burrows, M. T. & Neymann, C. A. 1917. Ammonia Content in developing egg. Gallus. Needham, J. 1926b. Production in embryo. Needham, J. 1926b. Transformation of ammonia into uric acid. Gallus. Schroder, W. 1878- 79. Calcium Antagonistic action towards potas- sium. Gallus. Kosaka, K. 1930. Balance of calcium. Parhon, C. 1926. Calcification in embryo. Relation to lipoid metabolism. Gallus. Hanes, F. M. 1912. Calcium carbonate crystals in ear. Huschke, E. 1832a. Composition of eggs and flesh of laying hens as affected by calcium. Buckner, G. D. & Martin, J. H. 1920. Content of calcium in blood of laying hens. Hughes, J. S., Titus, R. W., & Smith, B. L. 1927. Differential effect on growth rate of sexes. Gallus. Pearl, R. 1916d. Fecundity effect of calcium. Massen- gale, O. N. & Platt, C. S. 1930. Gout as affected by calcium. Gallus. Kionka, H. 1900. Growth effect of calcium. Bethke, R. M., Kennard, D. C., Kick, C. H., & Zingalian, G. 1929; Massengale, 0. N. & Platt, C. S. 1930. Injection of calcium. Results. Par- hon, C. 1926. Phosphorus-calcium ratio in nutri- tion. Gallus. Hart, E. B. & others 1930b. Rachitic diet, effects on calcium and phosphorus of blood serum. Massen- gale, O. N. 1929a. EGG SHELL CALCIUM R61e of calcium of egg shell in de- velopment of skeleton in incubation. Delezenne, C. & Fourneau, E. 1918. Transfer of calcium from shell to embryo. Gallus. Buckner, G. D., Mar- tin, J. H., & Peter, A. M. 1925c. METABOLISM General. Gallus. Wheeler, W. P. 1919. Assimilation of calcium. Reinsdorf, K. 1880. Gallus. Carpiaux, E. 1908. Availability of calcium and other minerals for bone formation. Gallus. Bethke, R. M., Kennard, D. C., & Kik, M. C. 1929. Cereals and vitamins A and D in calcium metabolism. Gallus. King, E. J. & Hall, G. E. 1931. Irradiated ergosterol effects on cal- cium metabolism. Gallus. Hall, G. E. & King, E. J. 1931. Sticky embryos. Gallus. Byerly, T.C.1931. Thymus influence on calcium metab- olism. Gallus. Soli, U. 1910-11. UTILIZATION Calcium, calcium carbonate, and calcium citrate. Gallus. Russell, W. C. & MacDonald, F. G. 1929. Different calcium compounds in egg formation. Gallus. Buckner, G. D., Martin, J. H., & Peter, A. M. 1923, 1928. Carbohydrates Digestion. Columba & Gallus. Man- gold, E. 1925. Metabolism. Anas. Fleming, G. B. 1913, 1919. Gallus. Needham, J. 1927a,b. Biochemistry BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 62 Cholesterin Cholesterolemia. Parhon, C. I. & Par- hon, M. 1923. Constant content of cholesterin re- markable for species. Hypochera & Sporaeginthus. Terroine, E. F. 1914. Content of cholesterin in beriberi. Columba. Lawaczek, H. 1923. Content of cholesterin in growing chickens. Ellis, G. W. & Gardner, J. A. 1909. With different diets. Gardner, J. A., & Lander, P. E. 1914. Determination of cholesterin. Em- bryo. Gallus. Roffo, A. H. & Azaretti, I. 1926. Formation of cholesterin in spleen. Tissue culture. Gallus. Roffo, A. H. 1928. Creatine Creatine and creatinin. Includes Gal- lus. Mellanby, E. 1908. Metabolism of creatine. Paton, D. N. & Mackie, W. G. 1912. Enzymes Alimentary canal enzymes. Gallus. Plimmer, R. H. 1922. Amylase present in crop in digestion. Columba. Dulzetto, F. 1927. Development of enzymes. Includes Gallus. Herlitzka, A. 1906. Ferment, absence. Absence of fer- ment capable of hydrolyzing manno- galactan. Giaja, J. 1914. Nuclease, effect on spermatozoon. Includes Gallus. Herwerden, M. A. 1916. Oxidases in glands of crop. Columba. Dulzette, F. 1928b. Peptic enzyme in egg yolk. Gallus. Krukenberg, C. F. 1879. Uropoietic ferment, absence in liver. Anas. Chassevant, A. & Richet, C. 1898. Arglnase Arginase content. Gallus. Chaud- huri, A. C. 1928b. Distribution. Birds incidental, de- menti, A. 1914. Catalase Muscle content. Relation to work done. Includes Columba. Burge, W. E. 1916. Tissue content. Battelli, F. & Stern, L. 1905. Diastase Diastatic enzyme in ovum. Gallus. Miiller, J. & Masuyama, . 1900. Formation by mucosa of gizzard. Gallus. Iljin, M. D. 1913a. Globulins General. Gallus. Aynaud, M. & Pet- tit, A. 1913. Cholera. Virus a globulin. Mrowka, F. 1912. Glycogen Diffuse glycogenic tissue in vicinity of blood islands of embryonic blasto- derm. Gallus. Serres, A. E. 1858. Glycogenesis. Relation to season and sex. Includes Columba. Maignon, F. 1909. Hydro-soluble B diet deficiency as affecting glycogen content of liver. Columba. Random, L. & Lelesz, E. 1925. Glycogen content Liver content. Columba. Randoin, L. & Lelesz, E. 1925. Nervous system content. Includes birds. Gage, S. H. 1917; Tanaka, H. 1928. Reserve of glycogen is small in small birds. Cannot survive night unless well fed at end of day. Fringilla ben- gallus. Lapicque, L. & Lapicque, M. 1911. Rest and flight. Columba. Hoff, H. 1910. Retina. Columba. Brammertz, W. 1914. Hemoglobin Liver content. Lapicque, L. & Pete- tin, J. 1909. Smooth and striate muscle tissue content. Gallus. Kennedy, R. P. & Whipple, G. H. 1928. Hydrogen ions. Concentration in intestine Effects of milk products. Gallus. Ashcraft, D. W. 1933; Mussehl, F. E., Blish, M. J., & Ackerson, C. W. 1933. In ceca. Gallus. Beach, J. R. 1925. 63 SUBJECT INDEX Biochemistry Iodine Iodine reaction for quantitative de- termination of glutathione. Embryo. Gallus. Murray, H. A. 1926c. Thyroid gland content. Effects of anterior lobe of hypophysis extract. Anas. Shockaert, J. A. & Foster, G. L. 1932. Iron Feather content. Hodek, E. 1883. Gypaetos. Homeyer, E. F. 1883b. Liver content. Many species. La- picque, L. & Petetin, J. 1909. Diving birds. Scharnke, H. 1933. Megaspheres of white yolk: iron con- tent. Gallus. Smiechowski, A. V. 1893. Lactose Alimentary canal content. Hamilton, T. S. & Mitchell, H. H. 1924. Lactic acid formation in muscle. Columba & Gallus. Schmitt-Krahmer, C. 1927. Utilization of lactose. Gallus. Ham- ilton, T. S. & Card, L. E. 1924. Manganese Organ content. Includes Anas & Gal- lus. Bertrand, G. E. & Medigreceanu, F. 1912c. Tissue content. Columba. Bertrand, G. E. & Medigreceanu, F. 1912b. Nitrogen Endogenous nitrogen of hens as affected by molting. Ackerson, C. W., Blish, M. J., & Mussehl, F. E. 1926. Excretion of nitrogen. Gallus. Need- ham, J. 1926c. Feather pigments and nitrogen. Krumbiegel, I. 1926. Nitrogen and sugar excretion as affected by adrenalin. Anas & Anser. Paton, D. N. 1904. Phosphorus Assimilation of phosphorus. Gallus. Carpiaux, E. 1908. Growth effect of phosphorus. Gallus. Bethke, R. M., Kennard, D. C., Kick, C. H., & Zinzalian, G. 1929. Irradiated ergosterol effects on phos- phorus metabolism. Gallus. Hall, G. E. & King, E. J. 1931. Metabolism of phosphorus. Effects of cereals and vitamins A & D. Gallus. King, E. J. & Hall, G. E. 1931. Rachitic diet effects on inorganic phosphorus of blood serum. Gallus. Massengale, 0. N. 1929a. Pigments General. *Krukenberg, C. F. 1881- 82, 1883a, b, 1884. Red pigment. Anon. 1872a. Proteins Digestion. Columba & Gallus. Man- gold, E. 1925. Foreign proteins introduced by mouth , found in blood serum and urine. Hisa- naga, T. 1923. Sex differences. Includes Gallus. Ta- dokoro, M. A. & Watanabe, S. 1927. Specificity of proteins. Columba, Gallus, & Numida. *Glock, H. 1914. Utilization of proteins. Bateman, W. G. 1916. Silicic acid Feather content. Anser & Gallus. Cerny, C. 1909. Liver content. Anser. Cerny, C. 1909. BIOCHEMICAL CONSIDERA- TIONS OF EXCRETIONS, INCLUD- ING FECES General. Gallus. Knieriem, W. 1877; *Sata, Y. 1922; Titus, H. W. 1928c; Vauquelin, L. N. 1810. Ammonia content of developing egg. Gallus. Needham, J. 1926b. Analyses of feces. Calcium carbonate added to diet. Gallus. Buckner, G. D., Martin, J. H., & Peter, A. M. 1925b. Creatine excretion. Paton, D. N. 1910. Endogenous nitrogen of hens as affected by molting. Ackerson, C. W., Blish, M. J., & Mussehl, F. E. 1926. Urea formation. Gallus. Knieriem, W. 1877. In embryo. Needham, J. 1926b. Biochemistry BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 64 Water and ash content of feces. Strix noctua. Albini, G. 1895c. Uric acid Concentration of uric acid and phos- phate in urine. Mayrs, E. B. 1924. Excretion of uric acid. Cazeneuve, P. 1881. Includes birds. Harley, G. 1890. Extraction from feces. Uric acid estimate. Include birds. Athanasiu, J. & Nitesco, J. 1914; Chevreul, M. E. 1808. Gout, relation to uric acid. Anas, Anser, & Meleagris. Watson, C. 1899. Incubating egg content of uric acid. Callus. Needham, J. 1926b. Secretion and excretion. Experimen- tal studies. Includes Gallus. Robert- son, J. H. 1914. Secretion of uric acid as affected by drugs. Gallus. Gibbs, 0. S. 1929a, b. Uric acid in blood. Anas & Anser. Folin, 0. & Denis, W. 1913. FORMATION OF URIC ACID General. Milroy, T. H. 1904. Gallus. *Fridericia, L. S. 1912; Mayer, H. & Jaffe, M. 1878. Includes Gallus. Wiener, H. 1902. Ammonia transformation into uric acid. Gallus. Schroder, W. 1878-79. Embryo production of uric acid. Gallus. *Fridericia, L. S. 1912. Experimental formation. Schreiber, E. & Zaudy, K. 1900. Hypoxanthin forming uric acid. Includes birds. Mach, W. 1887a. Gal- lus. Mach, W. 1887b. Liver production of uric acid. Ko- walewski, K. & Salaskin, S. 1901. Urine General. Anas. *Szalagyi, K. & Kriwuscha, A. 1914. Gallus. Errico, G. 1907; *Sata, Y. 1922; *Szalagyi, K. & Kriwuscha, A. 1914. Struthio. Four- croy, A. F. & Vauquelin, L. N. 1811; Vauquelin, L. N. 1810. Analysis and collection of urine. Coulson, E. J. & Hughes, J. S. 1930. Chemical composition of urine. Gal- lus. Lehmann, C. G. 1850-52. Nitrogen and sugar excretion in urine as affected by adrenalin. Anas & Anser. Paton, D. N. 1904. Nitrogenous constituents of urine. Gallus. Davis, R. E. 1927. Porphyrinuria. Relation to feather pigments. Krumbiegel, I. 1926. Uric acid and phosphate. Mayrs, E. B. 1924. OILS OF BIRDS General. Simmonds, P. L. 1871. Fixed oil in kidney fat. Dromaeus [Dromiceius] novae-hollandiae. Morri- son, F. R. 1927. Oil of "mutton bird." Aestrelata. Carter, C. L. & Malcolm, J. 1927. Stomach oil. Fulmarus glacialis. Rosenheim, O. & Webster, T. A. 1927. SPECIAL ORGANS AND TISSUES Cecum digestion. Anas & Melea- gris. Maumas, J. & Launoy, L. 1901. Chitin of gizzard. Wester, D. H. 1910. Crop secretion. Columba. Reid, E. W. 1894. Gastric secretion. Includes Anas. Keeton, R. W., Koch, F. C., & Luck- hardt, A. B. 1920. Gizzard. Gallus. Hedenius, I. 1892. Muscle tissue. Many species. Bibra, E. 1845, 1848. Oviduct. Gallus. Buckner, G. D., Martin, J. H., & Peter, A. M. 1925a. Reticular connective tissue of spleen. Includes Columba. Lehrell, F. 1903. Blood General. Aynaud, M. & Pettit, A. 1913; Koltzoff, N. K. 1928; Loisel, G. 1900e. Columba & Gallus. Pasteur Vallery- Radot & Lheritier, A. 1919; Steenbock, H., Hart, E. B., Jones, J. H., & Black, A. 1923. Gallus. Unna, P. G. 1915. Meleagris. Scott, H. M., Serfontein, P. J., & Sieling, D. H. 1933. Coagulation of blood plasma by acid. Includes birds. Jouan, & Staub, . 1914a,b. 65 SUBJECT INDEX Biochemistry Electrolytic conductivity and molec- ular concentration. Vanellus. Errico, G. 1907. Fat content of blood. Sex differences. Callus. Lawrence, J. V. & Riddle, O. 1916; Riddle, O. & Harris, J. A. 1918. Leukocytes. Development of acido- phil granules. Anas, Gallus, & Passer. Kollmann, M. 1912a. Oxidase reaction in blood. Anas, Chloris, Loxia, & Meleagris. May, G. 1925. Red blood corpuscles. Includes birds. Plosz, P. 1871. Osmotic pressures General. Anas, Anser, Gallus, Me- leagris, & Rhea. Atkins, W. R. 1909a. Variations in pressure. Gallus. Monti, R. 1914. Serum General. Anas. Bottazzi, F. 1908a, b. Albuminous compounds in blood serum. Gallus. Heynsius, A. 1874, 1875. Electrolytic conductivity and molec- ular concentration. VaneUus. Errico, G. 1907. Hemolytic action of Sebright serum on Leghorn blood corpuscles. Juhn, M. 1927. Variation in chemical composition of blood in molting birds. Gallus. Thompson, T. J. & Powers, H. H. 1925. BLOOD, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Albumin. Heynsius, A. 1875. Alkali reserve in blood sera. Normal & rachitic. Gallus. Ackerson, C. W., Blish, M. J., & Mussehl, F. E. 1925. Glycogen. Anser. Denecke, G. & Eimer, K. 1924. Iron content in blood of normal and infected birds. Gallus. Launoy, L. 1913. Manganese in blood. Anas, Columba, & Gallus. Bertrand, G. E. & Medigre- ceanu, F. 1912a. Proteins in blood sera. Anas, Anser, Gallus, & Meleagris. Thompson, W. B. 1915. Residual oxygen of blood in avi- taminosis and inanition. Columba. Alpern, D. 1923. Silicic acid in blood. Anser, Columba, & Gallus. Cerny, C. 1909. Calcium Calcium content of blood in laying hens. Hughes, J. S., Titus, R. W., & Smith, B. L. 1927. Changes in reproductive cycle. Strep- topelia. Riddle, O. & Reinhart, W. H. 1926. Reserve of calcium in blood sera. Normal and rachitic. Gallus. Acker- son, C. W., Blish, M. J., & Mussehl, F. E. 1925. Serum. Content. Vitamin B defi- ciency. Columba. Ungar, A. 1927. Phosphorus Determination of phosphorus con- tent. Bell, R. D. & Doisey, E. A. 1920. Diet effects. Gallus. Massengale, O. N. 1929a. Reserve of phosphorus in blood sera. Normal and rachitic. Gallus. Acker- son, C. W., Blish, M. J., & Mussehl, F. E. 1925. Sex differences. Gallus. Lawrence, J. V. & Riddle, O. 1916. Pigments Hematin. Keilin, D. 1926. Hemosiderin. Huguenin, B. 1922. Oxyhemoglobin, dissociation of. In- cludes Gallus. Hiifner, C. G. 1901. Hemoglobin First occurrence in embryo. GaUus. Smiechowski, A. V. 1892. Development in embryo. Micro- scopic study. Gallus. Vulf, N. V. 1897. Muscle tissue content. Gallus. Ken- nedy, R. P. & Whipple, G. H. 1928. Synthesis of hemoglobin. Relation to iron and copper. Gallus. Elvehjem, C. A. & Hart, E. B. 1929. Sugar General. Birds incidental. Bierry, H. & Fandard, L. 1912. Columba. Honeywell, H. E. 1921; Scott, E. L. & Honeywell, H. E. 1921. Gallus. Saito, S. & Katayama, K. 1901. Biochemistry BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 66 Glycemia and hyperglycemia. Rela- tion to adrenal glands. Columba. Mara- n6n, G. & Rosique, A. 1916. Relation to age, sex, species, and cer- tain diseases. Columbidae. Riddle, O. & Honeywell, H. E. 1924. Sugar hydrolysis and lactic acid for- mation. Anser & Gallus. Riiter, E. 1923. Increase in sugar Ovulation and blood sugar increase. Columba. Honeywell, H. E. & Riddle, 0. 1922. Relation to ovulation. Riddle, O. 1923e. Columbidae. Riddle, O. & Honeywell, H. E. 1923b. Uric acid and urea Amount of uric acid and urea. Gallus. Pupilli, G. 1923, 1924. Blood and liver content of uric acid. Anser & Gallus. Schroder, W. 1887. Urea in blood and formation of uric acid. Garrod, A. H. 1893. Uric acid, urea and total non-protein nitrogen. Includes Anas & Anser. Folin, O. & Denis, W. 1913. Bone General. Passeres. Bezold, A. 1858. Availability of calcium and other minerals for bone formation. Gallus. Bethke, R: M., Kennard, D. C., & Kik, M. C. 1929. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Different age stages. *Weiske, H. 1889. Skeleton. Hiller, E. 1884. MINERAL CONTENT Mineral content of bone. During, F. 1897. Tibiae. In cases of "slipped tendon." Gallus. Holmes, A. D., Pigott, M. G., & Moore, W. B. 1933. Brain Book. Text in German. Ardea, Columba, Fringilla, Phasianus, & Scolo- pax. Bibra, E. 1854. General. Anas. Argiris, A. 1908. Columba. Koch, M. L. & Riddle, O. 1918, 1919. Gallus. Argiris, A. 1908. Loxia. Wessberge, H. 1914. Fat (adipose) tissue General. Anser. Weiser, S. & Zait- schek, A. 1902. Amounts of fat in various parts of body. Gallus. Reggiani, E. 1914; Zait- schek, A. 1903. Chemical analysis of fat to determine cause of odor and taste of flesh. Fulica. Blaha, S. 1914. Chemical composition. Gallus, Zaitschek, A. 1903. Fat formation in liver. Anser. May- er, A., Rathery, F., Schaeffer, G., & Ter- roine, E. F. 1914. Fixed oil in kidney fat. Dromaius [Dromiceius] novae-hollandiae. Morri- son, F. R. 1927. Oxidation of fat by hydrogen per- oxide. Gallus. Hepburn, J. S. 1912. Synthesis of fat. Gallus. Zaitschek, A. 1903. Feathers General. MacMunn, C. A. 1883. "Acide avique." Diomedea. Che- vreul, M. E. 1871. Chemical analysis at different ages. *Weiske, H. 1889. Anser. Abderhal- den, E. 1924. Monoamino acids in keratin of feathers. Anas. Abderhalden, E. & LeCount, E. R. 1905. Pigments of feathers. Meyer, A. B. 1881. Ricin present in quills of feathers. Numenius. Trouessart, E. L. 1886. Silicic acid content. Anser & Gallus. Cerny, C. 1909. Glands Head glands. Columba. Teichmann, M. 1889. Suprarenal glands. Gallus. Ko- matsu, T. & Sudo, K. 1921. Uropygeal gland secretion. Roh- mann, F. 1902, 1904b. Reproductive tissue General. Riddle, 0. & Lawrence, J.V. 1916. Oviduct. Gallus. Buckner, G. D., Martin, J. H., & Peter, A. M. 1925a. 67 SUBJECT INDEX Biochemistry Testes. Interstitial tissue. Gallus. Benoit, J. & Wenslaw, A. 1929. Variations in chemical composition in relation to functional activity of reproductive tissues. Riddle, O. & Lawrence, J. V. 1916. PUBLICATIONS OF A PHARMA- COLOGIC NATURE Action of Petroselinum sativum. Psit- tacidae. Gadeau de Kerville, H. 1884a. Intoxication by eating berries of Lonicera tartarica. Turdus. Grinnell, J. 1926. Poisonous action of Anagallis arven- sis phoenicea '(plant) for birds. Gadeau de Kerville, H. 1882. Secretion of uric acid as affected by drugs. Gallus. Gibbs, O. S. 1929a, b. Effects of drugs on various organs Alimentary canal: motility. Gallus. Nolf, P. 1925c. Autonomic nervous system. Lang- ley, J. N. 1904; Gibbs, 0. S. 1926. Eye. Iris. Reactions to drugs. In- cludes birds. Meyer, H. H. 1893. Co- lumba. Hayama, K. 1927. Pharmacology, classified according to chemical substances Alanin. Pharmacological research. Columba. Gaglio, G. 1888. Arsenic poisoning of fowls. Gallus. Scheidemandel, F. 1845. Barium, effect on circulation of blood. Paton, D. N. & Watson, A. 1912. Ether. Reaction of cells of embryo to ether in tissue culture. Gallus. Cash, J. R. 1919. Lecithin. Effects on nervous system of embryo. Gallus. Marza, V. 1929. Lithium and magnesium salts. Toxic effects on embryo. Gallus. Landauer, W. 1929a. Morphine and morphine derivatives. Effects upon early embryos. Gallus. Gruter, M. 1916. Nicotine tolerance of growing chicks. Hunter, J. E. & Haley, D. E. 1930. Pilocarpine action on splanchnic nerves. Anas, Columba, & Gallus. Doyon, M. 1894b. Pituitrin action on circulation of blood. Paton, D. N. & Watson, A. 1912. Potassium nitrate, toxicity. Gallus. Guberlet, J. E. 1922. Sodium chloride, toxicity. Gallus. Mitchell, H. H., Card, L. E., & Carman, G. G. 1926. ADRENALIN, EFFECT ON Circulation of blood. Paton, D. N. & Watson, A. 1912. Sugar and nitrogen excretion in urine. Anas & Anser. Paton, D. N. 1904. ATROPINE Duration of asphyxia, effect of atro- pine on. Anas. Richet, C. R. 1894b. Oviduct innervation effect. Strep- topelia. Riddle, O. & King, C. V. 1921. Resistance to atropine. Gallus. F6re, C. 1897g. QUININE Lethal dose of quinine. Includes Columba. Maurel, E. 1902. Nitrogen content of egg, effect of qui- nine on. Behre, E. H. & Riddle, 0. 1919. BIOCHEMICAL PUBLICATIONS DEALING WITH THE EGG Books. Text in German. Lehmann, C. G. 1850-52; Oppenheimer, K. 1924-30. Text in Latin. Wasserberg, F.X. 1775. General. Abderhalden, E. & Kempe, M. 1907; Abderhalden, E. & Pregl, F. 1905; Balland, J. A. 1900; Corin, G. & Berard, E. 1889; Dastre, A. J. 1886; Dechambre, A. 1880; Gaube, J. 1893; George, H. 1886; Juckenack, A. 1899; Paechtner, J. L. 1910; Pennington, M. E. 1909-10; Riddle, 0. 1916c; Schaffer, F. 1918; Simmonds, P. L. 1887-88; Valen- ciennes, A. & Fre"my, E. 1857; Willard, J. T. & Shaw, R. H. 1909. Anser. Segin, A. 1906. Columbidae. Riddle, 0. 1920a. Gallus. Gautier, A. 1902; Hoppe-Seyler, F. 1867; Hugou- nenq,L.M.&Morel, .1905; Idzumi.S. 1924; Jaffa, M. E. 1898; Kojo.K. 1912; Levene, P. A. 1 902 ; Liebermann, L. 1 886, 1888, 1889; Luca, S.1865; Martin Saint- Ange, G. J. 1844; Meurs, G. T. 1923; Pennington, M. E., Jenkins, M. K., St. John, E. Q., & Hicks, W. B. 1914; Struve, E. F. 1766; Tarkhanov, I. R. 1883a,b. Biochemistry BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 68 Altricial and precocial species com- pared. Tarkhanov, I. R. 1883a, b. Analysis of egg powder. Gamier, L. 1918. Antitryptic action of egg albumin. Sugimoto, T. 1913. Chinese preserved eggs. Blunt, K. & Wang, C. C. 1916. Coagulation, causes and changes. Amar, J. 1924. Decomposition of eggs. Thomson, W. 1874. Destructive action of wood ashes on egg. Gallus. Svoboda, H. 1902. Methods. Extraction and determina- tion of proteins and lecithin in egg. Binaghi, R. 1912. Oxidation processes in egg with heat production. Meyerhof, 0. 1911. Polarization. Observations on albu- men of stored eggs. Hoist, W. F. & Almquist, H. J. 1932. Precipitin reactions of sex cells. Or- gan specificity. Gallus. Graetz, F. 1914. Gases General. Gallus. Bischof, G. 1823. Effects of gases and solutions on preservation of egg. Crace-Calvert, F. 1873. Osmosis Osmosis in egg. Gallus. Greenlee, A. D. 1912; Rice, F. E. & Young, D. L. 1928. Osmotic pressures of eggs. Anas, Anser, Gallus, Meleagris, & Rhea. At- kins, W. R. 1909a. EGG, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Amylase. Roeger, H. 1908. Amyloid substance. Dareste, C. 1866c, 1879a. Arsenic in egg. Bertrand, G. E. 1903. Boron in egg. Bertrand, G. E. & Agulhon, H. 1913. Bromine absorption. Gallus. Rous- sin, Z. 1863. Carbohydrates. Gallus. Bierry, H., Hazard, & Ranc, A. 1912. Cholesterin content. Berg, P. & Angerhausen, J. 1915. Gallus. Ellis, G. W. & Gardner, J. A. 1909. Creatinine. Gallus. Salkowski, E. 1911. Cystine. Cho, B. 1926. Diaminic acid. Gallus. Hugounenq, L. & Galimard, J. 1906. Fat content. Gallus. Thorpe, T. E. 1901. Ferrous sulphide formation in cook- ing. Tinckler, C. K. & Soar, M. C. 1920. Fibrinogen. Gautier, A. 1902. Fluorine absorption. Roussin, Z. 1863. Glycogen. Production of glycogen in egg. Bernard, C. 1872. Guanidine. Origin of guanidine from choline. Gallus. Sharpe, J. S. 1924. Hexone bases. Chapman, H. G. & Petrie, J. M. 1909-10. Hydrogen sulphide, formation. Kemp- ner, W. 1894. Iodine absorption. Roussin, Z. 1863. Lactic acid, formation. Gallus. To- mita, M. 1921a. Lecithin. Binaghi, R. 1912; Levene, P. A. & Rolf, I. P. 1922. Lipoid contents. Gallus. Serono, C. & Palozzi, A. 1911. Mineral composition. Includes birds. Bialaszewicz, K. 1926, 1927. Monoaminodisulphate in egg yolk. Maclean, H. 1908. Ovomucqid and sugar in albumen. Many species. Morner, C. T. 1912. Peptone. Fischel, W. 1886. Protein. Binaghi, R. 1912. Quinine, effects on nitrogen content of egg albumen. Streptopelia. Behre, E. H. & Riddle, O. 1919. Starch in egg. Dareste, C. 1868b, 1871a, 1873a; Dastre, O. 1879; Lubach, D. 1868. Sulphuretted hydrogen. Formation by cholera vibrio in egg. Gallus. Kemp- ner, W. 1894. Tryptophan and tyrosin. Cho, B. 1926. 69 SUBJECT INDEX Biochemistry Ammonia Ammonia content. Gallus. Need- ham, J. 1926b. Loosely bound nitrogen as ammonia. Hendrickson, N. & Swan, G. C. 1918. Calcium carbonate General. Davy, J. 1866. Changes in calcium carbonate content during development. Gallus. Plimmer, R. H. & Lowndes, J. 1924. Lime present before and after incu- bation. Bills, H. V. & Vaughan, V. C. 1879. Carbon dioxide Hydrogen ion concentration of albu- men in the developing egg as affected by carbon dioxide. Gallus. Romanoff, A. L. & Romanoff, A. J. 1930. Relation to cell division. Gallus. Hasselbalch, K. A. 1902. Enzymes General. Gallus. Koga, T. 1923; Pennington, M. E. & Robertson, H. C. 1912; Wohlgemuth, J. 1904, 1905. Catalase content. Rullmann, W. 1916a,b. Diastatic ferment. Gallus. Miiller, J. & Masuyama, . 1900: Enzymes of eggs. Fresh and incubat- ing. Gallus. Tallarico, G. 1908. Ferment produced by morbid growth of cytoplasm. Thomson, W. 1879. Glucose Glucose content in egg. Include Gallus. Gori, G. 1919, 1920; Salkowski, E. 1911; Tomita, M. 1921b. Meleagris. Gori, G. 1919, 1920. Glucose content in egg albumen. Aldridge, . 1848^49. Iodine Absorption. Roussin, Z. 1863. Excretion of iodine through eggs. Gallus. Albrecht, . 1906. Iron General. Gallus. Wassermann, F. 1910. Megaspheres : content of iron. Gallus. Smiechowski, A. V. 1893. Phosphorus Egg content of phosphorus. Forma- tion and importance. Diakonov, K. 1869. Phosphorus compound changes. Plim- mer, R. H. & Scott, F. H. 1909. Biochemical publications dealing with the incubating egg General. Gallus. Idzumi, S. 1924. Comparison of fat in eggs artificially incubated and naturally incubated. Capezzoli, S. 1847. CHEMICAL CHANGES Before and after incubation. Gallus. Droge, K. 1914. During incubation. Gallus. Aggaz- zotti, A. 1919-20, 1923; Tangl, F. 1908a, b. Calcium carbonate present before and after incubation. Bills, H. V. & Vaughan, V. C. 1879. Carbohydrate metabolism in incubat- ing egg. Origin of sugar from fat. Gallus. Sakuragi, . 1917. Changes in hydrogen ion concentra- tion of albumen and yolk during incu- bation. Gallus. Romanoff, A. L. & Romanoff, A. J. 1929. INCUBATING EGG CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES Albumin content. Gallus. Wladi- miroff, G. E. 1926. Albumin nitrogen, ovomucoid nitro- gen, and free and combined carbohy- drates, estimation of. Bywaters, H. W. 1913b. Ammonia content. Gallus. Need- ham, J. 1926b. Carbon dioxide given off by eggs during incubation. Atwood, H. & Weakley, C. E. 1924. Cystine. Cho, B. 1926. Glucose content. Gallus. Sato, G. 1916; Tomita, M. 1921b. Lactic acid, formation. Gallus. Kin- zuchi, A. 1912. Peptone. Gallus* Fischel, W. 1886. Sugar (free) content in albumen and yolk. Gallus. Gadaskin, I. D. 1926. Tryptophan and tyrosin. Cho, B. 1926. Biochemistry BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 70 Biochemical publications dealing with special portions or envelopes of the egg ALBUMEN General. Aldridge, . 1848-49 ;Heyn- sius, A. 1875; Levene, P. A. & Beatty, W. A. 1907; Romanoff, A. L. 1929b. Gallus. Langstein, L. 1901; Lataste, F. 1889; Romanoff, A. L. & Romanoff, A. J. 1929; Scholl, H. 1893; Tomita, M. 1921b; Zoth, O. 1892. Characteristics of an albumin. Co- lumba. Panormoff, A. A. 1897. Combining power of egg albumen for hydrochloric and sulphuric acids. Roaf, H. E. 1908-09. Nomenclature of albumin. Panormoff, A. A. 1899. Physico-chemical changes in egg albumen of stored eggs, measured by polarized light. Hoist, W. F. & Alm- quist, H. J. 1932. Solids content of egg albumen. Alm- quist, H. J. & Lorenz, F. W. 1933. Toxic effects when introduced into stomach and rectum of rabbits. Nobe- court, P. 1909b. Albumen, classified according to chemical substances Albuminoids. Corin, G. & Berard, E. 1889. Albuminous compounds in egg albu- men. Gallus. Heynsius, A. 1874, 1875. Diaminic acid. Gallus. Hugounenq, L. M. & Galimard, J. 1906. Fibrinogen in albumen. Gautier, A. 1902. Glucose content of albumen. Gallus. Tomita, M. 1921b. Hexone bases in egg albumen. Chap- man, H. G. & Petrie, J. M. 1909-10. Monoamino acids. Abderhalden, E. & Pregl, F. 1905. YOLK Analysis of egg yolk. Barbieri, N. A. 1907; Bernegau, L. 1899; Gobley, . 1846; Parke, J. L. 1867. Gallus. Kruken- berg, C. F. 1879. Amyloid substance in egg yolk. Dareste, C. 1866c, 1879a. Dextrose in yolk. Gallus. Sato, G. 1916. Monoamino diphosphatids. Maclean, H. 1908. Starch in egg yolk. Dareste, C. 1868b, 1871a. White and yellow yolk compared. Riddle, O. 1911. Columba & Gallus. Spohn, A. R. & Riddle, 0. 1916. SHELL General. Vauquelin, L. N. 1799, 1811,1812. Chemical constitution of egg shell and membranes. Abderhalden, E. & Ebstein,E. 1906. Gallus. Voit, C. 1877. Physical state of calcium carbonate present. Davy, J. 1866. Transfer of calcium from shell to embryo. Gallus. Buckner, G. D., Mar- tin, J. H., & Peter, A. M. 1925c. Pigments General. Krukenberg, C. F. 1881, 1883b, 1884; Anon. 1879. Corvus, Syl- via, & Turdus. Wicke, W. 1858. Ooporphyrin (egg shell pigment) in ester of hemin. Larus. Fischer, H. & Lindner, F. 1925. BIOCHEMICAL PUBLICATIONS DEALING WITH THE EMBRYO General. Levene, P. A. 1900, 1902. Anas. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint- Ange, M. 1843; Prout, W. 1822. Gallus. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint-Ange, M. 1843, 1851; Iljin, M. D. 1929; Lieber- mann, L. 1886, 1888, 1889; Marza, V. 1929; Murray, H. A. 1926a, c, e; Pott, R. & Preyer, W. T. 1882; Preyer, W. T. 1882; Prout, W. 1822; Romanoff, A. L. 1930; Sacc, F. 1847; Stieda, C. H. 1902. Meleagris. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint-Ange, M. 1843; Prout, W. 1822. Numido & Pavo. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint-Ange, M. 1843. Catalytic activity. Gallus. Winter- nitz, M. C. & Rogers, W. B. 1910. Chemical composition and physical properties of amniotic and allantoic fluids. Gallus. Kamei, T. 1927. Inorganic salts. Distribution and changes. Horning, E. S. & Scott, G. H. 1932. Osmotic pressures. Embryo. Gallus. Bialaszewicz, K. 1912b. 71 SUBJECT INDEX Biochemistry Embryo, classified according to chemical substances Amino acids in embryo. Callus. Sendju, Y. 1925. Ammonia in embryo. Needham, J. 1926b. Carbon dioxide production. Burke, E. 1925; Bohr, C. & Hasselbalch, K. A. 1899. Lecithin, effects on nervous system in embryo. Gallus. Marza, V. 1929. Nitrogen excretion. Gallus. Need- ham, J. 1926c. Protein metabolism. Needham, J. 1926b. Urea production. Needham, J. 1926a. CALCIUM Assimilation of calcium by embryo. Gallus. Carpiaux, E. 1908. Metabolism of calcium in "sticky" embryos. Gallus. Byerly, T. C. 1931. Transfer of calcium from shell to embryo. Gallus. Buckner, G. D. f Mar- tin, J. H., & Peter, A. M. 1925c. GLYCOGEN Embryo content. Gallus. Allen, H. J. 1919; Kiilz, R. E. 1881; Kuji, N. 1920? Glycogenic bodies in blastoderm at 25 to 30 hours. Gallus. Serres, A. E. 1858. URIC ACID Allantoic fluid content. Jacobson, L. L. 1823. Embryo content. Gallus. Needham, J. 1926b. Formation of uric acid in embryo. Gallus. *Fridericia, L. S. 1912. BLOOD AND LYMPH For circulation of the blood see also under Circulatory system. For Blood chemistry, see section under Biochem- istry dealing with blood. Books. Text in English. Gallus incidental. Norris, R. 1882. Text in French. Delage, M. Y. 1880. Text in German. Includes birds. Wagner, R. 1833b. General. Includes birds. Gulliver, G. 1863. Columba. Cue"not, L. 1889; Fiedler, J. N. 1824; Misao, T. 1927a; Petrone, L. M. 1889a; Schwantke, A. 1900. Gallus. Misao, T. 1927b; Petrone, L. M. 1889a, b. Gallus embryo. Ascarelli, A. 1895; Prevost, J. L. 1825. Includes Gallus & Meleagris. Meyer, S. 1925. Lagopus. Fantham, H. B. 1910c, 1911c. Includes Passer. Cuenot, L. 1889. Color of blood. Bruch, C. W. 1853. Comparison of bird blood with that of mammals. Binda, C. 1903. Composition of blood Corn smut feeding effect. Gallus. Horvath, A. A. 1930. Effects of inadequate diet. Gallus. Hogan, A. G., Shrewsbury, C. L., & Kempster, H. L. 1929a. Fat content of blood. Gallus. War- ner, D. E. & Edmond, H. D. 1917. Heat effects. Includes Columba. Nagashima, T. 1928. Individual variation. Anas & Gallus. Landsteiner, K. & Miller, C. P. 1924. Ultramicroscopic study. Gallus. Ro- senthal, W. 1906; Stuebel, H. 1914. Weights in relation to body weight. Many species. Magnan, A. 1912d. Physiology of blood General. Anas, Anser, & Gallus. Jolyet, F. 1875. Avitaminosis: experimental study. Columba. Nitzescu, I. I. & Cadariu, I. 1923. Changes following repeated bleeding. Columba. Misao, T. 1927c. Desiccation effects. Columba & Gal- lus. Grigorescu, G. 1890. Extraction of blood from heart. Columba & Gallus. Nicolle, C. & Le- bailly, C. 1919. Osmotic pressure. Anas & Anser. Atkins, W. R. 1909a. Include Ful- marus. Portier, P. 1907, 1910. In- cludes Gallus. Monti, R. 1914. Include Larus. Portier, P. 1907, 1910. Melea- gris & Rhea. Atkins, W. R. 1909a. Include Uria. Portier, P. 1907, 1910. Oxidase reaction. Anas, Chloris, Lox- ia, & Meleagris. May, G. 1925. Plasma separation by centrifuging. Delezenne, C. 1896b. Blood and Lymph BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 72 Thrombotic action of chloroform in blood plasma. Nolf, P. 1920. Transfusion with mammalian blood. Holscher, H. 1875. CIRCULATION OF BLOOD General. Hasebroek, K. 1917; *Stue- bel, H. 1910a. Includes birds. Brim- ing, C. 1916. Birds incidental. Martin Saint-Ange, G. J. 1832. Includes Co- lumba. Barry, M. 1827. Actions of pituitrin, adrenalin and barium. Paton, D. N. & Watson, S. 1912. Blood pressure. Callus. Jolyet, F. & Legerot, . 1872; Kaupp, B. F. 1924b. Mixed blood in circulation. Includes birds. Pohlman, A. G. 1909. Renal blood flow. Gallus. Gibbs, O. S. 1927, 1928. COAGULATION General. *Delezenne, C. 1897b. Include birds. Delezenne, C. 1897a; Dorst, S. E. & Mills, C. A. 1923. Action of acid. Includes birds. Jouan, & Staub, . 1914a, b. Clot-checking agents. Fuld, E. & Spiro, K. 1904. Coagulation time, measurements of. Includes many species. Schoenlein, K. 1879. Slowness. Delezenne, C. 1896b. Peptone action. Spangaro, S. 1899; Spangaro, S. & Mioni, G. 1899. Thrombocytes. Function. Ultra- microscopic studies. Includes Gallus. Stuebel, H. 1914. BLOOD CORPUSCLES General. Include birds. Gulliver, G. 1863; Walker, E. L. 1904-05. Many species. Nagai, S. 1923. Buteo borealis. Ramirez, E. & Ochoterena, I. 1922. Gallus. Embryo. Engel, C. S. 1894. Blood cell counts, normal. Columba. De Eds, F. 1927. Gallus. Breusch, E. 1928. Effect of injections on blood cor- puscles. Gallus. Kasarinoff, . 1910. Fate of fowl blood corpuscles injected into venous system of rabbit. Hirai, F. 1921. Injecting mammalian blood. Columba &Gallus. Brown-Sequard, C. E. 1858c. Relation of specific gravity of blood to cell count, hemoglobin level, cell vol- ume, and total blood volume. Columba. Barlow, O. W. & Whitehead, R. W. 1928. Stain for blood. (See also under Technic.) Gallus. Mori, K. 1928, 1929. Structure. Columba & Gallus. Ce- saris-Demel, A. 191 la. Leukocytes General. Includesbirds. Cullen,E.K. 1903. Anser. Knuth, P. & Magdeburg, F. 1924. Cell counts. Kyes, P. 1929. Colum- ba & Gallus. Fritsch, G. 1920. Gastric mucosa. Leukocytes. In- cludes Columba & Gallus. Hirano, K. 1926b. Phases in leukocytes. Includes birds. Kite, G. L. 1914. R6le in cholera infections. Gallus. Sulima, A. 1909. Structure and chromatic modifica- tions. Includes birds. Cesaris-Demel, A. 1909. Study of leukocytes in living yolk sac. Gallus. Sabin, F. R. 1921. Variation in number and structure in infection with Spirochaeta gallinarum. Launoy, L. & Levy-Bruhl, M. 1913a. GRANULOCYTES General. Kollmann, M. 1912b, c. Development. Many species. Koll- mann, M. 1911, 1912b. Granules. Many species. Kollmann, M. 1912c. Eosinophils. White globules in eosino- phils. Passer. Loewenthal, N. 1909. Neutrophils. Correlation between speed of wandering and the number of lobes of the nuclei. Gallus. Sugiyama, S. & Mori, K. 1929. LYMPHOCYTES Action in tissue grafting. Gallus. Murphy, J. B. 1926. Inclusions. Schwarze, M. A. 1880. 73 SUBJECT INDEX Blood and Lymph Red blood corpuscles General. Arndt, R. 1881. Include birds. Boettcher, A. 1866; Cesaris- Demel, A. 1911b. Birds incidental. Giglio-Tos, E. 1897. Include Anas. Arndt, R. 1879, 1881. Columba. Piettre, M. & Vila, A. 1906. Include Columba. Arndt, R. 1879, 1881. Falco. Hayem, G. 1879. Gallus. Piettre, M. & Vila, A. 1906; Unna, P. G. 1915. Include Gallus. Arndt, R. 1879, 1881. Struthionidae. Gulli- ver, G. 1842c. Calory quotients. Includes Anser. Meyerhof, O. 1912. Dark field illumination study. Diet- rich, A. 1908. Evolution. Includes birds. Hayem, G. 1877. Gas exchange. Gallus incidental. Unna, P. G. 1915. Heat production. Anser. Meyerhof, O. 1912. Phagocytic destruction by histiocytes in liver and spleen. Columba. Kyes, P. 1915. Red blood corpuscles in bone marrow. Marchesini, R. 1894, 1895. Resistance during putrefaction. Anser, Gallus, & Meleagris. Zironi, A. 1910-11. COLOR OF RED BLOOD CORPUSCLES AND BLOOD PIGMENTS General. Krukenberg, C. F. 1884. In- cludes Columba & Gallus. Negri, A. 1902. Hemosiderin. Deposition. Includes Gallus. Huguenin, B. 1922. Hemoglobin Amount present. Many species. Nice, L. B., Nice, M. M., & Kraft, R. M. 1935. Gallus. Ascarelli, A. 1895; Doyle, L. P., Mathews, F. P., & Roberts, R. E. 1929. Development in embryo. Gallus. Slonimski, P. 1927a, b; Smiechowski, A. V. 1892; Vulf, N. V. 1897. Effect of rearing in confinement on hemoglobin content. Gallus. Doyle, L. P., Mathews, F. P., & Roberts, R. E. 1929. Hematin. *Keilin, D. 1926. Hemoglobin formation. Iron and copper in food. Gallus. Hart, E. B. & others 1929-30. Oxygen-carrying capacity. Effects of splenectomy. Toryun, Y. 1930. Oxyhemoglobin, dissociation of. Includes Gallus. Hiifner, C. G. 1901. Synthesis. Relation of iron and cop- per. Gallus. Elvehjem, C. A. & Hart, E. B. 1929. FORM Many species. Gulliver, G. 1839, 1842a, 1845, 1846, 1862a, b, 1863, 1868, 1875. Include birds. Venzlaff, W. 1911a, b. Model. Includes Fringilla. Welcker, H. 1872. MEASUREMENTS Many species. Gulliver, G. 1839, 1842a, c, 1845, 1846, 1862a, b, 1863, 1868, 1875; Wang, C. T. 1914. Includes birds. Cleland, J. B. 1915; Cleland, J. B. & Johnston, T. H. 1912; Malassez, L. C. 1872. Columba. Grigorescu, G. 1890; Pasteur Vallery-Radot, & Lheritier, A. 1919. Includes Fringilla. Welcker, H. 1872. Gallus, Numida, Passer, & Struthio. Pasteur Vallery- Radot, & Lheritier, A. 1919. Dimensions. Many species. Mag- nan, A. 1911 j. Dimensions, relative. Includes red blood corpuscles. Cleland, J. B. & Johnson, T. H. 1912. NUMBER (COUNTS) General. Many species. Malassez, L. C. 1872, 1873; Nice, L. B., Nice, M. M., & Kraft, R. M. 1935. Includes Ardea, Ciconia, Falco, & Struthio. Hayem, G. 1879. Different days. Gallus. Ascarelli, A. 1895. In sexually normal and abnormal birds. Gallus. Chaudhuri, A. C. 1927. Relation to sex. Gallus. Juhn, M. & Domm, L. V. 1930. STRUCTURE Many species. Gulliver, G. 1839, 1842a, 1845, 1846, 1862a, b, 1863, 1868, 1875. Include birds. Galati, M. R. 1915; Pighini, G. 1905. Birds inci- dental. Giglio-Tos, E. 1897. Blood and Lymph BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 74 Includes Anas, Anser, Columba, Cor- vus, Falco, Fringilla, Gallic, Hirundo, & Struthio. Arndt, R. 1881. Columba. Venzlaff, W. 191 Ib. Finer structure Gallus embryo. *Dehler, A. 1895. Golgi bodies. Gallus. Bhattacharya, D. R. & Brambell, F. W. 1925. Reticular apparatus. Gallus. Pe- trone, A. 1914. Surface. Welcker, H. 1872. Nuclei Chemical composition. Includes birds. Plosz, P. 1871. Loss of nuclei. Includes Gallus. Rohde, E. 1911. Non-nucleated red blood corpuscles. In Gallus embryo 5-18 days. Engel, C.S. 1906. Nuclei and anti-coagulation proper- ties. Doyon, M. & Sarvonat, F. 1913. Thrombocytes (blood platelets) General. Columba & Gallus. Roman- ese, R. 1915. Comparison of spindle-cells to blood platelets. Flossner, 0. 1923. Development. Schriddle, H. 1912. Includes Gallus. Mondino, C. & Sala, L. 1888. Function in coagulation. Ultrami- croscopic studies.- In eludes Ga llus. Stue- bel, H. 1914. Structure and development. Tuma, V. 1923, 1924. Gallus. Rosenthal, W. 1906. BLOOD SERUM General. Anser. Ledel, S. 1688. Gal- lus. Okuda, S. 1923. Agglutination tests. Gallus. Bleecker, W. L. & Schilling, S. J. 1929. Calcium content in beri-beri. Co- lumba. Ungar, A. 1927. Color due to yellow lipochrome. Columba & Gallus. Halliburton, W. D. 1886. Fever-producing action of blood se- rum. Maragliano, E. & Jemma, R. 1899. Hemolysins. Gallus. Okuda, S. 1923. Hemolytic action of Sebright ban- tam serum on blood corpuscles of Leghorn fowls. Juhn, M. 1927. Osmotic pressure variations. Includes Gallus. Monti, R. 1914. Refractive index in hybrid. Numida X Gallus. Pearl, R. & Gowan, J. W. 1914. Sex differences in fat and phosphorus content. Gallus. Lawrence, J. V. & Riddle, O. 1916. Surface tension of serum. Anser, Columba, Gallus, & Meleagris. Fano, G. & Mayer, M. 1907. Tests for pullorum disease. Gallus. Bleecker, W. L. & Schilling, S. J. 1930. Yellow lipochrome pigment. Colum- ba & Gallus. Halliburton, W. D. 1886. HEMAPOIESIS (HEMATOPOIE- SIS; FORMATION OF BLOOD) Books. Text in French. Delage, M.Y. 1880. Includes Gallus. Leboucq, H. 1876. Text in German. Includes birds. Ruckert, J. & Mollier, S. 1906. General. Afanassieff, N. 1866; Biz- zozero, G. & Torre, A. A. 1880, 1882- 83, 1883; Cuenot, L. 1889; Drummond, J. 1854; Goette, A. 1874; Hayem, G. 1915a, b; Kite, G. L. 1914; Luzet, C. 1891; Rabaud, E. 1896; Rauber, A. A. 1877c; *Sabin, F. R. 1917b, 1920, 1921; Shipley, P. G. 1916; Torre, A. A. 1879. Anas. Weber, A. 1907a, b, c. Co- lumba. Cesaris-Demel, A. 1911a; Denys, J. 1887; Doan, C. A. 1922a; Schoney, L. 1886; *Venzlaff, W. 1911b. Gallus. Bizzozero, G. 1890; Breusch, E. 1928; Cesaris-Demel, A. 191 la; *Dantschakoff, W. 1909a, b, 1916b, 1918a, b; Plasencia, L. 1904; Schoney, L. 1876. Gallus embryo. Dantscha- koff, W. 1907, 1908a, b, 1912; Disse, J. 1879; Dolzhansky, J. 1894; Haff, R. 1914; Hahn, H. 1909; MacLeod, W. 1842; Prevost, J. L. & Lebert, H. 1844; Remak, R. 1858; Ruffini, A. 1913; Uskov, N. V. 1887; West, R. 1914. Include Gallus. Janosik, J. 1902; Jones, T. W. 1846; Van der Stricht, O. 1892. Include Gallus embryo. Engel, C. S. 1915; Ziegler, H. E. 1892. Gallus incidental. Oppel, A. 1892. Blood islands. Stricht, O. 1893. Gallus. Van der 75 SUBJECT INDEX Blood and Lymph Effect on hemapoiesis of splenectomy. Columba. Toryun, Y. 1931. Hemoblasts. Includes Gallus. Jor- dan, H. E. 1917. Histogenetic relations between blood cells and endothelium. Gallus. Sato, K. 1921. FIRST APPEARANCE OF BLOOD IN Bursa Fabricii. Gallus. Jolly, J. Embryo. Gallus. *Dantschakoff, W. 1907, 1908b, 1912, 1916d. Mesoderm. Gallus. Klein, E. 1871. Hemapoiesis in Bone marrow. Marchesini, R. 1894, 1895. Includes birds. Sanfelice, F. 1889a. Columba. Ziegler, H. E. 1889. Gonads. Gallus. Nonidez, J. F. 1920a, b, 1922. Liver. Include Gallus. Van der Stricht, O. 1891; Weber, E. H. 1846. Gallus embryo. Haff, R. 1912. Lymphoid tissue of Bursa Fabricius. Casuarius & Gallus. Lelievre, A. & Retterer, E. 1910a. Gallus. Jolly, J. Spleen. Embryo. Gallus. Jolly, J. Yolk-sac. Gallus. *Dantschakoff, W. 1908a, b; Takagi, S. 1931. Leukocytes, development in General. Includes Columba. ""Cun- ningham, R. S., Sabin, F. R., & Doan, C. A. 1925. Areolar connective tissue. Dantscha- koff, W. 1916c, d. Lymph nodes and spleen. Gallus. Weidenreich, F. 1911. GRANULOCYTES General. Includes birds. Kollmann, M. 1911. Development of acidophil granules. Anas, Gallus, & Passer. Kollmann, M. 1912a. Eosinophils. Gallus. Terni, T. 1924c. Red blood corpuscles, development (Ery thropoiesis) General. Boccardi, G. 1886; Wein- reich, P. 1910. Includes birds. Arndt, R. 1881. Includes Columba. Doan, C. A., Cunningham, R. S., & Sabin, F. R. 1925. Gallus. Price-Jones, C. 1909-10; Wissozky, N. 1877. Include Gallus. Engel, C. S. 1900, 1901. Hemapoiesis in embryo. Includes birds. Dantschakoff, W. & Sharp, C. 1916-17. Columba & Gallus. Dol- zhansky, J. 1894. Includes Gallus. Bizzozero, G. & Torre, A. A. 1883. Intra vascular development: erythro- cytes in adult. Columba. *Doan, C. A. 1923. Role of spleen and bone marrow. Columba. Korn, T. 1881. Vital stainable granules as criterion for erythroblasts. Gallus. Sabin, F. R. 1921. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES General. Gallus. Reagan, F. P. 1917. Effect of stimulation of stem cells. Gallus. *Dantschakoff, W. 1916b. Lymph General. Kyes, P. 1929. Includes birds. Gulliver, G. 1863. Anser. Ledel, S. 1688. Columba & Passer. Cuenot, L. 1889. BONE MARROW The bone marrow of birds is, of course, limited, in its distribution in the adult, to those portions of the skeleton which are not pneumatic. Development of bone marrow. Anas & Gallus. *Dantschakoff, W. 1909a. Histology. Columba. *Denys, J. 1887; Petrone, L. M. 1889a. Gallus. Bizzozero, G. 1890, 1891; Foot, N. C. 1913; Petrone, L. M. 1889a. Bone marrow in femur. Gallus. Verdries, J. M. 1706. Capillaries of bone marrow, a closed vascular system. Columba. Doan, C. A. 1922b. Effect of hemorrhage and distur- bances of nutrition. Anas & Gallus. *Dantschakoff, W. 1909a. Functions of bone marrow. Columba & Gallus. Goujon, E. 1869a. BRAIN For the literature, which involves other parts of the nervous system Brain BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 76 than the brain, see under Nervous system. For references to biochemical studies of the brain, see under Bio- chemistry. Books. Text in English. Ferrier, D. 1886; Herrick, C. J. 1924; Leeuwen- hoek, A. 1816, vol. 2, pp. 97-107; Owen, R. 1866-68; Papez, J. W. 1929; Parker, T. J. & Haswell, W. A. 1897; Sweden- borg, E. 1882. *Kappers, C. U. 1920- 21: revised and enlarged English edition by *Huber, G. C. & Crosby, E. C. pub- lished in 1936. This is the most impor- tant reference work for the central nervous system in birds. Text in French. Laurencet, . 1825; Mandl, L. 1838; Serres, A. E. 1824-26. Text in German. Carus, C. G. 1814; Gadow, H. F. 1891d; Kappers, C. U. 1920-21; Mihalkovics, G. V. 1877; Tiedemann, F. 1816; Treviranus, G. R. 1820; Vogt, C. C. & Yung, E. 1889-94; Wenzel, J. & Wenzel, K. 1806; Wieder- sheim, R. E. 1907. Text in Italian. Lussana, F. & Lemoigne, A. 1871 (Birds, 1, 131-137). Text in Latin. Swedenborg, E. 1740; Wenzel, J. & Wenzel, K. 1812. General. Bazin, A. 1837; Cuvier, G. L. 1797-98; Kiienzi, W. 1918; Placzek, B. 1910; Schulgin, M. A. 1884; Sommering, S. T. 1792. Include birds. Byrne, J. 1875; Serres, A. E. 1824. Anas & Anser. Haller, A. 1768b. Apteryx. *Craigie, E. H. 1930; Dareste, C. 1856b. Aquila. Herrick, C. J. 1893. Archaeopteryx. Edinger, T. 1926. Chloro- stilbon & Chrysolampis. *Craigie, E. H. 1928. Columba. Hannover, A. 1842. Colymbus. Wiedersheim, R. E. 1885. Cypselus apus. Nitzsch, C. L. & Gie- bel, C. G. 1857c. Fringilla coelebs, Schulgin, M. A. 1884. Gallus. Hagen- bach, E. 1838; Hannover, A. 1842; Nicolai, T. W. 1812. Includes Gallus. Johnston, J. B. 1909a. Gallus incidental. Briihl, C. B. 1879. Hesperornis. Wiedersheim, R. E. 1885. Hydro- chelidon. Herrick, C. J. 1893. Melea- gris. Hannover, A. 1842. Pelecanus & Philohela. Herrick, C. J. 1893. Quis- calus. Beddard, F. E. 1904a. Rham- phastos toco. Owen, R. 1834a. Tringa. Haller, A. 1768b. Upupa epops. Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1857d. Fine pictures of entire brain. Anas, Columba, Meleagris, Phasianus, & other species. Guillot, N. 1843. Spheniscus demersus. Ingvar, S. 1923, 1924. Lat- eral dissection figured. Gallus. Bernard, C. 1851. Excellent figures showing dissection of brain and cord with cranial nerves. Anas. Harwood, B. K. 1796. Gallus. 'Nicolai, T. W. 1812. Metamerism. Tur, J. 1905e. Gallus. Rabl, C. 1885; *Weber, A. 1900. Includes Gallus. McClure, C. F. 1890. Phasianus. Weber, A. 1900. Reconstruction. Leier, O. 1911. Vestibular apparatus. (See also Nu- cleus of N. vestibularis and Cerebellum.) Includes Columba. Winkler, T. C. 1907. Anatomy See also under Anatomy and Zool- ogies. General. Flourens, M. J. 1843b; Franke, F. 1812a, b; Grobbels, F. 1921; Johnston, J. B. 1905; Pappenheim, S. & Bryant, H. 1847; Turner, C. H. 1891, 1892; Vicq d'Azyr, F. 1786. Anas. *Huber, G. C. & Crosby, E. C. 1929; Stieda, C. H. 1869a. (Dissection view.) Harwood, B. K. 1796. Anser. *Meckel, A. 1816; *Stieda, C. H. 1869a. Apteryx. *Craigie, E. H. 1930. Archae- ornithes. Lebzelter, V. 1922. Chryso- lampis mosquitus. *Craigie, E. H. 1928. Columba. Edinger, L. 1902b; Edinger, L. & Wallenberg, A. 1899; *Huber, G. C. & Crosby, E. C. 1929; Miinzer, E. & Wiener, H. 1898. Frin- gilla coelebs. Schulgin, M. A. 1884. Gallus. *Edinger, L. & Wallenberg, A. 1899; Huber, G. C. & Crosby, E. C. 1929; Klatt, B. 1910; Loewe, L. 1880a; *Stieda, C. H. 1869a. (Crested fowl.) Neumann, F. 1914. Lampornis. Craigie, E. H. 1932. Meleagris. *Meckel, A. 1816. Passer. *Edinger, L. & Wallen- berg, A. 1899; *Gage, S. P. 1896; *Huber, G. C. & Crosby, E. C. 1929; *Stieda, C. H. 1869a. Sylvia & Turdus. Hollaender, P. P. 1917. COMMISSURES Phylogeny. Kappers, C. V. & Theu- nissen, W. F. 1908. Gudden. Columba. Frey, E. 1933; Mayser, P. 1894. Melopsittacus & Pas- ser. Frey, E. 1933. Meynert. Columba. Mayser, P. 1894. Posterior. Columba. Mayser, P. 1894. Superior. Includes Gallus. Cameron, J. 1903-04. 77 SUBJECT INDEX Brain Corpus callosum Absence in birds first described. Book. Text in Latin. Willis, T. 1664. Rudiment present. Anas & Columba. Osborn, H. F. 1886-87. Development See also under Embryology. Books. Text in German. Tiede- mann, F. 1816. Anser & Gallus. Mihal- kovics, G. 1877. Text in Latin. Includes Gallus. Wen- zel, J. & Wenzel, K. 1812. General. Haller, B. 1922; Johnston, J. B. 1909a; Mihalkovics, G. 1874, 1875; Mordwilko, A. K. 1897; Pappenheim, S. & Bryant, H. 1847. Apteryx. Parker, T. J. 1892a, b. Fringilla. Boss, K. 1913. Gallus. Gage, S. P. 1899; Graper, L. 1913; Kamon, K. 1906; Klatt, B. 1910; Loewe, L. 1880a; Marshall, A. M. 1878a; Mesdag, T. M. 1909; Sperino, G. 1892. Include Gallus. His, W. 1892c; Johnston, J. B. 1909a, b; Loewe, L. 1880a; Reichert, C. B. 1837. Serinus. *Fleischmann, A. 1914. Vanel- lus. *Schumacher, O. 1928. Cerebral hemispheres. Columba. M'Kendrick, J. G. 1873. Gallus. Frank, G. M. 1925. Forebrain. Studnicka, F. K. 1893-94. Grouping of cells in mitosis. Gallus. Frank, G. M. 1925. Herniated brain in crested fowls. Gallus. Dareste, C. 1865d; Klatt, B. 1910; Neumann, F. 1914. Histogenesis of brain. Anas & Gallus. Marcora, F. 1911. Metameres. Gallus. Rabl, C. 1885. Paraphysis. Gallus. *Dexter, F. 1902. Paraphysis and epiphysis. Columba & Gallus. Livini, F. 1905a, 1906b. In- cludes Gallus & Turdus. Haller, B. 1922. Stalked parapineal vesicle. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1920e. Suprapptic canal from third ventricle into optic nerves. Includes Botaurus & Gallus. Tilney, F. 1916. Histology General. *Brandis, F. 1893; Hanno- ver, A. 1842. Include histology. Mandl, L. 1838; Turner, C. H. 1891. Anas. Edinger, L. 1902a. Apteryx. "Craigie, E. H. 1930. Chrysolampis mosquitus. *Craigie, E. H. 1928; Craigie, E. H. & Brickner, R. M. 1927. Ciconia. Craigie, E. H. & Brickner, R. M. 1927. Columba. Edinger, L. & Wallenberg, A. 1899; Romano-Prestia, F. 1906. Ectopistes. *Romano-Prestia, F. 1906. Gallus. Craigie, E. H. & Brickner, R. M. 1927; Edinger, L. 1902a; *Edinger, L. & Wallenberg, A. 1899. Arteries of the brain. Includes Gal- lus. Book. Text in Latin. Goiter, V. 1573. Brain structure in hereditary ataxia. Columba. Hoshino, T. 1919. Ependyma and neuroglia. Includes Gallus. Retzius, G. 1893a. Relation in quantity of white and gray matter. Includes Anser, Columba, & Struthio. Hovy, A. J. 1913. Visual portion of brain. Hannover, A. 1840. Columba. Mayser, P. 1894. Gallus. *Munk, H. 1883. BRAIN STEM HISTOLOGY General. Gallus. *Ramon y Cajal, S. 1909. Passer. *Edinger, L. & Wal- lenberg, A. 1899; Sanders, E. B. 1929. Ganglion cells. Structure and physi- ology. Columba. Schiipbach, P. 1905. Neuroglia. Columba & Ectopistes. *Romano-Prestia, F. 1906. TRACTS OR PATHWAYS General. Boyce, R. W. & Warring- ton, W. B. 1899a; Ramon y Cajal, P. 1914. Includes birds. Wallenberg, A. 1922. Many species. Grobbels, F. 1923. Anas. Edinger, L.I 895 ;*Huber,G.C. & Crosby, E. C. 1929; Kalischer, O. 1901; Sanders, E. B. 1929; Wallenberg, A. 1902, 1904, 1906. Anser. Wallen- berg, A. 1906. Apteryx. *Craigie, E. H. 1930. Chrysolampis & Ciconia. Craigie, E. H. 1928; Craigie, E. H. & Brickner, R. M. 1927. Columba. Boyce, R. W. & Warrington, W. B. 1899b; Cosmettatos, G. F. 1903; *Edinger, L. & Wallenberg, A. 1899; Frey, E. 1933; "Grobbels, F. 1924b; "-Herrmann, A. 1922; *Huber, G. C. & Crosby, E. C. 1929; Kalischer, O. 1901; *Mayser, H. 1894; Munzer, E. & Wiener, H. 1898; Ramon y Cajal, S. Brain BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 78 1908b; *Shimazono, J. 1912; Wallen- berg, A. 1898a, b, 1900, 1904, 1906. Fringilla coelebs. Schulgin, M. A. 1884. Gallus. Bellonci, G. 1883; Boyce, R. W. & Warrington, W. B. 1898, 1899b; Craigie, E. H. & Brickner, R. M. 1927; Edinger, L. 1895; *Grobbels, F. 1924b; *Herrmann, A. 1922; Huber, G. C. & Crosby, E. C. 1929; Kalischer, O. 1901; Oohata, Y. 1928; Ram6n y Cajal, S. 1908b; Sanders, E. B. 1929; *Schroeder, K. 1911; *Shimazono, J. 1912. Melopsit- tacus. Frey, E. 1933. Parus. Bellonci, G. 1883. Passer. Frey, E. 1933; 'Huber, G. C. & Crosby, E. C. 1929; Ramon y Cajal, S. 1908b; Sanders, E. B. 1929; *Shimazono, J. 1912. Psit- tacidae. Huber, G. C. & Crosby, E. C. 1929; Kalischer, 0. 1901, 1905. Sylvia & Turdns. Hollaender, P. P. 1917. Cerebellospinal tracts. Gallus. Kuwa- bara, T. 1927b. Isthmostriate or bulbo-striate tracts. Wallenberg, A. 1898c, 1903a. Olfactory tracts. Miinzer, E. & Wiener, H. 1898. Optic tracts. Includes Gallus. Ko- saka, K. & Hiraiwa, K. 1915. Proprioceptive tracts. Columba. *Frenkel, B. 1909. Striofugal tracts. Gallus. Oohata, Y. 1928. Supravestibular tracts. Columba. Muskens, L. J. 1927. Development General. Includes birds. Edinger, L. 1896b. Myelin sheaths. Gallus. *Schroeder, K. 1911. Fasciculus longitudlnalls dorsalls General. Ramon y Cajal, S. 1908a. Columba. *Wallenberg, A. 1903b. Vestibular functions. Includes Co- lumba, Larus, Strix, & Struthio. Ziba, S. 1911. Tracts connecting various structures Optic tectum and red nuclei. Oohata, Y. 1929a. Thalamus with mammillary bodies. Oohata, Y. 1929b. Tracts connecting with various structure* Nuc. N. III. Jelgersma, G. 1896. Commissure of Gudden. Frey, E. 1933. Optic lobes and retina. Tr. septo- mesencephalicus. Columba. Wallen- berg, A. 1898a. Tectum opticum. Columba. Frenkel. B. 1911. Thalamus. Anas, Columba, Gallus, & Passer. *Huber, G. C. & Crosby, E. C. 1929. Gallus. Oohata, Y. 1930. Vestibular nuclei. Includes Columba. Winkler, T. C. 1907. Tr. occipito- mesencephalo-bulbaris. Corvus frugile- gus. Wallenberg, A. 1934. Nuclei of brain stem, or groups of ganglion cells General. Sala, G. 1906. Anas, Gal- lus, & Passer. Sanders, E. B. 1929. Anas, Columba, Gallus, & Passer. *Hu- ber, G. C. & Crosby, E. C. 1929. Ap- teryx. *Craigie, E. H. 1930. Chryso- lampis. *Craigie, E. H. 1928. Frin- gilla coelebs. Schulgin, M. A. 1884. Nucleus commissurae posterioris. Sylvia & Turdus. Hollaender, P. P. 1917. Nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gra- cilis. Ontogeny. Ara, Cacatua, Casua- rius, Catharistes, Colymbus, Gallus, Pavo, Pratincola, & Spheniscus. Zeehan- delaar, I. 1921. Nucleus of fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis. Birds incidental. Ramon y Cajal, S. 1908a. Sylvia & Turdus. Hollaender, P. P. 1917. Nucleus lateralis anterior. Many spe- cies. Shiina, J. 1933. Nucleus ruber. Includes Ciconia. Lange, S. J. 1912. Sylvia & Turdus. Hollaender, P. P. 1917. Nucleus ruber and Monakow's bundle. Gallus. Kuwabara, T. & Oha- ta, Y. 1927. Optic nerve connections. Includes birds. Bellonci, G. 1888. Primary centers for optic nerves. Gallus. Siina, Z. 1929. CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI General. *Brandis, F. 1893; Kreis, E. 1883. Include birds. Calleja, J. 1901; Johnston, J. B. 1905. Birds incidental. Stieda, C. H. 1870a. Anas. Wallenberg, A. 1904, 1906. Anser. Wallenberg, A. 1906. Apteri 79 SUBJECT INDEX Brain "Craigie, E. H. 1930. Cacatua & Ciconia. Black, D. 1922. Chrysolampis. Craigie, E. H. 1928. Columba. *Grobbels, F. 1924b; Wallenberg, A. 1904, 1906. Fringilla coelebs. Schulgin, M. A. 1884. Gallus. *Grobbels, F. 1924b. Passer. Sanders, E. B. 1929. Sylvia & Turdus. *Hollaender, P. P. 1917. Change of position. Phylogeny and teratology. Includes Gallus. Kappers, C. U. & Vogt, H. 1908. Development. Gallus. His, W. 1887. Development of oculomotor and trochlear nerve nuclei. Gallus. *Biondi, G.1910. Migrations. Neurobiotaxis. Include birds. Kappers, C. U. 1910b, 1928; Kappers, C. U. & Vogt, H. 1908. Caca- tua & Ciconia. *Black, D. 1922. Motor nuclei in medulla. Kappers, C. U. & Vogt, H. 1908. Nucleus of N. abducens VI General. Jelgersma, G. 1897. Includes birds. Prezuiso, L. 1924. Includes Gallus. Terni, T. 1922. Nuclei of N. acusticus VIII General. Kuwabara, T. & Ohata, Y. 1927; Malesani, A. 1909; Soprana, F. 1906. Columba. Deganello, U. 1899, 1900, 1905. Nuclei and connections of N. acusti- cus. Columba. Wallenberg, A. 1898b, 1900. Nucleus of N. cochlearis General. Columba. *Ramon y Cajal, S. 1908b; Wallenberg, A. 1898b, 1900. Gallus. Kuwabara, T. 1928; *Ramon y Cajal, S. 1908b. Passer. *Ram6n y Cajal, S. 1908b. Cytology of ganglion cells. Gallus & Passer. Arione, L. 1923. Nucleus of N. vestibularis General. Many species. Bartels, M. 1925. Columba. Ramon y Cajal, S. 1908b; Wallenberg, A. 1900. Includes Columba. Winkler, T. C. 1907. Cor- vus frugilegus. Wallenberg, A. 1934. Gallus. Kuwabara, T. 1927a; Ram6n y Cajal, S. 1908b. Passer. Ramon y Cajal, S. 1908b. Degeneration following extirpation of semicircular canals. Columba. Malesani, A. 1909. Special nucleus of N. vestibularis. Includes birds. Ramon y Cajal, S. 1908e. Nuclei of N. f acialis VII General. Gallus. Kosaka, K. & Hi- raiwa, K. 1908. Motor nucleus. Phylogeny. Birds in- cidental. Kappers, C. U. 1910a. Nucleus of N. hypoglossus XII General. Includes Anas, Columba, & Gallus. Kosaka, K. & Yagita, K. 1903. Nuclei of N. oculomotorius III General. Jelgersma, G. 1896, 1897. Development. Gallus. *Munoz Urra, F. 1922. General visceral nucleus of oculo- motor nerve. Gallus. Ramon y Cajal, S. 1909. Nuclei of N. trigeminus V General. Ansalone, G. 1907. Anas & Columba. Wallenberg, A. 1903, 1904. Gallus. *Biondi, G. 1913. Mesencephalic nucleus and tract. Wallenberg, A. 1904. Includes Anas, Columba, Gallus, & Passer. Weinberg, E. 1928. Include Ciconia. Van Valken- burg, C. T. 1911a, c. Motor nuclei of N. trigeminus. In- cludes birds. Ramon y Cajal, P. 1904b. Nucleus of N. trochlearis IV General. Jelgersma, G. 1897. Nuclei of N. vagus X General. Birds incidental. Kappers, C. U. 1908b. Gallus. Tricomi Allegra, G. 1907. Includes Gallus. Kosaka, K. 1909. Dorsal motor nucleus of N. vagus. Includes Gallus. Holm, H. 1893. Physiology, including experimental studies Books. Text in English. Includes birds. Ferrier, D. 1886. Text in German. Columba & Gallus. Flourens, M. J. 1824. General. Kalischer, O. 1901; Tre- viranus, G. R. 1820; Turner, C. H. 1892. Birds incidental. Dewar, J. & M'Kend- rick, J. G. 1873. Brain BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 80 Anas. Richet, C. R. 1883, 1887. Anser. Richet, C. R. 1883. Columba. Boyce, R. W. & Warrington, W. B. 1899b; Gallerani, G. 1889; Haspel, . 1842; Kalischer.0. 1901 ; M'Kendrick, J. G. 1873; Miinzer, E. & Wiener, H. 1898; Muskens, L. J. 1927. Gallus. Boyce, R. W. & Warrington, W. B. 1898, 1899b; Haspel,. 1842; Kalischer, O. 1901; Richet, C. R. 1883. Psittacus. Kalischer, O. 1901. EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL LESIONS General. Columba. Wallenberg, A. 1898b. Include Columba. Schrader, M. E. 1891, 1892. Diabetic puncture. Columba. Bern- hardt, M. 1874. On posture and progression. Columba. *Langworthy, 0. R. 1926. Optic lobes, nerves, and tracts. Co- lumba. Cosmettatos, G. F. 1900. Tr. septo-mesencephalicus. Function and course. Okata, Y. 1928. Columba. Wallenberg, A. 1898a. EXPERIMENTAL EXTIRPATION General. Include Columba. Schrader, M. E. 1890, 1891. Brain and upper cord removed, yet bird lived for two days. Columba. Anon. 1829. Decerebellation. Gallus. Lemoigne, A. 1870; Martin, E. G. & Rich, W. H. 1918. Destruction of cerebellum. Ves- tibular symptoms. Columba. Lange, B. 1891. Extirpation of semicircular canal apparatus. Columba. Soprana, F. 1905. Labyrinth extirpation. Columba. Ni- shihata, T. 1927c; Trendelenburg, W. E. 1906b. Decerebration experiments Book. Text in German. Columba. Munk, H. 1890. General. Weymouth, F. W. 1922. Columba. Bischoff , T. L. 1863 ; Boeck, . & Le Boeuf, L. 1890; Jolyet, F. 1902; Mills, T. W. 1899; Nishihata, T. 1927d; Rogers, F. T. 1919a; *Schrader, M. E. 1888, 1892; Treves, Z. & Aggazzotti, A. 1901; Voit, C. 1868; Anon. 1829. Gal- lus. Ashcraft, D. W. 1929; Martin, E. G. & Rich, W. H. 1918. Psittacus. Kalischer, O. 1900. Effects of extirpating motor cortex. Columba. Sandmeyer, W. 1891, pp. 224-225. Progressive ablation. Flight ataxia, but co-ordination of legs left. Columba. Krishaber, M. 1869. "Recovery of faculties." Columba. McQuillen, J. H. 1878. Reflexes of decerebrate birds. Do- nath, J. 1910. Various effects of decerebration Nystagmus. Includes Columba. Ivy, A. C. 1919. On blood pressure and body tempera- ture regulation. Columba. Rogers, F. T. 1920b. On body temperature and water elimination. Columba. Rogers, F. T. 1923, 1924a, b, c. On temperature regulation. Colum- ba. Corin, G. & Van Beneden, A. 1887. On thyroid gland function. Co- lumba &Gallus. Ceni, C. 1920. On vision and pupillary reflexes. Gallus. Noll, A. 1915. Persistence of motor disorders of cerebral origin after ablation of head. Dubois, R. 1886, 1895. Tract lesions General. *Soprana, F. 1905, 1906. Effect of tract lesions upon reflexes. Columba & Larus. Grobbels, F. 1922c. Temperature variation. Columba. Ott,.I. 1893. VISUAL CENTER, EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES General. Columba. Musehold,A. 1878. Degeneration effects of extirpation of eyes on optic lobes and other visual centers and pathways. Columba. Jel- gersma, G. 1896. Degeneration of ganglion cells in retina following lesion in primary optic centers. Includes Columba. Oshi- nomi, T. 1930. Quantitative studies General. Many species. Grobbels, F. 1921. 81 SUBJECT INDEX Brain Relation of size to body size. Includes birds. Dubois, E. 1914. Relative size. Jager, G. 1870. WEIGHTS General. Includes birds. Hrdlifika, A. 1905. Many species. Warneke, P. 1907-08. Weight correlations of brain with Body size. Lapicque, L. 1912. Body weight. Brandt, A. F. 1867; Cope, E. D. & Kingsley, J. S. 1888. Many species. Lapicque, L. & Girard, P. 1905, 1906. Includes birds. Dubois, E. 1919b. Colinus. Dubois, E. 1919a. Gallus. Dubois, E. 1919a; Lapicque, L. 1907b, c, d, 1908. Passer. Dubois, E. 1919a. Sex differences in weight. Includes Passer. Lapicque, L. 1907a. DIVISIONS Telencephalon (forebrain) Book. Text in English. Herrick, C. J. 1924. General. Apteryx. *Craigie, E. H. 1930, 1935a; Hunter, J. I. 1923. Columba. Kuhlenbeck, H. 1924; M'Ken- drick, J. G. 1873. Columba & Gallus. *Liyini, F. 1905b, 1906a. Dromiceius. Craigie, E. H. 1935a, b. Lampornis. Craigie, E. H. 1932. Psittaci. *Kalis- cher, O. 1905. Arteries. Includes birds. Kappers, C. U. 1933. Cell groups. Columba. Kuhlenbeck, H. 1924. Development. Birds incidental. Edinger, L. 1888; Studnicka,F.K. 1893- 94. Columba. Kuhlenbeck, H. 1924; *Livini, F. 1905b, 1906a. Gallus. Bianchi, V. 1906; "Henrich, G. 1897; *Livini, F. 1905b, 1906a; *Tilney, F. 1915. Lateral ventricles. Apteryx. Craigie, E.H.1930. Chrysolampis. Craigie, E.H. 1928. Measurements. Bumm, A. 1883. Morphology. Dennler, G. 1922. Many species. Bumm, A. 1883; *Edinger, L. 1903b; *Rose, M. 1914. Birds incidental. Kappers, C. U. & Theunissen, W. F. 1907. Phylogeny. Includes birds. Kappers, C. U. & Theunissen, W. F. 1908; Kuh- lenbeck, H. 1924. CEREBRAL CORTEX OR PALLIUM General. Sala y Pons, C. 1893. Apteryx. *Craigie, E. H. 1929a, 1935a; Durward, A. 1932. Casuarius. *Craigie, E. H. 1935c. Chrysolampis mosquitus. Craigie, E. H. 1928. Col- umba. Rogers, F. T. 1922. Include Columba. Nakagawa, I. 1890; Neu- mayer, L. 1895. Includes Gallus. Bottazzi, F. 1894. Lampornis magna. *Craigie, E. H. 1932. Cytology. Gallus. Marinesco, G. & Minea, J. 1915. Development. Birds incidental. Edinger, L. 1889b, 1895. Hippocampus. Apteryx. Durward, A. 1932. Hippocampus and parahippocam- pus. Chrysolampis. Craigie, E. H. 1928. Dromiceius. Craigie, E. H. 1935b. Lam- pornis. Craigie, E. H. 1932. Homologue of mammalian neocortex present. Apteryx. Craigie, E. H. 1929b. Localization in function. Includes Gallus. Mills, T. W. 1896a. Multilaminar structure. Dromiceius novae-hollandiae. Craigie, E. H. 1934. Vascularity. Apteryx. Craigie, E. H. 1929b. White matter on ventral surface of anterior lobe. Includes Gallus. Lelut, F. 1830. CORPUS STRIATUM General. Bryant, H. & Pappenheim, S. 1848; Kuhlenbeck, H. 1924, 1925. Birds incidental. Herman, W. 1925. Includes birds. Ramstrom, M. 1912. Development. Columba. Kuhlen- beck, H. 1924, 1925. Gallus. Kappers, C. U. 1923; Kuhlenbeck, H. 1924, 1925. Includes Gallus. Johnston, J. B. 1909b. Phylogeny. Kappers, C. U. 1908a; Kappers, C. U. & Theunissen, W. F. 1908. Physiology. Columba. M'Kendrick, J. G. 1873. Includes Columba. Munk, H. 1886; 'Rogers, F. T. 1922. Decor- ticated bird. Columba. Rogers, F. T. 1919a, 1920a. Structure. Edinger, L. 1903a. Anas, Columba, Gallus, & Passer. *Huber, G. C. & Crosby, E. C. 1929. Apteryx. Craigie, E. H. 1930. Chrysolampis. Brain BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 82 Craigie, E. H. 1928. Columba. Edinger, L. 1894; M'Kendrick, J. G. 1873; Rogers, F. T. 1922. Fringilla coelebs. Schulgin, M. A. 1884. Lampornis. *Craigie, E. H. 1932. OLFACTORY LOBES AND BULBS General. Bumm, A. 1883; Ramon y Cajal, S. 1890b. Histology. Edinger, L. 1903b. Apteryx australis. Craigie, E. H. 1930. Chrysolampis mosquitus [plains]. Craigie, E. H. 1928. Lampornis magna. Craigie, E. H. 1932. PHYSIOLOGY OF FOREBRAIN, INCLUDING EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES General. Eckhard, C. 1876; *Kali- scher, 0. 1905. Columba. Schrader, M. E. 1888. Cerebral cortex General. Anas. Richet, C. R. 1883. Columba. Richet, C. R. 1883; Rogers, F. T. 1919b, 1920a. Gallus. Richet, C. R. 1883. Behavior of decerebrate bird. Co- lumba. Nishihata, T. 1927d. Conditioned reflexes. Columba. *Cate, J. 1923. Experimental lesions. Columba. *Rogers, F. T. 1922b. Extirpation. Columba. Rogers, F. T. 1920a. Psittacidae. Kalischer, 0. 1900. Functions. Book. Text in German. Columba. Munk, H. 1890. Cortical localization General. Anas, Columba, & Gallus. Kalischer, 0. 1901. Includes Gallus. Mills,T.W.1896a. Psittacus. Kalischer, O. 1901. Auditory centers. Physiology. In- cludes Gallus. *Munk, H. 1883. Control of smooth muscle of feathers. Anas. Weber, E. 1906. Motor area. Psittacidae. Gouty, L. 1882. No excitable cortex for upper neu- rons. Columba. Rogers, F. T. 1922b. Quick component in nystagmus. Includes Columba. Ivy, A. C. 1919. Relation to regulation of body tem- perature and blood pressure. Experi- mental. Columba. Rogers, F. T. 1920b. Visual cortex. Edinger, L. 1895, 1896a; Herrick, C. L. 1895. Columba & Gallus. Oehl, S. C. 1879. Diencephalon General. Apteryx. Craigie, E. H. 1930. Gallus. *Rendahl, H. 1924. Birds and telepsts compared. Chry- solampis. Craigie, E. H. 1928. Chry- solampis, Ciconia, & Gallus. Craigie, E. H. & Brickner, R. M. 1927. Frin- gilla coelebs. Schulgin, M. A. 1884. Development. Botaurus & Gallus. Tilney, F. 1915. Ependymal grooves in roof of dien- cephalon. Birds incidental. Sargent, P. E. 1903. Nuclei and fiber paths of dience- phalon. *Huber, G. C. & Crosby, E. C. 1929. Structure. Westphal, K. 1898. Anas, Columba, Gallus, & Passer. *Huber, G. C. & Crosby, E. C. 1929. Includes Gallus & Hirundo. Galeotti, G. 1897. Spheniscus. Ingvar, S. 1924. EPITHALAMUS Book. Text in German. Many spe- cies. Studnifika, F. K. 1905, pp. 210- 220. Pineal body. Birds incidental. Lub- bock, J. 1888. Subcommissural organ, a longitudinal paired tract of epithelium, produced by a modification of the ependymal epi- thelium in vicinity of pineal recess. Gal- lus. Nicholls, G. E. 1912. HYPOTHALAMUS Ganglion ectomammillare. Ansalone, G. 1907. Infundibulum. Gallus. Collin, R. 1926b. Formation of two successive infundi- bula independent of hypophysis. Gallus. Pfeiffer, C. 1926. Tuber cinereum. Gallus & Parus. Bellonci, G. 1883. METATHALAMUS Corpus geniculatum. Columba, Melo- psittacus, & Passer. Frey, E. 1933. Lateral geniculate bodies. *Ram6n y Cajal, P. 1898, 1904a. 83 SUBJECT INDEX Brain OPTIC CHIASMA General. Anser. *Schulgin, M. A. 1881. Columba. Cosmettatos, G. F. 1900; *Schulgin, M. A. 1881; Singer, J. & Miinzer, E. 1889. Includes Columba. Singer, J. & Miinzer, E. 1889. Corpus, Co- turnix, Emberiza, Galliis, Hirundo, Otus, Passer, Phasianus, Picus, Plictolophus, Pyrrhula, Strix, & Sturnus. *Schulgin, M. A. 1881. Includes Strix. Singer, J. & Munzer, E. 1889. Structure. Buteo, Columba, & Gallus. Michel, J. 1873. OPTIC NERVES AND TRACTS Medial optic tract. Columba. Noll, A. 1922; Wallenberg, A. 1898a. Origin and connections. Anas. *Ramon y Cajal, S. 1889a, 1891. Co- lumba. Frey, E. 1933; Ramon y Cajal, S. 1889a, 1891. Fringilla & Gallus. *Ramon y Cajal, S. 1889a, 1891. Melo- psittacus. Frey, E. 1933. Passer. Frey, E. 1933; Ramon y Cajal, S. 1889a, 1891. Primary centers. Many species. Shiina, J. 1933. Position of accommodation and light- reflex fibers in optic tracts. Columba. Noll, A. 1922; Wallenberg, A. 1898a. THALAMUS General. Ingvar, S. 1923, 1924; Kuhlenbeck, H. 1924, 1925; *Ramon y Cajal, P. 1898, 1904a. Includes birds. Ramstrom, M. 1912. Apteryx. Craigie, E. H. 1930. Chrysolampis. Craigie, E. H. 1928. Columba. *Gr6bbels, F. 1924b. Includes Gallus. *Grobbels, F. 1924b; Kosaka, K. & Hiraiwa, K. 1915. Effects of experimental lesions. Dece- rebrate bird. Columba. Rogers, F. T. 1919a. Evolution. Ingvar, S. 1923, 1924. Phylogeny. Ingvar, S. 1924; Kappers, C. U. 1908a. Effects of destruction of thalamus General. Columba. Rogers, F. T. & Wheat, S. D. 1921. Anhydremia and diuresis. Rogers, F. T. 1924b. Blood pressure. Columba. *Rogers, F. T. 1920b. Carbon dioxide excretion in birds with destruction of optic thalamus. Columba. Rogers, F. T. & Wheat, S. D. 1921. Heat regulation. Columba. Rogers, F. T. 191 9b; Rogers, F. T. & Lackey, R. W. 1923. Respiratory exchange. Columba. Rogers, F. T. & Lackey, R. W. 1923. Mesencephalon (midbrain) Mesencephalon of birds and teleosts compared. Morphology and histology. Chrysolampis, Ciconia, &Gallus. Craigie, E. H. & Brickner, R. M. 1927. Co- lumba & Gallus. *Grobbels, F. 1924b. Phylogeny. Ingvar, S. 1924. Roof. Homologies with reptiles. Cor- pus. Burckhardt, K. R. 1894. Structure. Westphal, K. 1898. Apteryx. Craigie, E. H. 1930. Chryso- lampis. Craigie, E. H. 1928. Structure and development. Includes Gallus. Palmgren, A. 1921. Tracts. Hollaender, P. P. 1917. OPTIC LOBES General. *Ramon y Cajal, P. 1898, 1904a. Many species. Schulgin, M. A. 1884. Includes many species. *Tre- viranus, G. R. 1831a. Anser. *Schulgin, M. A. 1881. Co- lumba. Cosmettatos, G. F. 1903; *Schulgin, M. A. 1881. Corpus, Cotur- nix, & Emberiza. *Schulgin, M. A. 1881. Fringilla coekbs. Schulgin, M. A. 1884. Includes Gallus. Kosaka, K. & Hiraiwa, K. 1915. Gallus. Bel- lonci, G. 1883; Sala, G. 1905, 1906; *Schulgin, M. A. 1881. Hirundo & Otus. *Schulgin, M. A. 1881. Parus. Bel- lonci, G. 1883. Passer, Phasianus, Picus, Plictolophus, Pyrrhula, Strix, & Sturnus. *Schulgin, M. A. 1881. Central connections (tracts) of nerves. Gallus & Parus. Bellonci, G. 1883. Development. Gallus. Gehuchten, A. 1892b; Oliver, K. K. 1912; Ris, F. 1898, 1899. Histology. Anas. *Ramon y Cajal, S. 1889a, 1891. Columba. *Ram6n y Cajal, S. 1889a, 1891; Sala, G. 1905, 1906. Fringilla. Ram6n y Cajal, S. 1889a, 1891 ; Sala, G. 1905, 1906. Gal- lus. Ramon y Cajal, S. 1889a, 1891; *Ris, F. 1898, 1899; Sala, G. 1905. Pas- ser. *Ramon y Cajal, S. 1889a, 1891 ; Sala, G. 1905, 1906. Homologies. Includes Columba. Naka- gawa, I. 1890. Brain BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 84 Nuclei and tracts. Sala, G. 1906. Anas, Gallus, & Passer. Sanders, E. B. 1929. Origin. Anas & Columba. *Ram6n y Cajal, S. 1889a, 1891. PHYSIOLOGY OF MESENCEPHALON General. Columba. "Kschischkowski, C. 1911; Martino, G. 1926a. Chemical stimulation. Columba. "Kschischkowski, C. 1911. Experimental degeneration : optic tract to optic lobes. Includes Columba. Singer, J. & Miinzer, E. 1890. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) CEREBELLUM General. Malacarne, V. 1782. In- cludes birds. Franz, V. 1912b. Anas & Anser. Reisinger, L. 1916. Apteryx. Craigie, E.H.I 930. Chrysolampis. Crai- gie, E. H. 1928. Columba. Reisinger, L. 1916; Wallenberg, A. 1900. Gallus. Reisinger, L. 1916. Cerebellum better developed in Dio- medea than in other birds. Retzius, A. A. 1855. Significance of cerebellum. Birds in- cidental. Edinger, L. 1889a. Taxonomic treatment of cerebellum. Brandis, F. 1896. Development General. Bergman, R. 1924. Include birds. Brun, R. 1925; Ingvar, S. 1918. Columba. *Cate, J. 1926; *Shimazono, J. 1912. Gallus. "Lahousse, E. 1888; *Shimazono, J. 1912. Includes Gallus. Palmgren, A. 1921. Passer. *Shimazo- no, J. 1912. Granule cells. Gallus. Arai, S. 1923. Physiology General. Include birds. Brun, R. 1925; Estable, C. 1923. Anas & Anser. Schklarewski, A. 1872a. Columba. Bremer, F. 1924; Bremer, F.& Ley, R. 1927; *Cate,J.T. 1926; Edinger, L. 1912; *Rijnberk, G. 1925; Schklarewski, A. 1872a. Gallus. Schklarewski, A. 1872a. Localization of function. Brouwer, B. 1913. Gallus. Bergman, R. 1926. Degeneration studies General. Columba. Wallenberg, A. 1898b. Results of extirpation General. Gallus. Lemoigne, A. 1870; Martin, E. D. & Rich, W. H. 1918. Functions: relation to semicircular canals. Columba. Stefani, A. 1920. Semicircular canals. Columba. Male- sani, A. 1909; Stefani, & Weiss, . 1877. Structure General. Brouwer, B. 1913; Brun, R. 1925; Frenkel, B. 1909. Include birds. Ingvar, S. 1918; Murphy, C. 0. 1900. Anas. Dennissenko, G. 1877; Rei- singer, L. 1916. Anser. Reisinger, L. 1916. Columba. *Cate, J. 1926; Dennis- senko, G. 1877; Friedlander, A. 1898; Reisinger, L. 1916. Gallus. Reisinger, L. 1916. Include Gallus. Dennissenko, G. 1877; Palmgren, A. 1921. Fiber tract connections. Anas & Anser. Reisinger, L. 1916. Columba. *Frenkel, B. 1909. Columba & Gallus. Reisinger, L. 1916. Projection fibers of cerebellum. Gal- lus. Nakazawa, S. 1930. Sensory connections. Birds inci- dental. Edinger, L. 1899. Tracts. Anas. Sanders, E. B. 1929. Gallus. *Ramon y Cajal, S. 1908c; Sanders, E. B. 1929. Passer. Sanders, E. B. 1929. Histology General. Brouwer, B. 1913; Murphy, C. O. 1900. Include birds. Dogiel, A. S. 1896; Estable, C. 1923. Anas & Anser. Reisinger, L. 1916. Columba. Gate, J. 1926; Reisinger, L. 1916; *Shimazono, J. 1912. Gallus. Ramon y Cajal, S. & Illera, R. 1907; Reisinger, L. 1916; *Shimazono, J. 1912. Passer. Ramon y Cajal, S. 1889c; Ramon y Cajal, S. & Illera, R. 1907; *Shimazono, J. 1912. Nuclei General. Anas. Sanders, E. B. 1929. Gallus. *Ramon y Cajal, S. 1908c; Sanders, E. B. 1929. Passer. Sanders, E. B. 1929. Development. Gallus. Gentes, L. 1906. 85 SUBJECT INDEX Brain Phylogeny. Includes birds. Ingvar, S. 1918. Catharistes [Coragyps]. Hoevell, J. J. 1916. Purkinje cells General. Columba & Ectopistes. *Romano-Prestia, F. 1906. Development. Gallus. Bergman, R. 1926. Differences in flying and terrestrial birds. Gallus. Marinesco, G. & Minea, J. 1915. FOURTH VENTRICLE General. Malacarne, V. 1782. Co- lumba. Staderini, R. 1896a. Development. Includes Gallus. Sta- derini, R. 1896b. MEDULLA OBLONGATA General. Malacarne, V. 1782. Anas. Kreis, E. 1883. Histology General. Includes Ciconia. Hoevell, J. J. 1911. Reticular cells. Includes Ciconia. Hoevell, J. J. 1911. Nuclei and tracts Cross section figures. Anas. Sanders, E. B. 1929; *Sinn, R. 1913. Ardea, Athene, & Cygnus. *Sinn, R. 1913. Gallus. Sanders, E. B. 1929; *Sinn, R. 1913. Ibycter. *Sinn, R. 1913. Pas- ser. Sanders, E. B. 1929. Plegadis, Plotus, Psittacus, & Rhea. *Sinn, R. 1913. Inferior olivary nucleus General. Includes birds. Kooy, F. H. 1917. Many species. Grobbels, F. 1923; Yoshimura, K. 1910. Structure and significance. Includes Columba, Fringilla, Grus, & Phoeni- copterus. Williams, E. M. 1909. CASTRATION, EXPERIMENTAL See also under Reproduction and Sex. Book. Text in English. Punnett, R. C. 1923. General. Anatidae. *Goodale, H. D. 1910b, 1912. Fringilla coelebs. Zawa- dowsky, M. M. 1926f. Gallus. Benoit, J. 1924c, d, 1926b, d; Cigna, G. F. 1788; Finlay, G. F. 1925; Goodale, H. D. 1911a, 1913a, 1914; Goodale, H. D. & Nonidez, J. F. 1924; Morgan, T. H. 1917-18, 1919-20; Moussu, G. 1912; Pezard, A. 1913b; Watson, O. M. 1901. Pyromelana franciscana. Witschi, E. 1936. Effects of ablation of testes and graft- ing ovaries into castrated males. Good- ale, H. D. 1917b. Histology of liver, spleen, kidney, and digestive tract of castrated birds on forced feeding. Gallus. Yosikawa, M. & Tomisima, R. 1932. Latent period for change in secondary sex characters. Gallus. Pezard, A. 1921c. Penetration of suprarenal glands by accidentally transplanted testis tissue. Gallus. Pezard, A. & Caridroit, F. 1922a. Regeneration of testes in incomplete castration. Gallus. Benoit, J. 1926d. Unilateral castration. Compensatory hypertrophy of remaining testis. Benoit, J. 1925; Domm, L. V. & Juhn, M. 1927. EFFECTS OF CASTRATION General. Goodale, H. D. 1915a; Larcher, O. E. 1917; Putzig, P. 1935. Gallus. Kammerer, P. 1912; Morgan, T. H. 1917a, 1917-18, 1919-20, 1920a, b; Pellegrini, G. 1927; Pezard, A. 1911c; Pezard, A., Sand, K., & Caridroit, F. 1923a, 1924d. Meleagris. Athias, M. 1928; van Oordt, G. J. & van der Maas, C. J. 1929. Pyromelana franciscana. Witschi, E. 1936. Pyrrhula. Hachlow, V. A. 1927; Zawadowsky, M. M. 1926f. Crop secretion by male. Columbidae. Riddle, O. & Dykshorn, S. W. 1932. Endocrine secretion. Gallus. Pezard, A., Sand, K., & Caridroit, F. 1924h. Liver. Gallus. Pezard, A. 1913a. Metabolism. Gallus. Heymans, C. 1921; Szuman, J. G. 1926b. Migration. Rowan, W. 1932. Nervous energy. Gallus. Athanasiu, I. & Pezard, A. 1924. Nutrition. Heymans, C. 1921. Origin of germ cells. Gallus. Reagan, F. P. 1918. Plumage. Pezard, A. 1928. Columba. Lipschutz, A. & Wilhelm, 0. 1929. Gal- Castration BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 86 lus. Morgan, T. H. 1917-18, 1919-20; Pe"zard, A. 1924b; Pe~zard, A., Sand, K., & Caridroit, F. 1923b, c, 1924d; Pun- nett, R. C. & Bailey, P. G. 1920. Secondary sex characters. Anas. Poll, H. 1909. Callus. Pe"zard, A. 1911a, b, 1920a, 1922b, 1924a, b, 1928; Poll, H. 1909. Meleagris. Athias, M. 1928. Netta. Poll, H. 1909. Spurs, body size, gonads, plumage, thyroid gland, and behavior. Meleagris. van Oordt, G. J. & van der Maas, C. J. 1929. Spurs, plumage, bursa Fabricii, etc. Anas & Galliis. Goodale, H. D. 1916c. Thymus gland. Includes Gallus. *Soli, U. 1907, 1909. Gallus. Terni, T. 1927b. Regression after castration At puberty. Gallus. Pe"zard, A. 1920a. Erectile tissue. Galli. Petard, A. 1917. Law of regression of secondary sex characters. Pezard, A. 1921b. Regeneration of testes in incomplete castration. Gallus. Benoit, J. 1926c. OVARIOTOMY General. Gallus. Goodale, H. D. 1916b. Effect of daily injections of hebin. Domm, L. V. 1933. Effects of ovariotomy on Development of comb and spurs. Gallus. Pezard, A. 1914, 1915. Melanin pigment formation, in feed- ing thyroid gland. Gallus. Torrey, H. B. & Horning, B. 1925b. Number of red blood corpuscles, in- crease in. Juhn, M. & Domm, L. V. 1930. Sex transformation. Gallus. Benoit, J. 1924g. CHROMAFFIN SYSTEM General. Kose, W. 1902, 1904, 1907. Includes Gallus. Kull, H. 1925. Chromaffin tissue in digestive system. Kull, H. 1925. Paraganglia. Kose, W. 1904, 1907. Columba & Gallus. Ciaccio, C. 1906a, b. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Publications dealing with the blood and lymph vascular systems in birds. See also Heart. Books. Text in English. Hewson, W. 1768. Text in French. Leboucq, H. 1876; Spallanzani, L. 1800-01. Text in German. Gadow, H. 1891d; Tigerstedt, R. A. 1921-23. General. Barkow, H. C. 1830a, b; His, W. 1902; Hochstetter, F. 1892; Jullien, J. 1878. Includes birds. Mar- tin Saint-Ange, G. J. 1832. Anas & Columba. Noka, H. 1931. Gallus. *Hahn, H. 1909; Noka, H. 1931. Include Gallus. Sabin, F. R. 1917a; Thomson, A. 1830. Megapo- didae. Oustalet, J. F. 1880a. Sphenis- cidae. Filhol, H. 1885. Development Book. Text in English. Lillie, F. R. 1919. General. Includes birds. Hoch- stetter, F. 1892. Gallus. His, W. 1902; Prev6st, J. L. & Lebert, H. 1844, 1850. Include Gallus. Sabin, F. R. 1917a; Thomson, A. 1830. Early development. Rabaud, E. 1896; Tur, J. 1929. Gallus. Budge, A. 1886; Dareste, C. 1866b; Disse, J. 1879. ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT Atypical capillary involution. Gal- lus. Thoma, R. 1901a. Double embryos. Anas. Ruth, E. S. 1916-18. Omphalocele. Gallus. Rabaud, E. 1897. BLOOD VESSELS Books. Text in English. Owen, R. 1866-68. Text in German. Many species. Gadow, H. F. 1891d. General. Forbes, W. A. 1881g. In- cludes birds. Hasebroek, K. 1917. Anas. Nishimura, Y. 1927. Aptenodytes pata- gonica. Jullien, J. 1878. Blood vessel plexuses. Many species. Ricchiardi, S. 1860, 1876. 87 SUBJECT INDEX Circulatory System Caudal blood vessels. Includes Callus. Favaro, G. 1907. Histology. Anser & Columba. Osolin, P. 1921. Gallus. Osolin, P. 1921; Sie- brecht, A. H. 1925. Sinusoids in various organs. Gallus. Minot, C. S. 1900a. Valves. Includes birds. Pettigrew, J. B. 1864b. BLOOD VESSELS OF VARIOUS ORGANS AND STRUCTURES Arterio-venous anastomoses in toes. Many species. *Schumacher, S. 1915a. Beak. Rhamphastos. Traill, T. S. 1815. Bone. Includes Anas & Tympanu- chus. Foote, J. S. 1921. Bone marrow. Closed system. Doan, C.A. 1922a,b. Brain. Craigie, E. H. 1929b. Bursa Fabricii. Noka, H. 1929. An- ser, Columba, & Gallus. Noka, H. 1931. Crop. Many species. Kuriyama, T. 1931. Columba. Phisalix, C. A. 1890. Esophagus. Many species. Kuriya- ma, T. 1931. Eye. Anas, Anser, Astur, & Scolopax. Kijowska, W. 1926. Numida. Beaure- gard, H. 1878. Head, including appendages. Gallus, Lyrurus, Meleagris, Numida, & Phasi- anus. *Wodzicki, K. 1929. Pelvic region. Gallus. Toit, P. J. 1913. Renal blood vessels. Falconiformes. Fitzpatrick, F. L. 1935. Respiratory system. Musset, C. 1869. Skin. Anas, Ardea, Corvus, Numida, Strix, & Vultur. Hyrtl, J. 1839. Spinal cord. Anas, Astur, Athene, Columba, Gallus, Numida, & Psittaci. Sterzi, G. 1903, 1904a. Suprarenal gland capsule. Includes birds. Srdmko, O. V. 1905. Blood vessels of the limbs General. Many species. Schroder van der Kolk, J. L. & Vrolik, W. 1848. Plexuses in limbs. Many species. Schroder van der Kolk, J. L. & Vrolik, W. 1856. DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD VESSELS Book. Text in German. Ruckert, J. & Mollier, S. 1906. General. Drummond, J. 1854. Anas. *Evans, H. M. 1909a, b. Gallus. Afanassieff, N. 1866; Balfour, F. M. 1873b; Coste, J. J. & Delpech, J. M. 1833; *Evans, H. M. 1909a, b; *Hahn, H. 1909; Miller, A. M. & McWhorter, J. E. 1914; Prevost, J. L. & Lebert, H. 1844, 1850; *Sabin, F. R. 1917b, 1920; Wissozky, N. 1877. Include Gallus. Jordan, H. E. 1917; Ruckert, J. 1903. Arterioles and venules. Gallus. Clark, E. R. 1915. Development in isolated fragments of embryo. Gallus. Reagan, F. P. 191 5b. Vascular endothellum Experimental study. Gallus. Reagan, F. P. 1917. Origin. Gallus. Clark, E. R. 1914. Development of blood vessels of various organs Eye. Anas, Anser, Astur, & Scolopax. Kijowska, W. 1926. Pulmonary blood vessels. Gallus. *Buell, C. E. 1922; Squier, T. L. 1916. Spinal cord. Includes Anas, Astur, Athene, Columba, Gallus, Numida, & Psittaci. *Sterzi, G. 1903, 1904a. Early development of blood vessels General. Anas. Weber, A. 1907b, c. Gallus. Klein, E. 1871 ; Ruffini, A. 1913; Uskow, N. V. 1887. Includes Struthio. Mehnert, E. 1896b. Blood islands. Gallus. His, W. 1902; Van der Stricht, 0. 1893; Vialleton, L. 1892b. Arteries General. Barforth, A. H. 1786; *Bar- kow, H. C. 1829, 1830b, 1844; *Bauer, F. 1825. Many species. Meckel, J. F. 1826; *Ricchiardi, S. 1860, 1876. In- cludes birds. Poletti, L. 1833. Birds incidental. Mackay, J. Y. 1887a. Anas. Barkow, H. C. 1829; *Hahn, L. G. 1830. Anser & Ardea. Barkow, H. C. 1829. Bucorvus abyssinicus. Ottley, W. 1879. Ciconia. Barkow, H. C. 1829. Includes Columba. Odera, R. 1928. Corvus. Barkow, H. C. 1829. Eurylaemus. Garrod, A. H. 1878d. Falco & Fulica. Barkow, H. C. 1829. Circulatory System BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 88 Gallus. Barkow, H. C. 1829; Hueber, J. E. 1837. Oedicnemus & Podiceps. Barkow, H. C. 1829. Psarisomus. Garrod, A. H. 1878d. Tetrao. Bons- dorff, E. J. 1859. Branching locations. Includes birds. *Dragendorff, O. 1911. Histology. Aquila. Argaud, R. 1904, 1908. Includes Columba. Odera, R. 1928. Pulse rate. Many species. Loer, F. 1909e. DEVELOPMENT General. Gallus. Thoma, R. 1901b. Arising from aortic arches. Includes Gattus. 'Rathke, M. H. 1857. VARIOUS ARTERIES Abdominal arteries. Include birds. Manno, A. 1906a; Salvi, G. 1907. Celiac and superior mesenteric ar- teries. Eudyptes. *Filhol, H. 1882b. Intestinal arteries. Development. Includes Gallus. Mollendorff , W. 1 9 1 1 . Neck arteries. Bucorvus abyssinicus. Ottley, W. 1879. Pulmonary arteries. Development. Cannieu, A. 1897. Gallus. Tonge, M. 1868. Spinal cord arteries. Anas, Anser, Corvus, Gallus, & Turdus. Hofman, M. 1900. Splenic arteries. Anas&Gallus. Jolly, J. 1911f. Tracheal artery. Daubenton, L. J. 1784. Cygnus. Book. Text in Italian. Redi, F. 1682. Gruidae. Duverney, J. G. 1733a. Aorta Abdominal aorta branches. Includes Gallus. Broman, I. 1907. Accessory heart in caudal portion of aorta. Cygnus. Davy, J. 1849. Development General. Cannieu, A. 1897. Gallus. Prevost, J. L. & Lebert, H. 1850; Serres, A. E. 1851; Tiirstig, J. 1886; Vialleton, L. 1891, 1892a. Aortic arches. Gallus. Locy, W. A. 1906. Semilunar valves. Gallus. Tonge, M. 1868. Carotid arteries Book. Text in Latin. Nitzsch, C. L. 1839. General. Garrod, A. H. 1873a; Hoch- stetter, F. 1912; Hyrtl, J. 1848; Mackay, J. Y. 1887b; *Meckel, J. F. 1826. Many species. *Meckel, J. F. 1829; Wagner, R. 1837. Bucorvus. Garrod, A. G. 1876f. Gal- lus. Rathke, M. H. 1852. Indicator. Garrod, A. G. 1878c. Pitta. Bern- stein, H. A. 1859a. Plotus. Garrod, A. G. 1878b. Psittaci. Nitzsch, C. L. 1859. Includes Psittacus. Rathke, M. H. 1850. Rhea. Evans, F. P. 1883. Union of carotid arteries. Includes birds. Hochstetter, F. 1912. Development General. Mackay, J. Y. 1887b, 1889. Ardea. Rathke, M. H. 1858. Includes Corvus. Rathke, M. H. 1859. Gallus. Rathke, M. H. 1858; "Twining, G. H. 1906. Passer. Rathke, M. H. 1858. External carotid arteries. Gallus & Struthio. Fleming, R. E. 1926. Head arteries General. Anas. Rochas, F. 1885a. Bucorvus abyssinicus. Ottley, W. 1879. Development. Vanellus. *Hafferl, A. 1921. Brain arteries Book. Text in English. Includes birds. Swedenborg, E. 1882. General. *Beddard, F. E. 1905. In- cludes birds. De Vriese, B. 1905. Anas & Anser. Hofman, M. 1900. Anthropoides, Aquila, Ara, Asio, Cari- ama, & Cathartes. *Beddard, F. E. 1905. Corvus. Hofman, M. 1900. Dromaeus [Dromiceius] &Falco. *Beddard, F. E. 1905. Gallus. Hofman, M. 1900. In- cludes Gallus. Goiter, V. 1573. Goura, Gymnorhina, Pelecanus, Psophia, Sphe- niscus, Struthio, Syrnium, & Tantalus. *Beddard, F. E. 1905. Turdus. Hof- man, M. 1900. Circulus arteriosus (Willis). Columba & Gallus. Longo, L. 1905. Forebrain. Includes birds. Kappers, C. U. 1933. Intercostal arteries Origin in adult. Spheniscidae. Filhol, H. 1883c. 89 SUBJECT INDEX Circulatory System Structure and development. Many species. Pensa, A. 1905. Limb arteries General. Includes birds. Salvi, G. 1907. Foot arteries. Includes birds. Manno, A. 1906b. Leg arteries. Aptenodytes & Eudyptes. *Filhol, H. 1882a. Peroneal arteries. Includes birds. Manno, A. 1906a. Arteries of wings General. Aptenodytes & Eudyptes. Filhol, H. 1882a. Catarrhactes. Miiller, E. 1908a. Pygoscelis. Filhol, H. 1883b; *Miiller, E. 1908a. Spheniscus. Fil- hol, H. 1883a. Development. Anas. *Rabl, H. 1906. 1907a. Catarrhactes & Pygoscelis. Miil- ler, E. 1908a. Gallus. *Rabl, H. 1907a. Spheniscus. Filhol, H. 1883a. Structure. Catarrhactes & Pygoscelis. Miiller, E. 1908a. Subclavian arteries General. Mackay, J. Y. 1889. Many species. Pitzorno, M. 1904. Development. Anas. Rabl, H. 1905. Gallus. Bakst, H. J. & Chafee, H. F. 1928; Hochstetter, F. 1890; Locy, W. A. 1905; *Sabin, C. G. 1905. Vertebral arteries General. Includes birds. Krassnig, M. 1913b. Development. Gallus & Struthio. Fleming, R. E. 1926. Capillaries Development and structure. Includes Gallus. Eberth, C. J. 1866-67. Of the allantoic and vitelline mem- branes. Gallus. Dalrymple, J. 1844. Rete mirabile General. Miiller, J. P. 1839a. Arterial. *Barkow, H. C. 1844. In skin. Freund, L. 1926c. Venous. Many species. Neuge- bauer, L. A. 1845. Includes birds. *Hyrtl, J. 1863. Veins General. Many species. *Neuge- baur, L. A. 1845. Birds incidental. Jacobson, L. L. 1821. Includes Ciconia, Columba, &Gallus. Nicolai, J. A. 1827. Includes Falco & Gallus. Nicolai, J. A. 1826. Larus. Rex, H. 1911. Development. Includes birds. Rath- ke, M. H. 1838a. Anas & Anser. Nishi- mura, Y. 1927. Gallus. *Grafe, E. 1906; *Hochstetter, F. 1888a, 1894. Includes Gallus. Hochstetter, F. 1892. Structure. Includes birds. Rathke, M. H. 1838a. VARIOUS VEINS Hepatic portal. Jacobson, L. L. 1817. Gallus. Choronschitzky, B. J. 1900. Jugular. Reduction of left jugular vein. Erithacus, Parus, Passer, & Tur- dus. Wade, C. H. 1876. Pulmonary. Development. Anas. Fedorow, V. 1908. Gallus. Chang, C. 1931b; Fedorow, V. 1908. Limb. Development. Includes Gallus. Hochstetter, F. 1891. Suprarenal. Anas, Cariama, Gallus, Meleagris, & Rhynchotus. Pettit, A. 1896. Suprarenal capsule veins. Gratiolet, P. 1853. Head veins General. Birds incidental. Grosser, O. 1907. Dural sinuses. Includes birds. Book. Text in English. Swedenborg, E. 1882. Development General. Gallus. *Stracker, 0. 1916. Veins of the cerebral meninges. Gel- deren, C. 1924c. Anas. Gelderen, C. 1924a, 1926. Gallus. Gelderen, C. 1924a, b, 1926. Vanellus. Gelderen, C. 1924a. Renal veins General. Includes Ciconia, Columba, &Gallus. Nicolai, J. A. 1827. Includes Falco & Gallus. Nicolai, J. A. 1826. Mesonephric veins. Grafe, E. 1904, 1906. So-called renal portal veins General. Gratiolet, P. 1853, 1856; Jacobson, L. L. 1817. Many species. "Jourdain, S. 1859; *Spanner, R. 1924. Struthio. Gratiolet, P. 1856. Circulatory System BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 90 Development. Includes Anas & Gal- lus. Book. Text in Dutch. Van Gelderen, C. 1925. Experimental study of blood flow in kidney. Anas. *Das, B. K. 1931. Mesonephric renal portal veins. Grafe, E. 1904. Not true renal portal. *Das, B. K. 1924, 1931. Venae cavae General. Includes Gallus. Steno, D. N. 1673a. Accessory vena cava. Ara. The- bault, V. 1900. Superior vena cava. Valves. Homol- ogies. Dromaeus [Dromiceius]. Coughtrey, M. 1873a. Posterior vena cava. Development General. Gallus & Passer. *Miller, A. M. 1903. Mesentery. Includes Gallus. Hoch- stetter, F. 1888b. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Books. Text in English. Hewson, W. 1771, 1846; Monro, A. 1791. In- cludes Gallus. Monro, A. 1770. Text in German. Many species. Gadow, H. F. 1891d. Text in Italian. Panizza, B. 1830. Text in Latin. Includes birds. Lister, M. 1711. Meleagris. Lange, C. J. 1704. General. Breschet, G. 1824; Held, H. 1904; "Lauth, E. A. 1822; Liebe, W. 1914; Magendie, F. 1819a, b, 1822. Include birds. Hewson, W. 1768; Huntington, G. S. 1911, 1914a, b. Anas. Magendie, F. 1821; Manabe, S. 1930b. Anser. *Hewson, W. 1768; Magendie, F. 1821. Columba. Cuenot, L. 1889. Cygnus. Magendie, F. 1821. Gallus. *Baum, H. 1930. Passer. Cuenot, L. 1889. Connections of lymphatics with veins. Includes birds. Book. Text in Ger- man. Fohmann, V. 1821. Physiology. Lymph flow and pres- sure. Gallus embryo. "Clark, E. L. 1915. Development General. Clark, E. R. & Clark, E. L. 1912. Include birds. Huntington, G. S. 1911, 1914a, b. Birds incidental. McClure, C. F. 1915. Anas. Mierzejewski, L. 1910. Anser. Mierzejewski, L. 1910; Pensa, A. 1907a. Gallus. Budge, A. 1882, 1887; *Clark, E. L. 1912a, 1915; *Clark, E. R. & Clark, E. L. 1920; Mierzejewski, L. 1910. Include Gallus. Sabin, F. R. 191 6a, b. Meleagris. Mierzejewski, L. 1910. Genetic relations of lymphatic and hemal vascular channels in embryo. Include birds. Huntington, G. S. 1914a,b. Jugular lymph sac. Gallus embryo. Clark, E. L. 1912b; Miller, A. M. 1912. Lymphatic plexus accompanying al- lantoic arteries. Gallus. Budge, A. 1881. Perivascular lymphatics of the amnion & allantois. Gallus embryo. "Creighton, C. 1899. Theory of celomic relationship. See Sabin, F. R. Anat. Rec. Vol. 2, pp. 46- 47, 1908, and Keibel & Mall. Human embryology, Vol. 2, p. 730, 1912, for discussions of this theory. Budge, A. 1880. Histology of the lymphatic vessels General. Anas. Manabe, S. 1930a. Anser. Pensa, A. 1907a. Lymphatics in the skin and mucosa. Includes Gallus. Held, H. 1904. Lymphatic vessels of various organs and structures Bursa Fabricii. Columba, Gallus, & Uria. Retterer, E. 1885b. Crop. Location and direction of flow. Gallus. Kutsuna, M. & Kuriyama, T. 1932. Ear. Birds incidental. Hasse, C. 1873a. Eye. Birds incidental. Hamburger, C. 1914. Strigidae. Wagner, R. 1833a. Lacteals of intestine. Anser. Bass- linger, J. 1858b. Skin. Anas, Ardea, Corpus, Numida, Strix, & Vultur. Hyrtl, J. 1839. Stomach. Gallus. Peyer, J. C. 1677. Tannenberg bodies in genitalia, which fill with lymph in erection. Anas. Muller, R. 1908. Urogenital organs. Anas. Liebe, W. 1914. 91 SUBJECT INDEX Circulatory System Lymph hearts Books. Text in German. Many spe- cies. Gadow, H. F. 1891d. Text in Italian. Anser. Panizza, A. 1830. General. Many species. *Stannius, F. H. 1843; Wodzicki, K. 1924. Gallus. *Budge, A. 1882; *Clark, E. L. 1915; Clark, E. R. & Clark, E. L. 1912; Minot, C. S. 1883b; *Sala, L. 1899. Includes Meleagris. Tanasescu, J. G. 1908. Development of opening. Gallus. Gasser, E. 1879a, 1880. Experimental study. Boyden, E. A. 1924. Physiology General. Action in absorbing water from urine. Gallus. Sharpe, N. C. 1912, 1923. Blowing up the lining in sexual excite- ment. Coracopsis vasa. Sclater, P. L. 1884. Development. Gallus. *West,R.1914. BURSA FABRICII Early contractions. Gallus embryo. Clark, E. L. & Clark, E. R. 1914. Thoracic duct Development. Gallus. *Miller, A. M. 1913b; *Sala, L. 1899. Hemophoric function. Gallus. Miller, A. M. 1913a. CLOACA Books. Text in German. Many species. Gadow, H. 189 Id. Gallus. Spoof, A. R. 1883. General. Budge, J. 1875; Fleisch- mann, A. 1902a, b; Harg, F. 1837. Anas. Barkow, H. C. 1829; Eck- hard, C. 1876; Keibel, F. 1921. Anser. Barkow, H. C. 1829; Eckhard, C. 1876. Apteryx. Gadow, H. F. 1887. Ardea. Barkow, H. C. 1829. Casuarius. Gadow, H. F. 1887 (title only); Mayer, A. F. 1842a. Ciconia. Barkow, H. C. 1829. Columba. Retterer, E. 1885a. Corvus. Barkow, H. C. 1829; *Retterer, E. 1885a. Falco & Fulica. Barkow, H. C. 1829. Gallus. Keibel, F. 1921. Leptotilus. Gadow, H. F. 1887. Podiceps. Barkow, H. C. 1829. Rhea. Gadow, H. F. 1887; Retterer, E. 1885a. Sarcorhamphus gryphus. Grant, R. E. 1833. Struthio. Gadow, H. F. 1887. Structure. Anas & Anser. Pomayer, C. 1902. Gallus. Spoof, A. R. 1883. Development General. Fellner, L. 1875. Anas & Anser. Pomayer, C. 1902. Gallus. Cadiat, L. O. 1878c. Include Gallus. Holmdahl, D. E. 1925a; Spoof, A. R. 1883. Struthio. Boyden, E. A. 1922b. Includes Sturnus. Holmdahl, D. E. 1925a. Vanellus. *Hafferl, A. 1926. This is a dorsal diverticulum which per- sists variably in the adult. It was first described with figures by Fabricius ab Aquapendente in 1688. Books. Text in German. Blumen- bach, J. F. 1815. Many species. Gadow, H. F. 1891d. Text in Latin. Fabricius ab Aqua- pendente, J. 1688. Gallus. Morgagni, J. B. 1723. General. Barkow, H. C. 1829; Berthold, A. A. 1829a; Budge, J. 1875; Davy, J. 1867b; Disselhorst, R. 1897; *Forbes, W. A. 1877; Gallen, W. 1871; Geoffroy St. Hilaire, E. 1822b, d, e, 1823a, d; Huschke, A. 1838; Jolly, J. 1913c; *Osawa, G. 1911; Retterer, E. 1893a, b. Many species. Wenckelbach, K. F. 1889. Birds incidental. Retterer, E. 1906. Anas. Barkow, H. C. 1829; Jolly, J. 1910b; Jolly, J. & Levin, S. 1911a; Keibel, F. 1921; Noka, H. 1931; Ret- terer, E. & Lelievre. A. 1912; Spangen- berg, G. 1813. Botaurus. Barkow, H. C. 1829. Cairina. Jolly, J. 1910b. Casuarius. Lelievre, A. & Retterer, E. 1910a; Perrault, C. 1733a. Centropus. Bernstein, H. A. 1860a. Columba. Barkow, H. C. 1829; Jolly, J. 1910b; Noka, H. 1931; Retterer, E. 1885a, b. Corvus. Retterer, E. 1885a. Falco. Barkow, H. C. 1829. Fratercula. *Ret- terer, E. 1885a. Fringilla. Spangen- berg, G. 1813. Gallus. Barkow, H. C. 1829; Graaf, R. 1668; Jolly, J. 1910b; Keibel, F. 1921; Lelievre, A. & Retterer, E. 1910a; Noka, H. 1931 ; *Retterer, E. 1885a, b; Spangenberg, G. 1813. Larus. * Retterer, E.1885a. Meleagris. Retterer, E. & Lelievre, A. 1912. Rhea. *Ret- terer, E. 1885a. Struthio. Perrault, C. 1733a; 'Retterer, E. 1885a, b. Struthi- oniformes. Miiller, J. P. 1836. Uria. 'Retterer, E. 1885a, b. Cloaca BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 92 Blood vessels. Anas, Columba, &Gal- lus. Noka, H. 1929, 1931. Homologies. Mazza, F. 1898; Ret- terer, E. & Lelievre, A. 1913a. Modifications. Casuarius & Gallus. Lelievre, A. & Retterer, E. 1910a. Development General. *Boyden, E. A. 1924; Mazza, F. 1898; Retterer, E. 1893a, b. Many species. *Wenckelbach, K. F. 1889. Anas. Boyden, E. A. 1922a; Jolly, J. 1910b, 1911a; Keibel, F. 1921; Wenckel- bach, K. F. 1889. Arisen Retterer, E. & Lelievre, A. 1910a. Buteo. Schu- macher, S. 1903. Cairina. Jolly, J. 1910b, 191 la. Columba. Jolly, J. 1910b, 1911a, e; Retterer, E. 1893a; Schumacher, S. 1903. Columbidae. Riddle, O. 1928b. Cuculus. Schu- macher, S. 1903. Gallus. Boyden, E. A. 1922a; Jolly, J. 1910b, 1911a; Keibel, F. 1921; Retterer, E. 1893a; Retterer, E. & Lelievre, A. 1910a; Schumacher, S. 1903; *Stieda, C. H. 1880;Uskov,N. V. 1883; Wenckelbach, K. F. 1889. Larus. Wenckelbach, K. F. 1889. Monedula & Otus. Schumacher, S. 1903. Phasi- anus. Boyden, E. A. 1922a. Sterna. Boyden, E. A. 1922a; Wenckelbach, K. F. 1889. Uria. Retterer, E. 1893a. Relation to thymus gland in period of development and existence. Many species. *Jolly, J. 1915. Histology General. Hanko, B. 1909. Many species. *Alesi, V. 1875; Forbes, W. A. 1911; *Wenckelbach, K.F. 1889. Alca. Retterer, E. & Lelievre, A. 1913b. Anas. Wenckelbach, K. F. 1889. Buteo, Columba, & Cuculus. Schumacher, S. 1903. Gallus. Schumacher, S. 1903; *Stieda,C. H. 1880; Wenckelbach, K. F. 1889. Larus. Wenckelbach, K. F. 1889. Monedula & Otus. Schumacher, S. 1903. Pandion & Phalacrocorax. Retterer, E. & Lelievre, A. 1913b. Sterna. Wenckel- bach, K. F. 1889. Histological modifications in young birds. Columba. Jolly, J. 191 le. LYMPHOID TISSUE IN THE BURSA FABRICII General. Jolly, J.1911b, 191 lg,1913c. Many species. * Jolly, J. 1915. Columba. Retterer, E. 1885b. Cursores & Fal- coniformes. Wenckelbach, K. F. 1896. Gallus. Jolly, J. 1911c; Retterer, E. 1885b. Uria. Retterer, E. 1885b. Ameboid movements of small cells in lymphoid tissue. Gallus. Jolly, J. 1914a. Lymph nodes. Histogenesis. Jolly, J. 1911a. Involution General. Masi, A. 1922. Anas & Columba. Jolly, J. 191 Ig; Jolly, J. & Levin, S. 191 la. Columbidae. Riddle, O. 1928b. Gallus. Jolly, J. 1911g; Jolly, J. & Levin, S. 191 la. Relation of involution to sexual maturity. Gallus. Jolly, J. 1913a. Physiology General. Hanko, B. 1909. Effects of extirpation of the bursa Fabricii. Streptopelia. Riddle, O. & Tange, M. 1928a. X-ray effects on the bursa Fabricii. Gallus. *Unzeitig, H. 1912. COLORATION Most of the publications listed under this section involve feathers, or the plumage in general. For color percep- tion, see under Vision: Color vision. See also Feathers and Plumage. Books. Text in English. Beddard, F. E. 1892a; Chapman, F. M. 1912b; Keeler, C. A. 1893; Poulton, E. B. 1890; Wallace, A. R. 1878. Text in German. Gadow, H. F. 18916* ; Magnus, H. F. 1881; Schuster, W. 1906c. Psittacidae. Finsch, 0. 1867-68. Tropical birds. Rensch, B. 1930. General. Beddard, F. E. 1890f; Jeffries, J. A. 1883a; Kozlov, L. E. 1907; La Fresnaye, F. 1844; Lescuyer, J. F. 1883; Montessus, F. B. 1886; Schroeder, J. 1877; Schuster, W. 1903a. Aestrelata aterrima. van Oort, E. D. 1911. Corvus. Finger, J. 1855. Soma- teria. Robinson, H. W. 1913b. Soma- teria spectabilis. Norton, A. H. 1900. Spatula clypeata. Hybrid. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1910. Adaptation in coloration. Braun, F. 1900d. 93 SUBJECT INDEX Coloration Genetic significance of coloration. Williams, J. B. 1899. Pied varieties. Coccothraustes, Co- lumbapalumbus,&Loxia. Macpherson, H. A. 1895a. GaUus. Punnett, R. C. & Pease, M. S. 1927. Recognition colors. McAtee, W. L. 1912a; Nichols, J. T. 1912. Books. Text in English. Dixon, C. 1897a; Poulton, E. B. 1890. Variation in color. (See also under Variation.) Alca, Corpus, Fratercula, Stercorarius, Syrrhaptes, & Uria. Shitkow, B. M. 1907. Color keys Color standards and color nomencla- turean elaborate and comprehensive work. Book. Text in English. *Ridg- way, R. 1912. Simple color standards useful in description. Book. Text in English. Chapman, F. M. 1912a. Publications classified according to various structures or substances Beak. Pelzeln, A. 1862. Larus. Dwight, J. 1920. Psittaci. Wagler,J. G. 1832. Bile. Includes birds. Crisp, E. 1862c. Body fat. Relation to food and pig- ments. Gallus. Palmer, L. S. & Kemp- ster, H. L. I919b. Liver coloration. GaUus. Weber, E. H. 1850. Palate and pharynx. Cleland, J. B. 1913a. EGG COLOR Book. Text in English. Gallus. Punnett, R. C. 1923. General. Bencke, A. 1914; Clement, E. C. 1875; Giersberg, H. 1921; Gloger, C. W. 1829b; Hartert, E. J. 1890; Hunt, H. W. 1888; Konig-Warthausen, R. 1860; Oberbeck, H. 1909; Osborne, S. D. 1879; Passler, C. W. 1855; Raspail, X. 1892a; *Sorby, H. C. 1875, 1876; Szie- lasko, A. E. 1913. Many species. Nathusius, W. 1894a; Reichenau, W. 1877; Swynnerton, C. F. 1915a, 1916; Wickmann, H. 1893. Cepphus. Ussher, R. J. 1901a. Cuculus. Latter, O. H. 1902b. GaUus. Davy, J. 1864b; Matenaers, F. T. 1909; Schenkling-Prev6t, C. 1898a. Rhea. Nathusius, W. 1896c. Sphenisciformes. Ussher, R. J. 1901a. Age effects. Many species. Moquin- Tandon, C. H. 1859. Causes of color in eggs. Cornay, J. E. 1860; Macpherson, A. H. 1889a; Miiller, C. 1895b. Climatic effects. Moquin-Tandon, C.H. 1859. Development of color of eggs. Bau A. 1908b; Kaiser, H. 1905; Macpherson, A. H. 1889a; Taschenberg, E. O. 1885, 1894; Wickmann, H. 1889. Dichromatism in color of eggs. Pas- ser. Patten, C. J. 1910a. Turdus musi- cus. Patten, C. J. 1909a. Evolution of egg color. Book. Text in German. Reichenau, W. 1887. Fading of egg color. Oberbeck, H. 1905. Hybridization effect. Gallus. Tscher- mak, A. 1915. Serinus. Tschermak, A. 1910, 1912. Indication of age of mother. Lanius collurio. Rey, J. G. 1908. Melanism in eggs. Anas. Nordmann, A. 1862. Mimicry in eggs. Cuculus. Cipriani, L. 1926; Lucanus, F. K. 1921b. Nutritional effects. Many species. Moquin-Tandon, C. H. 1859. Origin of egg color. Raspail, X. 1892a. Corvus & Lanius. Nathusius, W. 1894b. Resemblance in color of eggs of cuckoo to eggs of host species. Cuculus. Rensch, B. 1924b; Schenk, J. 1904. Significance of egg color. Many species. Passler, C. W. 1860; Pycraft, W. P. 1908g. Spiral arrangement of markings. Al- tum, B. 1864. Taxonomic bearing of egg color. Cu- culus canorus. Rennie, John 1914. Ultraviolet light used in viewing eggs. Schonwetter, M. 1932. Variation in egg color. (See also un- der Variation.) Cuculus. Rey, J. G. 1899. Lanius collurio. Passler, C. W. 1858. Variegated eggs. GaUus. Landois, H. 1901. Coloration BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 94 Xenia effects of semen upon egg color. Grobbels, F. 1934; Heinroth, O. 1913. Pigments of shell General. Kutter, B. F. 1877; Miiller, C. 1895b; *Sorby, H. C. 1875, 1876; Tschermak, A. 1915; Anon. 1876a, 1879. Many species. Krukenberg, C. F. 1883b; Nathusius, W. 1882b, 1894a. Corvus. Nathusius, W. 1894b. Eurylaemus & Gallus. Wurm, W. 1892. Lanius. Nathusius, W. 1894b. Chemical composition. Corvus, Syl- via, & Turdus. Wicke, W. 1858. Development of pigment of egg shell and its decay. M'Aldowie, A. M. 1886. Ooporphyrin. *Fischer, H. & Kogl, F. 1923. Overlying shell structure effects on color of deeply placed pigments. Fra- tercula. Bunyard, P. F. 1922. Pigment formation in oviduct. Giers- berg, H. 1923. Spectra of egg shell pigments. Lie- bermann, C. 1878. Relation of egg color to color of Host's eggs. Cuculus. Schenk, J. 1904; Smith, A. C. 1868a, b, 1873a, b. Plumage. Many species. Moquin- Tandon, C. H. 1859. Young birds in down plumage. De- loche, . 1853. Yolk color General. Crepin, P. 1925. Cause of olive-colored egg yolks. Gallus. Payne, L. F. 1925. Coloring matter of egg yolk. Litera- ture review. Gallus. Mattikow, M. 1932. Relation in color of yolk to food- pigments. Gallus. Palmer, L. S. & Kempster, H. L. 1919a. Feeding effects General. Gallus. Henderson, E. W. & Wilcke, H. L. 1933. Experimental feeding. Gallus. Clay- ton, M. G. 1925. Variation General. Parker, S. L., Gossman, S. S., & Lippincott, W. A. 1926. Seasonal variations. Gallus. Parker, S. L. 1927. EYE COLOR See also under Eye: Iris. General. Corbin, G. B. 1906. Aes- trelata aterrima. van Oort, E. D. 1911. Anhinga. Wetmore, A. 1920a. Coc- cothraustes. Robinson, H. W. 1925. Fuligula nyroca. Bird, M. C. 1906; Smalley, F. W. 1906. Larus ridibundus. Robinson, H. W. 1925. Nyroca f. ferina. Dalgliesh, G. 1906; Robinson, H. W. 1925. Pavo. Finn, F. 1928. Iris color Book. Text in English. Wilson, A. & Bonaparte, C. L. 1831. General. Bruhin, T. A. 1870. Fal- cones. Pelzeln, A. 1862. Young birds. Biedermann, R. 1897b. Causes of color of the iris. Bond, C. J. 1920a. PLUMAGE COLOR General. *Fatio, V. 1866. Many species. Rensch, B. 1923c. Classification. Gornitz, K. 1923b. Down feathers of adult. Anatidae. Bowles, J. H. 1917a; Hartert, E. J. 1917a; Witherby, H. F. 1917a. Hyperchromism and geographic variation. Ridgway, R. 1872. Tropical heat and light do not pro- duce brilliant colors. Wallace, A. R. 1861. Ventral coloration with wings spread. Falcones & Strigidae. Seton, E. T. 1897. Plumage of young birds Book. Text in English. Wilson, A. & Bonaparte, C.L. 1831. General. Biedermann, R. 1897b. Nestling birds. Pycraft, W. P. 1904a. European birds. Vian, J. 1886. Pas- serine birds. Saunders, A. A. 1920. Aegialitis. Lowe, P. R. 1914. Anas. Jackson, A. C. 1918a. Charadrius. Lowe, P. R. 1914. Eclectus. Meyer, A. B. 1882b. Nyroca. Jackson, A. C. 1918a. Pavo nigripennis. Sclater, P. L. 1897a. Ploceidae. Chapin, J. P. 1917. SKIN COLOR General. Gallus. Barrows, H. R. 1914. Sturnus. Harrison, J. M. 1928. 95 SUBJECT INDEX Coloration Seasonal change in color of skin. Nycticorax n. hoacili. Noble, G. K., Wurm, M., & Schmidt, A. 1938. Skin color in naked areas Gular sac. Anhinga. Wetmore, A. 1920a. Neck. Casuarius. Mathews, G. M. 1912. Soft parts. Bangs, O. & Van Tyne, J. 1931; Dearborn, N. 1907; Garnett, M. 1919. Acridotheres. Inglis, C. M. 1900. Anhinga. Wetmore, A. 1920a. Podi- ceps. Bedford, M. 1910. Feet Larus. Dwight, J. 1920. Larus minu- tus. Macpherson, H. A. 1899b. Green and yellow colors. Gallup. Knox, C. W. 1931. Head General. Casuarius. Mathews, G. M. 1912. Mouth parts. Nestling birds. Dun- lop, E. B. 1911c; Jackson, A. C. 1908; Leigh, A. G. 1909; Pycraft, W. P. 1907c; Ticehurst, C. B. & Leigh, A. G. 1909. Many species. *Swynnerton, C. F. 1915a, 1916; Ticehurst, C. B. 1908a. Ampelis. Pycraft, W. P. 1909a. Ery- thrura psittacea. Sarasin, C. F. 1913b. Ortygospiza polyzona. St. Quintin, W. H. 1910. Ploceidae. Chapin, J. P. 1917. Poephila mirabilis. Butler, A. G. 1898b, 1916-17. ABNORMAL COLORATION General. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1894a; Carlotto, G. A. 1914; Cipolla, F. 1896; Coopman, L. 1925; Floericke, C. 1890b; Frauenfeld, G. 1853b, 1873b; Ingram, C. 1908d; Lawrence, G. N. 1889; Leone, N. 1909; Leverkiihn, P. 1887; Miller, G. S. 1897; Schaeck, F. 1892; Smith, C. 1875; Swaen, A. E. 1913; Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, V. 1866b, 1867, 1908c; Weigold, H. 1923; Wenig, J. 1930. Many species. Geng- ler, J. 1906a; Ninni, E. 1903b; Paris, P. 1909; Petit, L. 1909; Pistone, A. 1891; Robbecke, E. 1894; Tschusi zu Schmid- hoffen, V. 1886b. Includes birds. Kempen, C. 1888, 1894, 1897, 1899'. 85 specimens in Italian collections. Cecilia, P. 1903. Miscellaneous anomalies in a collec- tion of birds. Anfrie, E. 1917. Anas. Angelini, G. 1899; Baer, W. 1897a; Anon. 1896b. Anas boschas. Ninni, E. 1903a; Schiavuzzi, B. 1884. Anatidae. Blaauw, F. E. 1907a; Lever- kiihn, P. 1892. Branta c. canadensis. Kennard,F.H.1912. Caccabis. Pycraft, W.P.1908f. Carduelis. Blake-Knox.H. 1870c; Stresemann, E. 1924c. Colinus. Oberholser, H. C. 1898. Columba palumbus. Smith, J. A. 1858a. Cor- vidae. Washington, S. 1888. Corpus. Bodnar, B. 1917; McCook, P. J. 1897. Corvus comix. Moschler, A. B. 1899. Corvus corone. Tschusi zu Schmid- hoffen, V. 1902. Corvus frugilegus. Chlebovsky, . 1909. Dafila acuta. Ninni, E. 1902c. Emberiza. Angelini, G. 1911; Gengler, J. 1904b; Grote, H. 1908. Emberiza c. citrinella. Natorp, O. 1903. Falco. Parrot, C. P. 1901. Fringilla. Braun, F. 1901. Gallus. Godbey, C. B. & Reid, D. H. 1931. Gecinus viridis. Horsbrugh, C. B. 1899. Habia ludoviciana. Porter, L. H. 1892. Hedymeles ludovicianus. Dearborn, N. 1907. Ixoreus. Law, J. E. 1931. Lagopus. Carpelan, J. 1928. Lanius. Gengler, J. 1907. Linota cannabina. Blaauw, F. E. 1907a. Marila. Hen- ninger, W. F. 1909a. Merula. Gengler, J. 1904a. Munia flaviprymna. Seth- Smith, D. 1907a. Pants major. Poli,A. 1905. Includes Passer. Bandermann, F. 1915. Pinicola enucleator. Howe, R. H. 1896. Saxicola melanoleuca. Kollibay, P. R. 1905. Sialia sialis. Ridgway, R. 1886. Sitta homeyeri. Lonnberg, A. J. 1929d. Strix flammea. Leone, N. 1907. Sula. Atkinson, J. 1910. Sula [Moris] bassana. Gadeau de Kerville, H. 1903a. Tetrao. Boase, H. 1918. Tetrastes b. bonasia. Schaff, E. A. 1889a. Turdus merula. Koepert, O. 1895; Krauss, J. 1884. Turdus m. migratorius. Barrows, W. B. 1884, 1885a, b. Turdus pilaris. Lonnberg, A. J. 1929c. Asymmetrical color of eyes. Gadeau de Kerville, H. 1888. Beak colored abnormally. Para- doxornis. Rickett, C. B. 1904. Disease or injury as cause of abnor- mal pigmentation. Heinroth, 0. 1903a. Failure of nestling down feathers to break off as cause of abnormal color. Podiceps n. nigricollis. Witherby, H. F. 1915b. Rufous variety. Perdix montana. Masefield, J. R. 1902. Adventitious coloration Flesh of birds stained by poke berries. Van Ostrand, H. T. 1896. Coloration BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 96 PLUMAGE DISCOLORATION General. McGregor, R. C. 1900b; Pelzeln, A. 1886b. Brown stain. Anatidae. Bales, B. R. 1909. Ferruginous stain. Kennard, F. H. 1918. Cygnus. Stevenson, H. 1876. Gypaetus. Dodsworth, P. T. 1912b. Megalornis g. grus. Homeyer, E. F. 1864b. Orange or yellow color. Indians of Brazil said to pluck certain feathers and then to inject a milky fluid made from skin of a frog. Harting, J. E. 1879a. Yellow color due to spores of slime mold. Baeolophus. Grinnell, J. 1921b. Red color General. Anas. Tyzenhauz, C. 1847. Breast. Querquedula. Boyes, F. 1876a. From feeding among weeds. Cygnus. Frere, H. T. 1846a. WHITE COLOR OF FEET DUE TO Excrement. Ciconia. Warren, E. 1929. Mud on feet. Ciconia. Warren, E. 1929. Albinism Publications dealing with partial or complete albinism, a condition due to the absence of melanin pigment. Books. Text in English. Stoddard, H. L. 1931. Text in German. Bruch, C. W. 1844; Radde, G. F. 1884. General. Altum,B.1865b;Aplin,O.V. 1892a; Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1906a; Averin,V.G.1912a;B6ckmann,F. 1880; Buchner, O. 1919; Buller, W. L. 1895b; Burg, G. 1906; Butler, A. G. 1904; Butler, A. W. 1888; Cannaviello, E. 1892; Carlotto, G. A. 1914; Caterini, F. 1928; Ceglie, F. 1897; Chaine, J. 1925; Chapel, F. 1906, 1909a; Cipolla, F. 1896; Cnoeffelius, A. 1676; Cole, L. J. 1897; Coopman, L. 1925; Cornalia, E. 1867; Coues, E. B. 1869a; D., R. 1889; Daniel, L. 1900; Deane, R. 1876, 1879; Dickey, D. R. & van Rossem, A. J. 1923; Doebner, E. P. 1865b; Dury, C. 1888; Emerson, W. 0. 1888; Fabani, C. 1892a, c; Finger, J. 1853; Fischer- Sigwart, H. 1892; Floericke, C. E. 1890b; Forrest, H. E. 1903; Frauenfeld, G. 1853b, 1866a; Gade, G. 1859; Giachetti, . 1889; Giebel, C. G. 1866a; Gill, H. 1909; Gloeden, B. 1877; Gredler, V. M. 1883; Gressner, H. 1886; Hargitt, C. W. 1889; Hermann, R. 1906; Hessler, A. 1854a; Heyne, O. 1907; Jager, C. 1864; Johansen, H. 1909b; Kempen, C. 1901a; Kirk, T. W. 1879; Konig-Warthausen, R. 1854; Kunstler, J. & Chaine, J. 1906; Lachmund, F. 1676a; Leverkiihn, P. 1887, 1889b; Liihe, M. 1909a; Macpherson, H. A. 1883g; Maklin, F. W. 1870; Maestri, A. 1871; Martin, L. 1876; Mayhoff, H. 1915; Mazo y Franza, J. 1899; Mazza, F. 1890; Neunzig, R. 1927b; Ninni, E. 1900; Otto, B. C. 1778; Page, H. W. 1878; Picchi, C. 1903; Potier de la Varde, R. 1905; Puhlmann, E. 1916; Rensch, B. 1925a; Rothschild, L. W. 1913b; Sauvage, H. E. 1906; Schaeck, F. 1892; Schifferli, A. 1920a; Schroeck, L. 1677; Schuster, W. 1902b; Skov- gaard, P. 1923c; Soler y Pujol, L. 1905; Solomirsky, D. P. 1913; Toppan, G. L. 1887; Townsend, C. H. 1883a; Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, V. 1866a, b; Van Ostrand, H. T. 1897; Walch, J. E. 1774; Williams, R. P. 1849-55; Witherby, H. F. 1913d; Wood, C. A. 1924a; Anon. 1873c, 1883b. Many species. Boubier, M. 1927; Caterini, F. 1928; Gotz, G. F. 1781; Gundlach, J. C. 1891; Hall, R. 1900b; McGregor, R. C. 1896, 1900b; Mina- Palumbo, F. & Morici-Mina, M. 1898; Pelzeln, A. 1865; Petit, L. 1909; Phi- lippi, R. A. 1892; Robbecke, E. 1894; Rollinat, R. 1890; Rothschild, L. W. 1913a; Rzehak, E. C. 1896c; Seabra, A. F. 1926; Smith, C. 1875; Stolker, C. 1877a; Thienemann, G. 1852; Wille- moes-Suhm, R. 1865a; Worthen, C. K. 1896. Include birds. Dei, A. 1895a; Fischer, J. 1874; Kempen, C. 1888, 1894, 1897, 1901a; Macpherson, A. H. 1892; Rey, J. G. 1870; Weir, J. J. 1892; Zollikofer, E. H. 1893a. Acanthis c. cannabina. Nicholls, H. 1875. Accipiter. Bangs, 0. 1915. Age- laius. Emerson, W. O. 1902; Hoffman, W. J. 1878; Jewett, M. 1910; Little- John, C. 1901; Robinson, W. 1888; White, G. S. 1896. Agriocharis ocellata. Shufeldt, P. W. 1913. Alauda. Masch, . 1779; Ternier, L. 1911; Vallon, G. 1912. Alauda arvensis. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d; Lindner, F. 1889; Smith, J. A. 1867a; Whitaker, J. 1872. 97 SUBJECT INDEX Coloration Ampelis. Robinson, W. 1888. Anas. Gyorflfy, I. 1929; McCallum, G. A. 1885; Olofsson, G. 1929; Stolker, C. 1870a. Anas boschas. Rogeron, G. 1898, 1903. Anas c. crecca. Johansen, H. 1909a. Anatidae. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1898b; Brooks, A. 1920; Bry- ant, H. C. 1914a; Honywill, A. W. 1910; Ternier, L. 1909. Anser. Glad- stone, H. S. 1926. Anser albifrons & A. hyperboreus. Schenk, J. 1925-26. Anthus pratensis. Schiavuzzi, B. 1883. Anthus spinoletta. Tschusi zu Schmid- hoffen, V. 1892a. Anthus trivialis. D., R. 1889. Aptenodytes. Roths- child, L. W. 1905. Apteryx. Ham- ilton, H. 1922. Aquila. Thompson, C. S. 1898. Aquila chrysaetus & Archi- buteo lagopus. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d. Archilochus. Oberholser, H. C. 1919a. Ardea. Inglis, C. M. 1903. Ardea herodias. Howard, O. W. 1899. Asio accipitrinus. Sage, J. H. 1883. Asio f. flammeus. Tschusi zu Schmid- hoffen, V. 1897. Asio otus. Gengler, J. 1906a. Astur. Stucke,0. 1894. Athene. Annandale, N. 1910; Blaauw, F. E. 1905a; Giglioli, E. H. 1903. Bernicla. Townsend, C. H. 1883c. Bonasa. Van Ostrand, H. T. 1897. Branta b. ber- nicla. Leege, O. 1909. Budytes flavus. Reichling, H. 1920. Buteo. Emerson, W. 0. 1893; Higgins, H. C. 1893; Hoff- man, W. J. 1878; Stucke, O. 1894; Townsend, C. H. 1883c; Villatte des Prugnes, R. 1912. Buteo borealis. Kum- lien, L. 1895. Buteo b. buteo. Gengler, J. 1906a; Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, V. 1892b. Calamodus. Rohweder, J. 1901-02. Calamospiza. Hoffman, W. J. 1878. Callipepla. Smith, A. P. 1908a. Calypte. Allen, C. A. 1878. Cannabina. Fischer, J. 1873. Caprimulgus euro- paeus. Langton, H. 1885. Carduelis. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d; Blake- Knox, H. 1870c; Stresemann, E. 1924c. Carduelis c. carduelis. Poliakov, G. I. 1917. Carduelis elegans. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d. Carpodacus. Bergtold, W. H. 1914; Swarth, H. S. 1899. Ca- tarrhactes. Rothschild, L. W. 1905. Cathartes. Gudger, E. W. 1918; Ober- holser, H. C. 1918; Redington, A. P. 1897; Reid, C. S. 1897; Robinson, W. 1888, 1889. Cathartes aura. Nauman, C. H. 1870; Nicholson, A. M. 1897. Chelidon. Wenig, J. 1930. Chelidon urbica. Gengler, J. 1906a. Chloris. Compton, W. W. 1911. Chondestes. Sherrill, W. E. 1898. Circus aerugino- sus. Ninni, E. 1902a; Schluter, W. 1910. Coccothraustes. Daut, K. 1911d; Mac- pherson, H. A. 1895a. Colinus. Robin- son, W. 1888; Sprunt, A. 1928; Van Ostrand, H. T. 1897; Wayne, A. T. 1902. Columba. Allen, G. M. 1914; Townsend, C. W. 1915; Whitaker, J. I. 1890. Columba p. palumbus. Macpher- son, H. A. 1895a. Columbidae. Snell, F. H. 1857a. Colymbus. Chernel von Chernelhaza, I. 1905; Gloger, C. W. 1866. Corpus. Aplin.O. V. 1911; Bezier, T. 1902; Blatter, E. 1906; Bodnar, B. 1917; Daut, K. 1911c; Ellison, A. 1887; Gredler, V. M. 1873; Hartert, E. J. 1901; Hoffman, W.J. 1878; Krudener, A. 1886; Lyall, W. 1878; Masch, . 1779; Michel, J. 1889; Mikolas, K. 1929b; Otto, H. 1910a; Paullin, C. F. 1688a; Robinson, W. 1888; Simpson, R. B. 1895; Strong, R. M. 1897; Stuhr, F. A. 1896; Waite, E. R. 1892a; Wenig, J. 1930; Witzel, J. L. 1673. Corpus b. brachyrhynchos. Stoner, D. 1935a. Cor- pus corax. Kleinschmidt, O. & Hartert, E. J. 1901. Corpus c. comix. Hagen, W. 1915; Muhlen, W. 1910; Rzehak, E. C. 1894a; Schulz, F. 1896. Corpus corone. Koch, R. 1893; Krauss, J. 1884; Wilson, W. 1909. Corpus frugilegus. Teget- meier, W. B. 1895. Corpus m. monedula. Finger, J. 1855; Larkin, E. P. 1892; Pavlov, S. T. 1909b; Petit, L. 1894; Pogorzeliskij, V. A. 1909; Serle, W. 1899. Corpus splendens. Logan, A. C. & Blatter, E. 1906. Coturnix. Sachse, C. 1889. Crex. Loudon, H. 1907. Cuculus. Gredler, V. M. 1873. Cya- nistes. Parona, C. 1879. Cyanocitta. Dean, R. H. 1898. Cygnus. Forel, F. A. 1869; Maillefer, A. 1921. Delichon u. urbica. Monastero, S. 1930; Sachse, C. 1889. Dendrocopus. Hagen, W. 1915. Dendrocygna. Dickey, D. R. & van Rossem, A. J. 1923. Dendroica. Townsend, C. H. 1883c. Dendroica striata. Reed, J. H. 1888. Dolichonyx. Gray, A. F. 1879. Doli- chonyx oryzivorus. Strecker, H. 1869. Dromolaia leucurus. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d. Dryobates. Daut, K. 1911b; Wyman, L. E. 1923. Dupetor flavicollis nesophilus. Stresemann, E. 1926a. Emberiza. Chernel von Cher- nelhaza, I. 1909b; Cullingford, J. 1883; Hachlow, W. A. 1915; Harris, M. 1912; Mikolds, K. 1929b; Vallon, G. 1912. Emberiza miliaria. Smith, J. A. 1852. Ereunetes. Murphy, R. C. 1912. Eritha- cus. Campbell, C. W. 1898; Vallon, G. 1912. Erithacus rubecula. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d; Hale, J. R. 1911. Ery- thropygia. Horsbrugh, C. B. 1906a. Eudyptula. Rothschild, L. W. 1905. Coloration BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS Euphagus. Edson, J. M. 1928. Falco tinnunculus. Newstead, A. 1906. Fran- colinus. Chambers, R. 1913. Fringilla. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d; Bruhin, T. A. 1866; Charbonnier, H. J. 1899; Gengler, J. 1908b; Gredler, V. M. 1873; Hills, A. 1930; Lanfossi, P. 1850; Montlezun, A. 1904a; Stolker, C. 1870a; Valentini, M. B. 1686; Whitehurst, E. J. 1885. Fringilla Moris. Compton, W. W. 1911. Fringilla coelebs. Arri- goni degli Oddi, E. 1889d; Saville, J. P. 1860. Fringilla linaria. Smith, J. A. 1852. Fringillidae. Braun, F. 1901; Day, E. S. 1907; Murray, J. P. 1912. Fulica. Tiemann, F. 1868. Fulica atra. Pellegrin, J. 1906; Saville, J. P. 1860; Zimmermann, R. 1916. Fulica cristata. Sclater, W. L. 1902. Fulix. Townsend, C. H. 1883c. Galerita. Gengler, J. 1906a; Wacquant-Geozelles, S. 1892a. Gallinago. Loudon, H. 1907. Gallin- ago major. Petit, L. 1889. Gallinula. Southwell, T. 1903. Gallus. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d; Blanchon, H. L. 1901b; Coles-Finch, W. 1909; Delouche, . 1862; Jackel, A. J. 1868; Murisier, P. 1925; Stucke, O. 1894. Garrulus glan- darius. BSzier, T. 1906; Graino Caubet, C. 1903; Gredler, V. M. 1873; Harrison, J. M. 1924; Schacht, H. 1884; Washing- ton, S. 1888. Gavia. Gilbert, R. H. 1862. Glareola pratincola. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d. Glaucopis. Kirk, T. W. 1882. Gypagus. Gudger, E. W. 1918. Haematopus. Buxton, R. J. 1929. Haematopus astralegus. Arri- goni degli Oddi, E. 1889d. Haliaeetus albicilla. Tulloch, J. S. 1904. Hirun- dinidae. Rothschild, L. W. 1894; Wal- lin, G. 1731; Walterhofer, F. 1902; Watkins, C. 1866; White, G. R. 1898. Hirundo. Aschner, T. 1856; Barring- ton, R. M. 1869; Boardman, G. 1879; Butler, A. L. 1898; Gatcombe, J. 1880; Giovanni, G. 1903; Gredler, V. M. 1873; Haase, O. 1902; Hoffman, W. J. 1878; Krammer, F. 1897; Ledel, S. 1693; Lowe, J. 1894; Otto, H. 1910a; Philippi, R. A. 1892; Stolker, C. 1870a; Stucke, O. 1894; Van Ostrand, H. T. 1897; Wenig, J. 1930; White, G. S. 1896; Wood, W. 1872. Hirundo rustica. Hanish, R. 1894; Schreitmiiller, W. 1925; Schulz, F. 1891. Hirundo urbica. Nezen, D. E. 1804; Rzehak, E. C. 1896a. Hoplopterus. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d. Hydrochelidon leucoptera. Poncy, R. 1917. Hydrochelidon nigra. Brogi, S. 1890. Hydrocolaeus ridibun- dus. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d. Hylocichla. Emerson, W. O. 1893. Hypolais salicaria. Johansen, H. 1904a; Liebe, K. T. 1886. Junco. Alcott, W. P. 1871; Neal, J. B. 1895; Robinson, W. 1888. Lago- pus. Fabani, C. 1892d; Macpherson, H. A. 1898. Lanius. Dudgeon, G. C. 1904; Haase, O. 1902. Lanius auricu- latus. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d. Lanius collurio. Szpmjas, G. 1909. Larus. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d; Harting, J. E. 1865; Snouckaert van Schauburg, R. 1899; Stresemann, E. 1924a. Larus canus & L. leucophaeus. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d. Larus marinus. Lonnberg, A. J. 1921. Limosa melanura. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d. Linota. Waite, E. R. 1891; Whitaker, J. 1872. Locustella n. naevia. Whitaker, F. 1897. Lophophanes bi- color. Langdon, F. W. 1879. Lophor- tyx. Littlejohn, C. 1901. Loxia. Lan- fossi, P. 1850; Macpherson, H. A. 1895a; Stolker, C. 1870a. Loxia curvirostra. Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, V. 1900. Luscinia vera. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d. Lyrurus t. tetrix. Meyer, A. B. 1891c. Mareca penelope. Ninni, E. 1900, 1904. Melanocorypha. Ceglie, F. 1897. Melopsittacus undulatus. Seth- Smith, D. 1924. Melospiza georgiana. Wayne, A. T. 1922. Mergus. Town- send, C. H. 1883c. Merula. Basedow, H. 1888a; Craig, W. 1915; Robinson, W. 1888; Senonner, A. 1889b; Wenig, J. 1930. Merula nigra. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d. Molothrus. Robinson, W. 1888. Molpastes. Baker, E. C. 1915; Law, S. C. 1920. Motacilla. Bruhin, T. A. 1866; Harris, J. W. 1870; Leigh, A. G. 191 la; Montlezun, A. 1904a; Pelzeln, A. 1886b. Motacilla boarula. Gengler, J. 1906a. Muscicapa. Gambel, W. 1847-48. Nannus. Brim- ley, C. S. 1888a. Numenius arquatus. Campbell, D. C. 1902; Marshall, J. 1883. Oberholseria. Breninger, G. F. 1897. Oenanthe. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d; Rothschild, L. W. 1894. Oidemia. Merriam, C. H. 1885. Otis. Chambers, R. 1913. Otocorys. Lowe, W. P. 1895. Otus. Van Ostrand, H. T. 1897. Otus vulgaris. Pelzeln, A. 1886a. Parus. Besserer, L. 1907; Parona, C. 1879; Stolker, C. 1870a. Passer. Arun- del, W. B. 1910; Banta, A. M. 1915; Baudouin, M. 1928; Bonalda, C. 1889; Buller, W. L. 1893; Burnett, W. L. 1917; Craig, W. 1915; Crosby, M. S. 1915; Daut, K. 1920; Drummond, J. 1915; Haase, O. 1902; Hargitt, C. W. 1915; Hony, G. B. 1915; Kingston, A. G. 1892b; Krlidener, A. 1886; Lemetteil, E. 99 SUBJECT INDEX Coloration 1877; Mikolas, K. 1929b; Montlezun, A. 1904a; O'Gara, P. J. 1915; Otto, B. 1905; Robinson, W. 1888; Savatier, A. 1882; Schmitz, E. 1913; Schreitmiiller, W. 1925; Senonner, A. 1889a; Smith, J. A. 1867d; Strong, W. A. 1916; Stucke, 0. 1894; Swarth, H. S. 1915a; Tiemann, F. 1868; Tomasek, K. 1891; Washburn, F. L. 1915; Weyland, P. 1905. Passer italiae. Franzoi, E. 1897. Passer mon- tanus. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d; Lauer, H. 1908a. Passerculus. Mur- ray, J. J. 1929. Passer ella. Jewett, M. 1910. Passeres. Bonalda, C. 1889; Cantwell, G. G. 1888. Passerherbulus [Ammospiza]. Wayne, A. T. 1921-22; Whittle, C. L. 1923. Passeriformes. Longo, A. 1888. Perdix. Anne, M. 1906; Haase, O. 1902; Labler, . 1884; Otto, H. 1910a; Savatier, A. 1882; Wenig, J. 1930. Perdix cinerea. Innes, J. B. 1884; Meyer, A. B. 1891a; Nostiz, L. 1884. Perdix grisea. Bezier, T. 1906. Petrochelidon. White, G. R. 1898. Phalacrocorax. Bonomi, P. 1897; Frohawk, F. W. 1910a; Sim, G. 1884; Sinclair, R. 1903. Phasianidae. Bureau de la Malle, A. J. 1856. Phasianus. Anne, M. 1906; Blasius, R. 1897; Horn- ung, V. 1902; Mikolas, K. 1929b; Wenig, J. 1930. Philohela. Van Ostrand, H. T. 1897. Phyllopneuste trochilus. Liebe, K. T. 1886. Pica. Anfrie, E. 1890; Bezier, T. 1906; Ellison, A. 1887; Rockwell, R. B. 1910; Town- send, C. H. 1883c; Waite, E. R. 1892a. Pica rustica. Lepri, G. 1892; Macpher- son, H. A. 1883h. Picus. Daut, K. 191 Ib; Gadeau de Kerville, H. 1901; Savatier, A. 1882. Pipilo. Anthony, A. W. 1894; Kurd, T. D. 1888; Reding- ton, A. P. 1897; Townsend, C. H. 1883c. Pipilo fuscus. Hudson, L. W. 1920. Platycercus auriceps. Kingsley, R. I. 1891 ; Kirk, T. W. 1886. Plectrophanes. Fischer, J. 1873. Pluvialis a. apricaria. Talbot-Ponsonby, F. G. 1913. Podiceps. Grochmalicki, J. 1925. Poocaetes gra- mineus. Williams, R. W. 1902. Porzana. Robinson, W. 1888. Prunella m. modu- laris. Whitaker, J. 1872. Psittaci. North, A. J. 1904. Puffinus. Schmitz, E. 1909. Pygoscelis. Clarke, W. E. 1905a; Rothschild, L. W. 1905. Pygo- scelis adeliae. Wilson, E. A. 1905. Pyr- gita. Schmitz, E. 1909. Pyrrhula. Philippi, R. A. 1892; Whitaker, J. 1872. Pyrrhulopsis splendens. Wood, C. A. 1924a. Querquedula crecca. Barrington, R. M. 1913. Quiscalus. Wilson, E. S. 1930. Rallus. Anfrie, E. 1914; Ternier, L. 1911. Regulus. Anthony, A. W. 1895a. Ruticilla. Daut, K. 1911a; Gredler, V. M. 1873; Waite, E. R. 1892a. Saxicola. Bannerman, D. A. 1910c. Saxicola stapazina, Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d. Scolopax gallinago. Johansen, H. 1909c. Scolopax r. rusticola. Lepri, G. 1892; Meyer, R. 1864; Montlezun, A. 1904c; Newman, E. 1855b; Steven- son, H. 1857; Ternier, L. 1919. Serinus hortulanus. Rinonapoli, L. V. 1899. Sialia. Wood, W. 1872. Somateria. Far- ren, W. 1892. Spatula. Arrigoni de- gli Oddi, E. 1910; Deane, R. 1905a. Spizella. Robinson, W. 1888; Van Os- trand, H. T. 1897. Spizella p. pusilla. Nowell, J. R. 1898. Streptopelia risoria. Tange, M. 1932; Vian, J. 1880. Strix. Montlezun, A. 1904a, b; Senonner, A. 1889b. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1912d. Sturnella. Hoffman, W. J. 1878; Robin- son, W. 1888; Townsend, C. H. 1883c. Sturnus. Aplin, 0. V. 1911; Bruhin, T. A. 1866; Bureau, L. 1904; Corbin, G. B. 1902a; Etzel, T. 1909; Haase, O. 1902; Waite, E. R. 1892a. Sturnus vulgaris. Richter, E. 1879. Sula. Balfour, H. 1921. Sylvia. Pelzeln, A. 1886b; Schmitz, E. 1909. Sylvia atricapitta. Schmitz, E. 1895. Tetrao. Haase, O. 1902; Loudon, H. 1907. Tetrao tetrix. Witherby, H. F. 1911. Tetraonidae. Meyer, A. B. 1889. Tringa. Backhouse, J. 1901b. Tro- chilidae. Hamonville, J. C. 1898a. Tro- chilus colubris. Millington, L. A. 1868. Troglodytes parvulus. Whistler, H. 1906. Trupialis. Gibson, E. 1907. Turdus. Bezier, T. 1902; Blanc, J. 1907; Cahn, A. R. 1921; Campbell, H. B. 1835; Chamberlain, M. 1885; Corbin, G. B. 1902a; Dallwitz, . 1907; Deane, R. 1878; Ellison, A. 1887; Emerson, W. O. 1899; Fagart, L. 1911; Fischer-Sigwart, H.1894; Gredler, V.M. 1873; Grinnell, G. B. 1878; Gunthorp, H. 1923; Haase, 0. 1895; Hoffman, W. J. 1878; Kollibay, P. R. 1917; Lucanus, F. K. 1901a; McCallum, G. A. 1885; Otto, H. 1910a; Pavesi, P. 1903; Rieder, F. 1916; Sig- mund von Glenk, B. 1911; Stolker, C. 1870a; Vallon, G. 1912; Van Ostrand, H. T. 1897; Wood, W. 1872. Turdus aenalaschkae pallasii. Sage, J. H. 1886. Turdus merula. Hemery, E. 1906; Hoffmann, B. 1927; Perlini, R. 1902; Salzmann, E. 1906a; Schade, A. 1929; Smith, J. A. 1863c, 1867d; Witherby, H. F. 1912a. Turdus m. migratorius. Banta, A. M. 1915; Hughes, D. D. 1868; Strecker, H. 1869; Ward, H. L. 1908a, b. Turdus pilaris. Arrigoni Coloration BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 100 degli Oddi, E. 1889d; Gengler, J. 1906a; Maneval, H. 1924. Turdus viscivorus. Ritter, A. 1888. Turtur. Boni, A. 1902. Turtur tigrinus. Hopwood, J. C. 1906. Tyrannus. Townsend, C. H. 1883c. Upupa. Brooke, A. T. 1912; Kollibay, P. R. 1917; Montlezun, A. 1904a, b; Pelzeln, A. 1886b. Upupa epops. Ar- rigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d; Hugues, A. 1925. Uria. Morley, J. 1898. Uroae- tus. White, H. L. 1916. Vanellus. Baudouin, M. 1907, 1908; Buckley, T. E. 1900a; Gilbert, R. H. 1862; Jackson, A. C. 1913b. Vanellus crista- tus. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d. Vulpanser tadorna. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889d. Zonotrichia. Keyes, C. R. 1910; Redington, A. P. 1897; Swarth, H. S. 1899. Hybrid of Dafila acuta X Anas boschas. L6caillon, A. 1923. Color of iris in albino birds. Aplin, 0. V. 1891; Corbin, G. B. 1891; Hugues, A. 1907a; Ingram, W. J. 1892; Weir, J. J. 1891. Passer, Psittaci, & Turdus. Verrall, J. H. 1892. Egg albinism. Sturnella. Williams, R. W. 1896a. CAUSES OF ALBINISM General. Fabani, C. 1892a; Neun- zig, R. 1927b. Acquired albinism. Crew, F. A. 1922a. Biology of albinism. Charlemagne, E. V. 1914. Entirely white plumage developing after bird was severely wounded. Gallus. Heron, R. 1835. Pain believed by an uncritical author to be cause of albinism. Gallus. Anon. 1890b. Asymmetry Eyes. Gadeau de Kerville, H. 1888. One side yellow and other side white. Gallus. Lambert, W. V. 1929. Egg color anomalies General. Nibe, T. 1922; Raspail, X. 1892b; Schmidt, R. 1920. Many spe- cies. Moquin-Tandon, C. H. 1859. Fu- lica. Wetmore, A. 1917a. Albinism in eggs. Sturnella. Williams, R. W. 1896a. Black eggs laid by white duck. Mack, . 1851. Erythrism. Baker, E. C. 1918; Jourdain, F. C. & Borrer, C. 1914. Lanius collurio. Rey, J. G. 1908. Sylvia atricapilla. Zimmermann, . 1907. Isabellism This term has been applied by various authors to abnormal colorations of the plumage having a faded appearance and presumably deficient, but not entirely lacking, in melanin pigmentation. General. Caterini, F. 1928; Fabani, C. 1892d; Kempen, C. 1888, 1894; Mazza, F. 1890; Schaeck, F. 1892. Many species. Mina-Palumbo, F. & Morici-Mina, M. 1898; Rollinat, R. 1890. Alauda cristata. Spreitzenhofer, G. C. 1858. Anas boscas. Hanish, R. 1902; Ninni, E. 1908a. Corvus frugi- legus. Chlebovsky, . 1909. Fringilla carduelis. Hessler, A. 1854a. Motacilla. Fabani, C. 1892c. Passer. Hessler, A. 1854a. Passeres. Bonalda, C. 1889. Phalacrocorax. Bonomi, P. 1897. Pica ruslica. Lepri, G. 1892. Scolopax rusti- cola. Lepri, G. 1892; Newman, E. 1855b. Inferred isabellism. Corvus. McCook, P. J. 1897. Corvus comix. Moschler, A. B. 1899. Corvus splendens. Logan, A. C. & Blatter, E. 1906. Lipochrome pigment anomalies General. Rensch, B. 1925c. Absence of lipochrome pigment. Duncker, H. 1927b. Asymmetrical coloration. One side yellow and other side white. Gallus. Lambert, W. V. 1929. Flavism. Phylloscopus t. trochilus. Tratz, E. P. 1913b. ABSENCE OF YELLOW PIGMENT General. Microtarsus m. melano- cephalus. Heurn, W. C. 1927. Blue color due to absence of yellow pigment. Melopsittacus undulatus. Seth- Smith, D. 1924. ERYTHRISM Abnormal occurrence of red. It is not always certain that a lipochrome pig- ment is involved. See also under Egg color anomalies. 101 SUBJECT INDEX Coloration General. Boetticher, H. 1926; Pel- zeln, A. 1865; Rothschild, L. W. 1913b. Many species. Pistone, A. 1891. Acanthis spinus. Salzmann, E. 1910. Bambusicola thoracia. Witherby, H. F. 1914a. Barnardius. Mathews, G. M. 1918. Erithacus. Butler, E. A. 1904. Fringillidae. Braun, F. 1901. Lagopus. Clark, H. L. 1894. Lagopus scoticus. Millais, J. G. 1910a. Perdix montana. Ingram, C. 1909b. Phasianus. Regnier, M. V. 1926b; Witherby, H. F. 1913d. Platycercus. Mathews, G. M. 1918. Psittaci. North, A. J. 1904. Psittacus. Finn, F. 1910. Tympanuchus. Brewster, W. 1895. Histologic study of feathers showing erythrism. Phasianus. Regnier, M. V. 1926b. XANTHOCHROISM General. Wood, C. A. 1924a. Ligu- rinus. Blathwayt, F. L. 1904. Mota- cilla. Leigh, A. G. 191 la. Psittaci. Meyer, A. B. 1882a; North, A. J. 1904. Trochilidae. Hamonville, J. C. 1898a. Mixed albinism and xanthochroism. Wood, C. A. 1924a. Melanism General. Altum, B. 1865b; Board- man, G. A. 1879; Bruchlacher, G. 1867; Butler, A. G. 1904; Caterini, F. 1928; Ceglie, F. 1897; Cole, L. J. 1897; Deane, R. 1876, 1879; Doebner, E. P. 1865b; Fabani, 1892d; Giebel, C. G. 1866a; Giglioli, E. H. 1903; Gredler, V. M. 1883; Heumann, G. P. 1922; Heyne, O. 1907; La Fresnaye, F. 1837; Maestri, A. 1871; Mazza, F. 1890; Noble, G. K. 1919; Pavesi, P. 1895; Pelzeln, A. 1865; Picchi, C. 1903; Rensch, B. 1925a; Rothschild, L. W. 1913b. Many species. Caterini, F. 1928; Mina-Palumbo, F. & Morici-Mina, M. 1898; Pistone, A. 1891; Robbecke, E. 1894; Rollinat, R. 1890; Rothschild, L. W. 1927a; Worthen, C. K. 1896. Accentor. Fabani, C. 1892c; Stolker, C. 1870a. Alauda. Wenig, J. 1930. Alauda arvensis. Smith, J. A. 1867a. Amadina. Alzani, F. 1913b. Anas boschas. Potier de la Varde, R. 1926; Rogeron, G. 1898; Stolker, C. 1870a. Anatidae. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1898b. Ardea garzetta. Kenessey von Kenese, L. 1891. Buteo. Bailey, B. H. 1912b; Emerson, W. 0. 1904. Buteo latissimus. Bailey, B. H. 1912b; Ridg- way, R. 1887a. Carduelis. Blake-Knox, H. 1870c. Carduelis c. carduelis. Poliakov, G. I. 1917. Circus. Arrighi- Griffoli, G. 1894. Columbina picui. Spegazzini, C. 1918. Corpus. Fiori, A. 1894. Coturnix. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1889c. Coturnix communis. Stur- niolo, G. 1913. Fringilla. Lanfossi, P. 1850; Pelzeln, A. 1886b; Stolker, C. 1870a. Hirundo. Collinge, W. E. 1919d; Stolker, C. 1870a; Wood, W. 1872. Lanius collurio. Ninni, E. 1908b. Larus. Bean, R. A. 1923. Loxia. Lan- fossi, P. 1850; Stolker, C. 1870a. Mel- anocorypha. Ceglie, F. 1897. Nyroca affinis. Cole, L. J. 1897. Paroaria cucullata. Meyer, A. B. 1894b. Parus. Bunyard, P. F. 1908b; Stolker, C. 1870a. Parus c. coeruleus. Collinge, W. E. 1919d. Passer. Cremaschi, A. 1889; Hornung, V. 1904. Perdix. Pelzeln, A. 1886b. Pernis. Elliot, E. A. 1907. Phasianus. Hachisuka, M. 1926b; Witherby, H. F. 1913d. Poephila. Butler, A. G. 1902d. Psittaci. North, A. J. 1904. Psittacus. Gund- lach, J. 1891. Pyrrhula. Bianchi, V. L. 1907b; Fiori, A. 1894; Frauenfeld, G. 1863a; Gredler, V. M. 1873; Landois, H. 1897; Macpherson, H. A. 1883e; Nezen, D. E. 1804; Pelzeln, A. 1886b; Stolker, C. 1870a. Rallus. Gurney, J. H., Jr. 1891. Sialia. Wood, W. 1872. Sto. Kollibay, P. R. 1917. Sula bassana. Balfour, H. 1921. Sylvia. Schmitz, E. 1909. Trochilidae. Hamonville, J. C. 1898a. Turdus. Chapman, F. M. 1893a; Coues, E. B. 1878c; Stolker, C. 1870a; Wood, W. 1872. Turdus m. migratorius. Barrows, W. B. 1885b; Coues, E. B. 1878c; Faxon, W. 1886; Lockwood, S. 1880a, b. Turdus v. viscivorus. Macpherson, H. A. 1883f. Uria. Collett, R. 1898b; Jacobi, A. 1917. Melanism in nestlings. Vanellus. Boyd, A. W. 1930. Origin and significance of melanism. Includes birds. Klunzinger, C. B. 1903b. Relation of melanism to geographic distribution. Milne-Edwards, A. 1873; Ridgway, R. 1872. ASSOCIATION OF COLOR Geographic distribution. Meyer, R. 1874. Habits. Moffat, C. B. 1920. Luteal cells. Many species. Yocom, H. B. & Philipps, B. I. 1923, 1924. Coloration BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 102 Phylogeny and taxonomy. Tetra- onidae. Trips, M. 1900. Throat color and song. Brehm, C. L. 1855c, 1856a. Type of nest. Wallace, A. R. 1868a, b;Anon. 1869a. Vigor. Includes birds. Bonhote, J. L. 1905a. CAUSES OF COLOR, USUALLY IN PLUMAGE Books. Text in English. Beddard, F. E. 1892a. Text in French. Cornevin, C. E. 1895. General. Altum, B. 1854a, b; Fre- mineau, H. 1868; Gadow, H. F. 1910; Gotz, W. H. 1925b; *Haecker, V. 1890; Jeffries, J. A. 1882a, 1883b; Mallock, A. 1921; Mandoul, H. 1902, 1903; Ous- talet, J. F. 1892; Reichenbach, H. G. 1855; Strong, R. M. 1902b, c, 1903, 1904, 1905a, 1915b, 1917c, 1921a, 1927. Includes birds. Sacc, F. 1843. Many species. Rensch, B. 1925c; Schroeder, R. 1880. Columba. Spottel,W. 1914. Eurylae- mus. Wurm,W. 1892. Gallus. Ladebeck, E. 1923; Wurm, W. 1892. Phasianus. RSgnier, M. V. 1926b. Asymmetrical color of the skin. Hutt, F. B. 1929a. Color in fleshy appendages of bare skin region. Gallinae. Champy, C. & Demay, M. 1930. Development of color in feathers. Kendall, H. 1903; Read, R. H. 1895. Many species. Holland, T. 1860, 1864; *Strong, R. M. 1902b. Gallus. Strong, R. M. 1915b, 1917c. Sex differences in color. Ecledus. Meyer, A. B. 1893. Tropical heat and light do not pro- duce brilliant colors. Wallace, A. R. 1861. Vigor as cause of bright colors. Bon- hote, J. L. 1904. Optical or physical colors Colors due to structural conditions and usually involving melanin pigment secondarily. General. Bancroft, W. D. & others 1923; Clement, E. C. 1877; Gadow, H. F. 1882b; Haecker, V. 1890, 1902, 1912; Imhof, G. 1901; Mason, C. W. 1923; Rayleigh, (B). 1919. Eurylaemus & Gallus. Wurm, W. 1892. Blue color. The only pigment present in blue feathers is melanin. Many spe- cies. Bancroft, W. D. & others 1923; Haecker, V. 1890, 1902; *Haecker, V. & Meyer, G. 1901; Pouchet, G. 1875; Strong, R. M. 1905a, 1927, 1928. Alce- do. Stubbs, F. J. 1910a. Green color. The pigments involved are melanin and a yellow lipochrome. Strong, R. M. 1905a. Many species. Bancroft, W. D. & others 1923. Canary hybrids. Heinroth, 0. 1906c. Dacnis. *Kniesche, G. 1914. Violet color. Haecker, V. 1890. Many species. Gornitz, K. & Rensch, B.I 924. Whiteness. Absence of pigment. Strong, R. M. 1904, 1921a. Gallus. Blan- chon, H. L. 1901b. IRIDESCENCE OR METALLIC COLORS Colors which shift with changes in the angle of reflection. These colors always involve an intense melanin pigmenta- tion of the barbules. Book. Text in English. Includes birds. Michelson, A. A. 1927. General. Altum, B. 1854a, b; Briicke, E. W. 1861; *Elsasser, T. 1925; Mallock, A. 1911b; Mandoul, H. 1902, 1903; Michelson, A. A. 1911; Rayleigh, (B.) 1919; Rensch, B. 1923c, 1924a, 1927b. Columba. Strong, R. M. 1902c, 1903. Gallus. Ladebeck, E. 1923. Nectari- niidae. Newbigin, M. 1. 1896. Sturnus vulgaris. Stubbs, F. J. 1912c. Trochi- lidae. Biedermann, W. 1904; Hodg- kinson, A. 1892; Newbigin, M. I. 1896; Weinland, D. F. 1856. Climatic effect on iridescence. Rensch, B. 1925d. Function of iridescence. Trochili- dae. Charbonnier, H. J. 1919. Pigmental colors Involving the presence of a pigment, which can be extracted and which is similar in color to the color produced by the structure. General. Bogdanoff, A. 1856, 1858a, b; Clement, E. C. 1877; Gotz, W. H. 1925b; Haecker, V. 1902, 1921; Jeffries, 103 SUBJECT INDEX Coloration J. A. 1882a; Sickel, J. 1847; Volker, O. 1938. Includes birds. MacMunn, C. A. 1883. Birds incidental. Weiden- reich, F. 1912. Eurylaemus & Gallus. Wurm, W. 1892. Changes in pigmentation at breeding season. Coccoihraustes & Loxia. Heu- singer, K. F. 1887b. Chemical and physiological study. Krukenberg, C. F. 1884. Connective tissue pigments. Jap- anese silky fowl. Gallus. *Kuklenski, J. 1915. Development. Birds incidental. Wei- denreich, F. 1912. Experimental feeding effects. Cyano- spiza ciris. Renshaw, G. 1898. Origin and nature of pigments. Birds incidental. Millot, J. 1924. Periosteum pigmentation. Gallinula. Hering, E. 1864. Testis pigments. Gallus. Bittner, H. 1925c; Loisel, G. 1904a. BLOOD PIGMENTS Chemical and physiological study. Krukenberg, C. F. 1884. Chemical composition. Corvus, Sylvia, & Turdus. Wicke, W. 1858. Hemoglobin. (See also under Blood.) Includes Columba & Gallus. Negri, A. 1902. Yellow lipochrome in serum. Halli- burton, W. D. 1886. EYE PIGMENTS Iris. Phalacrocorax carbo. Troller, J. 1917. Retina General. Kiihne, W. 1878. Pigment epithelium. Figures. Strep- topelia. Strong, R. M. 1912c. Post-mortem pigment formation in pigmentless retinas and choroids. Strep- topelia. 'Riddle, O. & LaMer, V. K. 1918. INTEGUMENTAL PIGMENTS Feather pigments Book. Text in German. Feather pigments, pp. 79-84. Schwann, T. 1839. General. Altum, B. 1854b; Gadow, H. 1910; Gotz, W. H. 1925b; Imhof, G. 1901; Montessus, F. B. 1886. Many species. *Haecker, V. 1890. Include birds. Kobelt, A. 1911; Mandoul, H. 1903. Alcedo. Stubbs, F. J. 1910a. Co- lumba. Lewis, G. A. 1871b; Lloyd- Jones, O. 1915; Reclam, C. H. 1846. Gallus. Kolliker, R. A. 1887; *Lade- beck, E. 1923; Lippincott, W. A. 1918; Reclam, C. H. 1846; Wurm, W. 1892. Gallus bankiva. Ball, S. C. 1933. Gypae- tus. Homeyer, E. F. 1883a. Chemical characteristics. "Kruken- berg, C. F. 1881, 1884. Columba. Lloyd- Jones, O. 1915. Chemical relations of feather pig- ments to porphyrinuria. Krumbiegel, I. 1926. Development of pigment in nestling down feathers. Gallus. Rabl, H. 1894. Skin pigments General. Mandoul, H. 1903. Many species. *Lebedinsky, N. G. 1929. Gal- lus. *Barrows, H. R. 1914. Blue skin. Large blue pigment cells. Ceriornis. Murie, J. 1872a. Feet. Hanau, A. 1881. Anser & Gal- lus. Goebel, F. 1823. Integumental papillae about eye. Phasianus. Zawadowsky, M. M. & Kritsch, N. J. 1926. Carotinoid pigment of skin Correlation of yellow pigment in skin with fecundity. Gallus. Blakeslee, A. F., Harris, J. A., Warner, D. E., & Kirkpatrick, W. F. 1917; Harris, J. A., Blakeslee, A. F., & Warner, D. E. 1917; Harris, J. A., Blakeslee, A. F., Warner, D. E., & Kirkpatrick, W. F. 1917; Palmer, L. S. 1919; Palmer, L. S. & Kempster, H. L. 1919b. Relation to egg laying. Gallus. Palmer, L.S.1919. LIPOCHROME PIGMENTS These are fat-soluble non-granular pig- ments. Many, at least, are carotin- pid. Because of lack of information it is not possible to classify fully all of the pigments indicated in this section. Absence of lipochrome in species that normally have it. Duncker, H. 1927b. Chemical and physiological study. Krukenberg, C. F. 1884. Coloration BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 104 Relation of lipochrome pigments to plant carotin. Volker, O. 1934. Feather llpochromes General. Desselberger, H. 1930b; Gornitz, K. 1923b; Gotz, W. H. 1925b. Development. Desselberger, H. 1929, 1930b. Red lipochrome pigments General. Calurus, Cotinga, & Oriolus. Bogdanoff, A. 1857. In modified papilliform nestling down feathers on the forehead. Fulica atra. Steinbacher, G. 1930. Pink pigment, chemical study of. Anon. 1872a. Rose tint on neck. Diomedea. Mac- pherson, A. H. 1889b. Tetronerythrin. In naked portions of skin, including comb, eyelids, and wattles. Galli. Wurm, W. 1872. Zoofulvin. Chemical composition. Meyer, A. B. 1881. Zoorubin. Meyer, A. B. 1881. Zooerythrin General. Phasianus colchlcus. Re- gnier, M. V. 1926a. Chemical composition. Meyer, A. B. 1881. Pyrrhula. Schereschewsky, H. 1929. Yellow lipochrome pigments Absence of yellow pigment. Micro- tarsus m. melanocephalus. Heurn, W. C. 1927. Fluorescent yellow zooxanthin. Psit- taci. Volker, O. 1937. In blood serum. Columba & Gallus. Halliburton, W. D. 1886. Xanthophyll. Yellow pigment of egg yolk, body fat, and blood serum of hen. Relation to xanthophyll of plants. Palmer, L. S. 1915. Yellow lipochrome pigment of skin. Gallus. *Blakeslee, A. F. & Warner, D. E. 1915; Harris, J. A., Blakeslee, A. F., & Warner, D. E. 1917; Harris, J. A., Blakeslee, A. F., Warner, D. E., & Kirkpatrick, W. F. 1917; Knox, C. W. 1931; Palmer, L. S. 1919; Palmer, L. S. & Kempster, H. L. 1919a, b, c. MELANIN PIGMENTS Granular dull yellowish pigments, which appear black when clumped. General. Hodgkinson, W. R. & Sorby, H. C. 1877. Birds incidental. Ehrmann, S. 1890. Gallus. Haecker, V. 1890, 1921. Gypaetus. Krukenberg, C. F. 1883a. Ploceidae. Neunzig, R. 1927b. Alleged removal of melanin pigment by chromophages. Metchnikoff, E. 1906. Chemical characteristics. Pyrrhula. Schereschewsky, H. 1929. Factor for black pigmentation. Gal- lus. Hadley, P. B. 1914c. Silky fowl. Stiefel, K. 1926. Heart melanin pigment. Silky fowl. Stiefel, K. 1926. Size and shape of melanin granules. Post, H. 1894. Columba. Lloyd-Jones, O. 1915. Columba, Munia, Passerina, & Sterna. Strong, R. M. 1902b. Development In eye. Gallus. Smith, D. T. 1920; Szily, A. 1911. In feathers General. Bruch, C. W. 1844; Hol- land, T. 1860; Klee, R. 1886; Kuhn, 0. 1928b. Casuarius. Hassko, A. 1929b. Co- lumba. Lloyd-Jones, O. 1915. Post, H. 1894; Strong, R. M. 1902b. Eudyptes chrysocome. Wohlauer, E. 1902. Gallus. Glasewald, F. K. 1926; Strong, R. M. 191 5b, 1917c. Munia atricapilla, Pas- serina ciris, Passerina cyanea, & Sterna. *Strong, R. M. 1902b. Diet effects. Riddle, 0. 1908b. Nest- ling down feathers. Gallus. Rabl, H. 1894. Significance of mitochondria in de- velopment of melanin pigment in embryo. Gallus. Renyi, G. S. 1924. Tyrosin and "dopa" in development of melanin pigment. Includes Gallus. Sato, K. & Brecher, L. 1925. Distribution General. Bruch, C. W. 1844. Distribution in developing feather. Columba & Gallus. Kuhn, O. 1928b. Distribution by melanophores to developing feather cells. Columba. Lloyd-Jones, O. 1915. Post, H. 1894. Gallus. Strong, R. M. 1915c. Munia, Passerina, & Sterna. *Strong, R. M. 1902b. 105 SUBJECT INDEX Coloration Hyperthyroidization experiments See also under Thyroid gland. General. Horning, B. & Torrey, H. B. 1923, 1927. Gallus. Schwarz, E. 1931. Pyrrhula. Schereschewsky, H. 1929. Antagonistic effect of thyroid gland and ovary. Gallus. Torrey, H. B. & Horning, B. 1925b. Melanophores (Chromatophores) Large branching cells, which form melanin pigment granules in their cytoplasm. These granules are dis- tributed by the branches to the dif- ferentiating epithelial cells of the de- veloping feather. General. Birds incidental. Borrel, A. 1913. General description of developing melanophores. Columba. Lloyd-Jones, O. 1915; Post, H. 1894; *Strong, R. M. 1902b. Gallus. Strong, R. M. 1915b, 1917c. Munia, Passerina, & Sterna. Strong, R. M. 1902b. Relation to neural tube vestige in coccygeal region. Anser. Peyron, A. 1922. TURACIN A feather pigment containing copper, first described by Church, A. H. 1870. General. Beddard, F. E. 1889e; Church, A.H. 1870, 1893a,b, 1913; *Kei- lin, D. 1926; Schlegel, H. 1857, 1860. Corythaix. Verreaux, J. P. 1871. Musophagidae. Bogdanoff, A. 1862; Giunti, M. 1879. Turacus. *Fischer, H. & Hilger, J. 1924; Prior, P. 1923; Quelch, J. J. 1887. Bleaching turacin by use of water containing very small amount of am- monia. Krumbiegel, 1. 1925a, b. Chemical and physiological studies. Krukenberg, C. F. 1884. Solubility. Turacus. Draper, E. H. 1908. Spectroscopic studies. Keilin, D. 1926. Turacus. Draper, E. H. 1908. CHANGE IN COLOR Usually of plumage and mostly involv- ing a molt. See also under Molt: Se- quence of plumages, and Sex. Books. Text in English. Headley, F. W. 1895b. Dendragapus & Lagopus. Cartwright, G. 1792. General. A. R. 1877; Bahr, P. H. 1909; Beebe, C. W. 1907a; Bonhote, J. L. 1900b, 1907; Brehm, C. L. 1853a, b, c, 1857b; Butler, A. G. 1902b, 1907b; Cartwright, B. W. & Harrold, C. G. 1925; Ekstrom, K. 1834; Frauenfeld, G. 1853b, 1873b; Giebel, C. G. 1855b; Gloger, C. W. 1853a, f, 1854f; Gotz, G. F. 1781; Heinroth, O. 1898a; Homeyer, E. F. 1853, 1855, 1856; Kleinschmidt, O. 1899; Lazarini, L. 1890; Magretti, P. 1880; Mauduy, . 1849; Metchnikoff, E. 1906; Miiller, J. W. 1853; Neunzig, R. 1927b; Nilsson, S. 1824; Prentiss, D. W. 1890; Read, R. H. 1895; Reichenow, A. 1877a; Rey, J. G. 1893; Rottiger, A. 1877; Rudiger, E. 1878a; Russ, K. F. 1892; Samuel, S. 1870; Schlegel, H. 1852, 1853b, 1854, 1855a, b; Sievertsov, N. A. 1863-65; Stone, W. 1896, 1901 a; Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen,V.1866a;VanSomeren,V. G. 1919; Walter, A. 1877b; Anon. 1866. Many species. Blyth, E. 1837c; *Meves, F. W. 1855; Miiller, J. W. 1855. Include birds. Bachman, J. 1839; Martin, L. 1879. Exotic birds. Devy, L. 1914. Aeginthidae. Rauber, G. 1904. Anas. Yarrell, W. 1833a. Anas boschas. Schi- avuzzi, B. 1884. Anas marila. Horn- schuch, C. F. & Schilling, W. 1823. Barnardius. Tavistock, . 1917a. Budytes. Brehm, C. L. 1857a. Calidris. Millais, J. G. 1896. Carbo. Yarrell, W. 1833a. Conurus carolinensis. Nie- meier, W. 1867. Crex. Bonhote, J. L. 1900b. Crocethia alba. Chapman, F. M. 1896a. Cyanospiza. Renshaw, G. 1897, 1898. Dolichonyx. Chapman, F. M. 1893b, 1897. Elseyornis melanops. Mathews, G. M. 1914b. Eurylaemus. Wurm, W. 1892. Fringillidae. Hess- ler, A. 1854c. Gallus. Wurm, W. 1892. Harelda. Millais, J. G. 1896. Lagopus. Goebel, H. 1873b. Lanius ludovicianus. Miller, A. H. 1928. Larus. Beebe, C. W. 1906d; Yarrell, W. 1833a. Larus melanocephalus. Ninni, A. P. 1883. Larus minutus. Macpherson, H. A. 1899b. Loxia. Hadfield, H. 1862. Loxia curvirostra. Ticehurst, C. B. 1915b. Motacilla. Brehm, C. L. 1857a. Munia. *Strong, R. M. 1902b. Musci- capa. Martin, L. 1853a. Oidemia nigra. Martin, L. 1853b. Passeres. Dwight, J. 1900d;Medreczky, S. 1899. Passerina. *Strong, R. M. 1902b. Pelidina a. al- pina. Chapman, F. M. 1896a. Phala- crocorax carbo. Troller, J. 1917. Pini- cola. Hadfield, H. 1862. Platycercus. Mathews, G. M. 1918; Tavistock, . Coloration BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 106 1917a. Plectrophenax nivalis. Chap- man, F. M. 1896d. Ploceidae. Butler, A. G. 1897e. Podicipes. Millais, J. G. 1896. Poephila gouldiae. Butler, A. G. 1902d. Pterocles setarius. Olphe-Gail- liard, V. A. 1855. Pyrrhula. Frauen- feld, G. 1866b; Schereschewsky, H. 1929. Sterna. Brehm, C. L. 1854b; Strong, R. M. 1902b. Tadorna. Hoe- ven, J. 1866. Tetraonidae. Jameson, . 1820. Tringa. Yarrell, W. 1833a. Blue to white at molt. Gallus. Lippin- cott, W. A. 1920a. Confinement effects on color. Mail- lard, L. 1910. Acanthis. Wormald, H. 1909a. Nectariniidae. Millar, H. 1920. Early correct observations of color change by molt. Book. Text in English. Lagopus. Cartwright, G. 1792. Gray to red. Megascops. Chadbourne, A. P. 1896. Loss of color. Brehm, C. L. 1853a. Male sex hormone effects. Anas. Parhon, C. J. & Parhon, C. 1922b. Metallic colors lost at molt. Lampro- colius. Neumann, O. 1907. Senile changes. Butter, J. 1817-20. Change in color without molt See also Adventitious coloration. Book. Text in English. Lams. Audubon, J. J. 1831-39, Vol. 4, p. 213. General. Allen, J. A. 1886a, 1896a, 1900a; Fatio, V. 1866; Fleming, J. 1820; Gaetke, H. 1854; Gloger, C. W. 1854a; Grant, C. H. 1908; Hartert, E. J. 1897; Hoxie, W. 1886a, 1887a; Le Souef, W. H. 1903a; Lucas, F. A. 1897a; Meves, F. W. 1862a, b, 1879; Schenk- Iing-Prev6t, C. 1897a, 1898b; Schlegel, H. 1852; Sievertsov, N. A. 1863-65; Weinland, D. F. 1856; Whitear, W. 1818. Many species. Meves, F.' W. 1855. Birds of prey. Meerwarth, H. 1898. Buteo. Birtwell, F. J. 1903. Chry- sotis. Birtwell, F. J. 1899b. Ciconia nigra. Montagu, G. 1818. Coereba cyanea. Reichenow, A. 1891a. Doli- chonyx. Chadbourne, A. P. 1897. Gypae- tus barbatus. Meves, F. W. 1862a. Megalornis g. grus. Meves, F. W. 1862b. Megascops. Birtwell, F. J. 1899a; Chad- bourne, A. P. 1896. Mergus. Weinland, D.F. 1859. Merops. Grant, C. H. 1908. Musophagidae. Schlegel, H. 1857, 1860. Passerina. Birtwell, F. J. 1900; Dwight, J. 1900c. Sylvia. Weinland, D. F. 1859. Trochilus. Schlegel, H. 1857. ABRASION OR WEAR OF FEATHERS Dwight, J. 1905; Gornitz, K. 1927; Grinnell, J. 1902; *Stone, W. 1896. Plectrophenax. *Chapman, F. M. 1896d. Breaking off of barb and barbule ends exposing differently colored portions. Gornitz, K. 1927. Carpodacus. Grin- nell, J. 1911a. APTOSOCHROMATISM This term was coined by E. Coues (Hoxie, W. 1886a) to indicate supposed alteration of color by changes in the dis- tribution of pigment in the feather or by new pigment entering the feather. This erroneous conception has appeared many times and especially in publica- tions by the following authors: Birt- well, F. J. 1899a, b, 1900; Chadbourne, A. P. 1896, 1897; Fatio, V. 1866; Gaetke, H. 1854; Keeler, C. A. 1893; Meer- warth, H. 1898; Millais, J. G. 1896; Sharpe, R. B. and others 1874-98 (Vol. 10, 1885); Weinland, D. F. 1856, 1859. Alleged change of color to white in one day after being rescued from cat. Sturnus. Weinland, D. F. 1859. Explanations of the phenomena in- volved in so-called aptosochromatism may be found in publications by the following authors: Allen, J. A. 1886a, 1896a, 1900a; Chapman, F. M. 1896d; Dwight, J. 1900c; Meves, F. W. 1855; Stone, W. 1896; Strong, R. M. 1902b. BLEACHING OR FADING General. Bonhote, J. L. 1904; Wein- land, D. F. 1856. Dilute hydrochloric acid as cause. Meves, F. W. 1862a. Light effects. Cartwright, B. W. & Harrold, C. G. 1925; Dwight, J. 1905. Gallus & Larus. Courty, G. 1912. Loss of red color due to turacin by soaking in alkaline water. Corythaix, Hapaloderma, and Musophagidae. Krumbiegel, 1. 1925a, b. Verreaux, J. P. 1871. Turacus. Quelch, J. J. 1887; Schlegel, H. 1860. Washing in water. Grus. Homeyer, E. F. 1864b. 107 SUBJECT INDEX Coloration Climatic effects Book. Text in German. Gloger, C. W. 1833. General. Fatio, V. 1866. Gallinae. Blanchon, H. L. 1901a. Experimental studies of effects of humidity. Lydekker, R. 1908-09. Diet changes, including experimen- tal feeding General. Beebe, C. W. 1908; Goldner, H. 1887; Heumann, G. P. 1922; Sauer- mann, C. 1890; Thurn, E. F. 1884. Anas. Baer, W. 1903a. Columba. Pribyl, L. 1889; *Sauermann, C. 1889. Coturnix. Cavazza, F. 1913. Dendro- copus. Baer, W. 1903a. Gallus. *Sauer- mann, C. 1889. Passerina. Butler, A. G. 1897a. Pyrrhula. Larionov, W. T. 1928. Serinus. Brezol, H. 1888; *Sauermann, C. 1889. Insect-eating birds. Sauermann, C. 1891b. f VARIOUS SUBSTANCES IN DIET Aniline dye feeding. Nestling. Larus. Braune, . 1910b. Cayenne pepper. Agapornis. Watson, W. H. 1890. Galli. Blanchon, H. L. 1901a. Liver. 103 species. La Riboisiere, J. 1908. Red stain for eggs and skeleton. Gal- lus. Joly, N. 1860. Skin color. Changes due to feeding pimiento pepper. Gallus. Brown, W. L. 1930. Thyroid extract. Columba. Blasi, D. 1925. Gallus. Blasi, D. 1925; Giaco- mini, E. 1924; Giacomini, G. 1926; Sainton, P. & Simmonet, H. 1929. Pyrrhula. Schereschewsky, H. 1929. Seasonal changes General. Leucosticte tephrocotis lit- toralis. Shaw, W. T. 1936. Zosterops. North, A. J. 1896b. Light effects. Beebe, C. W. 1908. Liver color. Gallus. Weber, E. H. 1850. Summer change in beak and plum- age. Pyromelana. Butler, A. G. 1916. Winter change to white. Barrett- Hamilton, G. E. 1904a; Beddard, F. E. 1903b; Jager, G. 1869. Tetrao [Lago- pus]. Caire, . 1854. Unfeathered areas of head: color changes Change of color of beak. Gallinula. Alexander, W. B. 1919. Gallinula c. chloropus. Pitt, F. 1918a. Loxia. Tyrer, R. 1877. Iris of eye. Phalacrocorax carbo. Troller, J. 1917. Shield. Gallinula c. chloropus. Pitt, F. 1918a. Shutting off blood supply in excite- ment. Biedermann, R. 1898. Skin color changes after egg laying, during emotional disturbances, in ex- haustion, mating activities, and pain. Gallus. Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1916. CONCEALING OR PROTECTIVE COLORATION Books. Text in English. Beddard, F. E. 1892a; Dixon, C. 1897a; Poulton, E. B. 1890; Thayer, G. H. 1909. Text in German. Magnus, H. F. 1881; Reichenau, W. 1887. General. Allen, F. H. 1912; Allen, J. A. 1911; Argyll, G. D. 1868; Armit, W. E. 1878; Bannerman, D. A. 1915; Barbour, T. 1913, 1921; Barbour, T. & Phillips, J. C. 1911; Beebe, C. W., Hartley, G. L, and others 1917; Belt, T. 1877; Bird, M. C. 1903; Butler, A. G. 1908b, 1912; Chapman, F. M. 1910; Clark, H. L. 1893b; Csorgey, T. 1922; Dunlop, E. B. 1910; Frisch, K. 1923; Fry, H. 1909; Gadow, H. F. 1910; Haagner, A. K. 1908a; Heikertinger, F. 1921; Henderson, J. 1913a; Henning, H. 1916; Herman, O. 1897; Keeler, C. A. 1893; Kerschner, L. 1886; Kleinschmidt, O. 1925; Le Souef, W. H. 1902a; Lowe, P. R. 1915a; Lucanus, F. K. 1902; Lydekker, R. 1908-09; *McAtee, W. L. 1912b; McGregor, R. C. 1899; Mac- pherson, H. B. 1909b; Mata, A. B. 1923; Meyer, A. B. 1869; Mottram, J. C. 1915; Murray, A. 1868; Pycraft, W. P. 1907c; Rockwell, R. B. 1908; Schuster, W. 1902a; Summerhayes, V. S. & Elton, C. S. 1928; Swynnerton, C. F. 1915a; Thayer, A. H. 1896, 1900; Tristram, H. B. 1893; Verrill, A. E. 1897; Wal- lace, A. R. 1868b; Weber, S. A. 1912. Many species. Barbour, T. & Phillips, J. C. 1911; Passler, C. W. 1860; Reiche- nau, W. 1877; Swynnerton, C. F. 1916. Include birds. Giacomelli, E. 1905; Roosevelt, T. 1911, 1924; Thayer, A. H. 1910, 1911, 1912. Birds incidental. Mottram, J. C. & Green, F. W. 1918; Coloration BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 108 Picado, C. 1910; Puschnig, R. 1917. Nesting birds. Kneeland, S. 1868. Bo/awnis. Barrows, W. B. 1913. Caprimulgus europaeus. Heinroth, O. 1909a. Certhia familiaris. Hermann, R. 1908. Charadriidae. Dewar, J. M. 1912. Charadrius. Aplin, O. V. 1903b. Charadrius h. hiaticula. Pycraft, W. P. 1908b. Chrysemitris. Gillman, H. 1876. Gallus. Davenport, C. B. 1908a; Hess, C. 1917a; Pearl, R. 191 la. Lagopus. Grinnell, J. 1900; Wurm, W. 1900a. Oxyechus v. vociferus. Pickwell, G. W. 1925a. Perdix. Lintia, D. 1908. Ster- ninae. Bigney, A. J. 1902. Struthio. Schreiner, S. C. 1897. Experimental study. Includes birds. *Swynnerton, C. F. 1919. Immobility. Relation to concealing coloration. Arenberg, E. 1911. NESTLING BIRDS General. Butterfield, W. C. 1905a. Hatching, nestlings at. Pycraft, W. P. 1902c. Mouth parts. Butterfield, W. C. 1918; Swynnerton, C. F. 1915a. Concealing coloration in eggs General. Butler, A. G. 1890; Ellison, A. 1890; Fox, W. S. 1899a; Grensted, F. F. 1889; Hewetson, H. B. 1892; Hunt, H. W. 1888; M'Aldowie, A. M. 1886; Potts, T. H. 1872; Swynnerton, C. F. 1915a, 1917a; Titchener, E. B. 1889, 1890b; Wallace, A. R. 1889. Many species. Lucas, A. H. 1887. Eggs daubed with clay. Corpus mone- dula. Wiglesworth, J. 1910. Insects eaten by birds General. Colthrup, C. W. 1913-14; Curtis, W. P. 1913; Finn, F. 1907; Judd, S. D. 1899b. Concealing coloration of insects not always effective against birds. Judd, S. D. 1899b. Moths. Stiff, A. T. 1912. DICHROMATISM OR COLOR DIMORPHISM Two colorations present in a species, often with no sex correlation. Book. Text in English. Includes birds. Beddard, F. E. 1892a. General. Buller, W. L. 1895b. Ardeae. Bangs, 0. 1915. Buteo solitar- ius. Henshaw, H. W. 1902. Carpodacus. McGregor, R. C. 1901. Falconoidea. Bangs,O.1915. Megascops. Hasbrouck, E. M. 1893. Microscelis leucocephalus. Stresemann, E. 1923b. Otus asio naevius. Michener, E. 1839. Puffimis. Loomis, L. M. 1919a. Scops [Otus] asio. Shorten, J. W. 1885. Syrnium aluco. Hasbrouck, E. M. 1892. Sex dichromatism General. GaHus. Ssirnew.P. J. 1924. Dichromatism in both sexes. Strese- mann, E. 1925b. DIRECTIVE COLORATION General. Baskett, J. N. 1910 ; Keeler, C. A. 1893; Pycraft, W. P. 1907c; Thayer, A. H. 1900. Many species. Swynnerton, C. F. 1916. Includes birds. Todd, J. E. 1888. Falcones. Seton, E. T. 1897. Passeriformes. *Tracy, H. C. 1910. Ploceidae. Chapin, J. P. 1917; Rey, J. G. 1901. Strigidae. Seton, E. T. 1897. Bright color of mouth region in nestlings as aid to parent in feeding. See also under skin color of naked areas. Dewar, J. M. 1908a. Poephila mira- bilis. Butler, A. G. 1916-17. Revealing colors. Henderson, J. 1913a. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON COLORATION General. Gloger, C. W. 1856b; Harts- horne, H. 1873. Include birds. Bon- hote, J. L. 1904; Schnelle, K. 1874. Climatic effects. *Gornitz, K. 1923a, b; Grinnell, J. 1910. Plumage color. Alauda & Mergus. Cerva, F. 1920. Tropical heat and light do not pro- duce brilliant colors. Wallace, A. R. 1861. Weather and climate effects on in- tensity of pigmentation. Many species. Banks, E. 1925. MIMICRY IN COLORATION Book. Text in English. Includes birds. Beddard, F. E. 1892a. General. Fabani, C. 1892f; Tristram, H.B. 1893. Include birds. Manders.N. 109 SUBJECT INDEX Coloration 1911; Swynnerton, C. F. 1919; Wallace, A. R. 1867a. Gallus & Numida. Finn, F. 1902b. To objects unacceptable as food. Swynnerton, C. F. 1915a. MIMICRY IN INSECTS Experiments with birds. Finn, F. 1899b. Insects eaten by birds. Pocock, R. I. Relation to birds. Finn, F. 1896. PATTERN IN COLORATION Books. Text in English. Lagopus scoticus. Lovat, S. J. and others 1911. Text in German. Goldschmidt, R. 1931. General. Curry, A. V. 1890; Keeler, C. A. 1893; Kruimel, J. H. 1916; Lowe, P. R. 191 5a; Vol&meckij, I. 1927. Many species. Haecker, V. 1888; *Mar- torelli, G. 1898. Include birds. Eimer, G. H. 1883a, b. Aegialitis. Lowe, P. R. 1914. Ampe- lis garrulus. Schaanning, H. T. 1917; Schlegel, R. 1893. Anatidae. Bonhote, J. L. 1907. Charadrius. Lowe, P. R. 1914. Columba. Ghigi, A. 1908d; Loisel, G. 1905e. Columbidae. Whit- man, C. O. 1907. Colymbus glacialis. Smalley, F. W. 1909b. Euplocamus hybrids. Mudge, G. P. 1913. Gallus. Agar, W. E. 1924; Eliot, T. S. 1928; Pearl, R. & Boring, A. M. 1914. Gen- naeus. Ghigi, A. 1908a, d. Lagopus scoticus. Wilson, E. A. 1910. Lanius. *Schiebel, G. 1906. Motacilla alba. Sachtleben, H. 1922b. Phasianus. Thomas, R. H. 1912b, 1914, 1916. Sterna dougalli & S. hirundo. Jones, L. 1904c. Barring in color pattern. Gallus. Goodale, H. D. 1909; Spillman, W. J. 1909. Correlation with diversity in struc- ture. Charadriidae. Lowe, P. R. 1933b. Flight appearance seen from below. Falcones. Seton, E. T. 1897. Spangled pattern. Symmetry. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. & Landauer, W. 1930. Wing color pattern. Reichling, H. 1915. Circus. Csorgey, T. 1917. Development General. Butler, A. G. 1918; Eimer, G. H. 1887; Kuhn, O. & Kuhn, J. 1926. Includes birds. 'Alien, G. M. 1914. Columba. Kuhn, O. 1928b. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. & Landauer, W. 1930; Juhn, M. & Fraps, R. M. 1934; Kuhn, 0. 1928b; Lillie, F. R. 1932a. Numida. Hardesty, M. 1933. Nestlings. Sterna. Ingram, C. 1916. Differential of pigment distribution in color pattern development. Kuhn, O. & Kuhn, J. 1926. Experimental studies. Gallus. Landauer, W. 1930b. Evolution of color pattern General. * Allen, G. M. 1914; Bon- hote, J. L. 1901b; Eimer, G. H. 1887; Kerschner, L. 1886. Columba. Loisel, G. 1905e. Phasianidae. Ghigi, A. 1903b. Querquedula. Allen, G. M. 1920. Turdi- dae. *Gengler, J. 1914. Origin and genetic relations. Colum- ba. Whitman, C. 0. 1904b. Experimental studies Breeding experiments. Columbidae. 'Whitman, C. O. 1919b. Successive removal of feathers. Gallus. Pearl, R. & Boring, A. M. 1914. Sil- ver-spangled fowl. Landauer, W. & Dunn, L. C. 1930b. SEX HORMONES Gonad transplantation, effects on color pattern. Caridroit, F. 1925a, 1926. Injections. Gallus. *Juhn, M., Faulk- ner, G. H., & Gustavson, R. G. 1931. Female hormone. Gallus. Lillie, F. R. 1932b. THYROID GLAND Excessive doses of thyroid extract, effects on color pattern. Gallus. Martin, J. H. 1929a. Thyroxin injection. Gallus. Lillie, F. R. 1932b. SEXUAL COLORATION Book. Text in English. Includes birds. Beddard, F. E. 1892a. Determination of sex. Argyll, G. D. 1868. Relation to nesting habits. Wallace, A. R. 1868a, b. Sex hormone, effects on color of Beak and foot color. Male sex hor- mone effects. Larus ridibundus. van Oordt, G. J. & Junge, G. C. 1930. Coloration BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 110 Plumage. Larus ridibundus. van Oordt, G. J. & Junge, G. C. 1930. WARNING COLORS Book. Text in English. Poulton, E. B. 1890. General. Finn, F. 1912. Many spe- cies. Swynnerton, C. F. 1916. Includes birds. Roosevelt, T. 1911, 1924. Birds incidental. Puschnig, R. 1917. Pas- seriformes. Tracy, H. C. 1910. Experimental study. Confined ani- mals do not necessarily respond to sight of food as wild animals do. *McAtee, W. L. 1912b. Insect warning colors in relation to birds General. Finn, F. 1896. Butterflies. Experiments to test ef- fectiveness. Lucas, F. A. 1898. Experiments with birds. Finn, F. 1899b. Insect warning colors effective against birds. Judd, S. D. 1899b. CONNECTIVE TISSUE The connective tissues are also included in numerous publications not mentioned in this section and especially in descrip- tions of the histologic structure of various organs. Experimental growth of connective tissue in tissue culture. Ebeling, A. H. 1913,1914. Fascia. Aptenodytes patachonica. Reid, J. 1835. Lympho-granulopoiesis in areolar con- nective tissue. Gallup. Dantschakoff, W. 1916c, d. Muscle connective tissue. Gebhardt, W. 1914; Schiefferdecker, P. 1913. Tissue of sinus rhomboidalis. Co- lumba, Gallus, & Passer. Schaffer, J. 1909, 1910. Cells General. Solucha, N. P. 1908. Fibroblasts and macrophages. Herr- mann, R. 1926; Jasswoin, G. 1929. Mast cells. Herrmann, R. 1926. HISTIOCYTES Clasmatocytes, fixed macrophages or reticulo-endothelial cells. General. Gallus. Herrmann, R. 1926. Relative distribution in loose reticular mesenchyme of various organs in seven- day embryo. Gallus. Beck, C. S. 1922. Collagenous fibers Development. Columba. Livini, F. 1909b, 1910b. Gallus. Coca, A. F. 1906; Laguesse, E. 1912b, 1924; Livini, F. 1910b. Distribution in parathyroid and thy- roid glands. Columba. Livini, F. 1909b. Development of connective tissue General. Rauber, A. A. 1877c. Birds incidental. Merkel, F. S. 1909. Gallus. Baitsell, G. A. 1924, 1925; *Dantschakoff, W. 1908b, 1909a, b; Haff, R. 1914; Szily, A. 1908. Development of vacuoles and neutral red granules in connective tissue cells under abnormal conditions. Prigosen, R. E. 1921. Tendon cell development. Gallus. Loevy, S. 1913. Visceral connective tissue. Anas & Gallus. Fischel, A. 1913. DEVELOPMENT OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN EYE General. Gallus. *Szily, A. 1908. In cornea. Gallus. Laguesse, E. 1923a, b, 1924, 1926a, b. ADIPOSE TISSUE Chemical composition and structure. Anser. Weiser, S. & Zaitschek, A. 1902. Gallus. Zaitschek, A. 1903. Development. Anser. Mayer, A., Rathery, F., Schaeffer, G., & Terroine, E. F. 1914. Histologic and experimental study. Columba & Gallus. *Dogliotti, G. C. 1929. In cartilage and ligaments. Many species. Lubosch, W. 1924. ELASTIC TISSUE General. Renaut, J. L. 1875. Development. Columba. Livini, F. 1910b. Gallus. Laguesse, E. 1912b; Livini, F. 1910b; Nakai, M. 1905. Ill SUBJECT INDEX Connective Tissue Elastic fibers: development in heart. Callus. Rizzo, A. 1901. Distribution in Blood vessels. Many species. Pfister, H. I. 1927. Heart. Gallus. Rizzo, A. 1901. Ovary and oviduct. Includes birds. Pandolfini, R. & Ragnotti, G. 1900. RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE Histochemistry. Includes Columba. Lehrell, F. 1903. Occurrence in liver. Columba & Gal- lus. Schumkow-Trubin, K. G. 1909. TENDONS General. Columba, Fringilla, & Gallus. Ranvier, L. A. 1890. Foot tendons. Gallus. Kaufmann- Wolf, M. 1908. Modifications of connective tissue in tendons. Includes Gallus. Renaut, J. L. 1872. TOE CONNECTIVE TISSUE STRUCTURES Chondroid bodies on or between ten- dons. Buteo, Columba, Corpus, & Passer. Schaffer, J. 1902b, 1903. Gal- lus. Schaffer, J. 1902b. Numenius, Scolopax, Sula, & Tetrao. Schaffer, J. 1903. Fibrocartilage in tendons. Anas, Columba, Fringilla, & Gallus. Ranvier, L. A. 1889. Special chordoid type having fat in- filtration, found in toes. Anser, Athene, Bonasa, Cuculus, Gallus, Garrulus, Nu- cifraga, Passer, Tetrao, & Turdus. Schu- macher, S. 1915b. CONSERVATION See also under Economic ornithology. For organizations more or less actively interested in promoting the conserva- tion of bird life, see Bull. No. 4 of the International Committee for Bird Protection. Books. Text in English. Baynes, E. H. 1915; Blanchan, N. 1902; Chase, H. 1913; 'Forbush, E. H. 1907, 1908a, b, 1913b; Gladstone, H. S. 1919; Horna- day, W. T. 1913, 1914; Howell, A. H. 1924; Lange, D. 1899; Loyd, L. R. 1924; Meinertzhagen, R. 1930; Pearson, T. G. 1923; Pirnie, M. D. 1935; Ralfe, P. G. 1905; Rich, W. H. 1907; Sass, H. R. 1929. Colinus. Stoddard, H. L. 1931. Falconoidea. May, J. B. 1935. Lagopus. Lovat, S. J. and others 1911. Syrrhaptes paradoxus. Tegetmeier, W. B. 1888. Text in German. Eckardt, W. R. 1910b. General. Allen, A. A. 1914a; Baerg, W. J. 1931; Chatel, V. 1857; Butcher, W. 1897; Frauenfeld, G. R. 1871, 1873a; Haenel, K. 1914; Henshaw, H. W. 1908a; Hornaday, W. T. 1898; Le Compte, E. L. 1927b; Losy, J. 1911; McAtee, W. L. 1932c, e; McLouth, C. D. 1893; Montessus, F. B. 1896; Montgomery, T. H. 1906; Palmer, T. S. 1901; Pearson, T. G. 1933b; Phillips, J. C. 1932; Ritzema Bos, J. 1901; Russ, K. F. 1891; Schenk, J. 1923-24; Schillings, C. G. 1914; Siedlecki, M. 1933, 1934; Spiker, C. J. 1931; Szeots, B. 1916; Whitney, T. H. 1914; Wolford, H. L. 1854. America NORTH AMERICA General. Butcher, W. 1897. Game birds. Henshaw, H. W. 1915. Sula [Moris] bassana. Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1935a. Alaska. Pribilof Islands. Osgood, W. H., Preble, E. A., & Parker, G. H. 1915. Canada. Hewitt, C. G. 1914. Labrador. Townsend, C. W. 1916a. United States General. Hicks, L. E. 1932b, d. Alabama. Book. Text in English. Howell, A. H. 1924. Colorado. Cooke, W. W. 1898. Louisiana. Bailey, A. M. 1919. Massachusetts. Forbush, E. H. 1905a, b, 1909-19. Book. Text in English. Forbush, E. H. 1907, 1912, 1913b. Missouri. Widmann, 0. 1907a. Ohio. Bury, C. 1885. Colinus. Ken- deigh, S. C. 1933. Conservation BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 112 Oklahoma. Nice, M. M. & Nice, L. B. 1924. Pennsylvania. Surface, H. A. 1908. West Virginia. Brooks, E. A. 1916b. SOUTH AMERICA Peru. Sea coast and islands. Murphy, R. C. 1920. Australia General. French, C. J. 1902. Europe Germany. Altum, B. 1891c; PlaSzek, B. 1901; Walter, J. 1892; Wharton, W. P. 1914. Hungary. Csorgey, T. 1911, 1912, 1913, 1921; Schenk, J. 1923-24. Book. Text in English. Herman, 0. 1907c. Italy. Passerini, N. 1900. Fiji Islands and New Zealand General. Nutting, C. C., Wylie, R. B., Thomas, A. C., & Stoner, D. 1924. Philippine Islands General. McGregor, R. C. 1920. CONSERVATION OF VARIOUS BIRDS Aix sponsa. Fisher, A. K. 1902. Aquila. Oberholser, H. C. 1906. Branta bernicla hrota. Phillips, J. C. 1932. Charadrioidea. America. Wet- more, A. 1927b. Colinus v. virginianus. Le Compte, E. L. 1927a, c. Stoddard, H. L. 1926b. Columba f. fasciata. Grinnell, J. 1913. Egretta. Chapman, F. M. 1907a. Haliaeetus. Oberholser, H. C. 1906. Haliaeetus leucocephalus alascanus. Crabb, E. D. 1922. Lari- dae. Butcher, W. 1902. Lophortyx c. californica. *Sumner, E. L. 1935. Olpr buccinator. Coale, H. K. 1915. Pedio- ecetes phasianellus campestris. Johnson, C. E. 1934. Phasianus colchicus tor- quatus. Leffingwell, D. J. 1928. Philo- hela minor. Fisher, A. K. 1902. Soma- teria. Townsend, C. W. 1914. Tym- panuchus cupido americanus. Gross, A. O. 1930; Johnson, C. E. 1934. Cage-bird traffic of the United States. Olds, H. W. 1906. Causes of change in abundance. Galli-Valerio, B. 1910. Danish heather plantations: value in preservation of birds. Skovgaard, P. 1925c. Domestication as method for saving species. Duerden, J. E. 1917. Experimental changes in flora. Effects on bird population. Longstaff, T. G. 1926. International bird protection. Cher- nel von Chernalhaza, I. 1920. Lack of bird protection in Italy. Herrick, F. H. 1906. Military carrier-pigeons: protection. McAtee, W. L. 1918f. Millinery trade. List of birds used. Chapman, F. M. 1886. Protection from boys. McLouth, C. D. 1893. Recolonization experiment. Sterna hirundo. Jackson, C. F. & Allan, P. F. 1931. Relation of conservation to agricul- ture. Olds, H. W. 1903. Restoration of nearly extinct species by protection in Egypt. Ardea [Bubul- cus] ibis. McAtee, W. L. 1923c. Water for birds. Vogt, W. 1937. DESTRUCTION OF BIRDS General. Shufeldt, R. W. 1893f. Eagles in Alaska. Willett, G. 1927. South American birds. Miller, L. E. 1914. Strigidae. Shufeldt, R. W. 1915e. Destruction of Gymnogyps for quills. Chapman, F. M. 1917a. Undesirable destruction of Falconi- nae. McAtee, W. L. 1926b. Wading bird rookery. Christy, B. H. 1928. Destruction of birds by Corvus. Brooks, A. 1925a. Domestic cat. Control. Forbush, E. H. 1916. Millinery trade. Sterna. Chapman, F. M. 1899. Noxious animal extermination. Pal- mer, T. S. 1897. Troglodytes aedon. Sherman, A. R. 1925c. 113 SUBJECT INDEX Conservation POISONING OPERATIONS General. McAtee, W. L. 1917c. Destruction of Lophortyx c. cali- fornica by strychnine sulfate, used in poisoning mammals. Pierce, C. C. & Clegg, M. T. 1915, 1916. Extermination of native birds. (See also under Extinction.) Verrill, A. E. 1904. Extinction danger. Shore bird spe- cies. Cooke, W. W. 1915d. Tympa- nuchus cupido. Gross, A. 0. 1923b. EDUCATION Arbor and Bird Day. Gross, A. O. & Forbes, S. A. 1909. Bird Day in the schools. Palmer, T. S. 1896. Program. [Winship, A. E.] 1894. Book. Text in English. Babcock, C. A. 1901. GAME BIRD CONSERVATION Book. Text in English. Chase, H. 1913. General. BourdQlon, H. 1910; Col- linge, W. E. 1918c; Leopold, A. 1931; McAtee, W. L. 1930b; Palmer, T. S. 1905. Increase in food supply for ducks in northern Ontario. Mickle, G. R. 1913. Records of duck shooting. Relation to abundance. Bergtold, W. H. 1928b. Value of game protection. Palmer, T. S. 1905. Propagation Books. Text in English. Chase, H. 1913; Job, H. K. 1915b, 1923. General. Job, H. K. 1915a; McAtee, W. L. 1927d, 1930b. Game birds suitable for introduction to the United States. McAtee, W. L. 1929b. Moor management. McAtee, W. L. 1917g. Book. Text in English. Lovat, S. J. 1911. LEGISLATION General. Collins, W. O. 1861; Dodge, J. R. 1865; Palmer, T. S. 1900a. English legislation. Book. Text in English. Nelson, W. 1732. METHODS AND ARRANGEMENT FOR ATTRACTING BIRDS TO AN AREA Book. Text in English. Blanchan, N. 1902. General. Edson, W. L. 1918; McAtee, W. L. 1914c, 1916d, 1917e, 1918a. Artificial nests. Hugues, F. 1914. Attempt to restore cliff swallow to New Jersey. Bowdish, B. S. 1930. Golf courses. McAtee, W. L. 1921a, 1922c. Planting and management for attract- ing birds. Hicks, L. E. 1932d. Useful plants. McAtee, W. L. 1909, 1917f, h. Wood lots. McAtee, W. L. 1929a. Nest box construction General. Dearborn, N. 1914; Jacobs, J. W. 1909; Kalmbach, E. R. & McAtee, W. L. 1925; Szemere, L. 1926. Use of gourds as bird houses. McA- tee, W. L. & Peattie, J. H. 1929. REFUGES AND SANCTUARIES General. Longstaff, T. G. 1926; McAtee, W. L. 1921b, 1931c, 1932a, c; Pearson, T. G. & Coward, T. A. 1936. Breeding colonies. Pelecanus ery- throrhynchus. United States National Park Service 1932. Experimental changes in flora of bird sanctuary. Longstaff, T. G. 1926. Golf courses. McAtee, W. L. 1931a. Protection of breeding places of Sula bassana. Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1935a. Book. Text in English. Wynne- Edwards, V. C. 1937. Sanctuaries in the United States General. Palmer, T. S. 1912, 1913. Great Salt Lake. Sugden, J. W. 1936. National Parks, U. S. A. United States National Park Service 1918, 1920a, b, c, d, e, 1930, 1933, 1934, 1935a, b, 1937a, b, 1938a, b, 1939; United States National Parks 1928, 1938. Book. Text in English. Wright, G. M. & Thompson, B. H. 1935. St. Matthew Island. Bering Sea. Hanna, G. D. 1917. Conservation BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 114 SHORE BIRD CONSERVATION Methods. Cooke, W. W. 1915d. South America. Wetmore, A. 1927b. WATERFOWL CONSERVATION Book. Text in English. Phillips, J. C. & Lincoln, F. C. 1930. General. Grinnell, J. 1918; McAtee, W. L. 1929d, 1930a. Changes in waterfowl population with settlement in North Dakota. Lincoln, F. C. 1925a. Draining lakes: effects in Iowa on waterfowl population. McAtee, W. L. 1920b. Food plants for Anatidae. Ober- holser, H. C. & McAtee, W. L. 1920. Great Plains, United States. Water- fowl breeding grounds. Oberholser, H. C. 1917d. Important duck foods. McAtee, W. L. 1911i, 1914b, 1915e, 1917h. International aspects of waterfowl conservation. Grinnell, J. 1918. Management of waterfowl. Book. Text in English. Pirnie, M. D. 1935. WINTER PROTECTION General. Hicks, L. E. 1932e. Emergency feeding. Hicks, L. E. 1931, 1932c, e. Colinus. Le Compte, E. L. 1927c. Phasianus & Starna [Perdix]. Knauthe, K. 1887. Experiments. Hicks, L. E. 1932e. Game and song birds. Hicks, L. E. I932a. Virginia creeper berries as winter food. McAtee, W. L. 1906b. CYTOLOGY Numerous cytologic items occur in histologic descriptions of various or- gans and structures, in many publi- cations cited elsewhere. See also under Reproduction: Ovum and Germ cells. General. Meves, F. 1908; Rhumbler, L. 1898. Adhesive quality of embryonic cells. Gallus. Lewis, W. H. 1922a. Cell size. Malsburg, K. 1911. Cleavage stages of embryo. Includes birds. Waldner, M. 1881. Experimental studies of cell potencies. Gallus. *Dantschakoff, W. 1916a, 1918a, b. CELL DIVISION Amitosis General. Gallus. Macklin, C. C. 1916a, b; Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902c. Amitosis in embryo. Columba. Pat- terson, J.T. 1908. Gallus. Child, C. M. 1907. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES General. Passer. Loisel, G. 1900b. R61e of nucleus in amitosis of sperma- togonia. Loisel, G. 1900g. Mitosis Effect of very low temperature in tissue culture. Gallus. Bucciante, L. 1928a. Mitosis groups in embryonic brain. Gallus. Frank, G. M. 1925. Mitosis in neural tube. Includes birds. Rauber, A. A. 1885-86. Number and time of mitoses in embryo. Gallus. Bucciante, L. 1928b. CYTOLOGY OF VARIOUS STRUC- TURES Adipose tissue. Cerchneis, Columba, & lynx. *Clara, M. 1923. Amniotic ectoderm. In tissue cul- ture. Gallus. Lewis, W. H. 1923a. Binucleate and multinucleate cells in tissue culture. Gallus. Macklin, C. C. 1916b. Brain cortex. Gallus. Marinesco, G. & Minea, J. 1915. Cardiac muscle. Gallus. *Schlater, G. G. 1907; Wieman, H. L. 1907. Conjunctiva of eye. Includes Columba. Mawas, J. 1911, 1912. Connective tissue and blood. Gallus. Prigosen, R. E. 1921. Endothelium in embryonic liver. In tissue culture. Gallus. Lewis, W. H. 19225. Epidermal cells. Includes Gallus. Frommann, C. F. 1880a, 1884b. 115 SUBJECT INDEX Cytology Germ cells of hybrids and sterile birds. Phasianus. *Smith, G. & Thomas, R. H. 1913. Giant cells. Columba. Prenant, A. 1910. Intestinal epithelium. Changes dur- ing absorption and digestion. Callus. Luca, U. 1904. Passer. Biscossi, A. 1908. Leukocytes. Acidophil granules. Development. Anas, Gallus, & Passer. KoUmann, M. 1912a. Liver cells. Columba. Buch, H. 1912. Ovum. Columba. Munson, J. P. 1912. Gallus, Muscicapa, & Parus. Van der Stricht, O. 1902. Paneth cells in epithelium of intestine. Clara, M. 1926; Greschik, J. 1923. Red blood corpuscles. Includes GaZ- lus. Ross, R., Moore, J. E., & Walker, C. F. 1906-07. Striated muscle. Columba. Prenant, A. 1911, 1912; Thulin, I. 1915. Gallus. Schlater, G. G. 1905, 1906. Tendon cells. Development. Gallus. Loevy, S. 1913. Gland cells Secretion granules. Ceca. Tetra- onidae. *Schumacher, S. 1922. STOMACH General. Includes birds. Hirano, K. 1927. Proventriculus. *Michalovsky, J. 1909. Nerve cells General. Columba. Cowdry, E. V. 1911; *Schupbach, P. 1905; Stefanelli, A. 1914. Cytology of development. Gallus. Collin, R. 1906c, 1908. Neuroblasts. Nucleolus. Develop- ment. Gallus. Collin, R. 1906a. Spinal ganglion cells. Columba. *Cowdry, E. V. 1912, 1913, 1914a, b. DEVELOPMENT OF CYTOPLASMIC CONSTITUENTS IN NEURONS General. GaUus. *Cowdry, E. V. 19145. Nissl bodies. Gallus. *Arai, S. 1923. CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES Altaian's granules in gastric epithe- lium. Columba & Gallus. Hirano, K. 1926a. Diplosomes (centrioles or microcen- tra) in epithelium. Anas. Heidenhain, M. & Cohn, T. 1897. Fat in cells of joint tissue, i.e. in carti- lage and ligaments. Many species. Lubosch, W. 1924. Karyosomes in ova. Passer. Harper, E. H. 1912. Megaspheres of germinal disk. Gallus. Smiechowski, A. V. 1893. Variation in number of chromosomes in cells by cleavage in the unfertilized egg. Gallus. Lecaillon, A. 1910d. Attraction sphere of ovum General. Mertens, H. 1893, 1894. Attraction spheres and centrospmes in parthenogenesis. Gallus. Lecaillon, A. 1909c. Choiidrosomes in General. Gallus. *Meves, F. 1908. Development of fibrillae in epidermis from chondriosomes. Gallus. Firket, J. 1911. Germ cells. Gallus. Tschaschin, S. 1910. Striated muscle. *Duesberg, J. 1909, 1910. Chromosomes General. Gallus. Akkeringa, L. J. 1927; Boring, A. M. 1923. Mekagris. Shiwago, P. J. 1929. Chromosome complexes in somatic cells. Gallus. Shiwago, P. J. 1924. Meleagris. Shiwago, P. J. 1929. Embryo. Gallus. Hance, R. T. 1925a. Embryonic membranes. Anas. Wer- ner, O. S. 1925, 1927. NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES General. Akkeringa, L. J. 1927. Cells of embryonic membranes. India runner duck. Werner, O. S. 1925. Somatic cells. Hance, R. T. 1926a. SEX CHROMOSOMES General. Brambell, F. W. 1924b. Anas. Werner, O. S. 1925, 1927. Gal- Cytology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 116 lus. Akkeringa, L. J. 1927; *Hance, R. T. 1924, 1925a, b, 1926b, c. Hybrids of Gallus & Numida. Guyer, M. F. 1912b. India runner duck. Wer- ner, O. S. 1925. Crossing over of genes. Gallus. Serebrovsky, A. S. 1922, 1925; Sere- brovsky, A. S. & Wassina, E. T. 1926. Mitochondria General. Gallus. Cowdry, E. V. 1914c, 1918; Laguesse, E. 1912a. Pas- ser. Van Durme, M. 1907, 1913. IN VARIOUS STRUCTURES Amniotic ectoderm in tissue culture. Gallus. Lewis, W. H. 1923a. Egg. Gallus. Ikeda, Tamotsu 1928. Follicular epithelium. Coccothraustes, Emberiza, Fringilla, & Parus. Loyez, M. 1903b. Lens of eye. Columba & Gallus. Maggiore, L. 1911. Liver. Anser & Columba. *Mayer, A., Rathery, F., & Schaeffer, G. 1915. Luteal cells. Gallus. Fell, H. B. 1923. Myoblasts. Includes Gallus. Faure- Fremiet, E. 1911. Spinal ganglion cells. Columba. *Cowdry, E. V. 1912, 1913, 1914a, b. Gallus. Ma, W. 1925. Tissue cultures. Gallus. "Lewis, M. A. & Lewis, W. H. 1914, 1915. Pseudochromosomes Nucleus of Balbiani of ovum. Hol- lander, F. 1902, 1903. Oogonia and oocytes. Gallus. Hol- lander, F. 1904; Sonnenbrodt, . 1908. Reticular (canalicular) apparatus of Golgi General. Holmgren, A. E. 1907, 1914, 1915. Includes birds. Wiegl, R. 1911. Birds incidental. Golgi, C. 1909; Mayeda, J. 1929. Passer incidental, p. 511. Kolmer, W. A. 1916. Egg cells. Gallus. Ikeda, Tamotsu 1928. Embryonic cells. Gallus. Fananas, J. R. 1912. Epithelial cells in mucosa. Gallus. Branca, A. 1907a. Germ cells. Gallus. Fell, H. B. 1923; Woodger, J. H. 1925. Gland cells. Anas. Bowen, R. H. 1926. Gallus. Brambell, F. W. 1925b. Oocytes. Brambell, F. W. 1924a, 1925b; Kolmer, W. A. 1916. Red blood corpuscles. Gallus. Petrone, A. 1914. Spinal ganglion cells. Includes Columba. Jaworowski, M. 1902. Gal- lus. Sjovall, E. 1906. Embryo. Gallus. Bergen, F. 1904. Trophospongia in ganglion cells. Columba. Holmgren, A. E. 1915. DIGESTION See also physiologic portions of section under Alimentary canal. Books. Text in English. Includes birds. *Hunter, John 1861. Text in German. *Grobbels, F. 1932-37. Includes birds. Oppenheimer, K. 1924-27. Anser, Falconidae, Gallus, & Meleagris. "Tiedemann, F. & Gmelin, L. 1831. General. Brugnone, C. G. 1805-08; Jobert, C. 1873a, b; Maze, C. 1902; Neergaard, J. W. 1806; *Paira-Mall, L. 1900; R&uimur, R. A. 1756b; Sommer, J. G. 1697-98; Trebeden, E. 1902. Anas. Reaumur, R. A. 1756c; Spal- lanzani, L. 1782. Anser. *Kato, T. 1914; Klug, F. 1891, 1892a, b. Chauna. Beddard, F. E. 1886c. Columba. Forster, J. 1877; Mangold, E. 1927b; Spallanzani, L. 1782. Dicholophus [Cariama], Burmeister, C. H. 1853. Gallus. *Kato, T. 1914; Mangold, E. 1927b; Reaumur, R. A. 1756c; Shaw, T. P. 1912-13; Spallanzani, L. 1782; Steinmetzer, K. 1924. Grani- vorous birds. Afineyevski, F. M. 1914. Lanius. Miller, A. H. 1931. Meleagris. Reaumur, R. A. 1756c. Podiceps. Finn, F. 1898a; Madon, P. 1926b. Rhea. Holmgren, F. 1867. Steatornis. Stolz- mann, J. 1880. Struthio. Reaumur, R. A. 1756c; Anon. 1733d. Decrease in efficiency of digestion in polyneuritis columbarum. Columba. Farmer, C. J. & Redenbaugh, H. E. 1925a. Digestive juice. Columba. Duver- ney, J. G. 1733c. Food effects. Piccone, A. 1886. 117 SUBJECT INDEX Digestion Pancreas action. Anas, Columba, & Gallus. Langendorff, O. 1879. Rate of digestion. McAtee, W. L. 1905b. Gallus. *Browne, T. G. 1922; Kaupp, B. F. & Ivey, J. E. 1923a. Wild birds. Collinge, W. E. 191 5d. Rate of passage of food through digestive tract. Fringillidae. Steven- son, J. 1933. Gallus. Keith, M. H. & others 1927; Steinmetzer, K. 1924. Time required for food to pass through intestinal tract. Gallus. Kaupp, B. F. & Ivey, J. E. 1923b. DIGESTIBILITY OF FOOD MA- TERIALS General. Gallus. Katayama, T. 1924. Egg proteins. Bateman, W. G. 1916. DIGESTION OF VARIOUS SUB- STANCES Ability to digest small pieces of aluminum. Curtis, M. R. 1914b. Gallus. Surface, F. M. 1913. Carbohydrates and proteins. Co- lumba & Gallus. Mangold, E. 1925. Maize. Gallus. Paraschtschuk, S. 1902. Mannogalactanes. Gallus. Giaja, J. 1914. Vegetable matter. Carradori, & Spallanzani, L. 1798. EMBRYONIC DIGESTION General. Gallus. Shaw, G. E. 1927. Intra-cellular digestion in blastoderm. Gallus incidental. Kollmann, J. K. 1884c. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES General. Buteo buteo. Reaumur, R. A. 1756a. Fringillidae. Steven- son, J. 1933. Gallus. *Bartlett, J. M. 1911; Brown, E. W. 1904; Hart, E. B., Halpin, J. G., & McCollum, E. V. 1917. Carnivorous diet experiments. Columba. Holmgren, F. 1867. Feeding polished rice and inanition effects on digestion. Columba. Danysz, M. & Koskowski, W. 1922. Vegetable matter. Strigidae. Car- radori, & Spallanzani, L. 1798. INDIGESTIBLE SUBSTANCES Much material voided in digestion. Langley, E. M. 1898. Seeds and fruit often only partly digested. Fox, H. 1898. Seeds of yucca evacuated 15 minutes after eating. Seeds of Phytolacca noted in excrement in a few minutes. M imus. Webber, H. J. 1895. Viability of seeds passing through alimentary canal. Columbidae. Sayle, M. 1924. Disgorgement Cherrystones. Several species. Grin- nell, J. 1897. PELLETS General. Barber, W. 1884. Musci- capidae. Harcourt, E. W. 1889. Bones, feathers, and hair. Corvus f. frugilegus. Lister, G. 1910. INTESTINAL DIGESTION Bile action. Includes birds. Hoppe- Seyler, F. 1863. Cecum digestion. Anas & Meleagris. Maumus, J. & Launoy, L. 1901. Chyle corpuscles. Includes birds. Gulliver, G. 1863. Intestinal juice, action on trypsin. Enterokinase. Includes birds. Dele- zenne, C. 1901. STOMACH DIGESTION Capacity of stomach. Melospiza, Passer, & Sitta. Stevenson, J. 1933. Different food materials in stomach. Corvus. Rorig, G. 1907b. Digestion in stomach with vagus nerves cut. Couvreur, E. 1891b. Formation of hydrochloric acid. Includes birds. Collip, J. B. 1920. Includes Gallus. Harvey, B. C. & Bensley, R. 1912. Response of gastric mucosa to gastrin bodies. Anas incidental. Keeton, R. W., Koch, F. C., & Luckhardt, A. B. 1920. Gastric juice General. Columba. Duverney, J. G. 1733c. Secretion of gastric juice. Action of histamine. Gallus. Koskowski, W. 1922. Digestion BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 118 Gizzard action General. Doyon, M. 1894a. Galltis. Rossi, G. 1904, 1905. Meleagris. Tr6- beden, E. 1902. GRIT, SAND, OR STONES IN GIZZARD General. Pezophaps solitaria. New- ton, A. 1878a. Behavior of grit in gizzard. Gallus. Buckner, G. D., Martin, J. H., & Peter, A. M. 1923; Kaupp, B. F. 1924a. Effects of lack of grit. Lagopus scoticus. Book. Text in English. Wil- son, E. A. 1911a. Function. Me'ne'gaux, H. A. 1922b; Sappey, M. P. 1894. Gallus. Buckner, G. D. & Martin, J. H. 1922; Mangold, E. 1927a. Grinding action of gizzard studied in fowls fed on crystal balls which were found ground to a powder. Redi, F. 1671. Rejection of grit when worn. Mac- Intyre, D. 1918b. Why birds eat small stones. Benoit, J. 1874. DISEASES OF MAN Human diseases which are caused by birds. For diseases of birds see under Pathology and Parasitology. General. Ableitner, . 1878; Cleland, J. B. 1913b; Ollive, & Collignon, . 1913; Perrin, M. & Thiry, G. 1913; Schenkling-Pre"v6t, C. 1897b; Anon. 1915b. Feather-borne contagion. Anon. 1862. Feathers as cause of disease in man. Wildberg, C. F. 1838. Transmission of disease by birds. Calderini, M. 1912-13; Hennicke, C. R. 1917. Transmission of disease caused by organisms attached by mud to feet of birds. Cawston, F. G. 1921. POISONING BY EGGS, USUALLY STALE General. Anderson, A. J. 1908; Brothers, A. 1887; Cameron, C. A. 1895; Davezac, . 1906; Fox, R. H. 1908; Henderson, R. A. 1912; Hutchin- son, J. 1886; M., E. 1918; McKeen, S. F. 1909; Marchal, . 1839; Miller, D. J. 1904, 1909; Orton, C. 1886; Schofield, A. T. 1908; Tyrode, M. V. 1909; Vaughan, E. M. 1908. Albuminuria in man from long-con- tinued eating of large quantities of eggs. Beugnies-Corbeau, . 1891. Beaten eggs. Fabre, & Lesure, . 1923. Cholera morbus from eating eggs. Dodds, J. C. 1891. Epidemic due to eating contaminated eggs. Ollive, & Collignon, . 1913. Incubated goose eggs. Mignot, R. 1883. Poisoning by egg albumen . Clemen s, J. R. 1904. Toxicity of eggs. Linossier, G. 1905, 1918. VARIOUS DISEASES Akamushi disease. Kawamura, R., Hattori, S., & Yamaguchi, M. 1921. Anthrax transmission by buzzards. Darling, S. T. & Bates, L. B. 1912. Bubonic plague. Dissemination by poultry. Stevens, A. F. 1906. Cholera. Ackermann, P. 1904; Ras- pail, X. 1917. Dermatitis. Common to women who work with feathers. Molenes, P. & Lermoyez, M. 1884. Epilepsy. Psittacus. *Allende- Navarro, F. 1923. Malaria. Role of birds as carriers. Legendre, J. 1922. Scabies. Reynal, J. & Lanquetin, . 1863. Typhoid fever. Mitchell, 0. W. & Bloomer, G. T. 1914. Typhus fever. Werdmiiller, O. 1879. Diphtheria General. Astles, H. E. 1892; Cozzo- lino, V. 1881; Delthil, P. L. 1894; Domousseau, E. 1912; FerrS, G. 1897, 1899; Ferre, G. & Faguet, G. 1896; Gallez, L. 1895, 1896; Galli-Valerio, B. 1897; Haushalter, P. 1891; Henrijean, F. 1888-89; Klee, R. 1902; Lanfranchi, A. 1905; LSniez, A. 1885; Renshaw, C. J. 1885; Rivolta, S. 1884; Schrevens, . 1894; Sharp, J. G. 1900; Virchow, 119 SUBJECT INDEX Diseases of Man H. J. 1887; Walley, T. 1887; Wiesner, A. 1899-1900. Relation to avian diphtheria. Del- thil, P. L. 1888, 1894; Harrison, F. C. 1903; Menard, S. Y. 1890; Piorkowski, M. 1907, 1917; Quaranta, A. 1897; Rappin, G. 1912. Transmissibility to man. Fleming, G. 1882. Transmission to human infant from Columba. Bilhaut, M. 1890. Gallus. Cole, W. C. 1894; Cozzolino, V. 1881, 1888. Nagana (Sleeping sickness) Domestic fowl as possible carrier. Bruce, D., Hamerton, A. E., & Bate- man, H. R. 1910-11. Resemblance to chicken cholera. Talmy, J. 1880. Role of scratching birds in eating pupae of tsetse fly. Lloyd, L. 1914. Psittacosis See also under Pathology: Psittacosis. Books. Text in English. McClintock, A. T. 1925. Text in French. Millienne, M. 1897. General. Bachem, Selter, & Finkler, . 1910; Beddoes, T. P. 1914; Blanquinque, A. 1897; Brusasco, L. 1899; Delamarre, & Descazals, . 1896; Dujardin-Beaumetz, G. O. 1892, 1893; Dupuy, L. E. 1897; Frassi, A. 1901; Friedrich, . 1896; Gastou, P. 1892; Gilbert, A. & Fournier, L. 1896a, b; Giraud, M. 1903; Greene, W. T. 1897; Gulland, G. L. 1924; Jackson, J. W., Hull, H. L., & Rucker, J. B. 1919; Leichtenstera, O. 1899; Lepetit, . 1892; McClintock, A. T. 1919; Nicolle, C. 1899; O., R. H. 1897; Palamidessi, T. 1895, 1896; Rho, F. 1906; Roncagliolo, E. 1897-98; Scott, H. N. 1906; Souza, C. 1904; Spitzer, E. 1897; Truche, C. & Bouffanais, . 1923; Vialle, E. 1892; Vickery, H. F. 1904; Wiesner, A. 1899-1900; Wilhelm, F. 1904; Anon. 1897b. Experimental study. Ajello, G. & Parascandolo, C. 1902. Tuberculosis Book. Text in English. Nocard, E. I. 1910. General. Gilbert, A. & Roger, H. 1896; Kruse, W. 1893; Leniez, A. 1885; Lipschtitz, B. 1914; Lowenstein, E. 1913; Marelli, C. A. & Ubach, F. A. 1923-24; Nocard, E. I. 1898, 1910; Parsons, A. R. 1891-92; Rayer, P. F. 1843a; Weber, A. & Bofinger, H. 1904; Wiesner, A. 1899-1900. Cage birds. Wise, A. T. 1898, 1899. Relation to avian tuberculosis. Cour- mont, J. & Dor, L. 1892; Nocard, E. I. 1898; Rabinowitsch, L. 1904; Shattock, S. G. & Dudgeon, L. S. 1909; Shattock, S. G., Seligmann, C. G., Dudgeon, L. S., & Panton, P. N. 1907-08. Gallus. Garino, E. 1900. DISTRIBUTION See also under Ecology and Fauna. A number of references to publications on the distribution of birds are assembled here. These were collected incidentally, no general attempt to collect many such references having been made. Books. Text in English. Chapman, F. M. 1912b; Scharff, R. F. 1911; Stone, W. 1894a; Wallace, A. R. 1876, 1880. Text in French. Trochilidae. Mul- sant, M. E. & Verreaux, E. 1873-79. Text in German. Columbiformes. Reichenbach, H. G. 1845-62. Palae- arctic region. Sievertsov, N. A. 1921; Stresemann, E. 1919b. Text in Japanese. Anatidae. Kuroda, N. 1912. General. ' Includes birds. Sclater, P. L. 1858b; Wagner, M. 1868. North American birds. Allen, J. A. 1893a. Sea birds. Paessler, R. 1913; Tschudi, J. J. 1856. Alectoromorphae. Huxley, T. H. 1868b. Anatidae in North America. Cooke, W. W. 1906. Compsothlypidae. Chapman, F. M. 1925b; Cooke, W. W. 1904a. Corvus f. frugilegiis. Rorig, G. 1900b. Cracidae in Lower Amazon region. Goeldi, E. A. 1903. Cuculidae. Ihering, H. 1914a. Heteromorphae. Huxley, T. H. 1868b. Icteridae. Bailey, V. 1888. Laridae. Cooke, W. W. 1915c. Larus pipixcan. Bailey, V. 1888. Peucaea aestivalis bachmanii. Figgins, J. D. 1897. Phalaropodidae. Meinertzhagen, R. 1925a. Procellarii- formes. Bannerman, D. A. 1914a. Rallidae. Cooke, W. W. 1914. Serinus canarius serinus. Schenk, J. 1925a. Sula [Moris] bassana. Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1935a. Distribution BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 120 Coloration. Milne-Edwards, A. 1873. Junco. Dwight, J. 1918. Comparison with man and insects. Kiinckel d'Herculais, J. 1909. Land birds at sea. Compsothlypidae. Penard, T. E. 1926. Local extinction along the Atlantic coast. Spiza americana. Rhoads, S. N. 1904. CHANGES IN DISTRIBUTION General. Skovgaard, P. 1928a. Doli- chonyx oryzivorus. McAtee, W. L. 1919c. Paras ater. Skovgaard, P. 1928g. Spiza americana. Rhoads, S. N. 1904. Barriers. Include birds. Grinnell, J. 1914b, 1917a. Local changes in distribution. Long- staff, T. G. 1926. Park opening and construction of reservoirs. Fordyce, G. L. 1914. EXTENSION OF RANGE General. Serinus canarius serinus. Mayr, E. W. 1926. Oklahoma. Tate, R. C. 1925. Post-glacial dispersal. Adams, C. C. 1905. Sturnus vulgaris in North America. Cooke, M. T. 1925. Introduced species New Zealand. Book. Text in Eng- lish. Thomson, G. M. 1922. NORTH AMERICA General. Mather, F. 1880. Passer. Zipperlen, A. 1880. Sturnus. Brubaker, J. H. 1927. Death Valley. Passer. Grinnell, J. 1919. United States General. Perdix perdix. Olds, H. W. 1910a. FACTORS IN DISTRIBUTION Altitude. Alexander, C. J. 1917a; Allen, J. A. 1875; Bailey, F. A. 1911; Burg, G. 1909a; Drew, F. M. 1885; Dunlavy, J. C. 1935; Kingston, R. W. 1926; Krohn, H. 1916; Thiem, F. M. 1906; Thorpe, W. H. 1926; Zimmer- mann, R. 1920. Oreophasis derbianus. Blake, E. R. 1936a. Toxostoma r. ridi- vivum. Grinnell, J. 1917b. Climate. Burg, G. 1926. Geologic causes. Mimus p. poly- glottos. Lockwood, S. 1892. Rainfall. Bowen, W. W. 1933. Migratory waders and water birds. Vidal, G. W. 1879. Relations between distribution and geologic formation. Schuster, L. 1909. Rivers. Distant, W. L. 1904. Temperature. Bowen, W. W. 1933. Diomedea exulans. Horton-Smith, C. 1923. Wind need. Diomedea exulans. Hor- ton-Smith, C. 1923. WINTER DISTRIBUTION European birds. Steinbacher, F. 1927. Anserinae. McAtee, W. L. 1911J. Turdus m. migratorius. Lewis, H. F. 1919. Ability to spend winter in far north. Migratory birds. Gloger, C. W. 1860e. Unusual abundance in winter. Nyc- tea nyctea. Deane, R. 1902. ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL AREAS General. Sharpe, R. B. 1893. Avifaunal regions in Africa. Chapin, J. P. 1923. Europe. Denmark. Skovgaard, P. 1933c. Life areas in China. Wilder, G. D. 1930. Palearctic region. Sushkin, P. P. 1925b. Book. Text in German. Sie- vertsov, N. A. 1921. Southern Arizona. Swarth, H. S. 1929. Vertical life zones Hummingbirds at high altitude. Volcano of Orizaba. Schiede, C. J. & Deppe, F. 1830. Includes birds. Thiem, F. M. 1906. EAR For function of the cochlea, see under Hearing. Books. Text in English. Owen, R. 1866-68. 121 SUBJECT INDEX Ear Text in German. Many species. Gadow, H. F. 1891d; *Retzius, G. 1881-84. Columba. Krause, R. 1922. General. Coues, E. B. 1883; Mojon, B. 1834; Pettigrew, T. J. 1812; Retzius, G. 1880; Vogt, C. C. & Yung, E. 1888- 94. Many species. Buchanan, T. 1828; Parker, W. K. 1875, 1877, 1878, 1885. Include birds. Peters, W. K. 1867a, b, 1874. Anser. Breschet, G. 1833. Cariama. Gray, A. A. 1906. Includes Falco. Breschet, G. 1833. Gallus. Clayton, J. 1694; Warbrick, J. C. 1912. Struthio. Gray, A. A. 1906. Tetrao urogallus. Graff, L. 1885. Good popular description of the ear of birds. Hennicke, C. R. 1889a. Homology with branchial cleft region in fishes. Includes Gallus. Baraldi, G. 1877. Anatomy Books. Text in German. Psittaci- dae. Denker, A. 1907. Text in Latin. Includes birds. Pohl, C. E. 1818. General. Beyer, H. 1907; *Breschet, G. 1836. Anas. Vicq d'Azyr, F. 1781. Anser. Gelle, M. E. 1878. Columba. Vicq d'Azyr, F. 1781. Corvus. Erco- lani, G. B. 1843. Garrulus & Picidae. Vicq d'Azyr, F. 1781. Psittacidae. Denker, A. 1906b. Serinus & Strigi- dae. Vicq d'Azyr, F. 1781. Strix. Er- colani, G. B. 1843. Innervation of ear. Hasse, C. 1867d. Anser. Hasse, C. 1873c. Gallus. Federici, F. 1926; Hasse, C. 1873c. Lymph nodes of ear. Meleagris & Tetrao u. urogallus. Plate, L. H. 1918. Position in skull. Baur, G. H. 1889; Mojon, B. 1834. Grandala coelicolor. Pycraft, W. P. 1927. Haematopus, Lomvia, Scolopax, & Sula. Pycraft, W. P. 1908c. Good figures of dissection. Buteo. Mouquet, A. & Girard 1924. Sound-conduction apparatus. In- cludes birds. Stummer v. Traunfels, R. 1910. Gallus. Pohlman, A. G. 1921b. Development General. Include birds. Ayers, H. 1892; Huschke, E. 1831. Includes Anser. Poll, C. 1897. Caprimulgus. Parker, W. K. 1879b. Gallus. Kash- chenko, N. F. 1887; Mall, F. P. 1888a; Moldenhauer, W. 1877; Parker, W. K. 1879b; Reagan, F. P. 1915a; *R6thig, P. & Brugsch, T. 1902; Urbantschitsch, V. 1877. Includes Gallus. Poli, C. 1897. Gyps, Linola, & Scythrops. Parker, W. K. 1879c. Serinus. *Ruh- wandl, G. 1916. Troglodytes. Parker, W. K. 1879c. Muscles Book. Text in German. Gadow, H. F. 1891d. General. Birds incidental. Killian, G. 1889. Columba. Breuer, J. 1907. Muscle of Breschet. Anas, Anser, Columba, Gallus, & Meleagris. Pohl- man, A. G. 1916. M. tympani, action. Wada, Y. 1924. Physiology Book. Text in German. Psittacidae. *Denker, A. 1907. General. Breschet, G. 1836. In- cludes birds. Beyer, H. 1907. Includes Anser. Gelle, M. E. 1878. Gallus. *Goebel, 0. 1913. Comparative physiology. Anas, Anser, Columba, Gallus, Passer, & Serinus. Wada, Y. 1924. Experimental lesions, effects. In- cludes Columba. Garnalt, P. 1896. Injury to ear by acute stimuli and detonation. Anas, Columba, Gallus, Psittacus, & Sturnus. *Satoh, N. 1917. EXTERNAL EAR General. Ercolani, G. B. 1875. Birds incidental. Schwalbe, G. A. 1891a. Anas, Anser,Gallus, & Meleagris. Freund, L. 1926b. Striges. Beneden, P. J. 1843. Strigidae. Kaup, J. J. 1862; Pycraft, W. P. 1898a. Development General. Columba. Moldenhauer, W. 1877. External auditory meatus General. Strigidae. Shufeldt, R. W. 1900c. Development. Gallus. Mall, F. P. 1888a. Fold or papilla in upper wall, which contains a tissue that swells during vocalization and along with pressure from the M. depressor mandibulae occludes the passage, causing temporary deaf- Ear BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 122 ness. Male Tetrao urogallus. Graff, L. 1885; Wurm, W. 1885. Glands. Di Colo, F. 1908, 1909. Gallus & Tetrao. *Schwalbe, G. A. 1890. MIDDLE EAR General. Smith, G. 1904. Includes birds. Gaupp, E. W. 1899. Birds incidental. Gaupp, E. W. 1913. Anas. Goodrich, E. S. 1915. Includes Gallus. Goodrich, E. S. 1915. Adaptation of middle ear to baro- metric fluctuations. Includes birds. Pohlman, A. G. 191 9a. Development. Columba. Molden- hauer, W. 1877. Gallus. Mall, F. P. 1888a; Moldenhauer, W. 1877. Protective adjustments in middle ear. Function of elastic ligaments. Pohl- man, A. G. 1921b. Removal of middle ear. Columba. Jellinek, A. 1926. Anatomy General. Includes birds. Beyer, H. 1908. Elastic ligaments. Gallus. *Pohl- man, A. G. 1915, 1921b. Psittaci. Pohlman, A. G. 1915. Homologies of middle ear with rep- tiles. Dombrowsky, B. 1925. COLUMELLA Book. Text in German. Many spe- cies. Krause, G. A. 1901. General. Smith, G. 1904. Include birds. Klaauw, C. J. 1924; Peters, W. K. 1869, 1870. Rhea & Struthio. Gadow, H. 1889a. Homology with ear bones of mam- mals. Includes birds. Huxley, T. H. 1869. EUSTACHIAN (AUDITORY) TUBE General. Moulen, A. 1694. Development. Gallus. Mall, F. P. 1888a. PARATYMPANIC ORGAN OF VITALI General. Oldenstam, R. A. 1925. Many species. *Vitali, G. 1911a, b, 19H-12, 1914, 1921. Birds inci- dental. Vitali, G. 1920. Columba & Melopsittacus. Benjamins, C. E. 1926a. Innervation. Gallus. *Benjamins, C. E. 1925; Federici, F. 1927. Relation to flight. Columba. Benja- mins, C. E. 1926b; Vitali, G. 1927. TYMPANIC CAVITY General. Ercolani, G. B. 1875. Many species. Platner, F. 1839. Development. Gallus. Rauber, A. A. & Moldenhauer, W. 1878. TYMPANUM Includes Action of tympanum, birds. Wada, Y. 1924. Development. Gallus. Mall, F. P. 1888a. Histology. Includes birds. Molden- hauer, W. 1878. Innervation. Kaji, H. 1926. INTERNAL EAR Lymph. Includes Gallus. Matsu- moto, W. 1924. Lymphatics. Birds incidental. Hasse, C. 1873a. Labyrinth General. Rohrer, F. 1889. Many species. Watt, H. J. 1924. Includes birds. Kuhn, A. 1885. Anser & Gallus. *Hasse, C. 1873c; *Meitzner, M. 1908. Absence of labyrinth on one side. Columba. Munk, H. 1878. Anatomy Book. Text in Danish. Haliaeetus. Ibsen, I. P. 1881. General. *Gray, A. A. 1908a, b. Includes birds. Many species. *Gray, A. A. 1908b. Anser & Columba. *Hasse, C. 1867c. Dromaeus [Dromiceius]. Gray, A. A. 1908a. Gallus. *Hasse, C. 1867c; Reissner, E. 1851. Rhea & Spheniscus. Gray, A. A. 1908a. Struthio. Chistiakov, N. J. 1904. Blood supply. Anas, Anser, Columba, & Gallus. Snapp, C. F. 1924. Dissection of skull showing labyrinth in position. Vicq d'Azyr, F. 1776-78, 1781. Histology. Hazama, . 1928. Book. Text in German. *Satoh, N. 1917. Anser, Columba, & Gallus. *Hasse, C. 1867c. Development General. Gallus. Arai, N. 1927; *R6thig, P. & Brugsch, T. 1902. 123 SUBJECT INDEX Ear Early development. Includes Callus. Reichert, C. B. 1837. Physiology General. Columba. *Matte, F. W. 1894. Extirpation effects General. Columba. *Matte, F. W. 1894; Trendelenburg, W. 1906b; Wundt, W. M. 1894. Behavior. Columba. Nishihata, T. 1927c. Hearing effects. Bernstein, J. 1895. Columba & Gallus. Ewald, J. R. 1895. Methods of destruction. Nishihata, T. 1927b. BONY LABYRINTH General. Gallus. Turkewitsch, B. G. 1935. Pandion. Shufeldt, R. W. 1891d. Pterocles. Turkewitsch, B. G. 1935. Development. Many species. *Parker, W. K. 1879b. Skull bones involved. Geoffrey St. Hilaire, E. 1820a. Useful figures of skull dissected to show bony labyrinth. Book. Text in English. Meleagris. Ferrier, D. 1886. MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH General. Includes Anas & Columba. *Meyer, P. 1876. Comparative morphology. Includes Gallus. *Hasse, C. 1873b. Distribution of N. facialis. Ardea, Corvus, Otus, & Strix. Treviranus, G. R. 1833. Fenestra rotunda and membrana tympanica secundaria. Book. Text in Latin. Includes birds. Scarpa, A. 1772. Histology. Anas & Columba. *Meyer, P. 1876. Includes Gallus. *Hasse, C. 1873b. Innervation by N. acusticus. Anser, Columba, & Gallus. *Hasse, C. 1867c. Development General. Birds incidental. Riidinger, N. 1888. Gallus. Gray, H. 1850; Hasse, C. 1867a. Vanellus. *Fuchs, F. 1923. Histogenesis. Gallus. *Amerlinck, A. 1930. Otoconia. Includes Falco. Breschet, G. 1833. Ductus and saccus endolymphatlcus General. Columba. Portmann, G. 1920. Saccus endolymphaticus. Anas, Anser, Columba, Gallus, & Meleagris. Sterzi, G. 1909. Ductus endolymphaticus General. Anas & Gallus. Fineman, G. 1915; Keibel, F. 1899. Development. Birds incidental. Keibel, F. 1916. Book. Text in Ger- man. Gallus. Krause, R. 1901; Keibel, F. 1899. Lagena (Cochlea) General. *Hasse, C. 1867b ; Huschke, E. 1835. Includes birds. Pritchard, U. 1881 ; Watt, H. J. 1917. Anser. Hasse, C. 1867c. Columba. *Breuer, J. 1907; Hasse, C. 1867b, e. Corvus, Gallus & Passer. Hasse, C. 1867e. Spinus. *Breuer, J. 1907. Development. Includes Columba & Gallus. Held, H. 1909b. Homology. Gallus. Federici, F. 1926. ANATOMY General. *Deiters, O. 1860. Anser & Ardea. Treviranus, G. R. 1825. Columba. Amerlinck, A. 1923. Corvus, Falco, Fringilla, Gallus, & Loxia. Tre- viranus, G. R. 1825. Histology. Columba. Romieu, M. 1923. Tegmentum vasculosum. Innerva- tion. Columba. Kolmer, W. A. 1928. PHYSIOLOGY General. Columba. Amerlinck, A. 1923; Romieu, M. 1923. Sound reception. Columba. Tjum- janzeff, N. F. 1931. SPIRAL ORGAN (ORGAN OF CORTI) Basilar membrane. Psittacus. Denker, A. 1906a. Spiral ganglion. Gallus. Ramon y Cajal, S. 1908b, f. Vestibular (semicircular canal) ap- paratus General. Many species. *Bartels, M. 1925; *Hopkins, M. A. 1906. Birds incidental. Buchanan, T. 1825. Anas. Dubois, R. 1915; Wulf, B. 1901. Anser. Ear BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 124 *Hasse, C. 1867c. Columba. *Born- hardt, A. 1876; *Breuer, J. 1903; Dubois, R. 1915; "Hasse, C. 1867c; Wulf, B. 1901. Gallus. *Hasse, C. 1867c; Wulf, B. 1901. Spinus. *Breuer, J. 1903. Ampullae of the semicircular canals. Pritchard, U. 1914. Aqueductus ampullae posterioris. First description. Canal in surrounding bone connecting ampulla of posterior semicircular canal with recessus peri- lymphaticus. Gray, A. A. 1926. Artillery fire effects. Columba. Senn, E. 1920. Endings of yestibular nerves in maculae and cristae acusticae. In- cludes Gallus. Retzius, G. 1905. Extra maculae. Pritchard, U. 1914. Neuroepithelium of crista acustica in ampullae. Ebner, B. 1873a, b. Otoconia. Crystals of lime. Bres- chet, G. 1833; Huschke, E. 1831, 1832a. Gallus. Meitzner, M. 1908. Otoliths. Psittacus. Denker, A. 1906a. Vestibular ganglion. Ramon y Cajal, S. 1908f. Physiology, Including experimental studies Books. Text in German. Cyon, E. 1908. Includes Columba. *Ewald, J. R. 1892. General. Anas&Anser. Schklarewski, A. 1872a. Columba. Benjamins, C. E. & Huizinga, E. 1927; Boutan, L. 1902a, b; Cyon, E. 1878, 1900a; Deganello, U. 1899, 1900; Schklarewski, A. 1872a; Stefani, A. 1902-03, 1920; Wegener, H. 1905. (Tumbler pigeon.) Rawitz, B. 1903. Gallus. Schklarewski, A. 1872a. Anesthesia, effects. Review of litera- ture. Includes birds. Gaglio, G. 1899. "Dancing" due to degeneration. Anas. Kolmer, W. A. 1911. Electric stimulation. Columba. Lau- lanie", B. P. 1888a. Movements of perilymph. Columba. Ewald, J. R. 1889. Operations and electrical stimulation. *Grobbels, F. 1926b, 1927a, b, c, d, e. Orientation. Includes birds. Viguier, C. 1882. Relation of development to appear- ance of coordination. Laudenbach, J. P. 1901. Temperature stimuli, effects on am- pullae. Columba. Popp, H. 1913. Experimental lesions General. Kolmar, W. 1911; *Soprana, F. 1906. Buteo. Mouquet, A. & Gir- ard, . 1924. Columba. Czermak, J. N. 1867; Flourens, M. J. 1828a, b, 1830. Lesion effects on cerebellum. Columba. Stefani, & Weiss, . 1877. Extirpation effects on General. Gallus. Kleitman, N. & Koppanyi, T. 1926. Brain. Grobbels, F. 1927c. Brain tracts. Columba. Deganello, U. 1905; Malesani, A. 1909; *Soprana, F. 1906. Central nervous system. Columba. Soprana, F. 1905. Reflexes. Grobbels, F. 1922c. Muscle system General. Columba. *Soprana, F. 1905. M. pectoralis fibers. Columba. So- prana, F. 1907. Nystagmus Book. Text in German. Ewald, J. R. 1908. General. Columba. Benjamins, C. E. & Huizinga, E. 1927. Includes Co- lumba. Ivy, A. C. 1919. Gallus. Kleitman, N. & Koppanyi, T. 1926. Nystagmus following thermal stimu- lation of N. acusticus. Includes Co- lumba. Kubo, I. 1906. ECOLOGY See also under Adaptation, Behavior, Coloration, Distribution, Fauna, Habits, Parasitology, Population and Social relations for publications which may have material of interest to ecologists. Books. Text in Danish. Ciconia. Skovgaard, P. 1920b. Text in English. Alexander, W. B. 1928; Allee, W. C. 1931, 1934; Allee, W. C. & Allee, M. H. 1925; Allen, G. M. 1925; Bannerman, D. A. 1930- 36; Bryan, W. A. 1915; Hachisuka, M. 1931; Harvie-Brown, J. A. & Buckley, T. E. 1895; *Herrick, F. H. 1935; 'Howard, H. E. 1920; Howell, A. H. 1932; Levick, G. M. 1914; McGregor, R. C. & Worcester, D. C. 125 SUBJECT INDEX Ecology 1906; McNair, J. B. 1923; Meinertz- hagen, R. 1930; Murphy, R. C. 1936; Pearson, H. J. 1904; Ralfe, P. G. 1905; Rusby, H. H. 1933; Shelford, V. E. 1929; Shelford, V. E., Dice, L. R., Jones, L., & others 1926; Townsend, C. W. 1912b; Wallace, A. R. 1880; Wheelock, I. G. 1904; Whitaker, J. I. 1905. Colinus virginianus. Stoddard, H. L. 1925b, 1931. Sturnus. Bready, M. B. 1929. Tympanuchus c. cupido. Gross, A. O. 1930. Text in French. Espinas, A. V. 1878; Girod, P. 1891. Text in German. Deegener, P. 1918; Gloger, C. W. 1833; Hantzsch, B. 1905; Kobelt, W. 1902; Laubmann, H. 1931; Rensch, B. 1930; Sievertsov, N. A. 1921. General and with variable ecological significance. Adams, C. C. 1915; Alexander, H. G. 1915a; Allee, W. C. 1923; Bagg, A. C. 1923; Boulton, W. R. 1926b; Braun, F. 1900a; Brehm, C. L. 1831a; Breninger, G. F. 1905; Dury, C. 1910a; Eigenmann, C. H. 1918; Gloger, C. W. 1857; Grinnell, J. 1924a, b, c, 1925b; Grinnell, J. & Wythe, M. W. 1927; Hobson, A. D. & Matthews, L. H. 1923; Hornaday, W. T. 1898; Jones, L. 1893b; Lorenz, K. 1935; Loyd, L. R. 1924; Meinertzhagen, R. 1920a, b; Oustalet, J. F. 1892; Rowan, W. 1922a; Sievertsov, N. A. 1921; Sush- kin, P. P. 1900a; Vaughan, J. H. 1929. Game birds. Grinnell, J. 1927a. Palearctic birds. Banks, E. 1925. Waterfowl. Eigenmann, C. H. 1918; Hildebrandt, H. 1926; Lincoln, F. C. 1925a. Book. Text in English. Phillips, J. C. & Lincoln, F. C. 1930. Acrocephalus palustris. Kayser, C. 1926; Zimmerman, R. 1927. Agelaius p. phoeniceus. Allen, A. A. 1914b. Aix sponsa. Fisher, A. K. 1902. Alauda. Cerva, F. 1920. Amazilia L tzacatl. Skutch, A. F. 1931. Anatidae. "Hein- roth, O. 1912a. Aramus p. pictus. Nicholson, D. J. 1928. Ardeidae. Praeger, W. E. 1920. Asip. Goddard, T. R. 1935. Bubo v. virginianus. Gard- ner, L. L. 1929. Campephilus princi- pals. Kennard, F. H. 1915b. Catop- trophorus 8. semipalmatus. Vogt, W. 1938. Certhia familiaris americana. Tyler, W. M. 1914. Ceryle alcyon. Milne-Edwards, A. 1896b. Ciconia c. ciconia. Schenk, J. 1908a. Cinnyris. Evans, M. S. 1895b. Clangula c. americana. Brewster, W. 1900. Colinus virginianus. Kendeigh, S. C. 1933. Columba. Masure, R. H. & Allee, W. C. 1934. Columbidae. Gates, W. H. 1909. Corvidae. Lorenz, K. 1931. Corvus b. brachyrhynchos. Brooks, A. 1925a; Childs, J. L. 1916. Corvus corone. Meise, W. 1928. Corvus f. frugilegus. Csorgey, T. 1926b. Cuculi. Baker, E. C. 1922a. Cygnus. Christo- leit, E. 1926a. Dendroica kirttandi. Leopold, N. F. 1924. Diomedea exulans. Horton-Smith, C. 1923. Diomedeidae. Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. 1903b. Dre- panididae. Perkins, R. C. 1901. Dumetella. Gill, G. 1935. Gallus. Caton, J. D. 1881; Masure, R. H. & Allee, W. C. 1934. Geothlypis. Palmer, W. 1900. Gypaetus barbatus. Kamner, A. 1922-24. Haematopus. Dewar,J. M. 1915a. Helminthophila ruficapilla gut- teralis. Osgood.W.H. 1896. Hesperipho- na v. vespertina. Ligon, J. S. 1923. Lago- pus. Dyrdowska, M.1923. Lanius. Mil- ler, A. H. 1931. Leucosticte t. tephrocotis. Ray, M. S. 1910. Lophortyx. Gorsuch, D. 1934. Lophortyx c. calif or nica. Sumner, E. L. 1935. Loxia. Cavazza, F. 1909. Meleagris. Caton, J. D. 1881. Melospiza melodia. Nice, M. M. 1933b, 1934a. Mergus. Cerva, F. 1920. Mimus. Michener, H. & Miche- ner, J. R. 1935. Mimus p. polyglottos. Lockwood, S. 1892. Nycticorax. Bailey, S. W. 1915. Opisthocomus. Beebe, C.W. 1909a, 1911. Oreophasisderbianus. Blake, E. R. 1936b. Partis atricapillus. Palmgren, P. 1932. Pants cristatus. Palmgren, P. 1927. Passer. Grinnell, J. 1919; Zipperlen, A. 1880. Passerella iliaca. Linsdale, J. M. 1928c. Passer- herbulus caudacutus. Peabody, P. B. 1901. Pedioecetes. Snyder, L. L. 1935b. Pedioecetes phasianellus cam- pestris. Johnson, C. E. 1934. Perdix perdix. Oldys, H. W. 1910a. Phaethon. Gross, A. 0. 1912. Phaethornis. Davis, T. A. 1934. Phalacrocorax a. auritus. Lewis, H. F. 1931. Phasianoidea. Judd, S. D. 1905b. Philohela minor. Fisher, A. K. 1902. PhyUoscopus. Brock, S. E. 1910b. Picidae. Burt, W. H. 1930. Podiceps s. cristatus. Venables, L. S. & Lack, D. 1934. Progne. Jacobs, J. W. 1903, 1904, 1909. Proto- notaria citrea. Roberts, T. S. 1899. Puffinus. Anthony, A. W. 1900. Pyg- mornis. Davis, T. A. 1934. Regulus. Palmgren, P. 1932. Selasphorus rufus. Kobbe, W. H. 1900b. Serinus. Bolle, C. 1858; Mayr, E. 1926; Schenk, J. 1925a. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea. Abbott, C. G. 1930. Speotyto floridana. Ecology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 126 Palmer, W. 1896a. Spheniscidae. Bik- kessy, G. 1891; Lowe, P. R. 1933a. Spiza. Gross, A. 0. 1921. Stellula calli- ope. Weydemeyer,W. 1927. Sterna para- disaea & Sterna s. sandvicensis. Dirck- sen, R. 1932. Struthio. Aplin, O. V. 1894c; Duerden, J. E. 1909c. Sturnus. Bissonnette, T. H. & Chapnick, M. H. 1930; Brubaker, J. H. 1927; Cooke, M. T. 1925. Sula [Moris] bassana. Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1935a. Sylvia u. undata. Venables, L. S. 1934. Topaza pella. Nicholson, E. M. 1931b. Trochilidae. Woods, R. S. 1927; Anon. 1897a. Troglodytes a. aedon. Baldwin, S. P. & Bowen, W. W. 1928; Brooks, A. 1925c, 1926b; Greaser, C. W. 1925. Tympanuchus cupido americana. Johnson, C. E. 1934. Urinator arcticus. Zedlitz, O. 1913. Zenaidura. Cole, L. J. 1933. Zonotrichia querula. Semple, J. B. & Sutton, G. M. 1932. Balance of nature. Turrel, . 1874. Breeding relations. Phylloscopus. Brock, S. E. 1910b. Reversion to wild state of domestic animals. Includes Gallus & Meleagris. Caton, J. D. 1881. Significance of ecology. Heyder, R. 1926. Zonal and ecological areas. Sharpe, R. B. 1893. Book. Text in German. Kobelt, W. 1902. Japan. Kano, T. O. 1932. Mountains of Latium, Italy. Alexander, C. J. 1917a. PUBLICATIONS CLASSIFIED GEOGRAPHICALLY WHICH CON- TAIN MATERIAL OF POSSIBLE INTEREST TO ECOLOGISTS AND WHICH INVOLVE BIRDS Africa General. Bates, G. L. 1931; Bowen, W. W. 1933; Chapin, J. P. 1923; Lonn- berg, A. J. 1926a, 1929a. Belgian Congo. Allen, G. M. 1930; Chapin, J. P. 1932. Central Africa. Gyldenstolpe, N. C. 1924; Lynes, H. & Lowe, W. P. 1934. Dutch East Africa. Schuster, L. 1926a. Egypt. Book. Text in English. Meinertzhagen, R. 1930. Desert. Moreau, R. E. 1928. Kamerun, southern. Bates, G. L. 1908. Liberia. Allen, G. M. 1930. Sahara Desert. Hartert, E. J. 1921. Sudan. Lynes, H. 1933. Tropical Africa. Chapin, J. P. 1923. Tropical West Africa. Bannerman, D. A. 1930-36. Tunisia. Book. Text in English. Whitaker, J. I. 1905. West Africa. Bates, G. L. 1931. America NORTH AMERICA General. Allen, J. A. 1893a. Sturnus vulgaris. Cooke, M. T. 1925; Lonn- berg, A. J. 1927b; Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1935b. Desert North America. Oberholser, H. C. 1921. Eastern North America. Trotter, S. 1912. Northeastern North America. Trotter, S. 1909. Alaska General. Bailey, A. M. 1927; Grin- nell, J. 1900; Osgood, W. H. 1904. Includes birds. Dice, L. R. 1920. Prince William Sound. Grinnell, J. 1910. Canada General. Bird, R. D. 1930; Preble, E. A. 1908. Alberta. Taverner, P. A. 1919. British Columbia. Osgood, W. H. 1901. Labrador. Townsend, C. W. & Bent, A. C. 1910. Manitoba. Lake of the Woods. Rowan, W. 1922a. Ontario. Soper, J. D. 1923. Point Pelee in Lake Erie. Taverner, P. A. & Swales, B. H. 1908. Quebec. Mousley, H. 1921a. United States Southwestern United States. Grin- nell, J. 1927a. Arizona. Swarth, H. S. 1929. California. Anderson, M. P. & Grinnell, J. 1903; Mailliard, J. 1921; Merriam, . H. 1899; Miller, A. H. 127 SUBJECT INDEX Ecology 1931; Ray, M. S. 1910; Stephens, F. 1905; Wheelock, I. G. 1904; Woods, R. S. 1927. Death Valley. Fisher, A. K. 1893c; Grinnell, J. 1923, 1934. Deserts. Howell, A. B. 1923. LassenPeak. Grin- nell, J., Dixon, J. S., & Linsdale, J. M. 1930. Northern California. Includes birds. Grinnell, J. 1916. San Bernardino Mts. Grinnell, J. 1908a. San Jacinto area. Grinnell, J. & Swarth, H. S. 1913. Santa Barbara Islands. Howell, A. B. 1917. Yosemite National Park. Grin- nell, J. & Storer, T. I. 1921, 1924. Colorado. Warren, E. R. 1916. Delaware. Rhoads, S. N. & Pen- nock, C. J. 1905. Florida. Bent, A. C. 1904; Howell, A. H. 1932; Williams, R. W. 1904. Georgia. Burleigh, T. D. 1927. Illinois. Baker, F. C. 1910; Forbes, S. A. 1880d, 1908, 1910; Gross, A. O. 1921, 1923a; Hankinson, T. L. 1915, 1916. I Iowa. Gabrielson, I. N. 1917. Kansas. Linsdale, J. M. 1928a, 1933. Louisiana. Beyer, G. E. 1900b; Beyer, G. E., Allison, A., & Kopman, H. H. 1906. Maryland. Allegany County. Mer- riam, C. H. & Preble, E. A. 1900. Massachusetts. Book. Text in English. Forbush, E. H. 1912. Berk- shire County. Faxon, W. & Hoffmann, R. 1900. Cambridge region. Brewster, W. 1906. Essex County. Townsend, C. W. 1905. Book. Text in English. Townsend, C. W. 1912b. Michigan. Peet, M. M. 1908. Au Sable Valley. Wood, N. A. & Frothing- ham, E. H. 1905. Cheboygan County. Wood, N. A. 1916. Isle Royale, Lake Superior. McCreary, O. C. 1909. Mackinac Island. White, S. E. 1893. Porcupine Mts. McCreary, G. 1906. Saginaw Bay, Sand Dune region. Wood, N. A. & Gaige, F. 1911. Ypsi- lanti. Michigan bayou. Peet, M. M. 1908. Minnesota. Roberts, T. S. 1899, 1932. Mississippi. Tishoming County. Allison, A. 1907. Missouri. Widmann, O. 1907a. Shannon and Carter counties. Wood- ruff, E. S. 1908b. Montana. Saunders, A. A. 1914, 1921a; Silloway, P. M. 1903a, b. Nebraska. Wolcott, R. H. 1909; Zimmer, J. T. 1913. Sandhill region. Oberholser, H. C. & McAtee, W. L. 1920. Nevada. Taylor, W. P. 1912. New Jersey. Abbott, C. G. 1907. Coast. Stone, W. 1926. New Mexico. Birds incidental. Bailey, V. 1913. . New York. 'Allen, A. A. 1914b; Saunders, A. A. 1926. Finger Lakes region. Spiker, C. J. 1935. Oneida Lake region. Stoner, D. 1932. West- central region. Spiker, C. J. 1935. North Dakota. Bent, A. C. 1901. Lincoln, F. C. 1925a; Wood, N. A. 1923. Ohio. Fordyce, G. L. 1914; Jones, L. 1906; Kendeigh, S. C. 1933. Oklahoma. Nice, M. M. 1931a; Nice, M. M. & Nice, L. B. 1924. Oregon. Willow Creek Valley. Peck, M. E. 1911b. Pennsylvania. Burnt barrens. Wey- gandt, C. 1911. Chester County. Burns, F.L. 190 la. Elk County. Baily, W. L. 1896. Erie and Presque Isle. Todd, W. E. 1904. Wissahickon Hills. Weygandt, C. 1930. South Carolina. Book. Text in English. Wayne, A. T. 1910. Coast. Sprunt, A. 1925. South Dakota. Visher, S. S. 1911. Texas. Eifrig, C. W. 1929; Griscom, L. & Crosby, M. S. 1925; Oberholser, H. C. 1925. Utah. Great Salt Lake. Wetmore, A. 1917d. Vermont. Howell, A. H. 1901. Virginia. Mountain County. Mur- ray, J. J. 1935. Washington. Rathbun, S. F. 1915; Snodgrass, R. E. 1904. Mt. Rainier. Taylor, W. P. 1922. Yakima Valley. Kennedy, C. H. 1914. West Virginia. Rives, W. C. 1898. Wisconsin. Errington, P. L. 1933. Wingra Springs region. Cahn, A. R. 1915a. Wyoming. Yellowstone National Park. Skinner, M. P. 1925. Ecology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 128 MIDDLE AMERICA General. Pycraft, W. P. 1915. Mexico. Lower California. Brewster, W. 1902. Islands off coast of Lower California. Bryant, W. E. 1887; Howell, A. B. 1917. Tres Marias Islands. Includes birds. Nelson, E. W. 1899. Yucatan. Griscom, L. 1926b. Panama. Gross, A. O. 1927a. SOUTH AMERICA Book. Text in English. Oceanic birds. *Murphy, R. C. 1936. General. Ihering, H. 1927. Gran Chaco region. Book. Text in German. Laubmann, H. 1931. Jungles and mountains of South America. Book. Text in English. Rusby, H. H. 1933. Brazil General. Holt, E. G. 1928; Ribeiro, A. 1918. Matto Grosso. Naumburg, E. M. 1930. Northern Brazil. Snethlage, H. 1928. Trinidad Islet. Murphy, R. C. 1915a. British Guiana General. Beebe, C. W. 1925a; Beebe, C. W., Hartley, G. I. and others 1917. Coast land. Young, C. G. 1928. Colombia Santa Marta region. Todd, W. E. & Carriker, M. A. 1923. Ecuador General. Chapman, F. M. 1926. Paraguay Book. Text in German. Laubmann, H. 1931. Peru Islands. Book. Text in English. Murphy, R. C. 1925. Sea coast. Murphy, R. C. 1920, 1923b. Venezuela General. Beebe, C. W. 1909a. Bermudez. Phelps, W. H. 1897. Asia General. Weigold, H. 1912a. China. Mell, R. 1923; Wilder, G. D. 1930. India. Book. Text in English. Dewar, D. 1925. Japan. Kano, T. O. 1932; Taka- Tsukasa, N. 1933. Palestine. Sheppard, R. W. 1933. Siberia. Eurasian tundra. Pleske, T. D. 1928. Turkey. Mesopotamia (Iraq). Mein- ertzhagen, R. 1914; Weigold, H. 1912a. Australia General. Barnard, H. G. 1927; Severenty, D. L. 1937; White, S. A. 1914. Europe British Isles. Brock, S. E. 1910b; Jourdain, F. C. & Witherby, H. F. 1918; Thorpe, W. H. 1925. Denmark. Elwes, H. J. 1880; Skov- gaard, P. 1925c, 1926c. Book. Text in German. Skovgaard, P. 1920b. Finland. Palmgren, P. 1928, 1930. France. Clarte, M. J. 1892; Montes- sus, F. B. 1886. Germany. Braun, F. 1900a; Duer- den, J. E. 1909c; Passler, C. W. 1861; Sedlaczek, W. 1915. Italy. Alexander, C. J. 1917a; Gigli- oli, E. H. 1892. Kent. Book. Text in English. Tice- hurst, N. F. 1909. West coast of England and Isle of Man. Ralfe, P. G. 1905. Luxembourg (Grand Duchy). Faber, E. 1913. Russian Lapland. Passler, C. W. 1853. Book. Text in English. Pear- son, H. J. 1904. Scotland. Baxter, E. V. & Rintoul, L. J. 1926; Brock, S. E. 1921. Includes birds. Harvie-Brown, J. A. & Buckley, T. E. 1895. Spain, southeastern. Witherby, H. F. 1928. Switzerland National Park. Thorpe, W. H. 1926. Oceans General. Passler, R. 1913. Book. Text in English. Alexander, W. B. 1928. 129 SUBJECT INDEX Ecology Indian Ocean. Legge, W. V. 1874. North Pacific Ocean. Anthony, A. W. 1897a. Diomedeidae. Barrett- Hamilton, E. G. 1903b. ATLANTIC OCEAN General. Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1935b. Frequency of birds. Relation to quantity of macroplankton. Jespersen, P. 1924, 1925. Oceanic islands Malay Archipelago. Island of Timor. Wallace, A. R. 1861. ISLANDS OF ATLANTIC OCEAN Bermuda Islands. Gross, A. 0. 1912; Shufeldt, R. W. 1916a. Canary Islands. Bannerman, D. A. 1919, 1922b. Massachusetts coast vicinity Muskeget Island. Mackay, G. H. 1895. Plum Island. Nycticorax. Bailey, S.W. 1915. Weepecket Islands. Cahn, A. R. 1916. South American coast vicinity Caribbean Sea. Hartert, E. J. 1939b. West Indies Culebra Island. Wetmore, A. 1917b. Desecho Island. Wetmore, A. 1918a. Grand Cayman Island. Savage- English, T. M. 1916. Guadeloupe Island. Noble, G. K. 1916. Haiti and Dominican Republic. Wet- more, A. & Swales, B. H. 1931. ISLANDS OF INDIAN OCEAN Celebes. Wallace, A. R. 1860. Ceylon. Legge, W. V. 1874. Cocos Islands. Snodgrass, R. E. & Heller, E. 1902. Java. Finsch, O. 1906. ISLANDS OF PACIFIC OCEAN Clipperton Island. Snodgrass, R. E. & Heller, E. 1902. Galapagos Islands. Loomis, L. M. 1918; Ridgway, R. 1897. Guadaloupe Island. Ridgway, R. 1876. Hawaiian Islands. Bryan, W. A. 1915. Drepanididae. Perkins, R. C. 1901. Laysan Island. Fisher, W. K. 1903b. New Zealand. Book. Text in English. Stead, E. F. 1932. Philippine Islands. McGregor, R. C. 1920; Worcester, D. C. & Bourns, F. S. 1898. Books. Text in English. Hachi- suka, M. 1931; McGregor, R. C. & Worcester, D. C. 1906. Palawan Islands. Worcester, D. C. & Bourns, F. S. 1898. Queen Charlotte Islands. Osgood, W. H. 1901. South Pacific islands. Ball, S. C. 1933. Polar regions ANTARCTIC OCEAN General. Murphy, R. C. 1928. South Orkney Islands. Clarke, W. E. 1905b. Weddell Sea. Clarke, W. E. 1905b. PALEARCTIC REGION General. Banks, E. 1925. Bear Island. Summerhayes, V. S. & Elton, C. S. 1923. Greenland. Helms, O. 1926; Schaanning, H. T. 1933b. Spitzbergen. Birula, A. 1910; Sum- merhayes, V. S. & Elton, C. S. 1923, 1928. ASSOCIATIONS Birds associated with various topo- graphic or physical areas, and their significance. General. Brock, S. E. 1921; Saun- ders, A. A. 1914. Toxostoma. Grin- nell, J. 1917b. Aspen Parkland. Canada. Bird, R. D. 1930. Bogs in Wisconsin. Includes birds. Andrews, O. V. 1915. Burnt barrens. Pennsylvania. Wey- gandt, C. 1911. "Bush" land. New Zealand. Mc- Lean, J. C. 1907. Ecology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 130 Caves. Bermuda Islands. Shufeldt, R. W. 1916a. Danish heather plantations. Skov- gaard, P. 1925c. Gran Chaco region. Book. Text in German. Laubmann, H. 1931. Grassland. Africa. "Chapin, J. P. 1923. Dakota. Bailey, F. A. 1915. Hills. Wissahickon Hills, Pennsyl- vania. Book. Text in English. Wey- gandt, C. 1930. Ingression. Jackson, H. H. 1914. Irrigated ranch. Bailey, F. A. 1910a. Oceanic birds. Book. Text in English. Murphy, R. C. 1936. River overflow region. Brown, R. A. 1906. Succession of bird associations. *Adams, C. C. 1908a, b, 1909. Coasts and shores General. Nichols, J. T. 1931. New Jersey. Stone, W. 1926. Peru. Murphy, R. C. 1920, 1923b. Point Pelee, Canada. Taverner, P. A. & Swales, B. H. 1908. South Carolina. Sprunt, A. 1925. Deserts California. Howell, A. B. 1923. Central Sahara. Hartert, E. J. 1921. Death Valley, California. Fisher, A. K. 1893c; Grinnell, J. 1919, 1923, 1934. Egypt. Moreau, R. E. 1928. North America. Oberholser, H. C. 1921. Forest regions General. Hankinson, T. L. 1915; McAtee, W. L. 1926d. Beech forest. Sedlaczek, W. 1915. Forest margin. Carpenter, J. R. 1935. Tropical rain forest. *Chapin, J. P. 1923. Book. Text in English. Allee, W. C. & Allee, M. H. 1925. Island associations ATLANTIC OCEAN Bermuda Islands. Gross, A. 0. 1912. Canary Islands. Bannerman, D. A. 1919, 1922b. Culebra Island (near Porto Rico). Wetmore, A. 1917b. Desecho Island. Wetmore, A. 1918a. French West Indies. Noble, G. K. 1916. Grand Cayman Island. Sav- age-English, T. M. 1916. Guadeloupe Island. Noble, G. K. 1916. Haiti and Dominican Republic. Wetmore, A. & Swales, B. H. 1931. Iceland. Hantzsch, B. 1905. Isle of Man. Book. Text in English. Ralfe, P. G. 1905. Muskeget Island, Massachusetts. Mackay, G. H. 1895. Plum Island, Massachusetts. Bailey, S. W. 1915. Porto Rico. Wet- more, A. 1917b, 1918a. Trinidad Islet, Brazil. Murphy, R. C. 1915a. Wee- pecket Islands. Cahn, A. R. 1916. West Indies. Savage-English, T. M. 1916. CARIBBEAN SEA Aruba, Bonaire, Curasao. Hartert, E. J. 1893b. INDIAN OCEAN Java. Finsch, O. 1906. NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN British Columbia, Canada. Osgood, W. H. 1901. Clipperton and Cocos islands. Snodgrass, R. E. & Heller, E. 1902. Hawaii. Book. Text in English. Bryan, W. A. 1915. Islands near south- ern California. Howell, A. B. 1917. Laysan Island. Fisher, W. K. 1903a, b. Palawan Islands. Worcester, D. C. & Bourns, F. S. 1898. Philippine Islands. McGregor, R. C. 1920; Worcester, D. C. & Bourns, F. S. 1898. Books. Text in English. Hachisuka, M. 1931; McGregor, R. C. & Worcester, D. C. 1906. Tres Marias Islands, Mexico. Nelson, E. W. 1899. SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS Galapagos Islands. Loomis, L. M. 1918; Ridgway, R. 1876. Marquesas Islands. Ball, S. C. 1933. New Zea- land. Book. Text in English. Stead, E. F. 1932. Peru, islands off coast of. Murphy, R. C. 1920. Book. Text in English. Murphy, R. C. 1925. Society Islands. Ball, S. C. 1933. Lakes Alkaline lake, New Mexico. Bailey, F. A. 1910b. Dakota lake borders. Bailey, F. A. 1915. Finger Lakes region, New York. Spiker, C. J. 1935. 131 SUBJECT INDEX Ecology Great Salt Lake, Utah. Wetmore, A. 1917d. Lake Crescent region, Washington. Rathbun, S. F. 1916. Lake region, Cheboygan County, Michigan. Wood, N. A. 1916. Oneida Lake region, New York. Stoner, D. 1932. GREAT LAKES Lake Erie. Todd, W. E. 1904. Lake Michigan. Wood, N. A. 1916. ISLANDS OF GREAT LAKES Isle Royale, Michigan. McCreary, O. 1909. Mackinac Island, Michigan. White, S. E. 1893. Presque Isle, Lake Erie. Todd, W. E. 1904. Marshes and sloughs General. Bailey, F. A. 1915; Kennard, F. H. 1915a. Cattail marsh. Agelaius. *Allen, A. A. 1914b. New Jersey marshes. Abbott, C. G. 1907. New York marshes. Saunders, A. A. 1926. Salt marshes, Massachusetts. Book. Text in English. Townsend, C. W. 1912b. Skokie marsh area, Illinois. Baker, F. C. 1910. Mountains General. McCreary, 0. 1906; Ruth- ven, A. G. 1906. Andes. Book. Text in English. Rusby, H. H. 1933. Latium, Italy. Alexander, C. J. 1917a. Lassen Peak, California. Grinnell, J., Dixon, J. S., & Linsdale, J. M. 1930. Mount Shasta, California. Merriam, C. H. 1899. Pyramid Peak, California. Ray, M. S. 1910. San Bernardino Mountains. Grin- nell, J. 1908a. Virginia, Mountain County. Murray, J. J. 1935. Hummingbird at great height on mountain. Schiede, C. J. & Deppe, F. 1830. Oceans Books. Text in English. Alexander, W. B. 1928; Murphy, R. C. 1936. General. Grinnell, J. 1920a; Passler, R. 1913; Tschudi, J. J. 1856. Antarctic Ocean. Murphy, R. C. 1928a. Weddell Sea. Clarke, W. E. 1905b. North Atlantic Ocean. *Hagerup, O. 1926; Jespersen, P. 1924, 1925; Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1935b. North Pacific Ocean. Anthony, A. W. 1897a; Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. 1903b. Book. Text in English. Bryan, W. A. 1915. Pacific Ocean. Snodgrass, R. E. & Heller, E. 1902. Ponds General. Spiker, C. J. 1931. Solution pond. Scott, W. 1911. Prairies Cultivated prairie. Intensive study of square mile. Abel, A. R. 1921. Dakota. Bailey, F. A. 1915. Illinois. Gross, A. O. 1921; Hankin- son, T. L. 1915, 1916. Sand prairie of Illinois. Vestal, A. G. 1913. Sand regions Beach. Charadriiis melodus. Rob- bins, C. A. 1919. Dunes. Massachusetts. Book. Text in English. Townsend, C. W. 1912b. Michigan. Wood, N. A. 1916. Sag- inaw Bay, Michigan. Wood, N. A. & Gaige, F. M. 1911. Hills. Nebraska. Oberholser, H. C. & McAtee, W. L. 1920. Swamps General. Gabrielson, I. N. 1914b; Netting, M. G. & Van Dersal, W. R. 1934; Spiker, C. J. 1931. Okefinokee Swamp. Wright, A. H. & Harper, F. 1913. Ecology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 132 Tropical jungles Book. Text in English. Rusby, H. H. 1933. General. British Guiana, South America. *Beebe, C. W. 1925a; Beebe, C. W., Hartley, G. I., and others 1917. Tropical Africa. Chapin, J. P. 1923. Eurasian tundra. Siberia, Asia. Pleske, T. D. 1928. Valleys Lower Colorado River Valley. Grin- nell, J. 1914a. Willow Creek Valley, Oregon. Peck, M. E. 1911b. Yakima Valley, Washington. Ken- nedy, C. H. 1914. CIVILIZATION EFFECTS General. Braun, F. 1913b; Gibbs, R. M. 1892d; Schuster, W. 1903b. Habits. Fowler, S. P. 1860; Pitman, C. R. 1922. CLIMATE AND WEATHER Ability of migratory birds to spend winter in far north. Gloger, C. W. 1860e. Acclimatization. Many species. Wolda, G. 1923. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1909c. Climatic changes in Africa. Lonn- berg, A. J. 1926a, 1929a. Declimatization. Many species. Wolda, G. 1923. Relation to altitude. Burg, G. 1926. Wild goose as weather prophet. Bux- baum, L. 1891. Effects of climate and weather Book. Text in German. Gloger, C. W. 1833. General. Many species. Banks, E. 1925. African birds. Lonnberg, A. J. 1926a, 1929a. Breeding. Bau, A. 1910. Color and size. Grinnell, J. 1910. Color and size of viscera. Book. Text in German. Rensch, B. 1930. Drouth. Grinnell, J. 1927a; Hume, A. 0. 1878a. In Australia. Barnard, H. G. 1927. Growth rate. Gloger, C. W. 1860c. Singing. Better singing in far north. Gloger, C. W. 1859a. Storms. Include birds. Faye, H. 1896; Gray, R. 1881, 1885. Winter weather. Hicks, L. E. 1932c, e; Jourdain, F. C. & Witherby, H. F. 1918. RAINFALL EFFECTS General. Hume, A. 0. 1878b. African birds. Bowen, W. W. 1933. Distribution. Migratory waders and water birds. Vidal, G. W. 1879. Effects of temperature Distribution. African birds. Bowen, W. W. 1933. Diomedea exulans. Horton-Smith, C. 1923. COLD General. Baxter, E. V. & Rintoul, L. J. 1926. Exotic birds. Babault, G. 1918. Ability of tropical birds to stand cold. Hessler, A. 1854b. Extreme cold. Carroll, C. J. 1917; Rowan, W. 1927b. Freezing of lake. Cahn, A. R. 1912. COMMENSALISM Eggs of two species in same nest. Phasianits & Perdix. Mawson, G. 1865. Joint use of nest by two species. Mergus senator & Tadorna serrator. Zedlitz, O. 1927b. Merula merula & Tharrhaktis modularis. Brockholes, W. F. 1900. Sea birds and fishes. Mutual attrac- tion. Fishes have taste for feathers. Henmi, J. 1927. Fauna of birds' nests General. Dobroscky, I. D. 1925. Birds' nests as hibernacula of insects and arachnids. McAtee, W. L. 1927b, c. COMMUNITIES AND COMMUNAL RELATIONSHIPS See also under Social relations. Book. Text in English. Sphenisci- formes. Levick, G. M. 1914. General. Allee, W. C. 1923, 1934; Forstner, G. G. 1907; Hall, H. M. & 133 SUBJECT INDEX Ecology Grinnell, J. 1919; Katz, D. 1926; Knopfli, W. 1914; Sherman, A. R. 1924. Actitis macularia. Mousley, W. H. 1920. Anatidae. Griscom, L. 1922. Columbiformes. Craig, W. 1908, 1909b. Corvidae. Gerlach, W. 1927. Larus argentalus. Herrick, F. H. 1912. Megalornis [Grus] grus. Hesse, E. 1913b. Melanerpes. Leach, F. A. 1925. Nycticorax n. naevius [hoactii]. Gross, A. 0. 1923a. Progne. Jacobs, J. W. 1903, 1909. Progne s. subis. Ziegler, G. F. 1923. Sula [Moris] bassana. Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1935a. Aspen parkland. Canada. Includes birds. Bird, R. D. 1930. Bayou. Peet, M. M. 1908. Communal relationships for defense. Deschiens, R. 1918. Experimental colonization. Progne. Miller, C. W. 1909. External parasites in birds' nests. Dobroscky, I. D. 1925. Family units. Larus. Herrick, F. H. 1912. Farm. Forbush, E. H. 1903, 1908c. Forty acre tract. Oklahoma. Nice, M. M. 1928. Gregariousness. Passer & Psaltri- parus. Miller, R. C. 1921a, b, 1922. Marsh community. Agelaius p. phoeniceus. *Allen, A. A. 1914b. Ocean community. *Hagerup, O. 1926. Orchard community. Forbes, S. A. 1921. Prairie community. Prairie dog, owl and rattlesnake. Williston, S. W. 1878. Wading bird rookery. Christy, B. H. 1928. Relations to biota See also under Economic ornithology. General. Includes birds. Forbes, S. A. 1880d. Corvus b. brachyrhynchos. Brooks, A. 1925a. Troglodytes a. aedon. Brooks, A. 1925c; Creaser, C. W. 1925; McAtee, W. L. 1926c. Birds as a factor in causing mimetic resemblances among butterflies. Mar- shall, G. A. 1909. Destroying Colinus. Corvus b. brachyrhynchos. Childs, J. L. 1916. Food supply influence on time of breeding. Tropical birds. Quelch, J. J. 1898-99b. Harmfulness in killing insects. McAtee, W. L. 1928b. Mosquitoes using birds as food. Legendre, J. 1922. Paper wasps (Polistes) as pests in bird houses. McAtee, W. L. 1929c. Relations of birds and insects. Bar- ber, G. W. 1926; Beal, F. E. 1909. RELATIONS OF FLOWERS TO BIRDS THAT FREQUENT THEM General. Loew, E. 1907. Fertilization of flowers. Everett, A. H. 1877. Cinnyris. Evans, M. S. 1895b. Roosting communities General. Corvus b. brachyrhynchos. Edwards, C. L. 1888. Quiscalus. Jones, L. 1897. Roosts and routes. British Isles. Cummings, B. F. 1908. Summer roosts. Turdus m. migra- torius. Brewster, W. 1890c. Winter roosts. Corvus. Edwards, C. L. 1888; Townsend, C. W. 1918. Tur- dus m. migratorius. Widmann, 0. 1895. ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONS Book. Text in German. Laubmann, H. 1931. General. Bates, G. L. 1931; Burns, F. L. 1901a; Legge, W. V. 1874; Lins- dale, J. M. 1933; Rothschild, L. W. 1915; Skovgaard, P. 1925a. Gypaetus barbatus. Kamner, A. 1922-24. Haema- tppus. Dewar, J. M. 1915a. Hesper- Khona v. vespertina. Ligon, J. S. 1923. isserella iliaca. Linsdale, J. M. 1928c. Phalacrocorax a. auritus. Lewis, H. F. 1931. Waterfowl. Lincoln, F. C. 1925a. Adaptation of body form to arboreal life. Anthony, R. L. 1912. Altitude and climate. Burg, G. 1926. Food supply. Braun, F. 1918a. Gaseous environment of embryo. Riddle, 0. 1924b. Length of day. Braun, F. 1918b. Light periodicity. Zenaidura. Cole, L. J. 1933. Ecology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 134 Limited area in eastern Kansas. Linsdale, J. M. 1928a, 1933. Molt and color of plumage. Alauda & Mergus. Cerva, F. 1920. Relatively safe existence of birds at sea. Grinnell, J. 1920a. Roadways. Linsdale, J. M. 1929. R61e of water in evolution. Includes birds. Gray, J. 1928. Vegetation General. Linsdale, J. M. 1928b; Trotter, S. 1912. Changes in flora. Braun, F. 1904. HABITATS General. Brock, S. E. 1914b; Eifrig, C. W. 1929; Errington, P. L. 1933. Breeding habitats. Burns, F. L. 1924. Changes in habitat. Loewis, O. 1881a. Living in culvert drains of city. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea. Abbott, C. G. 1930. What birds indicate proximity to water and at what distance? Merriam, C. H. 1888. Land birds at sea General. Anthony, A. W. 1897a. Compsothlypidae. Penard, T. E. 1926. Capture at great distance from land. Ceryle alcyon. Milne-Edwards, A. 1896b. Trochilidae. Anon. 1897a. INTRODUCTION OF SPECIES TO NEW REGION See also under Distribution. General. Olds, H. W. 1910a; Wol- ford, H. L. 1854. Introduced species in North America. Prout, J. S. 1884. Passer. Bergtold, W. H. 1921 ; Zipperlen, A. 1880. Perdix perdix. Olds, H. W. 1910a. Introduction of birds into Hawaii. Bryan, W. A. 1912. Book. Text in English. Bryan, W. A. 1915. Effects on biota General. McAtee, W. L. 1925b, c. Danger of introducing noxious ani- mals and birds. McAtee, W. L. 1925b. Acridotheres tristis. Stoner, D. 1923b. Book. Text in English. Palmer, T. S. 1898. Dissemination of chestnut-blight fungus. McAtee, W. L. 1915c, d. DISPERSION OF SEEDS OF PLANTS See also under Economic Ornithology. General. Newton, A. 1864; Wood- ruffe-Peacock, E. A. 1919. Acorns. Corvus. Reid, C. 1895. Mistletoe. Book. Text in English. Tubeuf, K. 1923. Poison ivy. Book. Text in English. McNair, J. B. 1923. ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY Publications on the economic relations of birds to man. See also under Dis- eases, Ecology, and Poultry culture. Books. Text in English. Baynes, E. H. 1915; Caustier, E. 1893; Chap- man, F. M. 1912b; Collinge, W. E. 1913b; Forbush, E. H. 1907, 1908a, b, 1912, 1913b, 1925-27; Forbush, E. H. & Fernald, C. H. 1896; Gladstone, H. S. 1919; Gurney, J. H. Jr. 1921; Hender- son, J. 1927; Huntington, D. W. 1910; Jennings, J. 1829; Johnston, I. H. 1923; Loyd, L. R. 1924; Nash, C. W. 1904; Turner, L. M. 1886; Warren, B. H. 1888; Watson, J. B. 1893; Weed, C. M. & Dearborn, M. 1903. Aquila. Gor- don, S. P. 1927. Colinus. Stoddard, H. L. 1931. Molothrus. Friedmann, H. 1929. Nestor notabilis. Marriner, G. R. 1909. Passer. Tegetmeier, W. B. 1899a. Sturnusvulgaris. Bready, M. B. 1929. Syrrhaptes paradoxus. Tegetmeier, W. B. 1888. Text in French. Arenberg, E. 1912; Dubois, A. J. 1893; Farsky, O. 1928; Madon, P. 1933. Text in German. Brass, M. 1912b; Floericke, C. E. 1908-13; Miihlig, J. G. 1875; Oertel, M. J. 1883; Schuster, W. 1908b; Tschudi, F. 1858. Text in Polish. Taczanowski, W. 1860. Text in Portuguese. Da Costa, J. W. 1914. General. Boucard, A. 1901 ; Boulton, W. R. 1926a; Chernel von Chernelhaza, 1. 1901a; Collinge, W. E. 1917b; *Csiki, 135 SUBJECT INDEX Economic Ornithology E. 1904; Curtis, W. P. 1913; Floericke, C. E. 1908-13; Forbush, E. H. 1913a; Hahn, W. L. 1913; Hanff, . 1911; Hepburn, A. 1843c; Lowe, J. 1896; McAtee, W. L. 1905a, 1909, 1910d, 1911c, 1912c, 1917-18, 1920c, 1924b, 1925a, 1927a, 1932b, c; McAtee, W. L. & Beal, F. E. 1912; *Placzek, B. 1901; Quinet, A. 1907; Rhoads, S. N. 1898; Shufeldt, R. W. 1893f; Snell, F. H. 1857d; Ternier, L. 1915; Weed, C. M. 1902; Weed, C. M. & Dearborn, M. 1924; Wenninger, F. J. 1909; Anon. 1915b. Accipitridae. Dixon, J. S. 1922. Acridotheres tristis. Stoner, D. 1923b. Aethiops. Wood, C. A. 1924c. Agelaius. Soriano, P. S. 1931. Alcedo. Collinge, W. E.1921b. Asiof.flammeus. Fisher, A. K. 1889c, e. Astur. Sutton, G. M. 1927b. Astur g. gentilis. Zimmermann, R. 1909. Bombycilla. Craig, J. 1896. Buboignavus. Rzehak,E.C.1896b. Buteo buteo. Barthos, G. 1908. Carpodacus. Bergtold, W. H. 1914. Cepphus. Water- ton, C. 1835b. Ciconia c. ciconia. Schenk, J. 1908a. Circus hudsonius. Fisher, A. K. 1889d. Colinus. Judd, S. D. 1904. Columbidae. Gates, W. H. 1909; McAtee, W. L. 1910a. Colymbi- dae. Wetmore, A. 1924. Corvidae. Froggatt, W. W. 1918. Corvus. Col- linge, W. E. 1920b; Griddle, N. 1917a; Csorgey, T. 1904; Forbush, E. H. 1896; Hellmann, A. 1855; Jablonowski, J. 1902; Kalmbach, E. R. 1918, 1920; Raspail, X. 1909a; Schleh, E. 1904. Corvus b. brachyrhynchos. Edwards, C. L. 1888; Forbush, E. H. 1896. Corvus corone. Snell, F. H. 1864. Corvus f. frugilegus. Csorgey, T. 1926b; Hauer, B. 1904; McAtee, W. L. 1917b; Soos, L. 1904. Cuculus. Ban, A. 1902. Dolichonyx. Miller, W. 1886. Doli- chonyx oryzivorus. McAtee, W. L. 1919c. Dumetella carolinensis. Judd, S. D. 1897. Euphagus cyanocepkalus. Soriano, P. S. 1931. Fako sparverius. Fisher, A. K. 1889f. Sherman, A. R. 1913b. Falcones. Fisher, A. K. 1888b, 1893a, b, 1907, 1910; McAtee, W. L. 1926b; Oliver, G. 1926; Ragsdale, G. H. 1884; Stone, W. 1930; Taverner, P. A. 1918. Flightless birds. Fitzsimons, F. W. 1907. Fringilla c. coelebs. McAtee, W. L. 1917b; Ritzema Bos, J. 1901. Fringillidae. Judd, S. D. 1901 ; McAtee, W. L. 191 le. Galeoscoptes [Dumetella} carolinensis. Judd, S. D. 1897. Gallus. Raggi, L. 1904. Game birds of U. S. Elliot, D. G. 1865. Garrulus g. glanda- rius. Muller,K. 1890. Gyps kolbii. Taylor, C. H. 1908. Haliaeetus. Oberholser, H. C. 1906. Lophortyx. Bryant, H. C. 1913b. Lophortyx c. californica. Sum- ner, E. L. Jr. 1935. Megascops [Otus] asio. Fisher, A. K. 1889a. Megascops [Otus] flammeolus. Fisher, A. K. 1889c. Meleagris. Wright, A. H. 1914; Anon. 1832b. Melopelia asiatica. Wetmore, A. 1920f. Molothrus. Friedmann, H. 1929. Nestor notabilis. Marriner, G. R. 1908. Nyctea nyctea. Sutton, G. M. 1927b. Odontophorinae. Judd, S. D. 1905a. Otis. Lafourcade, P. 1890. Otocoris. McAtee, W. L. 1905c. Otus. Allen, A. A. 1924. Otus asio kennicotti. Munro, J. A. 1925. Pants. Cotte, J. 1913. Passer. *Barrows, W. B. 1889a; Coues, E. B. 1878b, 1882; Glover, T. 1871; Mather, F. 1880; Schleh, E. 1883; Schneck, S. 1880; Strong, R. M. 1891a; Svetozar, I. 1905; Zipperlen, A. 1880. Passeres. Belding, L. 1900; Trillon, J. 1887. Pelecanus occidentalis. Bailey, A. M. 1918. Pen- thestes a. atricapillus. Sanderson, E. D. 1898. Perdix. Didier, R. 1914. Per- dix perdix. Losy, J. 1903. Pica. Kalm- bach, E. R. 1927. Picidae. Felt, E. P. 1926. Picus martins. Rendle, M. 1912. Sialia. Bryant, H. C. 1915c. Sitta c. carolinensis. Sanderson, E. D. 1898. Somateria. Townsend, C. W. 1914. Sphyrapicus v. varius. Horsford, B. 1884. Spiza. Gross, A. 0. 1921. Strigi- dae. Dixon, J. S. 1922; Fisher, A. K. 1893b, 1907, 1909, 1910; Oliver, G. 1926; Shufeldt, R. W. 1915h. Strix. Altum, B. 1866a. Strix flammea. Jackel, A. J. 1866; Waterton, C. 1832a. Struthionidae. Beebe, C. W. 1905a. Sturnella. Bryant, H. C. 1913a, 1914c. Sturnus vulgaris. Boas, J. E. 1909; Collinge, W. E. 1921c; Froggatt, W. W. 1912; Gabrielson, I. N. & Kalmbach, E. R. 1921; Geyr von Schweppenburg, H. 1904c; Wood, C. A. 1924c; Lewis, H. F. 1927a; McAtee, W. L. 1917b. Sula. Gurney, J. H. Jr. 1914a. Toxo- stoma rufum. Gabrielson, I. N. 1913a. Troglodytes a. aedon. Chapman, F. M. 1925a. Turdus. Bryant, H. C. 1915c. Turdus m. migratorius. Surface, H. A. 1907. Turdus t. torquatus. Koepert, O. 1903. Tyto. Finlay, W. L. 1906a; White, S. A. 1915; Tyler, J. G. 1915. Vireo olivaceus. Stephens, T. C. 1917b. Zosterops. Chisholm, A. H. 1908b. Bird control. McAtee, W. L. 1932e, 1933b. Detecting poison gas. Book. Text in English. Serinus. Gladstone, H. S. 1919. Economic Ornithology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 136 Fertilization of flowers. Trochilidae. Baird, S. F. 1870; Beal, W. J. 1880. Game birds as food for man. Hen- shaw, H. W. 1915. History of economic ornithology in America. McAtee, W. L. 1933a. Honey guides in Africa. Chapin, J. P. 1924a. Hygienic significance of birds. Hen- nicke, C. R. 1917. Importation of useful birds. Wolford, H. L. 1854. Methods in economic ornithology. Judd, S. D. 1897. Observations on objects found in feces. Corvus. Loos, C. 1902b. Pine-seed eating. Osmaston, A. E. 1918. Remedy for sparrow nuisance. Bath- gate, A. 1904. Risks of introduction of alien game birds. Grinnell, J. 1925b. Significance of knowledge of feather structure in criminology. Kockel, R. 1909. ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY IN- VOLVING VARIOUS REGIONS Africa General. McAtee, W. L. 1919e; Roberts, A. 1911; Warren, E. 1913. Asia India. Sclater, W. L. 1892. Europe AUSTRIA General. Talsky, J. 1896. BRITISH ISLES General. Collinge, W. E. 1927b. England. Kent. Book. Text in English. Ticehurst, N. F. 1909. Scotland. Gilmour, J. 1896. DENMARK General. Skovgaard, P. 1925c. FAROE ISLANDS General. Arenberg, E. & Anthony, R. L. 1913. FRANCE General. Cathelin, F. 1919; Hamon- ville, J. C. 1896, 1897; Lescuyer, J. F. 1878a, 1887; Montessus, F. B. 1886; Provost, F. 1858. GERMANY Book. Text in German. English edition. 1909. Herman, O. 1903c; Schuster, W. 1903b, 1906c. General. Baer, W. 1913; Baer, W. & Uttendorfer, O. 1897a; Eckstein, K. 1907; Hodek, E. 1882; Homeyer, E. F. 1877; Loos, C. 1896-97; Parrot, C. P. & Leisewitz, W. 1905; Rzehak, E. C. 1897; Walter, J. 1892. HUNGARY General. Herman, O. 1903b. Book. Text in English. Herman, O. 1907c. ICELAND Book. Text in German. Hantzsch, B. 1905. ITALY General. Passerini, N. & Cecconi, G. 1907. North America General. Beal, F. E. 1899a, 1909; Crafts, H. A. 1910. Nearctic birds. McAtee, W. L. 1932d. CANADA General. Hewitt, C. G. 1914; Taverner, P. A. 1934. British Columbia. Taylor, L. E. 1913. UNITED STATES General. Dodge, J. R. 1865; Mar- shall, W. 1887; Palmer, T. S. 1900b. New England. Book. Text in English. Forbush, E. H. 1907, 1908a. Alabama. Book. Text in English. Howell, A. H. 1924. Arkansas. Baerg, W. J. 1931; Howell, A. H. 1911. California. Beal, F. E. 1905, 1910; Bryant, H. C. 1913a, 1926; Waite, M. B. 1906. Dakota. Bailey, V. 1888. Illinois. Forbes, S. A. 1880a, b, 1883, 1884, 1908; Gross, A. O. & Forbes, S. A. 1909. 137 SUBJECT INDEX Economic Ornithology Indiana. Thompson, M. 1886. Iowa. Beal, F. E. 1879. Maine. Brewster, W. 1924; Norton, A. H. 1904. Maryland. Judd, S. D. 1902. Massachusetts. Forbush, E. H. 1903. Book. Text in English. Forbush, E.H. 1913b. Minnesota. Bailey, V. 1888. Book. Text in English. Roberts, T. S. 1932. Nebraska. Bruner, L. 1896. New Jersey. Stone, W. 1909. New York. Allen, A. A. 1914a. Ohio. Dury, C. 1886; Wheaton, J. M. 1882; Williamson, E. B. 1898. Oklahoma. Nice, M. M. & Nice, L. B. 1924. Pennsylvania. Surface, H. A. 1908, 1913. Texas. Oberholser, H. C. 1925. West Virginia. Brooks, E. A. 1916b; Johnston, I. H. 1923. Wisconsin. King, F. H. 1883. WEST INDIES Porto Rico. Wetmore, A. 1916a. Trinidad and Tobago. Feilden, G. S. 1914. Oceanica Java. Koningsberger, J. C. 1909. New Zealand. Reischek, A. 1886. Philippine Islands. McAtee, W. L. 1916a; McGregor, R. C. 1915. AUSTRALIA General. Ashby, E. 1927; Edquist, A. G. 1911. Southern Australia. Book. Text in English. Hall, R. 1907. ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF VARI- OUS BIRDS WITH LOCALITY STATED Anas. Louisiana. McAtee, W. L. 1910c. Aquila. Alaska. Willett, G. 1927. Ardea ibis. Egypt. Kirkpatrick, T. W. 1925. Chen. Louisiana. McAtee, W. L. 1910d. Corvidae. Europe. Madon, P. 1928; *Rorig, G. 1898c, 1900a, b, d. Corvus. America. Kalmbach, E. R. 1918, 1920. France. Delamarre de Monchaux, . 1926. North America. Barrows, W. B. & Schwarz, E. A. 1895. Corvus f. frugilegus. Germany. Rorig, G. 1900d. Falconoidea. North America. Book. Text in English. May, J. B. 1935. Fringillinae. British Isles. Jourdain, F. C. 1927. Haliaeetus. Alaska. Crabb, E. D. 1922. Passer domesticus. North America. Cook, C. B. 1890; Estabrook, A. H. 1907. Phasianidae. Massachusetts. Mc- Atee, W. L. 1914d. Pici. Hungary. Ertl, G. 1904. Oregon. Book. Text in English. Neff, J. A. 1928. Sturnus vulgaris. Ontario. Lewis, H. F. 1927a. ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF PREDACEOUS BIRDS General. Bailey, B. H. 1918; Fisher, A. K. 1909; Lataste, F. 1888, 1892; Smyth, E. A. 1894. America. McAtee, W. L. & Stoddard, H. L. 1930. Canada. Falcones. Tav- erner, P. A. 1918. Europe. Book. Text in French. Madon, P. 1933. Iowa. Bailey, B. H. 1918. Ohio. Kirkpatrick, J. 1859. Poland. Taczanowski, W. 1860. South Africa. Haagner, A. K. 1908b. Birds of prey as natural monuments. Brass, M. 1912b. Feeding upon Passer by Otus. War- ren, B. H. 1896a. Hawk extermination. Carey, H. R. 1926. Is Corvus brachyrhynchos a bird of prey? Nauman, C. H. 1868. HABITS OF BIRDS WHICH ARE DISADVANTAGEOUS TO MAN Book. Text in English. Corvus b. brachyrhynchos. Brooks, A. 1925b. General. Chernel von Chernelhaza, I. 1901a; Collinge, W. E. 1917a; Samuels, E. A. 1866. In war time. McAtee, W. L. 1917a. Economic Ornithology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 138 Africa. McAtee, W. L. 1913c. Belgium. Book. Text in French. Dubois, A. J. 1893. California. McAtee, W. L. 1932c. England. Book. Text in English. Gunther, R. T. 1917b. France. Book. Text in French. Arenberg, E. 1912. Agelaius. Fisher, A. K. 1888b. Anserinae. Stearns, R. E. 1882b. Buteo. Greenhorn, . 1876. Corvus. Boas, J. E. 1911; Button, J. 1865. Corvus c. comix. Miihlig, G. G. 1865. Cyano- citta cristata. Howe, E. D. 1901. Fringillidae. Kashkarov, D. & others 1926. Garrulus. Loos, C. 1902a. Gyps. Evans, M. S. 1895a. Gyps kolbii. Taylor, C. H. 1908. Hedge birds. R., J. 1837. Icteridae. Fisher, A. K. 1888c. Parus. Butterfield, E. P. 1908b. Passer. Coues, E. B. 1878b, 1880a, 1882; Dear- born, N. 1912; Osgood, F. 1899. Picidae. Ertl, G. 1904. Psittacus. Evans, M. S. 1895a. Sphyrapicus. McAtee, W. L. 1913a. Sturnus vul- garis. Collinge, W. E. 1919a; Rohne, M. 1909; Kelso, J. E. 1910. See also other publications dealing with this species. Troglodytes aedon. Sherman, A. R. 1925a, b, c. Buds of trees destroyed. Altum, B. 1897. Damage done by roosting birds to residential property. McAtee, W. L. 1926a. Destruction of young pheasants by Quiscalus. Foster, F. B. 1927. Eating useful insects. McAtee, W. L. 1928b. Bees. Gurney, J. H. Jr. 1889a; Hamet, H. 1869-70. Agriculture, injuries to General. Hepburn, A. 1843c; Holmes, E. 1857. CROP DESTRUCTION General. Arinkina, T. & Kolesuikov, I. 1927; R., J. 1837. Grain. Africa. Schlupp, W. F. 1922. Grain-eating birds. Beal, F. E. 1898a. Columbaf.fasciata. Barnes, E. P. 1916. Vegetable crops. Alauda. French, C. 1914. Garden peas. Coccothraustes. Bunyard, P. F. 1908a. Carnivorous habits Carnivorous habits of sparrows a nuisance in Germany. Arndt, W. 1922. Injuries incurred by man from attacks by magpies, eagles, and crows in Australia. Cleland, J. B. 1910, 1913b. Killing young lambs. Pica. Home, C. 1871. Poultry damage. Corvus. Cole, L. J. 1909a. Wounding horses and cattle. Pica. Stephens, T. C. 1921. Wounding sheep, especially in kid- neys. Pica. Berry, S.S. 1922; Schorger, A. W. 1921. SHEEP-KILLING PARROT Book. Text in English. Marriner, G. R. 1909. General. Nestor notabilis. Godfrey, F. R. 1898; Marriner, G. R. 1907, 1908; Potts, T. H. 1881; Wharton, H. T. 1880; White, T. 1894, 1895. Origin of habit. Haacke, W. 1896a. Dissemination of diseases and pests Chicken and bird mites. Passer. Ewing, H. E. 1911. Weed seeds. Collinge, W. E. 1913a, 1914a. ANIMAL DISEASES General. Lay, G. W. 1911. Anthrax. Corvus. Mollet, F. 1913. Avian tuberculosis in swine. Junack, M. 1913-14; Van Es, L. 1924. Bubonic plague in poultry. Stevens, A. F. 1906. Foot and mouth disease of cattle. Stockman, S. & Garnett, M. 1923; Taylor, W. P. & Bryant, H. C. 1924; Thomson, A. L. 1924a. Hog cholera. Columba. Dorset, M., McBryde, C. N., Niles, W. B., & Rietz, J. H. 1918. Probably not distributed by birds. McAtee, W. L. 1918b. Trombicula akamsushi infection. Kawamura, R., Hattori, S., & Yama- guchi, M. 1921. TREE DISEASES General. Sphyrapicus. McAtee, W. L. 1924d. 139 SUBJECT INDEX Economic Ornithology Chestnut-blight fungus. Heald, F. D. & Studhalter, R. A. 1914; McAtee, W.L. 1915d, 1916c. Sphyrapicus. Ful- ton, H. R. 1915. Red-colored fungus entering holes made by Sphyrapicus. Hubert, E. E. 1923. Fish destruction General. Annin, J. 1884; Knauer, F. K. 1914; Munro, J. A. 1923; Smiley, C. W. 1884. Consideration of fishing interests and bird protection. Finsch, 0. 1895. ENEMIES OF FISH General. Benecke, B. A. 1886; Meix- ner, .1916. Many species. Schuster, W. 1907-08. Sea birds. Collinge, W. E. 1920c, 1926b. Corvus & Larus. Fischer-Sigwart, H. 1916a. Pelecanus. Hall, E. R. 1925. Phalacrocorax. Mattingley, A. H. 1908b, 1927; Swin- dells, A. W. 1908; Taverner, P. A. 1915. Fish poaching. Knauthe, K. 1891. Hatchery fish. Alcedo. Raveret- Wattel, C. 1898. Trout enemies. Haack, D. 1884. Horticulture damage General. Cooke, W. W. 1898; Cummings, A. L. 1880; Praeger, W. E. 1900; Surface, H. A. 1903; Theobald, F. V. 1907. Coca industry. Ritchie, A. H. 1918. Crocuses. MacLachan, R. 1892. Pecan culture. Corvus b. brachyrhyn- chos. Hoffman, W. E. 1924. Relation to horticulture. Anon. 1906b. Fringilla coelebs. Ritzema Bos, J. 1901. FRUIT INDUSTRY General. Beal, F. E. 1900b, 1905, 1907; Collinge, W. E. 1915a; Forbush, E. H. 1895; French, C. 1905; Smith, R. & Ellis, G. 1890. Birds injurious to fruit. Blaisdell, F. E. 1886. Oreoscoptes montanus. Kennedy, C. H. 1911b. Diversion of fruit-eating birds by periodical cicadas. McAtee, W. L. 1920a. Eating apple blossoms. Bombycilla cedrorum. Craig, J. 1896. Destruction to various fruits Cacao. Celeus. Smith, A. P. 1927. Grapes. Butler, A. W. 1912. Den- droica tigrina. Burns, F. L. 1915a; Roberts, I. G. 1915. Not harmful to apple crop. Carpo- dacus p. purpureus. Magee, M. J. 1926a. Olives. Sturnus vulgaris. Moser, L. C. 1892. Oranges. Melanerpes. Brewster, W. 1889. INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS Books. Text in English. Trimble, I. P. 1865; Wardle, R. A. & Buckle, P. 1923. General. Allen, J. A. 1881 a; Buck- man, J. 1865; Butler, A. G. 1910; Buvignier, . 1874; Chatel, V. 1857, 1861; Collinge, W. E. 1918d, e; Dank- ler, M. 1902; Eckstein, K. 1902; Firby, E. F. 1866; Henshaw, H. W. 1908b; Loos, C. 1894, 1896-97, 1902c; Losy, J. 1911; McAtee, W. L. 1924a, 1926e, 1928a; Michener, E. 1864; Palmer, F. H. 1873; Passerini, N. 1900; Perris, E. 1873, 1875; Reh, L. 1910a; Rey, J. G. 1909a; Rorig, G. 1898b; Rudow, F. 1891; Schuster, W. 1906a, 1908c, 1909b; Sherman, F. 1921; Soule, C. G. 1899; Tothill, J. D. 1918, 1922; Turrel, . 1874; Walsh, B. D. 1867; Walton, W. R. 1916; Walton, W. R. & Luginbill, P. 1916; Anon. 1891b, 1915b, 1922b. Many species. Anon. 1909b. Insectivorous habits of various birds. Alauda arvensis. Le Baron, W. 1870. Ardea ibis. McAtee, W. L. 1923c. Chordeiles. Jennings, A. H. 1908. Corvus frugilegus. Racz, B. 1914. Gallus. Sedlaczek, W. 1914; Anon. 1922b. Hirundinidae. Henshaw, H. W. 1907b. Larus. Dutcher, W. 1905. Loxia. Biitikofer, E. 1909. Meleagris. Anon. 1832b. Passer. Wilmot, N. E. 1917. Perdix. Csiki, E. 1912. Poma- torhinus. Chisholm, A. H. 1908a. Spizella p. passerina. Schneck, S. 1880. Sturnella. Beal, F. E. 1895a, 1913. Insectivorous habits of birds of vari- ous regions. Australia. French, C. 1912. Bulgaria. Kuzev, K. T. 1925. Canada. Beaulieu, G. 1897. Europe. Bau, A. 1908a. France. Dubois, A. J. 1913; Perris, E. 1873, 1875. Germany. Haenel, K. 1914; Hanff, . 1911; Loos, C. 1892, 1894, 1898b; Rockstroh, H. Economic Ornithology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 140 1913, 1915; Rorig, G. 1901, 1905a, b. New Hampshire. Lang, J. W. 1874. New South Wales. Froggatt, W. W. 1900. North America. Glover, T. 1866. Palaearctica. Vietinghoff von Reisch, A. 1924. Philippine Islands. Otanes, F. Q. 1926. Tropics. Cockayne, E. A. 1911. Balance of nature discussed. Turrel, . 1874. Diminution of insectivorous birds and correction of it. Barbier-Montault, . 1878. Disappearance of birds correlated with increase of insects. Levat, L. A. 1899. Number of insects destroyed. Stur- nella. Bryant, H. C. 1912c. Relation of birds to insect outbreak. California. Bryant, H. C. 1911. Destruction by birds of Alfalfa weevil. Kalmbach, E. R. 1914. Ants. Bequaert, J. 1922. Argentine ant. Mally, C. W. 1917. Winged ants. Bawtree, L. J. 1919. Aphids. McAtee, W. L. 1912e. Apus apus. Bertram, K. 1908. Bees. Gengler, J. 1913. Beetle pests. High, M. M. 1915. Butterflies. Daehne, . 1909. Gar- rulus. Loos, C. 1902a. Caterpillars. Geococcyx. Anthony, A. W. 1897c. Cecropians. Dryobates pubescens. Davis, W. T. 1893. Chinese cotton scale. Arnold, W. W. 1912. Cicada. Butler, A. W. 1886. Coddling moth. McAtee, W. L. Corn boll worm. Agelaius. Bonham, L. N. 1890. Cotton boll weevil in winter. Howell, A. H. 1908. Cricket pest control. Sturnella. Bur- rill, A. C. 1920. Dragon flies. Daehne, . 1910; Martin, R. 1910, 1911; Needham, J. G. 1898. European corn borer in New England. Barber, G. W. 1925, 1926. Grasshoppers. CrettS de Palluel, A. 1868. California. Bryant, H. C. 1912a, 1914b. Melanerpes. Aldrich, C. 1878. Gypsy moth. Bowditch, F. C. 1922. Book. Text in English. Forbush, E. H. & Fernald, C. H. 1896. Hairy caterpillars. Forbush, E. H. 1899. Turdus migratorius. Kingston, A. G. 1892a. Insect larvae. Loos, C. 1894, 1896-97. Locusts. Crette 1 de Palluel, A. 1868; Evelyn, F. W. 1908a; Gardner, L. L. 1927b; Lugger, O. 1898. Africa. Bar- ber, M. E. 1880. Transvaal, Africa. Evelyn, F. W. 1908a. Philippine locusts. Mackie, D. B. 1913. Oak-borer. Penthestes. Hoxie, W. 1886b. Pecan insects. McAtee, W. L. 1915b. Potato beetles. Habia [Hedymeles] ludovicianus. Barrows, W. B. 1889b; Kuntze, R. E. 1880. San Jose' scale spread. Passer. Bur- rill, A. C. 1915. Scale insect. McAtee, W. L. 1906a. Spruce tree insect pests. Hopkins, A. D. 1901. Termites. Passer, Sialia, & Turdus. Hagen, H. A. 1882. Tsetse fly. Relation of scratching birds. Gallinae apparently eat few pupae. Lloyd, L. 1914. Wire worms attacking cereals and forage crops. Hyslop, J. A. 1915. MOSQUITOES General. Balfour, A. 1914. Destruction of mosquito larvae. Anatidae. Herman, W. C. 1914. Preventing malaria by eating mos- quito larvae and pupae. Anas. Dixon, S. G. 1914. SEED DISSEMINATION BY BIRDS General. Collinge, W. E. 1913a, 1914a; Guppy, H. B. 1888; Newton, A. 1864; Ridley, H. N. 1896; Woodruffe- Peacock, E. A. 1919. Columba arqua- trix. Phillips, J. F. 1927. Mimus. Webber, H. J. 1895. 141 SUBJECT INDEX Economic Ornithology Dissemination of seeds of various plants Acorns by Corvus. Armistead, J. J. 1896; Bird, M. C. 1896; Cambridge, O. P. 1896; Reid, C. 1895. Juniper seed. McAtee, W. L. 1910a. Mistletoe. McAtee, W. L. 1916b. Book. Text in English. Tubeuf, K. 1923. Virginia creeper by Passer. Harvey, B. T. 1915. Dispersal of seeds eaten but not injured. Fox, H. 1898. Seed planting. Barrows, W. B. 1890. STOMACH CONTENTS General. Thais, L. 1899. Picidae. Germany. Landois, H. 1884c, 1888c. Eleven year study. Corvus f. frugi- legus. Hollrung, M. 1906. Piercing unripe grapes for juice not considered harmful. Compsothlypidae. McAtee, W. L. 1904. Value of examinations of stomach contents. Germany. Loos, C. 1904. TREES Economic relations of birds to forests. Beal, F. E. 1903; Grinnell, J. 1924c; McAtee, W. L. 1915a, 1926c; Pome- rancev, D. V. & Shevrev, I. J. 1910; Theobald, F. V. 1907. Dendrocopus. Collinge, W. E. 1915a. Gednus. Col- linge, W. E. 1915c. Pici. McAtee, W. L. 1911k. Effect of making holes in trees by sapsucking woodpeckers in Germany. Picidae. Lehmann, Ernst 1926. Value of birds in destruction of insects infesting trees. Grinnell, J. 1927b. USEFULNESS OF BIRDS AND RE- LATIONS TO AGRICULTURE General. Andrews, E. A. 1926; Allen, A. A. 1914a; Aristotle 1868; Barbier-Montault, . 1879; Beal, F. E. 1897b; Beal, F. E., McAtee, W. L., & Kalmbach, E. R. 1916; Brewer, T. M. 1880; Brimley, C. S. 1910; Buckland, J. 1914; Butler, A. W. 1891; Camerano, L. 1884; Chapman, F. M. 1902a; Cha- tel, V. 1857, 1861 ; Collinge, W. E. 1912a, 1920d, 1926b, 1927b; Decorder, J. E. 1862; Elrod, M. J. 1904; Farsky, O. 1928; Fitch, E. H. 1876; Forbes, S. A. 1880d; Forest, J. 1897; Fraser, W. P. 1912; Frohawk, F. W. 1919; Gerbe, Z. 1873; Glover, T. 1871; Godard, A. 1917; Henderson, J. 1913b; Henshaw, H. W. 1908a, 1913; Lindner, F. 1899b; McAtee, W. L. 1920b, c, 1922d, 1931b, e; Mer- riam, F. A. 1896a; Montessus, F. B. 1896; Nash, C. W. 1898; Pacoskij, I. K. 1909; Perkins, G. H. 1872; Pistone, A. 1896; Reeks, H. 1872; Russ, K. F. 1891; Samuels, E. A. 1864, 1866, 1868; Sied- lecki, M. 1933; Singley, J. A. 1888; Stearns, W. A. 1883; Theobald, F. V. 1907; Travers, W. T. 1903; Tschudi, F. 1854, 1862; Turrel, . 1874; Webster, F. M. 1913; Wheaton, J. M. 1874; Wielligh, G. R. 1914. Relations to agriculture in the follow- ing regions. America. Beal, F. E. 1915c. Brazil. Da Costa, J. W. 1914. British Isles. Book. Text in English. Collinge, W. E. 1913b. Canada. Nash, C. W. 1898, 1904. France. Chatel, V. 1857; Hamonville, J. C. 1896; Perez, J. 1894b. Germany. Leisewitz, W. 1906, 1907. Illinois. Forbes, S. A. 1908; Le Baron, W. 1855. Italy. Berlese, A. 1901; Sciacchitano, I. 1923. Kansas. Sullivan, R. H. 1911. Massachusetts. Flagg, W. 1862. Minnesota. Wash- burn, F. L. 1916. Montana. Elrod, M. J. 1904. Nebraska. Bruner, L. 1901. Ontario. Book. Text in English. Nash, C. W. 1904. South America. Warren, E. 1913. Switzerland. Zol- linger, H. 1909. Audubon societies. Relation to agri- culture. Oldys, H. 1903. Beneficial activity of an introduced species. Athiospar cristatellus. McAtee, W. L. 1925c. Game law preservation. Relation to agriculture. Collinge, W. E. 1918b. Golf courses. Valuable birds. McAtee, W. L. 1922c. Refuges. Value to agriculture. McAtee, W. L. 1932a. Submarine detection. Lams argen- tatus. Strong, R. M. 1923a. Surgical use of tendons. Ardeidae and Gruidae. Blain, A. W. 1905. Swine protected by birds eating para- sites that might otherwise be eaten by swine. Cram, E. B. 1930. Usefulness in orchards. Book. Text in English. Forbush, E. H. 1908a. Value to agriculture of Carduelinae. McAtee, W. L. 1911d. Weed seed destruction. Collinge, W. E. 1913a; Judd, S. D. 1898, 1899a. Economic Ornithology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 142 Fringillidae. Brandicourt, V. 1899. Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis. Shaw, W. T. 1936. Penthestes. Fletcher, J. 1898. Blood-sucking Arthropoda Bird enemies. Newstead, R. 1910. Ticks. McAtee, W. L. 191 Ib, g. Texas fever tick. McAtee, W. L. 1911b. Destruction of cotton pests General. Wilson, C. E. 1923. Birds eating cotton boll weevil. Bailey, V. 1905. Cotton boll weevil. Henshaw, H. W. 1907a; Howell, A. H. 1906, 1907. Destruction of cotton boll weevil in winter by birds. Howell, A. H. 1908. Edibility of flesh of birds not com- monly used as food by man Book. Text in English. Merganser senator. Turner, L. M. 1886. General. Struthio. Merlato, L. 1883. Sula [Moris] bassana. Cunning- ham, R. O. 1866. Fishy flavor of flesh of wild ducks cause. McAtee, W. L. 1918c, 1919b. "Off" flavors of flesh of game birds. McAtee, W. L. 1919d. Edible birds' -nests General. Collocalia. Blyth, E. 1860; Green, J. R. 1884, 1885-86; Guppy, H. B. 1886a, b; Layard, E. L. 1885. Glands which secrete mucus of which edible birds'-nests are composed. Java swallow. Collocalia nidifica. Home, E. 1817. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EDIBLE BIRDS'-NESTS General. Collocalia. Green, J. R. 1885-86; Wang, C. C. 1921a, b; *Zel- ler, H. 1913. Amino sugar content of edible birds'- nests. Wang, C. C. 1921b. Eggs Assimilation of soft and hard boiled eggs in health by man. Tikhvinski, M. P. 1891. Chemical composition of eggs as food. George, H. 1886. Decomposition of eggs causes. BSchamp, P. J. & Eustache, G. 1877. Digestibility of eggs, especially of albumin. Jorisseune, . 1900. Callus. Carini, A. 1894b. Putrid eggs of Chinese. Bacterio- logic study. Dold, H. & Li, M. 1916. Quality of market eggs and egg prod- ucts. Howarth, W. J. 1916. Saliva production effects in man. Roger, H. 1908. Surgical use of egg membrane for covering granulating surface. Schtiller, M. 1899a. Toxicity of eggs. Anas. Carles, P. 1914. Toxicity for man. Linossier, G. 1918. Utilization and digestibility of egg proteins. Bateman, W. G. 1916. EGG POWDERS Chemical composition. Beach, F. F., Needs, F. E., & Russell, E. 1921. Contained in egg fluid. Hohenegger, C. 1923. FOOD VALUE General. Haurand, C. W. 1880; Jaffa, M. E. 1898; Jones, G. 1909; Oertel, M. J. 1883; Simmonds, P. L. 1887-88. Antiscorbutic qualities of eggs as food. Hauge, S. M. & Carrick, C. W. 1925. Food value for sick people. Ely, W. S. 1895. Raw eggs in practical dietetics. Bateman, W. G. 1917. Relative food value of yolk and albumen. Callus. Webb, G. B. 1899. Feather industry Book. Test in French. Montillot, J. M. 1891. General. Duchesne, L. & Michel, E. 1882; Scherzer, C. 1886. Desirability of raising plume-bearing birds to meet market demand for plumes. Bonhote, J. L. 1912. Exportation of feathers and wild birds from Russia. Szielasko, A. E. 1896. Hawaiian feather work. Brigham, W. T. 1899. 143 SUBJECT INDEX Economic Ornithology Ostrich feathers. Forest, J. 1895; Lee, A. R. 1911b; MenSgaux, H. A. 1907c, 1914b. Book. Text in French. Men6- gaux, H. A. 1913. Letter-carrying General. Hirundinidae. Anon. 1889c. Use of homing pigeons in antiquity. Sibillot, C. 1897. Military use of carrier pigeons General. Caustier, E. 1893; Lincoln, F. C. 1927a; Stichler, C. 1886. Use in World war. Book. Text in English. Gladstone, H. S. 1919. Noxious rodents destroyed by birds General. Lantz, D. E. 1909; Pistone, A. 1896. Mice. Me"negaux, H. A. 1914a. Meadow mice. Lantz, D. E. 1906, 1907. Mouse plagues. Bird enemies. Piper, S. E. 1909, 1910. Pocket gophers. Lantz, D. E. 1910. Varying hare. Bird enemies. Griddle, N. 1917b. EDUCATION Book. Text in English. Pearson, T. G. 1923. General. Seton, E. T. 1904; Stephens, T. C. 1919. Collection of skeletons of American birds available for study. State Hall, Albany, N. Y. Shufeldt, R. W. 1909c. Conservation. [Winship, A. E.j 1894. Course in ornithology. Strong, R. M. 1912d. Economic ornithology. Berry, W. 1917. Nomenclature of embryos for teach- ing purposes. Gallus. Spencer, W. B. 1890-91. Ornithological education in America. Book. Text in English. Allen, A. A. 1933. Poultry culture. Kaupp, B. F. & Armstrong, W. F. 1926; Lippincott, W. A. 1925-26; Philips, A. G. 1924. Preparation for "Bird Day" in schools. Book. Text in English. Bab- cock, C. A. 1901. DESTRUCTION OF RODENTS BY Corpus frugilegus. Racz, B. 1914. Larus. Butcher, W. 1905. Tyto. Hall, E. R. 1927. Scavenger service by birds General. Fulbert-Dumonteil, . 1898. Corvuscorax. Feilden, H.W.I 909. Larus. Chapman, F. M. 1900b; Fisher, W. K. 1907. Usefulness as scavengers of red rice in Arkansas. Anatidae. McAtee, W. L. 1923a. Value of carrion feeders. McAtee, W. L. 1917c. Sea birds used in navigation and fishing General. Gouezel, . 1873. Domestication of Phalacrocorax for use in fishing in China and Japan. Gudger, E. W. 1926; Laufer, B. 1931. Book. Text in English. Kuroda, N. 1926c. Use of sea birds as bait in catching codfish. Collins, J. W. 1884. EMBRYOLOGY Comprising developmental stages fol- lowing fertilization of egg. For earlier stages see Oogenesis and Maturation under Reproduction: Germ cells. For the development of various organs and tissues, see these structures. Books. Text in Dutch. Hoffmann, C. K. 1884. Text in English. Agassiz, J. L. 1849; Arey, L. B. 1930; Balfour, F. M. 1881; Foster, M. & Balfour, F. M. 1874; Heilman, G. 1926; Highmore, N. 1651; Kellicott, W. E. 1913a, b; Kerr, J. G. 1919; Patten, B. M. 1920; Prentiss, C. W. 1916; Reese, A. M. 1904; Snape, A. 1683. Gallus. Bradley, O. C. 1915; Hunter, J. 1861; *Lillie, F. R. 1906, 1919. Text in French. Anthony, R. L. 1907; Balbiani, E. G. 1879b; Boubier, M. 1926b; *Duval, M. M. 1889; Launay, C. D. 1726; Paris, J. A. 1821; Prenant, A. 1891; Serres, A. E. 1860a; Verdun, P. 1898a; Vialleton, L. 1911. Gallus. Coste, J. J. 1837; Haller, A. 1758; Maltre-Jean, A. 1722. Embryology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 144 Text in German. Baumgartner, J. 1861b;Erdl,M. P. 1845-46; Floericke.C. E. 1908-13; Hertwig, 0. 1901-06, 1910; His, W. 1868; Hubrecht, A. A. 1909; Kolliker, R. A. 1879, 1884b; Lucanus, F. K. 1925; Meisenheimer, J. 1917; Naumann, J. F. 1905; Oppel, A. 1914; Poliakov, P. A. 1908; Preyer, W. T. 1885; Rathke, M. H. 1861; Reichert, C. B. 1840; Remak, R. 1855; Roux, W. 1881; Schenk, S. L. 1896; Terra, P. 1911; Valentin, G. G. 1835; Ziegler, H. E. 1902. Many species. Gadow, H. F. 1891d. Includes birds. Hertwig, O. 1915. Gallus. *Baer, K. E. 1828b; *Keibel, F. & Abraham, K. 1900; Oppel, K. 1914; Pander, C. H. 1817a; Pere- grinus, G. 1913; Rauber, A. A. 1876d; Schenk, S. L. 1874; Wolff, C. F. 1764. Text in Italian. Romiti, G. 1880-82. Text in Latin. Fabricius ab Aqua- pendente, H. 1621; Harvey, W. 1651; Malpighi, M. 1675, 1687; Schrader, J. 1674; Vesling, J. 1740. Gallus. Langly, W. 1674a, b; Swedenborg, E. 1740. Text in Swedish. Smitt, F. A. 1876. General. Aides, T. 1667; Baer, K. E. 1829; Balbiani, E. G. 1879a; Cigna, G. F. 1759; Dollinger, J. J. 1818; Gaspard, B. 1826; Geoffrey St. Hilaire, E. 1820b; Gruwe, J. 1878; Haller, A. 1770; Heilmann, G. 1914-15; Hoffmann, C. K. 1883; Home, E. 1822; Poliakov, P. A. 1908; Rottiger, A. 1880; Rufz de Lavison, E. 1864; Thomson, A. 1892; Tourneux, F. & Hermann, G. 1887; Tur, J. 1901b; Wagner, R. 1836. In- clude birds. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint- Ange, M. 1851; Heilmann, G. 1914- 15; Kollmann, J. K. 1885a. Birds inci- dental. Rynberg, G. 1910; Semon, R. W. 1896. Antarctic birds. Anthony, R. L. 1908; Furbringer, M. 1892b. Aestrelata. Studer, T. 1887, 1889. Anas. Bellonci, G. 1887; Braun, M. 1882; Nicolas, A. 1899; Towne, J. 1839; Weber, A. 1902c. Anser. Braun, M. 1882. Anthracoceros. Shelford, R. W. 1899. Apteryx. Parker, T. J. 1887-88. Chionis. Studer, T. 1889. Columba. Bar- ry, M. 1838; Braun, M. 1882. Corpus. Nicolas, A. 1899. Dromaeus [Dromiceius], Haswell, W. A. 1888. Eudyptes. Studer, T. 1889. Fulica atra. Muller, R. 1890; *Steinmetz, H. 1930. Gallus. Balfour, F. M. 1885; Barry, M. 1838; Basedow, H. 1889; Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint- Ange, M. 1851; Baumeyer, . 1864; Beguelin, N. 1751; Bellonci, G. 1887; Berger, J. G. 1688; Bonnet, C. 1769; Boyden, E. A. 1916; Braun, M. 1882; Goiter, V. 1573; Croone, W. 1757; Dareste, C. 1860b; Erdl, M. P. 1842, 1845-46; Fangauf, R. 1928; Gahrliep, G. C. 1691; Goette, A. 1869, 1874; Griindel, J. B. 1687; Hansemann, D. P. 1911; His, W. 1866, 1867; Hoffmann, R. W. 1914; "Holmdahl, D. E. 1925a; Homer, F. R. 1853; *Keibel, F. 190 la; Kollmann, J. K. 1885a; Lanzoni, G. 1694; Libavius, A. & Bavarus, T. 1610; Lillie, F. R. 1909; Menegaux, H. A. 1908; Moleschott, J. 1868, 1870; Muller, C. 1896; Nicolas, A. 1899; Pander, C. H. 1817b, 1818, 1822; Paris, J. A. 1811; Pfeil, . 1817; Pfeil, C. 1823; Prevost, J. L. & Dumas, J. B. 1827; Rathke, M. H. 1838c; Rauber, A. A. 1874; Remak, R. 1843; Staderini, R. 1913; Stieda, L. 1902; Teuscher, H. 1888; Thomson, A. 1892; Towne, J. 1839; Vesling, J. 1740; Vogelaar, J. P. & Boogert, J. B. 1924; Weber, A. 1902c; Wolff, C. F. 1770. Gallus incidental. Strieker, S. 1863. Halodroma. Studer, T. 1887-89. Megapodius. Studer, T. 1889. Melopsittacus. *Abraham, K. 1901; Tourneux, F. & Tourneux, J. P. 1902. Motacilla. Braun, M. 1882. Passer. Nicolas, A. 1899; Reese, A. M. 1905. Phaeton phoenicurus, Miinter, H. 1914. Phalacrocorax. Studer, T. 1889. Picidae. Nicolas, A. 1899. Priori. Studer, T. 1887. Pygoscelis adeliae. Marelli, C. A. 1914. Spheniscidae. Schauinsland, H. H. 1891b. Strix. Braun, M. 1882. Slruthio. Aubry, . 1918a; Hildebrandt, G. F. 1805, 1806; Nassonow, N. V. 1894. Sturnus. *Holmdahl, D. E. 1925a. Thalassi- droma. Studer, T. 1887. Vanellus. Graul, W. 1907; *Grosser, O. & Tandler, J. 1909. Vanellus cristatus. Tandler, J. 1908. Anemia of embry6. Gallus. Dareste, C. 1871b. Autointoxication. Includes Gallus. Houssay, F. 1902b. Cell degeneration. Includes birds. Ernst, M. 1926. Cell and tissue individuality differ- entials. Birds incidental. Loeb, L. 1921. Cinematograph use. Gallus. Graper, L. 1926, 1929a, b. Classification of embryo. Includes birds. Eternod, A. C. 1900. Comparison with other species. Struthio. Mitrophanov, P. I. 1902f, 1905. 145 SUBJECT INDEX Embryology Correlation between central and peripheral regions. Gallus. TUT, J. 1905d. Development for each day described. Gallus. Steno, N. 1673c. Differential growth. Gallus. Fischel, A. 1896; Schmalhausen, I. 1926. Flexures of embryo. Includes Gallus. Staderini, R. 1916. Form destruction. Includes Gallup. Rauber, A. A. 1880b. Form differentiation. Gallus. *Schmalhausen, 1. 1927. Includes birds. Rauber, A. A. 1880b. Fourth day embryo. Hunter, A. 1803. Growth cycles. Gallus. Romanoff, A. L. 1929a. In vitro studies. Teuscher, H. 1888; Vogelaar, J. P. & Boogert, J. B. 1925. Gallus. McWhorter, J. E. & Whipple, A. O. 1912. Kainogenesis. Coenogenetic modifi- cation of ontogenetic recapitulation of phylogeny. Gallus & Struthio. Mehn- ert, E. 1897. Organ-forming substances. Birds incidental. Hegner, R. W. 1914b. Popular accounts. Gallus. Mendel, V. 1910; Neumann, C. 1899. Vitality of embryo. Hopfe, E. 1880. ATLASES AND UNUSUAL ILLUS- TRATIONS OF DEVELOPING EMBRYO FOR EACH DAY Book. Text in French. Gallus. Duval, M. M. 1889. General. Columba. *Kupffer, C. W. & Benecke, B. A. 1879. Gallus. *Kupf- fer, C. W. & Benecke, B. A. 1879; Malpighi, M. 1675, 1687; Tredern, L. S. 1808. Larus & Passer. *Kupffer, C. W. & Benecke, B. A. 1879. Colored figures. Hoffmann, R. W. 1914. Development to one day after hatch- ing. Gallus. Home, E. 1822. Embryo in egg. Book. Text in Latin. Gallus. Fabricius ab Aqua- pendente, H. 1621, 1688. Popular account. Good figures of embryo in egg at different stages. Gal- lus. Mendel, V. 1910. BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF EMBRYO General. Gallus. Iljin, M. D. 1929. Includes Gallus. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint-Ange, M. 1847, 1851. Amino acids. Gallus. Sendju, Y. 1925. Ammonia production. Needham, J. 1926b. Chemical composition of egg and embryo. Gallus. Liebermann, L. 1886, 1888. Chloride concentration. Gallus. Mur- ray, H. A. 1926e. Concentration of organic constituents and calorific values. Gallus. Murray, H. A. 1926a. Glycogenic bodies in blastoderm. Gallus. Serres, A. E. 1858. Protein concentration. Gallus. Mur- ray, H. A. 1926e. Urea content. Needham, J. 1926a. Biochemical activity General. Levene, P. A. 1900, 1902. Anas. Prout, W. 1822. Gallus. Marza, V. 1929; Preyer, W. T. 1882; Prout, W. 1822;Sacc, F. 1847. Meleagris. Prout, W. 1822. Biochemical and serological studies of incubated eggs. Gallus. Idzumi, S. 1924. Calcium transfer from shell to em- bryo. Gallus. Buckner, G. D., Martin, J. H., & Peter, A. M. 1925c. Catabolic chemical activity. Gallus. Murray, H. A. 1925a, b. Catalytic activity. Winternitz, M. C. & Rogers, W. B. 1910. Cornification. Columba & Gattus. Zabludowski, J. 1880. Distribution and changes in inorganic salts. Gallus. Horning, E. S. & Scott, G. H. 1932. Elimination of waste products. Gal- lus. Boyden, E. A. & Fiske, C. H. 1927. Lactic acid formation. Gallus. Kin- zuchi, A. 1912. Nitrogen excretion. Needham, J. 1926c. Physico-chemical changes in albumin. Gallus. Wladimiroff, G. E. 1926. Embryology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 146 Urea production. Needham, J. 1926b. Uric acid production. Needham, J. 1926b. Hydrogen ion concentration General. Gallus. Murray, H. A. 1926e. Changes in albumen and yolk dur- ing incubation. Gallus. Romanoff, A. L. & Romanoff, A. J. 1929. BIOPHYSICS General. Gallus. Chattock, A. P. 1925; Romanoff, A. L. 1930. Desiccation effects. Gallus. Fe're', C. 1894k. Efficiency of development. Need- ham, J. 1927a. Electrical phenomena. Gallus. Bloch, H. 1888; Dareste, C. 1895. Includes Gallus. Windle, B. C. 1895. Electrocardiograph studies. Gallus. Kulbs, F. 1920. Gas effects. Viborg, E. N. 1805. Gases necessary for environment of embryo. Riddle, 0. 1924b. Light effect on development of em- bryo. Gallus. Perna, G. 1905. Magnetism. Gallus. Maggiorani, C. 1879, 1884. Includes Gallus. Windle, B. C. 1895. Mechanics of development. Books. Text in German. Includes birds. Roux, W. 1881. Includes Gallus. His, W. 1874. Normal physical and physiologic conditions. Gallus. Dareste, C. 1887a. Osmosis through egg membranes. Anon. 1874a. Osmotic pressure of egg during incu- bation. Atkins, W. R. 1909b. Gallus. Bialaszewicz, K. 1912b. Water absorption in formation of sub- germinal cavity. Columba. Bartelmez, G. W. & Riddle, O. 1924. Energy sources General. Gallus. Needham, J. 1926d. Carbohydrate metabolism. Need- ham, J. 1927b. Developmental efficiency. Needham, J. 1927a. Heat absorption. Moitessier, A. 1872. Heat developed by the embryo. Merlato, L. 1883; Meyerhof, O. 1911. Relation between absorption and combustion of fat and protein. Need- ham, J. 1927a. Relation between combustion, con- stitution, and concentration. Needham, J. 1927a. Transformation of living energy. Gallus. Romanoff, A. L. 1929g. Irradiation of embryo Mitogenetic rays. Gallus. Sorin, A. N. & Kisljak-Statkewitch, M. D. 1928. Radium irradiation. Gallus. Tur, J. 1905e; *Vernoni, G. 1911. Ultraviolet irradiation. Differential susceptibility. Hinrichs, M. A. 1927. X-rays. Decreased mitoses. Gallus. Gaskell, J. F. 1911. Polarity of embryo General. Gallus. Dalton, J. C. 1881; Gerlach, L. 1882b; Kopsch, F. 1902; Rabaud, E. 1908a; Yarrell, W. 1826. Inversion in polarity. *Bartelmez, G. W. 1918; Byerly, T. C. & Olsen, M. W. 1933. Light effect. Gallus. Blanc, L. 1892; Perna, G. 1905. Relation to rate of development of embryo. Heterotaxia. Anas. Fe>e", C. 1896L Rotation of embryo in egg. Gallus. Dareste, C. 1892. Variation, causes of. Gallus. Fe're, C. 1900b. Temperature experiments General. Gallus. Dareste, C. 1856a, 1865c, 1866a, 1869a, 1889c; Eycle- shymer, A. C. 1907; Fe're", C. 1894e; Saint-Loup, R. 1890b. Characteristic temperature for con- traction rate. Isolated fragments of heart. Gallus. Murray, H. A. 1926d. Gradient effect on early embryology. Gallus. Tazelaar, M. A. 1928. Influence of temperature on pulse rate. Inukai, T. 1925. 147 SUBJECT INDEX Embryology Nervous system, effects on. Gallus. Alsop, F. M. 1919. HIGH TEMPERATURE, EFFECTS General. Gallus. Fe>e", C. 1900c. Lung diverticulum. Gallus. Weber, A. 1918. LOW TEMPERATURE, EFFECTS General. Gallus. Labbe, E. H. 1925; Lamson, G. H. 1918; Lipschiitz, A. & Illanes, A. 1929; Mauro, F. 1923; Moran, T. 1925. Cooling effects. Includes Gallus. Preyer, W. T. 1881. Effect of cold on capacity of egg to develop embryo. Gallus. Colasanti, G. 1875. Incubation without brooding when minimum temperature of 98-100 oc- curs in India. Hutchinson, R. F. 1880. Low temperature prior to incubation. Gallus. Rabaud, E. 1899b. Physiologic zero. Gallus. *Edwards, C. L. 1900, 1902; Kaestner, S. 1895; Kempen, C. V. 1901b; Rabaud, E. 1899b; Tirelli, V. 1899. EARLY EMBRYOLOGY Books. Text in German. Rauber, A. A. 1877b. Gallus. His, W. 1868. General. Aides, T. 1674b; Koster, W. 1865, 1866; Mitrophanov, P. I. 1898b, 1901a; Mordwilko, A. K. 1897; Schauinsland, H. H. 1891a; Virchow, H. J. 1897. Include birds. Balfour, F. M. 1875; Gegenbaur, C. 1861; His, W. 1900; Kollmann, J. K. 1885b; Mayer, A. F. 1865; Mitrophanov, P. I. 1902d; Mitsukuri, K. 1896; Schauinsland, H. H. 1903b; Virchow, H. J. 1897. Birds incidental. His, W. 1891; Samassa, P. 1895. Water birds. Mitro- phanov, P. I. 1898a. Anas. Funccius, T. 1909; Mihalko- vics, G. V. 1875; *Mitrophanov, P. I. 1899a; Nicolas, A. & Weber, A. 1900; Rabl, C. 1915. Anas & Anser inciden- tal. Greil, A. 1914. Columba. Func- cius, T. 1909; Harper, E. H. 1902; Janosfk, J. 1882; * Patterson, J. T. 1907a. Coracias garrulus. Mitro- phanov, P. I. 1898a. Corpus. *Mitro- phanov, P. I. 1899a. Corvus frugilegus. Mitrophanov, P. I. 1901b. Fringilla. Funccius, T. 1909. Gallus. Balfour, F. M. 1873b; Balfour, F. M. & Deigh- ton, F. 1882; Funccius, T. 1909; Graper, L. 1927; His, W. 1866, 1876, 1877, 1882, 1902; JanoSfk, J. 1882; Kaestner, S. 1897; Kidd, P. 1877; Kionka, H. 1894; Kolliker, R. A. 1884a, c; Roller, C. 1880a, b, 1882; Kopsch, F. 1898, 1901, 1902; Loisel, G. 1901d; Miller, A. M. & McWhorter, J. E. 1914; Mitrophanov, P. I. 1899a; Oellacher, J. 1869; Pander, C. H. 1818; *Patterson, J. T. 1907a, 1909a; Platt, J. B. 1889; Rabaud, E. 1899c; Rauber, A. A. 1876a, c, d; Serres, A. E. 1843a, 1856, 18605; Shore, T. W. & Pickering, J. W. 1889; Virchow, H. J. 1875a, b; Weber, A. & Buvignier, A. 1903c, d; *Wolff, C. F. 1768. Include Gallus. Kopsch, F. 1898, 1901, 1902; Mihalkovics, G. V. 1875; Rabl, C. 1915; Sabotta, J. 1897. Gallus incidental. Greil, A. 1914. Lents. *Mitrophanov, P. I. 1899a. Lyrurus. Dehnel, G. 1927. Melop- sittacus. Keibel, F. 1901b. Numida meleagris. Tur, J. 1902b. Passer. Patten, C. J. 1910b. Psittacidae. *Braun, M. 1880, 1881, 1882. Sennits. Funccius, T. 1909. Sphenisciformes. Schauinsland, H. H. 1891b. Sterna macrura. Mitrophanov, P. I. 1912. Struthio. Mitrophanov, P. I. 1896, 1897c, 1899a; Nassonow, N. V. 1894, 1896b, c. Sturnus. Funccius, T. 1909. Models of early embryonic stages. Includes Gallus. Hammar, J. A. 1893. Somatopleure. Gallus. Drasch, O. 1894. Fertilization of egg Albertus Magnus 1651; Bayer, A. 1877; Haller, A. 1770. Includes birds. Balbiani, E. G. 1879a. Columba. Harper, E. H. 1902, 1904; Van Durme, M. 1914. Gallus. Cigna, G. F. 1788; Ivanov, E. J. 1924b; Lien- hardt, M. 1923; Rossi, F. 1801; Tascher, P. 1876; *Tauber, P. 1875; Van Durme, M. 1914. Pants, Passer, Regulus & Turdus. Van Durme, M. 1914. Competition of spermatozoa. Gal- lus. Dunn, L. C. 1926b. Location of fertilization of egg. Coste, J. J. 1850a. Nuclear changes in fertilization. Columba, Gallus, Hirundo, & Passer. Van Durme, M. 1912. Selective fertilization. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. 1926b. Embryology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 148 Time. Columba. Harper, E. H. 1904. Gallus. Patterson, J. T. 1910. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION General. Gallus. Ivanov, E. J. 1913; Payne, L. F. 1914; Rolf, A. F. 1916. Include birds. Ivanov, E. J. 1903, 1924a. Artificial insemination with motile sperm from ovariotomized fowl. Domm, L. V. 1930a. FACTORS AFFECTING FERTILIZATION General. Dryden, J. 1897. Age of parents. Gallus. Hays, F. A. 1928. Importance of efficiency rather than number of spermatozoa. Gallus. Hutt, F. B. 1929b. Season of year. Gallus. Curtice, C. 1903. Stale sperm. Streptopelia. Riddle, O. & Behre, E. H. 1921a. Time of maximum fertility. Gallus. Crew, F. A. 1927c. Copulation factors All eggs fertilized by one copulation. Meleagris. Mann, W. 1883. Hens mated once only, laid fertilized eggs from third day for seven to twenty days. Gallus. Kusakari, T. 1927. Length of period after copulation when fertile eggs are laid. Gallus. Chodziesner, M. 1929; Coste, J. J. 1850b; Jarvis, L. G. 1898; Kaupp, B. F. 1919b; Lau, H. 1894; Laurie, D. F. 1919; Lienhart, R. 1922. Life period of spermatozoa in body of hen. Gallus. Crew, F. A. 1926d. Period after copulation before eggs are fertile. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. 1926b; Martin, J. H. & Anderson, W. S. 1918; Sherwood, R. M. & Buss, W. J. 1913; Anon. 1909a. Meleagris. Shepard.E.M. 1883. HATCHABILITY OF EGGS Duration of vitality of germinal disk. Calasanti, G. 1878. Eggs laid some time after copulation. Gallus & Meleagris. Jameson, . 1821. . Frequent turning. Gallus. Insko, W. M. & Martin, J. H. 1933. Fresh eggs carried long distance and yet incubated successfully. Perdix. Gloger, C. W. 1853d. Maximum period between laying and brooding. Carduelis & Fringilla chloris. Rey, J. G. 1867. Relation of male to hatchability. Gallus. Hays, F. A. 1926b. Seasonal variation. Gallus. Curtice, C. 1903. POLYSPERMY Entrance of more than one sperm into ovum. For a good brief account in Eng- lish of this phenomenon see Lillie, F. R. 1919, pp. 37-38. General. Duval, M. M. 1895; Riickert, J. 1910. Columba. Harper, E. H. 1902. Gallus. Patterson, J. T. 1909c, 1910; Tur, J. 1907c. Polyspermy and origin of the peri- blast nuclei. *Blount, M. P. 1909. Triple fertilization. Gallus. Han- cock, J. L. 1891. Cleavage or segmentation of the egg General. Duval, M. M. 1884c. Include birds. Bergmann, C. G. 1847; Hubrecht, A. A. 1912; Peter, K. 1922; Virchow, H. J. 1892b; Waldner, M. 1881. Columba. *Blount, M. P. 1907, 1909; Van Dunne, M. 1912, 1914. Gallus. Coste, J. J. 1850c; *Patterson, J. T. 1909c, 1910; Rauber, A. A. 1883; Van Durme, M. 1912, 1914. Hirundo. Van Durme, M. 1912. Parus. *Van Dunne, M. 1914. Passer. Dubuisson, H. 1905b; Van Durme, M. 1912, 1914. Regulus. Van Durme, M. 1914. Ser- inus. Gasser, E. 1884. Turdus. L6caillon, A. 1910J; *Van Durme, M. 1914. Cell continuity in cleavage. Gallus. Cameron, J. & Gladstone, R. J. 1916a, b. Early segmentation of male and female eggs compared. Serres, P. M. 1856. Intercellular connections. Gallus. Andrews, E. A. 1907. Period during passage through ovi- duct. Includes birds. Coste, J. J. 1847. 149 SUBJECT INDEX Embryology Gastrulation Publications which deal with the type of gastrula formation in birds and with the development of the first two germ layers. General. Assheton, R. 1912; Eis- mond, O. P. 1893-94, 1894. Include birds. Keibel, F. 190 la; Repiachov, V. M. 1892. Anas. Mitrophanov, P. I. 1899a. Columba. *Patterson, J. T. 1907a, 1909b. Corpus. Mitrophanov, P. I. 1899a. Gallus. Kupffer, C. W. 1882- 84; *Lillie, F. R. 1904a; Mitrophanov, P. I. 1899a; Miiller, C. 1896. Larus. Mitrophanov, P. I. 1899a; Tichomirov, A. A. 1890. Passer. Kupffer, C. W. 1882-84. StnUhio. Mitrophanov, P. I. 1899a. Includes Anas. Rabl, C. 1915. Include Gallus. Rabl, C. 1915; Rauber, A. A. 1880a. Anas & Gallus incidental. Greil, A. 1914. Blastopore. Bellonci, G. 1883-84; Rauber, A. 1876a; Whitman, C. 0. 1883; Wilson, H. V. 1894. Concrescence theory. Gallus. Minot, C. S. 1890a; Whitman, C. O. 1883. Blastoderm and germ layer develop- ment General. Gasser, E. 1882, 1883. Include birds. Keibel, F. 1901a; Lvov, V. N. 1894; Mitrophanov, P. I. 1891a, 1900a; Schenk, S. L. 1878; Wolff, W. 1886. Coturnix. *Mitrophanov, P. I. 1902c, e. Gallus. Berenberg-Gossler, H. 1914; Cameron, J. & Gladstone, R. J. 1916b; Disse, J. 1878; Duval, M. M. 1884a, b; 'His, W. 1876, 1877 ; Kolliker, R. A. 1875, 1884a; Roller, C. 1880b, 1882; Nowack, K. 1902; Peremeschko, P. 1868; Wald- eyer-Hartz, W. 1869; Wolff, W. 1882. Includes Gallus. Kollmann, J. K. 1884b. Blastoderm without embryo. Anas. Weber, A. 1906. Development. Gallus. Coste, J. J. & Delpech, J. M. 1833; Dansky, J. & Kostenitsch, J. 1880. Streptopelia. Dan- sky, J. & Kostenitsch, J. 1880. Growth. Gallus. Strahl, H. & Grund- mann, E. 1902. Growth of area vascu- losa. Tur, J. 1910b. Mesoderm-free region of the blasto- derm. Gallus. Ravn, E. 1886. Organ formation areas before prim- itive streak stage. Gallus. Hoadley, L. 1927. Orientation of embryo in blastoderm. Gallus. 'Peebles, F. 1904. Regional difference in rate of oxida- tion. Gallus. Buchanan, J. W. 1926. Sinus terminalis development. Includes birds. Szaniawski, W. 1926. Vitelline area. Gallus. Duval, M. M. 1884b. Yolk elements in cells of blastoderm. Gallus. Lavdowsky, M. & Tischutkin, N. 1899. MESODERM Development. Zumstein, J. J. 1887. Includes birds. Minot, C. S. 1890b. Anas. Berenberg-Gossler, H. 1914; Rabl, C. 1915; Rex, H. 1897; Rothig, P. 1907. Columba. Rabl, C. 1889a. Gallus. Berenberg-Gossler, H. 1914; Rabl, C. 1888a, b, 1889a, 1915. Includes Gallus. Hertwig, O. 1882. Larus. Rothig, P. 1907. Larus ridibundus. *Rex, H. 1901a, 1905. Vanellus. Rothig, P. 1907. Blood vessel relations. Gallus. Klein, E. 1871. Mesenchyme. Gallus. Clark, E. R. 1914. Parablast. Gallus. His, W. 1876, 1882; Tur, J. 1906b. Relation with yolk. Gallus. Romiti, G. 1882. Tissue differentiation in mesoderm. Includes birds. Kollmann, K. J. 1884a. PRIMITIVE STREAK AND RELATED STRUCTURES A narrow thickening of the ectoderm in the caudal half of the pellucid area of the blastoderm. It is treated commonly in all general works on embryology. Book. Text in German. Gallus. Dursy, E. 1866. General. Bellonci, G. 1883-84; Gas- ser, E. 1879b; Jablonowski, J. 1897; 'Lillie, F. R. 1904a; Mitrophanov, P. I. 1902b; Pratobevera, G. 1835; Wald- eyer-Hartz, W. 1869; Wilson, H. V. 1894. Includes birds. Mitrophanov, P. I. 1900a. Anas. Mitrophanov, P. I. 1899a, 1902a; Rabl, C. 1915. Anser. Gasser, E. 1877b, 1879b. Columba. Patterson, J. T. 1907a. Corpus. Mitrophanov, P. I. 1899a. Gal/us. Assheton, R. 1896; Balfour, F. M. 1873a; Bergmann, C. G. 1862a; Duval, M. M. 1879, 1885b; Dursy, E. 1867; Gasser, E. Embryology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 150 1877b, 1879b; *His, W. 1877; Jab- lonowski, J. 1897; Kopsch, F. 1902; Mitrophanov, P. I. 1899a; Nowack, K. 1902; *Peebles, F. 1898, 1903; Rabl, C. 1915; Samassa, P. 1890; Terazaki, T. 1910; Waldeyer-Hartz, W. 1869; Wet- zel, R. 1925, 1926. Laws. Mitrophanov, P. I. 1899a. Passer. Bergmann, C. G. 1862a. Sterna. *Grohs, W. 1907; Mitrophanov, P. I. 1902a. Struthio. Mitrophanov, P. I. 1899a. Age of appearance. Moleschott, J. 1870. Concrescence theory. Minot, C. S. 1890a. Book. Text in English. Lillie, F. R. 1919. Growth centers. Gallus. Wetzel, R. 1926. Head process. Anas. *Rabl, C. 1915, 1923. Independence from embryonic cres- cent. Mitrophanov, P. I. 1897f. Primitive knot (Hensen's knot) This structure is mentioned frequently in publications on early embryology. General. Gallus. Wetzel, R. 1924. Caudal region. Anser. Schwarz, D. 1889. Position relations to Embryo. Gallus. Peebles, F. 1903. Neural tube. Gallus. Kaczander, J. 1887b. Parthenogenesis Development of egg without fertiliza- tion. General. Duval, M. M. 1884d; Le'caillon, A. 1910g. Anas. Chappellier, A. 1920. Columba, Bartelmez, G. W. & Riddle, O. 1924. Fringillidae. Chappellier, A. 1921. Gallus. Barfurth, D. 1896; Lau, H. 1894; Lecaillon, A. 1908b, 1909a, c, e, 1910b, c, d, e, g, h. Pavo. Lecaillon, A. 1909d, 1910b. Phasianus pictus. Lecaillon, A. 1914a. Turtur [Strepto- g'.lia] risorius. Lecaillon, A. 1914b. ybrid Anas X Cairina. Chappellier, A. 1912c. Cleavage normal and parthenogenetic compared. Lecaillon, A. 1910h. Cytology. Attraction spheres and centrosomes. Gallus. Le'caillon, A. 1909c. Relation to dermoid cysts of ovary. Duval, M. M. 1895. Temperature effect. Gallus. Le'cail- lon, A. 1910a. Variation in number of chromosomes. Gallus. Le'caillon, A. 1910d. EGG TOOTH A cornified papilla, situated on the dorsum of the embryonic beak near its apex, which is used in breaking the shell at hatching. It is lost soon after hatching. Book. Text in German. Terra, P. 1911. General. Anson, B. J. 1929; *Branca, A. 1906, 1907b, c, d, e; Mayer, A. F. 1842c; Willink, H. D. 1899a. Anas. *Branca, A. 1907b, c. Gallus. Branca, A. 1906, 1907a, c, d, e; Yarrell, W. 1826. Sterna & Struthio. Rose, C. 1892. Tringa pusilla. Weinland, D. F. 1862c. Two egg teeth found after 15-21 days of incubation and a few days after hatching. Gallus. Mayer, A. F. 1841. Development General. Gallinula chloropus. Willink, H. D. 1899b. Gallus. *Branca, A. 1907c, d; Gardiner, E. G. 1884; *Rosen- stadt, E. B. 1902, 1912. Melopsittacus. Gardiner, E. G. 1884. Cornification. Egg tooth. Rosen- stadt, E. B. 1902. Anas. Branca, A. 1907c. Gallus. Branca, A. 1907c, d. Histogenesis of egg tooth. Includes birds. Pondrelli, M. 1903. EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES General. Gallus. Hirota, S. 1894; Home, E. 1822; Leveille, J. B. 1800; Schauinsland, H. 1903a. Chorion. Serres, A. E. 1840. Membranes of twin embryo from double-yolked eggs. Gallus. Sumulong, M. D. 1925. Somatopleure. Gallus. Drasch, O. 1894. Allantois Book. Text in Latin. Fabricius ab Aquapendente, J. 1688. 151 SUBJECT INDEX Embryology General. Budge, J. 1875, 1881; Spampani, G. 1902. Includes birds. Hubrecht, A. A. 1912. Gallus. Budge, J. 1881; Duval, M. M. 1881, 1884e, 1885a; Hochstetter, F. 1888a; Leveilte, J. B. 1799-1800; Mertens, H. 1830; Olivetti, M. 1874; Rauber, A. A. 1880a; Ravn, E. 1898. Motacilla. Spampani, G. 1905. Muscicapidae. Duval, M. M. 1881, 1884e, 1885a. Passer & Pratin- cola. Spampani, G. 1905. Blood vessels. Gallus. Duval, M. M. 1884f. Contractile fibers. Gallus. Vulpian, E. F. 1858a. Development. Gallus. Dobrynin, P. 1871; Fulleborn, F. 1895; Gasser, E. 1874. Growth. Boyden, E. A. 1924. Histology. Gallus. Dantschakoff, W. 1917. Homology with mammalian placenta. Gallus. Duval, M. M. 1883, 1884e, 1885a. PHYSIOLOGY General. Gallus. Vulpian, E. F. 1858b. Allantoic fluid. Chemical composi- tion and physical properties. Gallus. Kamei, T. 1927. VASCULAR SYSTEM General. Gallus. Duval, M. M. 1884f. Capillaries. Gallus. Dalrymple, J. 1844. Lymphatic plexus accompanying allantoic arteries. Gallus. Budge, A. 1881. Perivascular lymphatic vessels of allantois. Gallus. Creighton, C. 1899. Respiratory vascular plexus. Gallus. Dantschakoff, W. 1917. Amnion Book. Text in Latin. Fabricius ab Aquapendente, J. 1688. General. Jacquart, H. 1845. Include birds. Hubrecht, A. A. 1912; Serres, A. E. 1840. Anas & Corvus. Tur, J. 1926. Gallus. Duval, M. M. 1881, 1885a; Leveille", J. B. 1799-1800; Mer- tens, H. 1830; Shore, T. W. & Pickering, J. W. 1889; Tur, J. 1926. Muscicapidae. Duval, M. M. 1881, 1885a. Chemical composition and physical properties of amniotic fluid. Gallus. Kamei, T. 1927. Development. Gallus. Lillie, F. R. 1903a, 1904a; Peterfl, T. 1913. Folds of amnion entering lens invagi- nation opening. Gallus. Szily, A. 1906. Proamnion. Gallus. Ravn, E. 1895; Shore, T. W. & Pickering, J. W. 1889. HISTOLOGY General. Gallus. *Pe"terfl, T. 1913. Epithelium. Hotz, A. 1878. Perivascular lymphatic vessels. Gal- lus. *Cre'ighton, C. 1899. Smooth muscle fibers. Gallus. Ver- zar, F. 1908. PHYSIOLOGY General. Gallus. Vulpian, E. F. 1858b. Experimental lesions. Gallus. Soboleff, I. 1883. Yolk sac General. Dantschakoff, W. 1908a, 1909b. Gallus. *Virchow, H. J. 1891, 1892a. Capacity of epithelium to form yolk elements. Gallus. *Schaper, A. 1902. Change in yolk sac during last days of incubation. Gallus. Virchow, H. J. 1889. Post-embryonic development. Anas, Columba, & Gallus. Charbonnel-Salle, & Phisalix, C. 1886a. Recession of yolk sac into abdominal cavity. Include Columba & Gallus. Giacomini, E. 1893a, b. Gallus. Vicq d'Azyr, F. 1791b, 1799. Resorption of yolk. Gallus. Dubuis- son, H. 1904; Jull, M. A. & Heywang, B. W. 1930. Vitelline duct. Columba. Budge, J. 1847. STRUCTURE General. Gallus. Courty, A. 1849b. Epithelium of yolk sac. Gallus. Virchow, H. J. 1875b. Yolk nuclei. Include birds. Gasser, E. 1884; Virchow, H. J. 1892b. Embryology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 152 Vltelline blood vessels General. Gallus. Excellent plates. *Popoff, D. 1894. Capillaries. Gallus. Dalrymple, J. 1844. INCUBATION Incubation phenomena, usually involv- ing the entire egg. General. Anas. Horton, D. H. 1928. Gallus. Davy, J. 1867c. Egg shell changes during incubation. Hantzsch, B. 1901. Mortality during incubation. Dun- lop, E. B. 1910. Causes. Tobias, L. 1852. Yolk form and position changes dur- ing incubation. Gallus. Fe"re", C. 1897b. METAMERISM General. Tur, J. 1905f. Includes birds. Locy, W. A. 1895b. Gallus. Dexter, S. 1891; Williams, L. W. 1910. Somite succession. Gallus. Hubbard, M. E. 1908; 'Patterson, J. T. 1907b; Platt, J. B. 1889. Head somites General. Goronovitsch,N. 1892. Anas. Wijhe, J. W. 1882-83, 1886. Include Gallus. Hill, C. 1899, 1900a; His, W. 1887 ; Locy, W. A. 1895a. Larus, Sterna, & Vanellus. Wijhe, J. W. 1882-83, 1886. Larus fuscus. Meek, A. 1907. Brain metamerism in early stages. Relation to cranial nerves. Include Gallus. Graper, L. 1913; McClure, C. F. 1890. Gallus & Phasianus. Weber, A. 1900. Occipital region of skull. Gallus. Jager, J. 1926. NUTRITION OF EMBRYO General. Aides, T. 1674a; Loisel, G. 1899a; Prevost, J. L. & Morin, A. 1846; Schenk, S. L. 1897. Include birds. Usov, S. A. 1915; Vicq d'Azyr, F. 1799. Gallus. Dareste, C. 1876e; Emrys- Roberts, E. 1908; Leveille", J. B. 1799- 1800. Albumen assimilation. Gallus. By- waters, H. W. 1913a; Carini, A. 1894a; Cavalie", M. 1901; Gasco, F. 1894. YOLK ASSIMILATION General. Peter, K. 1922. Gallus. Dubuisson, H. 1904; Jull, M. A. & Heywang, B. W. 1930. Weight of unassimilated yolk at hatching. Gallus. Jull, M. A. & Hey- wang, B. W. 1930. PHYSIOLOGY OF EMBRYO General. Martin Saint-Ange, G. J. 1844. Anas. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint- Ange, M. 1843. Gallus. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint-Ange, M. 1843; Murray, H. A. 1926a, b, c, d, e, f ; Preyer, W. T. 1882; Rabaud, E. 1908c. Includes Gallus. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint- Ange, M. 1851. Meleagris, Numida, & Pavo. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint- Ange, M. 1843. Relative developmental rates of epi- dermal and mesodermal structures in wing. Anas & Pygoscelis. Waterston, D. & Geddes, A. C. 1909. Vitality of embryo. Calasanti, G. 1878; Hopfe, E. 1880. Experimental embryology General. Gallus. Doello-Jurado, M. 1914; Mitrophanov, P. I. 1897a, e, 1899b; Serres, A. E. 1843b. Absorption of amniotic fluid. Gallus. Vrbitch, S. 1924. Amnion removal. Gallus. Lillie, F. R. 1903b. Correlative differentiation. Influ- ence of component parts. Gallus. *Lillie, F. R. 1903a. Effects of early handicaps. Gallus. Parker, S. L. 1929. Electrolysis with needle. Gallus. Dehnel, G. 1929. Holmdahl, D. E. 1925b, c. Endothelium development. Gallus. Reagan, F. P. 1917. Germ layer development. Gallus. Strahl, H. & Grundmann, E. 1902. Growth of germ layers. Gallus. *Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902a, b. Growth processes. Vital staining. Gallus. Graper, L. 1911. Humidity effect on growth. Gallus. Romanoff, A. L. 1929c. Hyperthyroidism effects upon resist- ance to infection. Gallus. Parhon, C. J. & Parhon, C. 1914. Mesonephric duct obstruction. Boy- den, E. A. 1927. 153 SUBJECT INDEX Embryology Negative acceleration of growth with age. Tissue culture. Gallus. Conn, A. E. & Murray, H. A. 1925. Organ-forming regions. Gallus. Kopsch, F. 1927. Puncturing effects. Gallus. Ferret, P. & Weber, A. 1904d. Removal of part of albumen. Gallus. Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902a. Sectioned blastoderms, development of. Gallus. *Hoadley, L. 1926b. Self- differentiation in grafted limb buds. Gallus. Murray, P. D. & Huxley, J. S. 1925b. BLOOD VESSEL DEVELOPMENT General. Gallus. Hahn, H. 1909; Reagan, F. P. 1917. Aortic arches. Gallus. Bremer, J. L. 1928. Susceptibility to hydrocyanic acid. Regional differences in rate of oxida- tion. Gallus. Buchanan, J. W. 1926. Time when susceptibility to stimuli appears in heart. Gallus. Ktilbs, F. 1920. Vital stains employed. Gallus. Wet- zel, R. 1925. EXPERIMENTAL INCUBATION Desiccation. Gallus. Fere, C. 1894k. Egg of Gallus in albumen of Anas. Loisel, G. 1900a. Eggs deprived of their shell. Gallus. Fere, C. 1900f. Immersion of eggs in lithium and magnesium salt solutions. Landauer, W. 1929a. Movement of eggs. Gallus. Mar- cacci, A. 1885-86, 1889. Suspended incubation. Gallus. Broca, P. 1862; Dareste, C. 1878. Ventilation of incubation chamber. Gallus. Dareste, C. 1884. Vertical position for egg. Gallus. Dareste, C. 1886b; Fe"re", C. 1897J; Geoffrey St. Hilaire, E. 1825; Umanski, E. 1926. Warm water. Gallus. Dareste. C. 1879c. Air pressure experiments Increased atmospheric pressure. Gal- lus. Cunningham, B. 1927. Low air pressure. Gallus. Aggaz- zotti, A. 1913a, b, 1915; Giacomini, C. 1894. Experimental treatment of egg shell Mercurial ointment coating. Gallus. Deakin, A. & Robertson, G. 1933. Oiling. Gallus. Dareste, C. 1861b; Diising, K. 1883. Partial coating. Gallus. Fere, C. 18941. Varnishing portions. Gallus. Dareste, C. 1855, 1861b; Diising, K. 1883; Tarulli, L. 1891. Exposure of eggs to vapors of various substances. Gallus General. Fe're, C. 1896a. Alcohol. Fe're', C. 1893d, 1895d, 1896J, 1902a; Reese, A. M. 1912. Effects of rest. Fere", C. 1899c. Ammonia vapor. Fere, C. 1899e. Chloretone. Reese, A. M. 1912. Chloroform. Fe're, C. 1893e, 1897h; Reese, A. M. 1912. Essences. Fere, C. 1893f, 1895d, 1896e. Ether. Fe're, C. 1893b; Reese, A. M. 1912. Hydrocyanic acid. Regional differ- ences in oxidations. Buchanan, J. W. 1926. Mercury. Fere, C. 1894n. Musk emanations. Fere, C. 1896d. Nicotine. Fere, C. 1893c. Phosphorus. Fere, C. 1895J. Potassium iodide. Fe're, C. 1899g. Turpentine. Fere", C. 1893g. Injection of various substances into albumen of incubating egg. Gallus General. Ferret, P. & Weber, A. 1904g. Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902a. Alcohol. Fe>e", C. 1894i, o, 1897a; Fletcher, J. M., Cowan, E. A., & Arlitt, A. H. 1916; Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902a, b. Antipyrine. Fe're', C. 1901b. Atropine sulfate. Fe're', C. 1897m. Bacterial toxins. Fe're', C. 1894m. Blood. Fere", C. 1894f. Embryology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 154 Blood of pellegra patients. Ceni, C. 1898. Blood serum. Lienhart, R. 1927. Caffeine. Fe>6, C. 1900d. Chloral hydrate. Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902a, b. Chloretone solution. Reese, A. M. 1912. Cocaine. Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902b. Cocaine hydrochloride. Fe>6, C. 1897k. Codeine solution. Fe"r6, C. 1893h. Creatine. Fe're', C. 1898e. Curare. Fubini, S. 1891. Dextrose. Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902a. Glucose and glycerin. Fe>6, C. 1893i. Guanin. Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902a, b. Hydrocyanic acid. Fe>6, C. 18971. Lithium and magnesium salts. Lan- dauer, W. 1929a. Lithium bromide. Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902a, b. Lithium chloride. Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902a. Magnesium chloride. Reese, A. M. 1912. Morphine hydrochlorate. Fe're 1 , C. 1893h. Nicotine. Fe>6, C. 1895b; Schimke- witsch, V. M. 1902a. Peptone. Fe>e", C. 1896h. Pituitrin. Cunningham, B. & Stan- field, W. 1928. Plumbi nitrate. Fe're, C. 1893h. Potassium bromide. Fe're, C. 1899b. Potassium iodide solution. Fe're', C. 1899g; Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902b. Potassium sulphocyanide. Schimke- witsch, V. M. 1902b. Potassium thiocyanate solution. Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902a. Salt solutions. Fe're", C. 1893i, 1896g. Sodium bromide. Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902a, b. Strontium bromide. Fe>e", C. 1899b. Strychnine. Fe>6, C. 1897n. Sugar solution. Pouchet, H. C. & Beauregard, H. 1877; Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902a, b. Toxins. Fe're", C. 1896a. Trypan blue. Wislocki, G. B. 1921. Venom. Fe're", C. 1896f. Water and other substances. Fer6, C . 1895i; Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902a, b. Xanthocreatinine. Fe're', C. 1898f. GRAFTS. Callus General. Murray, P. D. & Huxley, J. S. 1925a, b. Limb buds. Peebles, F. 1910. Chorlo-allantoic grafts. Gallus General. Huxley, J. S. & Murray, P. D. 1924. Enteric nervous system chorio-al- lantoic membrane grafts. Van Camp- enhout, E. 1932. Head. 24-hour embryo. Murray, P. D. & Huxley, J. S. 1925a. Isolated primordia. Differentiation. Hoadley, L. 1924, 1925. Kidney grafts. Growth and differ- entiation. Anas & Gallus. Sandstrom, C. J. 1932. Limb buds. Hunt, E. A. 1932; Murray, P. D. 1926, 1928a; Murray, P. D. & Huxley, J. S. 1925b. Metanephros. Atterbury, R. R. 1923. Middle region of 48-hour embryo. Murray, P. D. & Huxley, J. S. 1925a. Neural tube growth. Agassiz. A. & Dantschakoff, W. 1922; Dantschakoff, W. & Agassiz, A. 1924. Rat embryo tissue. Hiraiwa, Y. K. 1930. Species specificity in differentiation of chorio-allantoic grafts. Sandstrom, C. J. 1929, 1932. LESIONS EFFECTS. Gallus General. Schrohe, A. 1862. Gallus. Schimkewitsch, V. M. 1902a, b. Amnion removal. Lillie, F. R. 1903b. Destruction of peripheral areas. Effect on differentiation of neuroblasts. Includes Gallus. Shorey, M. L. 1909. 155 SUBJECT INDEX Embryology Lesions of area pellucida. Mesoderm origin. Patterson, J. T. 1909a. Limb bud extirpation. Effect on development of pectoral and pelvic girdles. Spurling, R. G. 1923. Puncture of egg envelope. *Ferret, P. 1905; Ferret, P. & Weber, A. 1904b, d, g, i, j. Results of destruction of various parts of developing embryo. Lillie, F. R. 1904b. Shell removal. Gerlach, L. 1885; Loisel, G. 1900d. MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS, EFFECTS FROM General. Gallus. Fe>e", C. 1894J. Electric battery and from tuning fork. Gallus. Fe>e", C. 1894i. Loud sounds. Garmann, C. F. 1670b; Schuster, W. 1911b. TURNING EGGS General. Gallus. Dareste, C. 1885c. Frequent turning of eggs. Gallus. Insko, W. M. & Martin, J. H. 1933; Payne, L. F. 1920. VARIOUS STRUCTURES, EXPERIMEN- TAL STUDIES Amnion development. Gallus. Lillie, F. R. 1903a. Ear. Gallus. Reagan, F. P. 191 5a. Endothelium and erythrocytes. Rea- gan, F. P. 1917. Hensen's node. Role in development. Gallus. Hunt, T. E. 1931. Tail-fold origin. Gallus. Lillie, F. R. 1909. Factors influencing development of embryo General. Lamson, G. H. & Kirkpat- rick, W. F. 1918. Internal pressure of egg. Effect upon developing embryo. Gallus. Tarulli, L. 1891. Jarring in transportation. Dareste, C. 1876d. Metabolism General. Anas. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint-Ange, M. 1843. Gallus. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint-Ange, M. 1843; Riddle, O. 1916d; Tangl, F. 1902-03. Includes Gallus. Needham, J. 1925. Meleagris & Numida. Baudri- mont, A. E. & Saint-Ange, M. 1843. Passer. Tangl, F. 1902-03. Carbohydrate metabolism. Gallus. Needham, J. 1927a, b. Correlations between growth differen- tiation and metabolic rate. Gallus. Murray, H. A. 1925a. Metabolism as function of age. Gallus. Murray, H. A. 1926f. Protein metabolism. Needham, J. 1926b. Relation between absorption and combustion of protein and fat. Need- ham, J. 1927a. Movements of embryo in egg General. Gallus. Verzar, F. 1909. Struthio. Merlato, L. 1881. Lateral flexion of body. Gallus. Fere 1 , C. 1894b. Position relations of embryo to primitive streak General. Gallus. Holmdahl, D. E. 1925c; *Peebles, F. 1898, 1903. Experimental studies. Relation of Hensen's node to differentiation of parts. Gallus. *Willier, B. H. & Rawles, M. E. 1931b. Potencies of parts of early blasto- derm General. Gallus. *Hoadley, L. 1925, 1926a, 1927. Potencies of transverse levels of blastoderm. Gallus. *Hunt, T. E. 1932. Respiration of embryo Books. Text in German. Baum- gartner, J. 1861a. Gallus. Baumgart- ner, J. 1861b. General. Hehl, J. C. 1796; Homeyer, A. & Kossler, P. 1862; Schwann, T. 1834a, b. Anas. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint-Ange, M. 1843. Anser. Hiifner, C. G. 1892. Gallus. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint-Ange, M. 1843; Dareste, C. 1889c; Hufner, C. G. 1892. Meleagris, Numida, & Pavo. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint-Ange, M. 1843. Concentration of carbonic acid. Gal- lus. Murray, H. A. 1926e. Embryology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 156 CARBON DIOXIDE Amount present in incubation in incu- bator and under hen. Gallus. "Lamson, G. H. & Edmond, H. D. 1914. Conditions favorable for carbon di- oxide production. Burke, E. 1925. Relation of carbon dioxide to cell division. Gallus. Hasselbalch, K. A. 1900, 1902. RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS Changing amount of air entering egg by scraping or coating shell. Gerlach, L. 1885. Oxygen deficiency. Gallus. Wessel- kin, N. 1913. Various respiratory conditions. Gal- lus. *Mitrophanov, P. 1. 1900b. WEIGHT LOSS OF EGGS DURING INCUBATION General. Gladstone, H. S. 1904; Prevost, J. L. & Dumas, J. B. 1825; Stewart, J. H. & Atwood, H. 1901. Anas. Horton, D. 1932b. Gallus. Fe>e, C. 1894h. Relation between weight of egg and incubation period. Anas & Gallus. Fe're, C. 1896c. Weight percentage of various parts of egg and embryo each day from 6 to 20 days' incubation. Gallus. Fangauf, R. 1928. Weights of eggs at different stages of incubation. Grobbels, F. & Mobert, F. 1927a. TERATOLOGY See also under Teratology. Abnormal eye production. Gallus. *Stockard, C. R. 1914. Malposition. Head in small end of egg. Time and manner of determina- tion. Byerly, T. C. & Olsen, M. W. 1933. Position of embryo in eggs with two yolks. Gallus. Fe're', C. 1898a. Arrested development of Area opaca of blastoderm. Gallus. Fe>6, C. 1900g. Study of "clear" eggs. Gallus. Dareste, C. 1876d. Ectopic development of embryo in Abdominal cavity. Anas & Gallus. Konig-Warthausen, R. 1886. Development to late stage in oviduct. Baumbach, . 1923. EXPERIMENTAL TERATOLOGY See also previous entries under experi- mental embryology. General. Gallus. Dareste, C. 1863b. Anamniote embryo production. Gal- lus. Lillie, F. R. 1903a; Weber, A. 1903c. Double blastoderm. Gallus. Mitro- phanov, P. I. 1899b. Heterotaxia (inversion of viscera). Gallus. Fol, H. & Warynski, S. 1883. Importance of having evidence. Gal- lus. Fe>e, C. 1894g. Reversal of heart beat. Gallus. Bremer, J. L. 1932. Tumor production in grafts. Gallus. Fe're, C. 1899f. TRAUMATIC EFFECTS General. Gallus. Fe're, C. 1897f. Mechanical pressure effects. Ompha- locephalus. Rabaud, E. 1908d. TORSION Embryo without amnion. Anas & Gallus. Weber, A. 1903c. Relation of embryo to asymmetrical development of amnion. Weber, A. 1902e. VARIOUS PARTS OF EMBRYO Cardiac jelly. Gallus. Davis, C. L. 1924. Caudal region. Anas, Anser, & Columba. Schwarz, D. 1889. Gallus. Schumacher, S. 1928b; Schwarz, D. 1889. Cephalothoracic region. Gallus. Cadiat, L. O. 1878a, b. Cloaca. Aperture in dorsal wall of cloaca during third day of incubation. Gallus. Boyden, E. A. 1920-21. Lymphatics. Gallus. Clark, E. L. 1912a. Mesenteries. Columba & Gallus. *Brouha, M. 1898a. Includes Gallus. Broman, I. 1906. 157 SUBJECT INDEX Embryology Prothorax. Funccius, T. 1909. Segmental duct. Includes birds. Brook, G. 1888. Septum transversum. Columba. *Brouha, M. 1898a. Gallus. *Brouha, M. 1898a; Ravn, E. 1896, 1899; Schon- bauer, L. 1915. Sinus rhomboidalis. Gallus. Wetzel, R. 1925. Vestigial mass of cells caudal to spinal cord and attached to it by fine fibers in 14-day embryo. Gallus. Tourneux, F. & Hermann, G. 1887. Alimentary canal General. Includes birds. Balfour, F. M. 1876a. Five-day stage. Gallus. Boyden, E. A. 1919. Fore gut. Many species. *Salvi, G. 1905. Anas, Columba, Fringilla, Gallus, Serinus, & Sturnus. Funccius, T. 1909. Celom General. Jones, F. W. 1913. Includes birds. Minot, C. S. 1890b. Anas inci- dental. Strahl, H. & Carius, F. 1889. Columba. *Brouha, M. 1898a. Gallus. *Brouha, M. 1898a; Dexter, S. 1891; Holmdahl, D. E. 1925a. Includes Gal- lus. Broman, 1. 1906. Sturnus. Holm- dahl, D. E. 1925a. Extraembryonic celom. Gallus. For critical discussion see Sabin, F. R. 1916b; Budge, A. 1880. Lesser peritoneal cavity. Includes Gallus. Mall, F. P. 1891-92. Pericardial cavity. Anas, Columba, Fringilla, Gallus, Serinus, & Sturnus. Funccius, T. 1909. Peritoneal canals. Anas & Gallus. Tuntler, J. H. 1915. Pleuroperitoneal cavity. Anas, Columba, & Fringilla. Funccius, T. 1909. Gallus. Funccius, T. 1909; Poole, M. 1909; Schenk, S. L. 1866. Serinus & Sturnus. Funccius, T. 1909. Relations of celom to blood islands. Anas. Weber, A. 1907a. Head General. Includes birds. Allis, E. P. 1918. Includes Gallus. His, W. 1892. Ectodermal placodes in head. Pas- ser. Goldby, F. 1928. Figures of sections. Sterna. Carlsson, A. 1896. Morphological value of mandibular ossification, ear bones and Meckel's cartilage. Book. Text in French. Includes birds. Albrecht, R. C. 1886a. Premandibular cavities. Anas. Nicolas, A. & Weber, A. 1900. Gallus & Turdus migratorius. Adelmann, H. B. 1925, 1926. Rathke's pouch. Anas. Nicolas, A. & Weber, A. 1900. Gallus & Passer. Salvi, G. 1903b. Seessel's pouch. Include birds. Rossi, U. 1906; Saint-Remy, G. C. 1894b, 1895. Anas. Nicolas, A. & Weber, A. 1900. Gallus & Passer. Salvi, G. 1903a, b, 1905. Selenka's "pharyngeal sac," a transi- tory diverticulum just posterior to Rathke's pouch. Anas. Bawden, H. H. 1893. EYES Accessory optic vesicles. Gallus. Locy, W. A. 1897. Papillae of scleral conjunctiva ves- tigial nestling down feathers. Gallus. Nussbaum, M. 1901c. Parietal eye anlage. Larus ridi- bundus. Volker, O. 1908. Pigmental patch on head. Hom- ology with pineal eye of saurians. Anser, Larus, & Sterna. Klinckowstrom, A. 1892. Pineal eye. Gallus. Duval, M. M. 1888. Integument Dermis. Gallus. Murray, P. D. 1928b. Epidermal differentiation. Gallus. Remak, R. 1848, 1851a, b. Epitrichial layer. Gardiner, E. G. 1884; *Rosenstadt, E. B. 1897. Limbs General. Cypselus melba. Zehntner, L. 1889. Limb bones. Gallus. Schmalhausen, I. & Stephanowa, J. 1926. Neck region General. Includes Gallus. Rabl, C. 1886. Embryology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 158 PHARYNX Branchial clefts. Bemmelen, J. F. 1886a; Rathke, M. H. 1825b. Birds incidental. Gamier, R. 1890; His, W. 1889. Callus. Kashchenko, N. F. 1887; Mall, F. P. 1887, 1888b. Include Gal- lus. Baer, K. E. 1827a, 1828a. Kol- liker, R. A. 1886; Liessner, E. 1887, 1889; Rabl, C. 1886. Passer. Helgsson, C. 1913. Ductus thyreoglossus. Gallus. Shigyo, S. 1921. Evagination. Selenka, E. 1888. Hypobranchial groove and duct. Gallus. Livini, F. 1902. Perforation of pharyngeal membrane. Gallus. *Manno, A. 1903. Suprapericardial bodies. Bemmelen, J. F. 1889. Vestigial gill filaments. Gallus. *Boyden, E. A. 1918. Branchial arches General. Huschke, E. 1828; Kash- chenko, N. F. 1887. Gallus. Huschke, E. 1827b; *Mall, F. P. 1887, 1888b; Rathke, M. H. 1828a. Birds incidental. Baudement, E. 1847; Gamier, R. 1890; Schwalbe, G. A. 1891b. Branchial arch theory. Birds inci- dental. Gossnitz, W. 1903. Derivatives. Includes birds. Ver- dun, P. 1898a. Gallus. Verdun, P. 1898b. Includes Gallus. Vialleton, L. 1908. Operculum of pharyngeal pouches. Backward extension of hyoid arch. Aegialites & Anas. Nassonow, N. V. 1896d. Apteryx. Parker, T. J. 1892a, b. Corvus, Gallus, Oedicnemus, & Sterna. Nassonow, N. V. 1896d. Struthio. Nas- sonow, N. V. 1895a, 1896d. Pharyngeal pouches General. Bemmelen, J. F. 1885. Gallus. *Kranichfeld, H. 1914. Includes birds. Bemmelen, J. F. 1886a. Derivatives General. Vanellus cristatus. Sicher, L. 1921. Epithelial vesical derivative. First branchial pouches. Passer. Vitali, G. Ultimobranchlal bodies General. Anas. *Rabl, H. 1907b. Fulica & Gallinula. Johnson, C. E. 1918b. Gallus. Ferrari, P. 1922; Johnson, C. E. 1918b; Terni, T. 1925b, 1927a. Podilymbus. Johnson, C. E. 1918a. Sterna. Johnson, C. E. 1918b. Biological significance. Gallus. Terni, T. 1928. Structure. Gallus. Terni, T. 1925b, 1927a. Nervous system General. Gallus. Be>aneck, E. 1886; Loewe, L. 1880a. Neural crests. Goronovitsch,N.1892. BRAIN General. Includes Corvus. Burck- hardt, K. R. 1895. Gallus. Kamon, K. 1906. Comparison of pineal body and paraphysis. Ferret, P. & Weber, A. 1904a. Epiphysis cerebri as bilateral struc- ture. Gallus. Cameron, J. 1904. Forebrain. Gallus. Bianchi, L. 1906. Two epiphyses at four days. Gallus. Hill, C. 1900b. Value of furrows on mesal surface. Gallus. Gage, S. P. 1899. NEURAL TUBE General. Anser & Gallus. Mihalko- vics, G. V. 1875. Central canal and cilia. Gallus. Klein, E. 1880. Epithelial lateral line sense organs. Vestigial structures. Gallus. Nuss- baum, M. 1901c. Neural plate. Gallus. Ferret, P. & Weber, A. 1904c. Neurenteric canal. Eismond, O. P. 1891. Many species. *Hoffmann, C. K. 1883. Anser. Braun, M. 1882. Struthio. Nassonow, N. V. 1896c. Neuroblasts. Includes Gallus. His, W. 1890. Neurons. Gallus. Ramon y Cajal, S. 1890d; Retzius, G. 1893b. Neuropore. Anser. Mathis, J. 1929. Secondary caudal neuropore. Gallus. Schumacher, S. 1928a, b, c. Relations of neural tube to primitive streak. Gallus. Kaczander, J. 1887b. 159 SUBJECT INDEX Embryology Notochord General. Barry, M. 1841. Many species. "Hoffmann, C. K. 1882, 1883. Include birds. Held, H. 1921; Lvov, V. N. 1887, 1894. Anas. Kann, M. 1888. Includes Buteo. Usov, S. A. 1906. Gallus. Harman, M. T. 1922; Kann, M. 1888; Rabaud, E. 1899a; Seessel, A. 1877. Include Anser & Gal- lus. Mihalkovics, G. V. 1874, 1875. Caudal end of notochord. Includes birds. Schmidt, V. 1893. Relation to caudal end of vertebral column. Schmidt, V. 1895. Entodermal origin of notochord. Gallus. Gerlach, L. 1881a. Histology of notochord. Includes Anser & Gallus. Miiller, W. 1871a. Includes birds. Studnicka, F. K. 1898. Hypochordal crest. Adjacent to notochord. Gallus & Serinus. Ganfini, C. 1907a. Prechordal plate. Significance. Adel- mann, H. B. 1922. Retrogression. Gallus. Leboucq, H. 1880. Includes Gallus. Bruni, A. C. 1912. ROSTRAL END General. Includes Anas & Gallus. Saint-Remy, G. C. 1896. Relations General. Gallus & Turdus m. migra- torius. *Adelmann, H. B. 1926. Relation to hypophysis in develop- ment. Anas & Gallus. Saint-Remy, G. C. 1894a, b. Includes Gallus. *Atwell, W. J. 1915. Relationship to hypophysis and Rathke's pocket. Gallus. Romiti, G. 1885, 1886. Transitory palatine pouch. Birds incidental. Selenka, E. 1888. Proctodeum General. Meleagris. Retterer, E. & Lelievre, A. 1911a. Histogenesis. Anas & Meleagris. Retterer, E. & Lelievre, A. 1912. Vascular system General. Gallus. Budge, A. 1886; Dareste, C. 1866b. BLOOD ISLANDS IN BLASTODERM General. Gallus. Van der Stricht, O. 1893; Vialleton, L. 1892b. Arrangement. Tur, J. 1929. BLOOD VESSELS General. Mehnert, E. 1896b. Gal- lus. Balfour, F. M. 1873c; Drasch, 0. 1894. Atypical capillary involution. Gal- lus. Thoma, R. 1901a. Cardinal veins. Anas. Nishimura, Y. 1927. Gallus. Sabin, F. R. 1915. Dilations of blood vessels. Gallus. Fere", C. 1894a. Ductus arteriosus. Anon. 1822. Extraembryonic circulation. In- cludes Columba, Corvus, Gallus, Melea- gris, & Numida. Tur, J. 1907b. Mesentery of postcava. Hochstetter, F. 1888b. Pulmonary blood vessels. Gallus. Squier, T. L. 1916. Aortic arches General. Many species. Mackay, J. Y. 1889. Include birds. Baer, K. E. 1827a, 1828a; Bemmelen, J. F. 1886a. Anas. Rabl, H. 1905. Gallus. Boas, J. E. 1888; Huschke, E. 1827b; Kashchenko, N. F. 1887; Kranichfeld, H. 1914; Sabin, C. G. 1905. Include Gallus. Locy, W. A. 1905, 1906, 1912; *Rathke, M. H. 1857; Reichert, C. B. 1837. Anomalous persistence of fourth left arch in a sixteen-day stage. Gallus. Pohlman, A. G. 1920. Derivatives of aortic arches. In- clude birds. Baer, K. E. 1828a; Can- nieu, A. 1897. Vanellus cristatus. Sicher, L. 1921. Mechanical processes involved in the formation of the aortic arches. Gallus. Congdon, E. D. & Wang, H. W. 1926. Transformations of aortic arches. Many species. *Sabatier, C. P. 1874. Factors governing position of celiac artery General. Gallus. Bremer, J. L. 1924. Effect of nerves on position of celiac artery. Gallus. Bremer, J. L. 1925. Endocrinology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 160 ENDOCRINOLOGY Only a small number of references to endocrinology are cited here. Most of the references to this subject will be found under the various ductless glands. Book. Text in English. Includes birds. Hoskins, R. G. 1922. Endocrine gland secretions effects on hen-feathered fowls. Morgan, T. H. 1920c. Failure of theelin and thyroxin to influence plumage and eyecolor of Euphagus cyanocephalus. Danforth, C. H. & Price, J. B. 1935. Gonad extracts effects on growth and reproduction. Gallus. Hogben, L. T. 1924. Ovarian tissue-feeding effects. Mos- chini, D. G. 1929. Resistance to lethal dose of insulin. Columba. Riddle, O. 1923d. HORMONE EFFECTS ON Maternal instinct. Riddle, O. 1935. Ossification in chondrodystrophia and "sticky" embryos. Gallus. Sun, T. P.' 1932. EVOLUTION See also under Adaptation, Genetics, Locomotion : Flight, Paleontology, Speciation, and Variation. Books. Text in English. Bannerman, D. A. 1922b; Beebe, C. W. 1906a; Dar- win, C. R. 1859, 1868, 1871; Hagedoorn, A. L. & Hagedoorn, A. C. 1921; Heil- mann, G. 1926; Marriner, G. R. 1909; Morgan, T. H. 1903; Pycraft, W. P. 1910a; Scharff, R. F. 1911; Wallace, A. R. 1876, 1878, 1895. Text in French. Cue"not, L. 1925. Text in German. Haeckel, E. H. 1879. Text in Latin. Klein, J. T. 1750. General. Abel, O. 1910, 1911; Allen, F. H. 1923; Angelini, G. 1898; Benham, W. B. 1924; Boker, H. 1921; Braun, F. 1899e; Buller, W. L. 1895a; Cope, E. D. 1885; Edwards, . 1905; Finn, F. 1892a, 1907; Grobbels, F. 1911a; Hei- kertinger, F. 1921; Heilmann, G. 1914- 15, 1926, 1929; Klein, J. T. 1750; Klein- schmidt, O. 1925; Lowe, P. R. 1915a; Maynard, C. J. 1889d; Meinertzhagen, R. 1921d; Murray, A. 1868; Noll, F. C. 1889a; Nopcsa, F. 1929; Palacky, J. 1898b; Parker, W. K. 1887; Pycraft, W. P. 1902c, 1903e, 1906c, 1910a; Rothschild, L. W. 1901; Schuster, W. 1904c; Steinmann, G. 1922; Thielmann, R. 1899; Tristram, H. B. 1887; Wagner, M. 1868; Wallace, A. R. 1867a. Many species. Scott, W. E. 1905. Include birds. Alverdes, F. 1919; Heilmann, G. 1914-15; Parker, W. K. 1879a; Stejneger, L. H. 1907; Anon. 1869a. Africa. Chapin, J. P. 1932; Lonn- berg, A. J. 1929a. Bahama Islands. Chapman, F. M. 1891b. North America. Lonnberg, A. J. 1927b. Song birds. Trotter, S. 1923. Trinidad. Chapman, F. M. 1892. Alcae. Shufeldt, R. W. 1901b. Ana- tidae. Panton, H. 1913. Corpus corone. Meise, W. 1928. Diglossa. Zimmer, J. T. 1929b. Domestic birds. Lotsy, J. P. & Kuiper, K. 1922. Domestic goose and Chinese goose. Goodacre, F. B. 1879. Drepanididae. Perkins, R. C. 1901. Falco. Stegmann, B. C. 1929. Flightless birds. Wiglesworth, J. 1900. Fregilupus varius. Murie, J. 1874b. Gallus. Engelmann, T. W. 1876; Finn, F. 1902h; Jeitteles, L. H. 1878. Lanius. Schiebel, G. 1906; Streets, T. H. 1883. Includes Melo- spiza. Davenport, C. B. 1905. Paleog- nathae. Button, F. W. 1892. Pele- canoididae. Murphy, R. C. & Harper, F. 1921. Phasianoidea. Gaillard, C. 1927; Stejneger, L. H. 1899b. Psitta- cidae. Fiirbringer, M. 1889. Pygo- scelis. Waterstpn, D. & Geddes, A. C. 1909. Sphenisciformes. Sclater, P. L. 1887; Waterston, D. & Geddes, A. C. 1909. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1919e; Lowe, P. R. 1928. Zonotrichiae. *Boulton, W. R. 1926b. Atavism. Guyer, M. F. 1909a; Schroeder, J. 1877. Degeneration. Spheniscidae. Bik- kessy, G. 1892. Degeneration and restoration. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1918, 1919b, 1920b. Differences between nestling birds. Pycraft, W. P. 1907f. Early history of canaries. Book. Text in English. Bannerman, D. A. 1922b. i 161 SUBJECT INDEX Evolution Fecundity. Callus. Sclater, P. L. 1909a. Form. Swynnerton, C. F. 1919. Geographic origin of birds. North America. Allen, J. A. 1893a; Lonn- berg, A. J. 1927b. South America. Ihering, H. 1927. Habitats. Includes birds. Grinnell, J. 1924a. Mimicry. Banta, A. M. 1912. Nests. Pycraft, W. P. 1908b. Origin of races ofGallus. Polish fowl. Dareste, C. 1867b. Silky and woolly fowls. Taubert, F. 1910. Popular account of evolution of birds. Wallis, H. M. 1893. Voice. Allen, F. H. 1919; Fabani, C. 1892b; Fowler, W. W. 1896; Olds, H. W. 1902; Witchell, C. A. 1890, 1896a, b. Corpus, Pitta, & Podiceps. Haecker, V. 1924b. Serinus. Christoleit, E. 1924. Coloration General. Keeler, C. A. 1893; Meyer, A. B. 1869; Read, R. H. 1895. Many species. Lucas, A. H. 1887; Swynner- ton, C. F. 1916. Include birds. Swyn- nerton, C. F. 1919; Wallace, A. R. 1877. Colaptes auratus. Noble, G. K. 1936. Columba. Spottel, W. 1914. Color pattern. Bonhote, J. L. 1901b; Butler, A. G. 1919; Pycraft, W. P. 1904a. Carpodacus. Grinnell, J. 191 Ib. Lanius. *Schiebel, G. 1906. Numida. Allen, G. M. 1914. Phasianidae. Ghigi, A. 1903b. Egg color. M'Aldowie, A. M. 1886. Iridescence. Rensch, B. 1925d. Habits Breeding habits. Selous, E. 1916. Courtship. Huxley, J. S. 1923. Evolution of flight. Abel, O. 1912b; Doderlein, L. 1900; Finter, K. 1926; Hay, O. P. 1910; Lucas, F. A. 1916; Nopcsa, F. 1907; Schenkling-Prevdt, C. 1895c. Incubation habits. Fezandie, C. 1893. Migration habits. Cooke, W. W. 1915a; *Ekman, S. 1912. Sheep-killing habits. Nestor notabilis. Book. Text in English. Marriner, G. R. 1909. "Tumbling" flight. Columba. Howes, G. B. 1901. Secondary sexual characters General. Podiceps c. cristatus. Hux- ley, J. S. 1912c. Sex ornamentation. Gadeau de Kerville, H. 1897. Includes birds. Lameere", A. 1904. EVOLUTION OF VARIOUS STRUC- TURES Beak. Coturniculus. Trotter, S. 1891. Celom. Jones, F. W. 1913. Color-producing structures. Strong, R. M. 1905b. Diaphragm. Jones, F. W. 1913. Ear. Gallus. Reagan, F. P. 1915a. Eggs. Kutter, O. F. 1880. Cuculus. Baker, E. C. 1923. Eye. Includes birds. Muller, W. 1874. Hypophysis. Beer, G. R. 1924. Jaw muscles. Adams, L. A. 1919. One-sided reduction of ovaries and oviducts. Includes birds. *Gadow, H. F. 1912b. Pineal body. Includes Anas, Gallus, & Sterna. Tilney, F. & Warren, L. F. 1919. Red blood corpuscles. Include birds. Hayem, G. 1877, 1879. Salivary glands. Botezat, E. 1910a. Syrinx and reduction of larynx. Brunelli, G. 1904. Tail. Many species. Marshall, W. A. 1872a. Coturniculus. Trotter, S. 1891. Integument General. *Lebedinsky, N. G. 1929. Callosities of ankle. Struthio. Duer- den, J. E. 1923. Comb. Gallus male. Cunningham, J. T. 1907. Scutes of feet. Boetticher, H. 1929. Loss of scutes. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1920c. Evolution BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 162 Nervous system General. Includes birds. Gaskell, W. H. 1908. Autonomic nervous system. Includes birds. Kuntz, A. 1911. BRAIN Cerebral cortex. Reduced from a multilaminar condition. Craigie, E. H. 1929a. Cranial nerve nuclei positions. In- cludes Gallus. Kappers, C. U. & Vogt, H. 1908. Forebrain. Kuhlenbeck, H. 1924. Thalamus. Ingvar, S. 1923, 1924. Organs of locomotion General. Dei, A. 1896. FLIGHT ORGANS General. Laloy, L. 1909. LIMBS Includes birds. Ryder, Includes Gallus. Geddes, General. J. A. 1887. A. C. 1912. Foot. Includes birds. Howes, G. B. & Hill, J. P. 1892b. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1919c, d, 1920c. WING General. Degen, E. 1894. Claws on wings in nestling. Opistho- comus. Goeldi, E. A. 1895. Hand. Birds incidental. Martins, C. F. 1872. "Pelvic wing." Beebe, C. W. 1915. Plumage General. Chigi, F. 1908; Degen, E. 1903; Ewart, J. C. 1921, 1922; Ficalbi, E. 1883, 1891; Gadow, H. F. 1912a, 1922; Meijere, J. C. 1895. Megascops. Hasbrouck, E. M. 1893. Paradisea. Marshall, W. A. 1871. Phasianus. Baker, E. C. 1926. Degeneration. Eight only and attached to pygostyle. Podicipes fluvi- atilis. Py craft, W. P. 1909c. Rectrices extremely long in Japanese fowl. Eighteen feet in length, some- times. Gallus. Chamberlain, B. H. 1899; Cunningham, J. T. 1901, 1903; Finn, F. 1901a; Wright, L. 1902. Skeleton General. Osborn, H. F. 1900. Includes birds. Seeley, H. G. 1872. Gallus. Parker, W. K. 1887. Degeneration of caudal vertebrae. Podicipes fluviatilis. Pycraft, W. P. 1909c. Pectoral girdle. Heilmann, G. 1929. Skull. Apteryx & Numenius. Parker, W. K. 1888a. Vertebral column. Parker, W. K. 1888e. Includes birds. Gadow, H. F. & Abbott, E. C. 1897. Wing bones. Anas, Anser, & Gallus. *Steiner, H. 1922. Stomach General. Doderlein, L. 1921. Altmann's granules of stomach epi- thelium. Includes Columba & Gallus. Hirano, K. 1926a. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES General. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1918. Breeding experiments. Columbae. *Whitman, C. 0. 1919b. To increase number of plumes. Duerden, J. E. 1918, 1919a, c. Effect of continued administration of alcohol and other drugs. Gallus. Pearl, R. 1916a, e, h. PHYLOGENY General. Baur, G. H. 1887a, d; Brauns, D. A. 1890; Cope, E. D. 1885; Dana, J. D. 1863; Lowe, P. R. 1933a; Head crests. Falconiformes. Good- Solowiow, P. 1911; *Wiedersheim, R. E. child, J. G. 1891b. Serinus. Duncker, H. 1923a. Book. Text in German. Anas & Gallus. Krautwald, F. 1910. RECTRICES General. Podiceps. Pycraft, W. P. 1909c. 1884. Include birds. Baur, G. H. 1887b; Heilmann, G. 1914-15. Birds incidental. Loisel, G. 1910. Gallus embryo. Needham, J. 1926b. Struthio and its allies. Lowe, P. R. 1928. Animals intermediate between birds and reptiles. Huxley, T. H. 1868a. 163 SUBJECT INDEX Evolution Celom. Includes birds. Jones, F. W. 1913. Color pattern phytogeny. Turdidae. *Gengler, J. 1914. Gill arch theory. Birds incidental. Gossnitz, W. 1903. Mallophaga as clue to phytogeny. Harrison, L. 1914, 1916a; Harrison, L. & others 1916. Phylogenetic tree diagrams. Boulton, W. R. 1932; Pycraft, W. P. 1910a. Precipitation reactions in tracing phylogenetic relationships. Erhardt, A. 1930. Relation to dinosaurs. Cleland, J. B. 1887; Huxley, T. H. 1870; Versluys, J. 1910; Vetter, B. 1885. Value of color characters. Stone, W. 1912. Vestigial gill filaments. Boyden, E. A. 1918. Vestigial characters Fingers and claws on wings of nestlings. Opisthocomus. Brigham, E. M. 1885, 1919. Phalanges. Struthio. Wray, R. S. 1887a. Tarsal scutes with pores of reptilian character. Cotingidae. Riley, J. H. 1914. THEORIES OF ORIGIN OF BIRDS General. Gregory, W. K. 1916. Convergent evolution. Rensch, B. 1923b, 1924a; Schiebel, G. 1928. Orthogenesis. Columbidae. Whit- man, C. O. 1907, 1919c. Evolu tion by inheritance of acqu ired characters Publications dealing with the concep- tion as applied to birds. General. Elliot, D. G. 1892b; Guyer, M. F. & Smith, E. A. 1920. Opistho- comus. Gadow, H. F. 1891-93. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1923; Lowe, P. R. 1926b. Effect of alcohol and other drugs on progeny. Gallus. Pearl, R. 1916a, e, h. Morphological evidence. Many spe- cies. Gadow, H. F. 1891a. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS General. Bannerman, D. A. 1915; Rothschild, L. W. 1915. Environmental effects on beak and tail. Ammodramus, Coturniculus, & Passerculus. Trotter, S. 1891. Climatic effects General. Serebrovskij, P. 1925. African birds. Lonnberg, A. J. 1929a. Color and size in Alaska. Grinnell, J. 1910. Glacial period. Charadriidae. Blan- ford, W. T. 1886. Rainfall effects. Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1915a. Role of water. Includes birds. Gray, J. 1928. Subspecific differentiation. Figgins, J. D. 1925. Pigments General. *Gornitz, K. 1923a. Melanin pigment. Rensch, B. 1925d. Evolution by mutation General. Hachisuka, M. 1926a, 1927; *Stresemann, E. 1923a, 1926b. Many species. Stresemann, E. 1922, 1925e. Includes birds. Gates, R. R. 1917. Acciptier leucosomus. Stresemann, E. 1923a. Buarremon. Chapman, F. M. 1923. Gallus. Davenport, C. B. 1913, 1914b; Quinn, J. P. 1934. Gennaeus. Ghigi, A. 1908a, 1909b. Hierophasis. Ghigi, A. 1912d, 1914a, b. Ixoreus. Law, J. E. 1931. Numida. Ghigi, A. 1908a. Oenanthe opistholeuca. Strese- mann, E. 1925c. Passer. Bumpus, H. C. 1897b, 1898. Pavo. Ghigi, A. 1908a. Perdix perdix. Stresemann, E. 1927d. Phasianus. Ghigi, A. 1908a; Hachisuka, M. 1927. Ploceidae. Neun- zig, R. 1927a. Poephila mirabilis. Butler, A. G. 1906d. Somateria mollis- sima. Smalley, F. W. & Bonhote, J. L. 1907. Featherless race. Gallus. Hgcht, E. 1901. Head crest. Serinus. Duncker, H. 1923a. Melanism. Oenanthe. Stresemann, E. 1923c. Parallel mutation. Struthio. Duer- den, J. E. 1920d. Evolution BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 164 COLOR General. Stresemann, E. 1923a, 1925e. Asymmetrical skin color. Hutt, F. B. 1929a. Selection, including natural and sexual selection Books. Text in English. Include Columba. Darwin, C. R. 1859, 1868, 1871. Include birds. * Wallace, A. R. 1878, 1895. Text in German. Reiche- nau, W. V. 1887. General. Curry, A. V. 1890; Hawkins, C. J. 1918, 1920; Headley, F. C. 1893; Kutter, O. F. 1877; Zitkov, B. M. 1910. Callus. Goodale, H. D. 1916a, 1918c; Pearl, R. 1917d. Passer. Bumpus, H. C. 1899; Harris, J. A. 1911; Towns- end, C. W. & Hardy, J. H. 1909. Digits in bird hand. Hurst, C. H. 1893, 1894. Eggs. Nathusius, W. 1879a. Pied egg color. Gallus. Landois, H. 1901. Elimination of self-colored birds. Davenport, C. B. 1908a. Fecundity. Gallus. *Pearl, R. & Surface, F. M. 1909d. Improving mongrel stock by use of standard-bred cockerels. Gallus. Lip- pincott, W. A. 1920b. Isolation versus natural selection. Dryobates. Stejneger, L. H. 1906. New breed incrossing of three breeds. Gallus. Lamon, H. M. 1921. Sexual selection. Ischreyt, G. 1898; Selous, E. 1907, 1908a. Machetes pugnax. Selous, E. 1906-07. Melop- sittacus. Cinat-Tomson, H. 1926. Sexual selection-effects on feather structure. Rensch, B. 1927b. EXCREMENT See also under Biochemistry: Chem- ical composition of excrement. Chemical composition of feces. Gal- lus. Vauquelin, L. N. 1799. Struthio. Vauquelin, L. N. 1810. Enclosing envelope for feces of nestling birds. Stamati, G. 1888b. GUANO Deposits of bird excrement usually on oceanic islands, and more or less ancient. General. Anderson, T. 1851a, b, 1853a, b, 1857a, b, 1861, 1863, 1865a, b, c, 1873; Barral, J. A. 1874; Baudri- mont, A. E. 1867a, b, 1873; Chevreul, M. E. 1873b, c, 1883a; Clark, John 1882; Coker, R. E. 1908, 1919; Forbes, H. 0. 1913; Fyfe, W. W. 1866; Girardin, J. 1865, 1866; Gronen, D. 1889; Habel, A. 1875; Janisch, C. 1861; Jean, F. 1875; Julien, A. A. 1863; Kneeland, S. 1881; Raimondi, A. 1856; Ridgway, R. 1893a; Wohler, F. 1841. Ammonium carbonate and potassium sulphate in guano. Chevreul, M. E. 1883b. Chemical composition of guano. Baudrimont, A. E. 1867b. Guano from islands off coast of Peru. Murphy, R. C. 1920, 1924b, 1926, 1927. Book. Text in English. Murphy, R. C. 1925. Loss of nitrogen from chicken drop- pings during drying. Buckner, G. D. & Peter, A. M. 1926. Presence of "Acide avique." Chev- reul, M. E. 1873a. EXTINCTION Publications dealing with the extinction of species. Books. Text in English. Oliver, W. R. 1930; Ralfe, P. G. 1905; Roths- child, L. W. 1907a; Strickland, H. E. & Melville, A. G. 1848; Wallace, A. R. 1876. Text in German. Plautus impennis. Hantzsch, B. 1905. General. Hagen, H. A. 1861; Hart- laub, C. J. 1898; Renshaw, G. 1937; *Rothschild, L. W. 1907b. Includes birds. Schillings, C. G. 1914. Conurus carolinensis. Hasbrouck, E. M. 1891. Didus. Pictures. Wood, C. A. 1927. Ectopistes migratorius. Dury, C. 1910b; Hodge, C. F. 1911, 1912. Tympanuchus c. cupido. Gross, A. 0. 1923a. Danger of extinction. Campephilus. Hasbrouck, E. M. 1891. Some species of Charadrioidea. McAtee, W. L. 1911f. Columba f. fasciata. Grinnell, J. 1913. 165 SUBJECT INDEX Extinction EXTINCT SPECIES OF VARIOUS REGIONS Books. Text in English. British Empire. Owen, R. 1879. Bourbon, Mau- ritius, and Rodriguez Islands. Strick- land, H. E. & Melville, A. G. 1848. Denmark. Haliaeetus albicilla. Skov- gaard, P. 1927a. Island of Mauritius. Milne-Edwards, A. 1872. New Zealand. Oliver, W. R. 1930 t North America. Includes birds. Shufeldt, R. W. 1915e. United States. Game birds. Leopold, A. 1931. Struthioniformes. Shufeldt, R. W. 1913a. History and anatomy of extinct spe- cies. Plautus impennis. Lucas, F. A. 1890. EYE This section includes publications pri- marily morphological or descriptive. For intrinsic muscles of the eye see under Myology, for physiology see un- der Vision, for abnormalities see under Teratology, and for diseases see under Pathology. Books. Text in Dutch. Leeuwen- hoek, A. 1684. Text in English. Bieletzky, N. F. 1880; Leeuwenhoek, A. 1816; Owen, R. 1866^8; Wood, C. A. 1914. Many species. Wood, C. A. 1917. Speotyto. Wood, C. A. 1919. Text in German. Froriep, A. 1905; *Kessler, L. 1877; Meves, W. 1911; Putter, A. 1912; Treviranus, G. R. 1828; Vogt, C. C. & Yung, E. 1888-94. Many species. Gadow, H. F. 1891d. Anas. Budge, J. 1855; Faber, C. 1876. Anser. Budge, J. 1855. Columba. Krause, R. 1922. Cypselus. Faber, C. 1876. Falco. Miiller, H. 1872b. Fringilla. Faber, C. 1876. Text in Latin. Soemmerring, D. W. 1818. Meleagris. Schlemm, F. 1834. General. Haller, A. 1768a; Hosch, F. 1876; Jeffries, B. J. 1869; Kolmer, W. A. 1924a; Lee, R. J. 1872a, b; Malacarne, V. 1782; Miiller, J. P. 1841; Wood, C. A. 1907. Include birds. Haller, A. 1768a; Klingelhoffer, W. 1910; Petit, F. 1728. Aeronautes. Marshall, M. E. 1907. Aptenodytes patachonica. Reid, J. 1835. Apteryx. Dareste, C. 1856b. Aquila. Rochon-Duvigneaud, A. D. 1919b. Athene noctua. Richard, A. 1917. Bubo. Marshall, M. E. 1907. Cathartes. Smith, P. 1795. Includes Columba. Gudden, B. 1870. Colymbus, Corvus, & Cuculus. Wolf, J. 1800b. Dro- maeus [Dromictius]. Knox, R. 1832. Falco. Wolf, J. 1800b. Falcones. Yar- rell, W. 1828b. Includes Gallus. Kal- lius, E. 1909. Geococcyx. Marshall, M. E. 1907. Meleagris. Petit, F. 1738; Smith, P. 1795. Oriolus & Picus. Wolf, J. 1800b. Steatornis caripensis. Miiller, J. P. 1842a. Strigidae. Franz, V. 1907; Duverney, J. G. 1733f. Strix. Wolf, J. 1800b. Includes Strix. Schnaudigel, O. 1903. Struthio. Duver- ney, J. G. & Mery, J. 1733; Sloane, H. 1724. Bilateral symmetry. Includes Gal- lus. Rabl, C. 1917. "Eye shine." Bergtold, W. H. 1916b; van Rossem, A. J. 1927. Form. Includes birds. Franz, V. 1913a. Loss of pigment. Loos, C. 1911a. Measurements of eyeball. Lee, R. J. 1872a, b; Stejneger, L. H. 1886b. Alca. Ischreyt, G. 1913. Anas. Ischreyt, G. 1912. Colymbus. Ischreyt, G. 1913. Dafila & Fuligula. Ischreyt, G. 1912. Gavia. Ischreyt, G. 1913. Spatula. Ischreyt, G. 1912. Books. Text in German. Saemisch, T. & Graefe, A. 1910, p. 178. European birds. Meves, W. 1911. Optical structure. Corvus, Falco, & Strix. Matthiesen, L. 1885, 1891. Periorbital fascia. Anser, Corvus, Gallus, & Meleagris. Barkard, O. 1902. Popular general description of bird eye. Coues, E. B. 1868-69. Position in head. Includes Gallus. Rabl, C. 1917. Refraction. Jeffries, B. J. 1869. Gallus. Freytag, G. 1909. Anatomy Books. Text in German. Many species. Putter, A. 1912. Includes birds. Burger, J. 1833. General. Albers, J. A. 1800a; Bark- ard, O. 1902; *Franz, V. 1909a, b; "Kajikawa, J. 1923; Lee, R. J. 1872a; Leplat, G. 1911, 1912a; Rochon-Duvig- neaud, A. D. 1921; Schmidt, P. 1797. Includes birds. Motais, E. 1905. Birds incidental. Carriere, J. W. 1885. Eye BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 166 Alca. Ischreyt, G. 1913. Alcedo a. attis. Kolmer, W. A. 1924a, c. Anas. Ischreyt. G. 1912. Anser. Home, E. 1796. Aptenodytes. Lee, R. J. 1872b. Athene, Buteo, & Columba. Abelsdorff, G. & Wessely, K. 1909; Pflugk, A. 1906; Waele, H. 1901. Colymbus. Ischreyt, G. 1913. Cygnus. Soemmerring, D. W. 1818. Dafila. Ischreyt, G. 1912. Eudyptes chrysocome. Parreidt, R. 1901. Falcones. Soemmerring, D. W. 1818. Fuligula. Ischreyt, G. 1912. Gallus. Abelsdorff, G. & Wessely, K. 1909; Lauber, H. 1902; Waele, H. 1901. Gavia. Ischreyt, G. 1913. Gyps. Lauber, H. 1902. Meleagris. Home, E. 1796. Milvus & Otus. Abelsdorff, G. & Wessely, K. 1909. Passer. *Slo- naker, J. R. 1918; Waele, H. 1901. Phoenicopterus. Lee, R. J. 1872b. Psit- taci. Soemmerring, D. W. 1818. Rhea. Lee, R. J. 1872b. Spatula. Ischreyt, G. 1912. Striges. Home, E. 1796; Soemmerring, D. W. 1818. Strigi- formes. Koenig, E. 1685. Strix. Abelsdorff, G. & Wessely, K. 1909. Struthio. Duverney, J. G. & Me"ry, J. 1733; Soemmerring, D. W. 1818. Syrnium. Abelsdorff, G. & Wessely, K. 1909; Lauber, H. 1902. Anterior half. Posterior view. Col- ored plates. Columba, Falco, Gallus, & Otus. Hess, C. 1909a. Phalacrocorax. Hess, C. 1910b. Aqueous humor. Strix bubo. Rochon- Duvigneaud, A. D. & Mawas, J. 1922. Dissection of eye figured. Struthio. Stibbe, E. P. 1928. Fundus. Opthalmoscope observa- tions of fundus. Many species. Books. Text in English. *Wood, C. A. 1917. Speotyto. Wood, C. A. 1919. Lymphatic vessels of eye. Strigidae. Wagner, R. 1833a. Birds incidental. Hamburger, C. 1914. Sections of eye figured. Hachet- Souplet, P. 1902. Anterior portion General. Includes birds. Lauber, H. 1902. Anterior chamber angle. Gallus. Gabrie"lides, A. J. 1895. Development of anterior chamber. Includes Anas. Lindahl, C. 1915. Includes Gallus. Gabrielides, A. J. 1895. Development Books. Text in German. Many species. Gadow, H. F. 1891d. Gallus & Turdus. Kessler, L. 1887. General. Huschke, E. 1831; Leplat, G. 1911, 1912a; Leser, O. 1911; Real y Beiro, J. D. 1885; Rumshevich, K. O. 1878; Schultze, O. 1893-94. Include birds. Desmoulins, L. A. 1823c; Froriep, A. 1905; Huschke, E. 1832b; Szily, A. 1921. Birds incidental. StudniCka, F. K. 1913. Anas. *Lindahl, C. & Jokl, A. 1922. Columba. Lieberkuhn, N. 1872. Gal- lus. Ammon, F. A. 1833; Babuchin, A. I. 1863; Gray, H. 1850; Gurwitsch, A. 1910; "Kessler, L. 1871 ; Lieberkuhn, N. 1872, 1879; *Lindahl, C. & Jokl, A. 1922; Mann, I. C. 1920-21; Oken, L. & Kieser, D. G. 1807; Rabaud, E. 1901c; Reverberi, G. 1929; Schoeler, H. 1849; *Szily, A. 1922. Includes Gallus. Len- hosse"k, M. 1896. Passer. *Lindahl, C. & Jokl, A. 1922; *Slonaker, J. R. 1921. Podiceps. "Lindahl, C. & Jokl, A. 1922. Choroid fissure. Includes Gallus. Assheton, R. 1893. Embryo grafts, development. Gallus. Hoadley, L. 1926a. Tissue culture, development. Strange- ways, T. S. & Fell, H. B. 1926. Wandering pigment cells of ectoderm, origin. Gallus. Lewis, W. H. 1903. Histology Book. Text in German. Columba. Krause, R. 1922. General. Includes birds. Franz, V. 1924. Leydig, F. 1854a. Elastic tissue. Carlier, E. 1904, 1905. Physiology Book. Text in English. Bieletzky, N. F. 1880. General. "Kajikawa, J. 1923; Lee, R. J. 1872a. Include birds. Franz, V. 1913a; Motais, E. 1905. Alcedo attis. Kolmer, W. A. 1924c. Athene, Buteo, Columba, Gallus, Milvus, & Otus. Abels- dorff, G. & Wessely, K. 1909. Passer. *Slonaker, J. R. 1918. Strix & Syrnium. Abelsdorff, G. & Wessely, K. 1909. Eye movements from thermal stimu- lation of N. acusticus. Includes Columba. Kubo, I. 1906. 167 SUBJECT INDEX Eye Nictitating membrane. Speed of movement. Dunlap, K. & Mowrer, 0. H. 1930. Nystagmus. Many species. Ewald, J. R. 1908. Physiology of intrinsic muscles. Huttenbrenner, A. 1868. Regeneration in embryo. Experi- mental studies. Gallus. Barfurth, D. & Dragendorff, O. 1902; Dragendorff, O. 1903. Sensitivity to light and adaptation. Gallus. *Honigmann, H. 1921. ACCOMMODATION IN FOCUS General. *Beer, T. 1893; Franz, V. 1909b; Hess, C. 1909a, b; Jeffries, B. J. 1869; Leplat, G. 1912a; Miiller, H. 1857b. Bubo. Lee, R. J. 1872a. Columba. Exner, S. 1882; *Hess, C. 1909a; Jegorow, J. 1887b, 1890. Gallus. *Hess, C. 1909a. Goura & Neophron. Lee, R. J. 1872a. Phalacrocorax. *Hess, C. 1910b. Action of Crampton's muscle in accommodation. Briicke, E. W. 1846, 1847; Huttenbrenner, A. 1868; Rouget, C. 1856. Bubo, Columba, & Gattus. Exner, S. 1882. Effect of accommodation on ocular tension. Includes Columba. Hess, C. Ocular pressure effects. Includes Columba. Hess, C. 1909b. Pharmacologic studies of accom- modation. Columba. Heine, L. 1898. PHYSIOLOGY OF IRIS Book. Text in German. Anatidae. Budge, J. 1855. General. Huttenbrenner, A. 1868. Many species. Nepveu, A. 1907a, b; Steinach, E. 1890. Include birds. Hess, C. 1907c; Rouget, C. 1856; Weber, E. H. 1821. Anatidae. *Zeglinski, N. 1885. Columba. Hess, C. 1915; Kschischkowski, C. 1911; *Zeglinski, N. 1885. Columba incidental. Langen- dorff, 0. 1894. Includes Columba. Griinhagen, A. W. 1864. Gallus. *Zeglinski, N. 1885. Otus. Hess, C. 1915. Graphs of pupillary changes. Kaiser, L. 1921-22. Role of sympathetic innervation in size of pupil. Griinhagen, A. W. 1887. Says iris and eyelids are not inner- vated by sympathetic nervous system. Columba, Gallus, & Meleagris. Jegorow, J. 1887b, 1890. Pupillary reflexes General. Includes birds. Hess, C. 1907a. Columba. Hess, C. 1915; Noll, A. 1925. Gallus. Noll, A. 1925. Otus. Hess, C. 1915. Decerebrate bird. Columba. Noll, A. 1915. Diurnal and nocturnal birds com- pared. Hess, C. 1908b. Effect of light, cold, and heat on pupillary reflexes. Include Columba. Brown-Se~quard, C. E. 1847, 1859. Pharmacologic studies. Includes birds. Ehrhardt, P. 1890. Columba. Hayama, K. 1927; Meyer, H. H. 1893. PHYSIOLOGY OF RETINA General. Carine n. noctua & Columba. Kohlrausch, A. & Brossa, A. 1914a, b; Schupbach, P. 1905; *Schultze, M. 1866. Falco, Gallus, & Strigidae. *Schultze, M. 1866. Action current with brief light and dark stimulation. Includes Columba. Piper, H. 1910. Double fovea in retina. Chelidon, Hirundo, & Sula. Portier, P. 1923a. Effect of light adaptation on struc- ture of nerve cells in retina. Columba. Birch-Hirschfeld, A. 1906. Metabolism of retina at various stages in development. Gallus. Tamiya, C. 1927. ACCOMMODATION APPARATUS General. *Beer, T. 1893; *Canfield, W. B. 1886b; Ischreyt, C. 1900; Miiller, H. 1857b. Include birds. Hess, C. 1909a, b; Schleich, G. 1896; Stilling, J. 1911. Birds incidental. Grynfeltt, E. 1910. Falco. Miiller, H. 1872b. Course of nerve fibres in optic tract. Noll, A. 1922. Ciliary body General. Leplat, G. 1912a; *Melkich, . 1895. Colored plates. Columba, Falco, Gallus, & Otus. Hess, C. 1909a. Phalacrocorax. Hess, C. 1910b. Eye BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 168 Development and structure of ciliary body and process. Angelucci, A. 1879, 1880, 1881; "Leplat, G. 1912b. HISTOLOGY General. Includes birds. Finkbeiner, F. 1855. Orbiculus ciliaris. Ammon, A. F. 1832. Includes birds. Ciliary muscle General. Beer, T. 1893; Bond, C. J. 1912; Carlier, E. W. 1905; Crampton, W. 1813; Lawson, H. 1869; Lee, R. J. 1873; Leplat, G. 1912a; Mery, J. 1733c; Muller, H. 1857b; Pagenstecher, A. 1860; Rumshevich, K. O. 1876, 1887; Zietzschmann, O. 1906. Many species. Nuel, J. P. & Hosch, F. 1874. Include birds. Knox, R. 1824a; Lee, R. J. 1869; Ziem, C. H. 1891. Anser. Home, E. 1796. Aptenodytes. Lee, R. J. 1872b. Bubo & Goura. Lee, R. J. 1872a. Meleagris. Home, E. 1796. Neophron. Lee, R. J. 1872a. Phasianus versicolor. Lawson, H. 1869. Phoenicopterus & Rhea. Lee, R. J. 1872b. Briicke's muscle. Include birds. Jessop, W. H. 1887; Schleich, G. 1896. Crampton's muscle. Ammon, F. A. 1832; *Beer, T. 1893; Brucke, E. W. 1846, 1847; Crampton, W. 1813; Bonders, F. C. 1854; Franz, V. 1909b; Guarini, M. L. 1845; Harting, P. 1868; Jeffries, B. J. 1869; Jessop, W. H. 1887; Leplat, G. 1912a; Muller, H. 1857b; Yarrell, W. 1928b. Bubo, Columba, & Gallus. Exner, S. 1882. Development and structure. *Leplat, G. 1912b. Includes Gallus, Halmahera, & Strix. Herzog, H. 1902. Innervation. Boeke, J. 191 6b. In- clude birds. Boeke, J. 1916a; *Geberg, A. 1884. Mtiller's muscle. Franz, V. 1909b. Includes birds. Jessop, W. H. 1887. BLOOD VESSELS General. Kijowska, W. 1926. Numida. Beauregard, H. 1878. Blood supply of posterior chamber. *Beauregard, H. 1876b. Development and distribution of blood vessels of eye. Anas, Anser, Astur, & Scolopax. Kijowska, W. 1926. CHOROID LAYER Color function. Includes Strix. Des- moulins, L. A. 1824. Development. Include birds. Angelucci, A. 1880, 1881. Histology Include birds. Angelucci, A. 1880, 1881. Anas & Gallus. Busacca, A. 1913b. Layer of striped muscle fibers. Anas, Anser, Columba, Corpus, & Gallus. Wittich, W. 1853. PIGMENT OF CHOROID LAYER General. Heusinger, K. F. 1820. Development. Gallus. Busacca, A. 1913a, c. CORNEA General. Includes birds. Falcones. Lightbody, W. H. 1867. Connection of cornea with sclera. Demours, D. E. 1744. Cytology. Include Gallus. Mawas, J. 1911, 1912. Development. Gallus. Knape, E. V. 1909; *Laguesse, E. 1923a, b, 1926a, b; Lodijenski, V. 1917. Includes Gallus. Wilckens, M. 1861. Histology General. Gallus. Lodijenski, V. 1915. Connective tissue. Includes Columba. Eloui, M. 1880. Elastic tissue arrangement. Columba & Gallus. Lieto-Vollaro, A. 1910a. Membrane of Descemet. Anas & Columba. Smirnov, A. E. 1888. EYE LIDS Many species. Wood, C. A. 1915. Owl. Duverney, J. G. 1733f. Development. Includes birds. Doe- necke, F. W. 1899. Passer. Slonaker, J. R. 1921. Eye lashes. Trochilidae. Coale, H. K. 1913. Histology. Includes birds. Doenecke, F. W. 1899. Anas, Columba, Corvus, Gallus, Larus, & Passer. *Riehl, H. A. 1908. 169 SUBJECT INDEX Eye Movements. Includes birds. Blount, W. P. 1927. Palpebral fissure. Includes Gallus. Lieberkuhn, N. 1873. GLANDS Book. Text in German. Many spe- cies. Gadow, H. F. 1891d. General. Otus. Petit, F. 1739. Harder's (nictitating) gland. Giebel, C. G. 1857b. INNERVATION See also under Nervous system. Books. Text in German. Anas & Anser. Budge, J. 1855. Text in Latin. Meleagris. Schlemm, F. 1834. General. Guarini, L. 1845. Smooth muscle innervation. Boeke, J. 1915, 1916a, b. Optic nerve Book. Text in English. Many spe- cies. Wood, C. A. 1917. Optic nerve papilla, development. Gallus. *Szily, A. 1922. IRIS Color Book. Text in German. Meves, W. 1911. General. Corbin, G. B. 1906; Hodek, E. 1879; Stejneger, L. H. 1886b. Fulig- ula. Bird, M. C. 1906. Garrulus. Riviere, B. B. 1923a. Nyroca. Dal- gliesh, G. 1906. Pavo. Finn, F. 1928. Picidae. Swenander, G. 1898. Albino birds. Aplin, O. V. 1891; Corbin, G. B. 1891; Ingram, W. J. 1892. Asymmetrical coloration. Columba. Gadeau de Kerville, H. 1888. Changes in color during first year. Larus. Wood, C. A. 1923a. Sex dimorphism in color. Cacutua ophthalmica. Mayer, 0. 1928. Variation in color. Parus. Anzinger, F. 1897. Histology General. Canfield, W. B. 1886a; *Krohn, A. 1837; *Melkich, . 1895. Includes birds. *Koganei, J. 1885. Anas. *Andreae, A. 1909; Faber, C. 1876. Buteo. Michel, J. 1875. Columba. *Andreae, A. 1909; Bajardi, P. 1893. Cypselus & Fringilla. Faber, C. 1876. Gallus. *Andreae, A. 1909; Bajardi, P. 1893; Michel, J. 1875. Meleagris. *Andreae, A. 1909. Strigidae. Wagner, R. 1833a. Development. Includes Gallus. Angelucci, A. 1880, 1881. Elastic tissue of iris. Includes Gallus. Lieto-Vollaro, A. 1910b. Innervation of iris. *Geberg, A. 1884. Includes birds. Boeke, J. 1916a. Ligamentum pectinatum. Herzog, H. 1902. Columba, Corvus, & Falco t. tin- nunculus. *Wychgram, E. 1912. Membrane of Bruch. Columba. *Wehner, G. 1923. Birds incidental. Griinhagen, A. W. 1888. Pigment. Relation to hearing. In- cludes Anser. Sichel, J. 1847. Posterior epithelium of iris. Noctua, Scops, Slrix, & Syrnium. Grynfeltt, E. 1905a. Spaces of Fontana. Angelucci, A. 1879; Leplat, G. 1912b. Musculature Book. Text in German. Anas & Anser. Budge, J. 1855. General. Bond, C. J. 1912; Mery, J. 1733c; Mtiller, H. 1857b; Pagenstecher, A. 1860; Rumshevich, K. O. 1876, 1887. Anas. *Durand, G. 1893b, c. Anser. Grtinhagen, A. W. 1873; Home, E. 1796. Columba. Grtinhagen, A. W. 1864. Gallus. Durand, G. 1893b, c; Grtin- hagen, A. W. 1873. Meleagris. *Durand, G. 1893b, c; Home, E. 1796. Strix. Grtinhagen, A. W. 1873; Home, E. 1796. Birds incidental. Grtinhagen, A. W. 1888; Keibel, F. 1906; Zietzschmann, 0. 1906. Development of iris muscle. Gallus. Collin, R. 1903a; Durand, G. 1893a, b, c; Herzog, H. 1902. Includes Halma- hera & Strix. Herzog, H. 1902. Dilator muscle of iris. *Dogiel, J. 1869, 1870, 1886; Huttenbrenner, A. 1868. Anas & Columba. *Zietzschmann, 0. 1909. Includes Gallus. Gabrielides, A. J. 1895. SPHINCTER MUSCLE General. Grynfeltt, E. 1905b. Columba. Consiglio, M. 1900. Function. Leplat, G. 1912a. Eye BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 170 Development General. Callus. Collin, R. 1903b. Origin from ectoderm. Gallus. *Lewis, W. H. 1903. Pupil General. Birds incidental. Duges, Ant. 1834. Development. Anas, Gallus, & Pas- ser. Lindahl, C. 1912. SIZE CHANGES Book. Text in German. Anas & Anser. Budge, J. 1855. General. Many species. Krohn, A. 1837; Steinach, E. 1890. Anas, Buteo, Conurus, Larus, & Loxia. Nepveu, A. 1907a. Psittacus erithacus. Schjelderup- Ebbe, T. 1923b. Contracts in sunlight to narrow slit. Rhynchops nigra. Wetmore, A. 1919b. Drug action. Includes birds. Ehr- hardt, P. 1890. Includes Columba & Gallus. Koppanyi, T. & Sun, K. H. 1926. LAGRIMAL APPARATUS General. Many species. *Wood, C. A. 1915. Passer. Slonaker, J. R. 1918. Nasolacrimal duct. Includes birds. Matys, V. 1906. LENS General. Miiller, H. 1857b. Includes birds. Petit, F. 1732. Birds incidental. Addario, C. 1902; Hannover, A. 1845; Robinsky, S. 1877. Development. Haensell, P. 1887; Kolliker, R. A. 1904; Ritter, K. 1877a. Includes birds. Angelucci, A. 1879. Anas. *Rabl, C. 1889b, 1903 ; Wolfrum, L. 1907. Gallus. Burnett, W. 1. 1853a; DragendorflF, O. 1903; Kessler, L. 1874; Knape, E. V. 1909; Schaper, A. & Cohen, C. 1905; Szily, A. 1904. Include Gallus. Koranyi, A. 1886; *Rabl, C. 1889b, 1903; *Szily, A. 1908. Includes Macroglossus. Kolliker, R. A. 1904. Folds of amnion in lens invagination. Embryo. Gallus. Szily, A. 1906. Indices of refraction. Gallus. Frey- tag, G. 1909. Histology General. Zernoff, D. 1867. Anas. *Rabl, C. 1889b, 1903; Ritter, K. 1877b. Includes Anas. Wolfrum, L. 1907. Anser. Ritter, K. 1877b. Columba. Ritter, K. 1877b, 1900b. Gallus. Busacca, A. 1924; *Rabl, C. 1889b, 1903; Ritter, K. 1877b, 1900b; Virchow, H. 1904. In- cludes Gallus. Retzius, M. G. 1894; Zernoff, D. 1867. Passer, Perdix, Stur- nus, & Vanellus. Ritter, K. 1900b. In- clude birds. Finkbeiner, F. 1855; Vir- chow, H. J. 1900, 1904. Histogenesis of lens. 1912a. Franz, V. Mitochondria of lens. Columba & Gallus. Maggiore, L. 1911. Suspensory ligament (Zonula of Zinn) General. Knox, R. 1824b. Anas, Anser, Gallus, Passer, & Perdix. Ritter, K. 1900a, 1901. Include Gallus. Retzius, G. 1894; Roud, A. 1913. Canal of Petit. Knox, R. 1826. Histogenesis. Gallus. Carlini, V. 1912; *Lenhoss6k, M. 1911b, c. Histology. Includes birds. Fink- beiner, F. 1855. MELANIN PIGMENT General. Gallus. Mays, K. 1879. Strigidae. Wagner, R. 1833a. Comparison in pigment epithelium of white and pigmented varieties. Strep- topelia risoria. Strong, R. M. 1912c. Development. Includes Gallus. Szily, A. 1911. Iris pigment. Troller, J. 1917. Athene. Balducci, E. 1905. Picidae. Swenander, G. 1898. Origin and development in pigment epithelium. Gallus. Smith, D. T. 1920. Post-mortem melanin pigment forma- tion in pigmentless retinas and choroids. Streptopelia. *Riddle, 0. & La Mer, V. K. 1918. MUSCLES, EXTRINSIC Books. Text in German. Anas & Anser. Budge, J. 1855. Text in Latin. Meleagris. Schlemm, F. 1834. 171 SUBJECT INDEX Eye General. Include birds. Barkard, O. 1902; Motais, E. 1901; *Rex, H. 1901b. Anser. Home, E. 1796. Bubo. Bartels, M. & Dennler, G. 1920-21. Includes Callus. Corning, H. K. 1902. Larus ridibundus. *Rex, H. 1914. Mekagris. Home, E. 1796. Otus. Petit, F. 1739. Strigidae. Home, E. 1796. Includes Sula. Motais, E. 1905. Good figures showing eye muscles in orbit. Includes birds. Motais, E. 1905. Development. Callus. Adelmann, H. B. 1927. Birds incidental. Nuss- baum, M. 1899. Insertions in orbit. Kaiser, L. 1921- 22. Superior oblique muscle, develop- ment. Larus. *Rex, H. 1924. NICTITATING MEMBRANE General. Maynard, C. J. 1889a. Includes birds. Stibbe, E. P. 1927. Function General. Bert, P. 1885. Columba. Friedmann, H. 1932b. Use in clearing eye of water. Cinclus. Cordier, A. H. 1927. Histology General. Columba & Callus. Fuma- galli, A. 1899. Feathered epithelium. Columba. Kolmer, W. A. 1923. ORBIT Orbital sinus. Development. Frin- gilla & Callus. *Aulmann, G. 1909. Periorbital fascia. Anser, Corpus, Callus, & Mekagris. Barkard, O. 1902. Structure. Barkard, 0. 1902. PECTEN Etymological criticism of term. Bloch- mann, F. 1925. Books. Text in English. Many species. Wood, C. A. 1917. Text in German. Falco. Muller, H. 1872b. General. *Beauregard, H. 1876b; Franz, V. 1910b, 1912a; Flicker, . 1838; Giebel, C. G. 1857b; Home, E. 1796; Knox, R. 1824b; Kolmer, W. A. 1924a; La Hire, P. 1699; Schleich, G. 1896; Virchow, H. J. 1885, 1900. Many species. Wagner, R. 1837; Ziem, C. H. 1896. Includes birds. Knox, R. 1826. Anas. Bert, P. & Boucheron, A. H. 1876. Columba. Ziem, C. H. 1891. Callus. Andr6, J. & Beauregard, H. 1874; Beauregard, H. 1875; Bert, P. & Boucheron, A. H. 1876; Huschke, E. 1827a; Ziem, C. H. 1891. Include Callus. Kallius, E. 1909; Lieberkiihn, N. 1873. Passer. Slonaker, J. R. 1918. Blood supply. Kijowska, W. 1926. Development. *Husen, E. 1913; Parreidt, R. 1901; Zuckermann-Zic- hoya, M. 1921. Many species. Pas- quini, P. 1925a, 1926a. Anas. Lindahl, C. & Jokl, A. 1922. Callus. Bernd, A. H. 1905; Lindahl, C. & Jokl, A. 1922; Mann, I. C. 1924; *Mihalkovics, G. V. 1873a, b; Pasquini, P. 1925b; Szily, A. 1922. Book. Text in Ger- man. Oken, L. & Kieser, D. G. 1807. Passer & Podiceps. Lindahl, C. & Jokl, A. 1922. Function. Abelsdorff, G. 1910; Bloch- mann, F. & Husen, E. 1911; Dennis- senko, G. 1881b; Fieuzal, J. M. 1875; Franz, V. 1908, 1909b, 1910b; Husen, E. 1913; Kusakawa, M. 1925; Mawas, J. 1913; *Thomson, A. 1929. Many species. Ziem, C. H. 1896. Callus. Mann, I. C. 1924; Pasquini, P. 1926b. Histology. Dennissenko, G. 1881 b; Franz, V. 1908; *Husen, E. 1913; Kusakawa, M. 1925; Mawas, J. 1913. Many species. Ziem, C. H. 1896. Callus. Mann, I. C. 1924; Pasquini, P. 1926b. Light dispersion on surface. Ana- tomical explanation. Chatin, J. 1880. Nutrition. Callus. Mann, I. C. 1924. Optical properties. Callus. Mann, I. C. 1924. RETINA Books. Text in English. Many species. Wood, C. A. 1917. Speotyto. Wood, C. A. 1919. General. Kolmer, W. A. 1924a; *Krause, W. 1894; Ram6n y Cajal, S. 1888. Include birds. Hannover, A. 1840; Knox, R. 1824b; Muller, H. 1854, 1862. Anas. *Ritter, K. 1891; Rjes- nikow, C. 1897. Charadrius. *Ritter, Eye BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 172 K. 1891. Columba. Kohlrausch, A. 1914; Kohlrausch, A. & Brossa, A. 1914b; Miiller, H. 1872a; *Pacini, F. 1845. Includes Columba. Miiller, H. 1857a. Corvus. *Ritter, K. 1891. Falconiformes. Portier, P. 1923b. Gallus. *Pacini, F. 1845; Rjesnikow, C. 1897. Passer. *Pacini f F. 1845; *Ritter, K. 1891. Perdix. *Ritter, K. 1891. Strigidae. Kuhne, W. 1882. Strigiformes. Kohlrausch, A. & Brossa, A. 1914b. Development. Gallus. Cameron, J. 1902; Gray, H. 1850; Koganei, J. 1884; Weysse, A. W. & Burgess, W. S. 1906. Glycogen occurrence. Includes Columba. Brammertz, W. 1914. Pars ciliaris. Columba, Gallus, & Phasianus. Nussbaum, M. 1901a. Relations between extent of surface of retina and diameter of optic nerve. Correlation with volume of optic lobes. Book. Text in French. Desmoulins, L. A. 1823b. Histology Book. Text in German. Includes Gallus. Ramon y Cajal, S. 1894, pp. 101-112. General. *Dogiel, A. S. 1895a, b; Hoffmann, C. K. 1877; Ram6n y Cajal, S. 1888, 1896; Tafani, A. 1878. Many species. Hoffmann, C. K. 1877. In- clude birds. Cattaneo, D. 1922; Dennissenko, G. 1881a; Pacini, F. 1845. Anas. Waelchli, G. 1881, 1883. Bubo. Franz, V. 1910a. Columba. *Schultze, M. 1866; Waelchli, G. 1881, 1883. Falco. *Schultze, M. 1866. Fringilla. Hoffmann, C. K. 1877; Waelchli, G. 1881, 1883. Gallus. Hoff- mann, C. K. 1877; *Schultze, M. 1866; Van der Stricht, O. 1922; Waelchli, G. 1881, 1883. Include Gallus. Mann, I. C. 1928; 'Ramon y Cajal, S. 1893. Otus. Franz, V. 1910a. Strigidae. *Schultze, M. 1866. Uria. Franz, V. 1910a. Connective tissue elements of retina. Heinemann, C. 1864. Epithelial rests in retina and optic nerves. Ucke, A. J. 1891a. Morphological changes in retina pro- duced by light. Include birds. Chiarini, P. 1906, 1907. Phalacrocorax. Carlson, A. J. 1903. Spongioblasts of retina. Gallus. Coi- duras, B. 1904. NERVOUS ELEMENTS General. Include Columbae and Strigidae. Dogiel, A. S. 1888a, b, 1895b. Ganglion cells. Schiipbach, P. 1905. Includes Columba. Oshinomi, T. 1930. Nerve endings. Strigidae. Wagner, R. 1833a. Neurofibrillae. Includes Gallus. Uyama, Y. 1926. Optic nerve, insertion. Anas, Gallus, Passer, & Podiceps. Lindahl, C. & Jokl, A. 1922. NEURONS General. Bouin, P. 1895. Anas, Passer, Strigidae, etc. Ramon y Cajal, S. 1889b. Neuron connections. Includes Columba. Bouin, P. 1894. PIGMENT Geiieral. Kuhne, W. 1878. Visual purple. Columba & Gallus. Hess, C. 1907b. Yellow pigment. Schultze, M. 1866. Pigment epithelium General. Hess, C. 1910a. Includes Columba. Angelucci, A. 1878a. Gallus. Smith, D. T. 1920. Includes Gallus. Luna, E. 1913. Strix. Angelucci, A. 1878b. Development. Includes Gallus. Ucke, A. J. 1891b. Migration of pigment included. Hess, C. 1910a. Pigment formation in embryo. Gal- lus. Uyama, Y. 1922. RODS AND CONES General. Columba. Leplat, G. 1914. Falco. *Schultze, M. 1867. Fringilla. Talma, S. 1873. Gallus. *Schultze, M. 1867. Birds incidental. Hesse, R. 1904. Development. Gallus. Leplat, G. 1914; Ohashi, Y. 1923. Oil globules General. Hahn, E. 1917. Significance of red oil globules. Columba, Gallus, & Meleagris. Henning, H. 1920. Spectral analysis of red oil globules. Engelmann, T. W. 1880-81. 173 SUBJECT INDEX Eye Macula lutea General. Parus. Stabler, H. 1916. FOVEA CENTRALIS General. Chievitz, J. H. 1890a, b, 1892. Many species. Miiller, H. 1872a. Development. Corvus. Chievitz, J. H. 1888. Occurrence of two foveae. Miiller, H. 1863. Chelidon. Portier, P. 1923a. Columba & Corvus. *Fritsch, G. 1911. Hirundo. Portier, P. 1923a. Sterna. Fritsch, G. 1914. Strix. *Fritsch, G. 1911. Position shown in diagrammatic fig- ures of skull. Many species. *Rochon- Duvigneaud, A. 1919c. Structure. Fringilla. Chievitz, J. H. 1890a. SCLERA General. Includes Anser, Columba, Passer, & Spinus. Wedl, C. 1848. Histology and development. Gallus. Pes, O. 1909. Papillae of conjunctiva sclerae in embryo. Gallus. Nussbaum, M. 1901c. Sinus venosus sclerae (Canal of Schlemm). Includes birds. Angelucci, A. 1879. Sclerotic rings General. Allis, T. 1838b, c, 1855; Giebel, C. G. 1857b; Home, E. 1796; Leydig, F. 1855; Mery, J. 1733a. Aquila & Corvus. Me"ry, J. 1733d. Phasianidae. Chatin, J. 1910. Po- dargus. Allis, T. 1837. Struthio. Me"ry, J. 1733d. Bony plates in sclerotic ring. Blu- menbach, J. F. 1798; Gemminger, M. 1853. Aquila. Gerard, C. 1828. Development of sclerotic ring. In- cludes Gallus. Dabelow, A. 1926. Osseous plate in sclera surrounding entrance of optic nerve. Corvus. Shu- feldt, R. W. 1888g. Phylogeny of sclerotic ring. Includes Gallus. Dabelow, A. 1926. VITREOUS BODY General. Columba & Gallus. Beaure- gard, H. 1880. Development. Includes birds. Ciac- cio, G. V. 1877-78. FALCONRY Publications dealing with the ancient sport of using trained hawks to capture birds. Books. Text in English. Allen, G. M. 1925; Barnes, or Bernes, J. 1810; Bert, E. 1619; Burton, R. F. 1852; Grindal, W. 1596; Gurney, J. H., Jr. 1921; Harting, J. E. 1891a, c, 1898; Macpherson, H. A. 1897a; Markham, G. 1597; Nelson, W. 1732; Phillott, D. C. 1908; Salvin, F. H. & Brodrick, W. 1873. Text in French. Chenu, J. C. & Des Murs, M. A. 1862; Schlegel, H. & Verster de Wulverhorst, A. H. 1844-53. Text in German. Landau, G. 1849; Riedinger, M. E. 1767. Text in Italian. Carcano, F. 1645; Giorgio, F. 1645; Olina, G. P. 1684; Tuano, J. A. 1735. Text in Latin. *Friedrich II 1596. General. Goodwin, G. G. 1929; Haskins, C. H. 1921; Klunzinger, C. B. 1903a; Yoshida, Y. 1932; Ziembicki, W. 1927. FAUNA Arrangement based largely on the Century Atlas of the World. Political divisions are mainly as they existed prior to 1914. This section is limited to the larger publications on the sub- ject, and not all of these have been included. The aim has been to pre- sent a useful bibliography covering the bird fauna of the world fairly completely. Altitude and latitude factors. Allen, J. A. 1875. Change in distribution. Zonotrichia. Cahn, A. R. 1915b. Decrease in certain species. New England. Forbush, E. H. 1905a, b, 1908b. Dispersal over new area. Lewis, H. F. 1927b. Extension of range. Sturnus. Hicks, L. E. 1933b. High altitudes. Krohn, H. 1916. Influence of rainfall. Hume, A. 0. 1878a, b. Land birds at sea. Compsothlypidae. Penard, T. E. 1926. Fauna BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 174 Origin of American fauna. Lonnberg, A. J. 1927b. Includes birds. Book. Text in English. Scharff, R. F. 1911. Role of "accidental" in lists of birds for a region. Grinnell, J. 1922a. CHANGES DUE TO Climatic changes. Lonnberg, A. J. 1929d. Civilization. Braun, F. 1913b. Experimental changes in flora. Long- staff, T. G. 1926. Flora change. Migratory birds. Braun, F. 1904. Geological cause. Leaving New Jersey. Mimus p. polyglottos. Lock- wood, S. 1892. Irrigation. Bailey, F. A. 1910a. Roadways. Linsdale, J. M. 1929. INTRODUCTION OF EXOTIC SPECIES General. Wolford, H. L. 1854. Alauda arvensis. Gorgas, J. 1854. Passer. Townsend, C. W. & Hardy, J. H. 1909. Sturnw vulgaris. Cooke, M. T. 1925; Hicks, L. E. 1933b. Game birds suitable for introduction. McAtee, W. L. 1929b. Naturalization. Includes birds. Book. Text in English. Thomson, G. M. 1922. Birds of the world Books. Text in English. Evans, A. H. 1909; Knowlton, F. H. 1909; Latham, J. 1781-1802, 1790. Text in French. Bonnaterre, P. J. & Vieillot, L. P. 1923. Includes birds. Du Petit-Thouars, A. A. 1846-55. Text in German. Reichenow, A. 1913. Text in Japanese. Anatidae of world. Kuroda, N. 1912, 1913. General. Nicoll, M. J. 1904b. CHECK LISTS See also under Taxonomy. Books. Text in English. Gray, G. R. 1844-49, 1869-71; Sharpe, R. B. & others 1874-98; Sherborn, C. D. 1902-33; Wytsman, P. A. 1905-14. Text in German. Giebel, C. G. 1872-77. Islands Islands not assigned to continents, Oceanica, or polar regions. Indian Ocean. Kerguelen Island. Button, F. W. 1865; Kidder, J. H. 1875; Verrill, G. E. 1895. Mauritius. Meinertzhagen, R. 1912. Prince Ed- ward Islands. Button, F. W. 1865. ATLANTIC OCEAN North Atlantic Ocean Bermuda Islands. Bangs, 0. & Bradlee, T. S. 1901; Kennedy, J. N. 1914; Martens, E. 1859; Plath, K. 1914. South Atlantic Ocean Gough Island. Clarke, W. E. 1905b; Verrill, G. E. 1895. South Georgia Islands. Lonnberg, A. J. 1906a; Murphy, R. C. 1915c, 1916; Szielasko, A. E. 1907; Verrill, G. E. 1895. Tristan da Cunha Islands. Lowe, P. R. 1923. PACIFIC OCEAN North Pacific Ocean Clipperton Island. Gifford, E. W. 1913; Snodgrass, R. E. & Heller, E. 1902. South Pacific Ocean Easter and Juan Fernandez Islands. Skottsberg, C. J. 1920-31. Oceans Book. Text in English. Alexander, W. B. 1928. General. Nicoll, M. J. 1904b; Paessler, R. 1913. Arctic Ocean. Snyder, L. L. 1926. Book. Text in English. Schaanning, H. T. 1928. Indian Ocean. Hutton, F. W. 1865; Vanhoffen, E. 1905. ANTARCTIC OCEAN Text in English. Sharpe, R. B. 1902a. Text in French. Me'ne'gaux, H. A. 1907a. General. Murphy, R. C. 1928; Van- hoffen, E. 1905. Weddell Sea and adjacent seas. Clarke, W. E. 1905b. 175 SUBJECT INDEX Fauna NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN General. Helms, O. 1899; Hutt, F. B. 1932; Jespersen, P. 1924, 1925; Kennedy, J. N. 1917b; Wynne-Ed- wards, V. C. 1935b. Caribbean Sea. Lowe, P. R. 1909b. South Atlantic Ocean. Vanhoffen, E. 1905; Wilkins, G. H. 1923. PACIFIC OCEAN Northeast Pacific Ocean. Procel- lariidae. Mathews, G. M. 1915. South Pacific Ocean. Belcher, C. F. 1913. Palaearctic Region Books. Text in English. Dresser, H. E. 1902-03. Text in German. Hartert, E. J. 1903-22; Sievertsov, N. A. 1921. General. Moreau, R. E. & Moreau, W. M. 1928; Steinbacher, F. 1929; Sushkin, P. P. 1925b. American representative of a Palae- arctic group. Hesperiphona vespertina. Sushkin, P. P. 1925a. Polar regions ANTARCTIC REGION Books. Text in English. Lowe, P. R. & Kinnear, N. B. 1930; Mathews, G. M. 1928; Sharpe, R. B. 1902a. Text in French. Anthony, R. L. 1907; Menegaux, H. A. 1907a. General. Murphy, R. C. 1928; Siple, P. A. & Lindsey, A. A. 1937; Vanhoffen, E. 1905. Sphenisciformes. Gain, L. 1913. South Orkney Islands. Clarke, W. E. 1905b. Sula. Gurney, J. H., Jr. 1914d. ARCTIC REGION Arctic North America. Book. Text in Norwegian. Schaanning, H. T. 1933a. Bear Island. Jourdain, F. C. 1922a; Paget-Wilkes, A. H. 1922; Summer- hayes, V. S. & Elton, C. S. 1923. Northeastern Siberia. Book. Text in English. Schaanning, H. T. 1928. Nova Zembla (Novaya Zemlya). Gillett, G. 1870; Heuglin, M. T. 1872; Jordans, A. 1925. Spitzbergen. Heuglin, M. T. 1871; Jourdain, F. C. 1922a; Longstaff, T. G. 1924; Malmgren, A. J. 1863; Montague, F. A. 1926; Newton, A. 1865; Paget- Wilkes, A. H. 1922; Schalow, H. 1899; Summerhayes, V. S. & Elton, C. S. 1923; Zedlitz, O. 1911. Waigats Island. Heuglin, M. T. 1872. Wrangell Island. Snyder, L. L. 1926. AFRICA Arrangement by Rudyerd Boulton, ac- cording to classification by Chapin, J. P. 1923. Alphabetization has been subor- dinated to zoogeographic criteria. NORTH AFRICA Book. Text in English. Ramsay, R. G. 1923. Palaearctic migrants. 1930. Grote, H. Algeria General. Bannerman, D. A. 1921; Gurney, J. H. 1871; Jourdain, F. C. 1915; Koenig, A. F. 1895; Tristram, H. B. 1859b. Azores Islands General. Godman, F. D. 1866; Murphy, R. C. 1923a; Murphy, R. C. & Chapin, J. P. 1929. Canary Islands Book. Text in English. Bannerman, D. A. 1922b. General. Bannerman, D. A. 1912a, 1914b, 1919; Gurney, G. H. 1927; Koenig, A. F. 1890; Meade-Waldo, E. G. 1893; Reid, P. S. 1887. Cape Verde Islands General. Murphy, R. C. 1924a. Egypt Books. Text in English. Meinertz- hagen, R. 1930; Shelley, G. E. 1872; Whymper, C. 1909. Text in German. Berg, B. M. 1924; Cretzschmar, P. J. 1846. General. Adams, A. L. 1864a; Boyd, A. W. 1917; Brooksbank, F. H. 1925; Cholmley, A. J. 1897; Hartmann, R. 1863, 1864; Heuglin, M. T. 1859, 1860; Koenig, A. F. 1917, 1920, 1926b, 1932; Le Roi, O. 1923; Meinertzhagen, R. 1921b; Moreau, R. E. 1928; Nicoll, Fauna BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 176 M. J. 1908; Phillips, J. C. 1915b; Raw, W. 1921; Shelley, G. E. 1871; Taylor, E. C. 1867; Zedlitz, O. 1912. Mummies of birds. Adams, A. L. 1864b; Lortet, L. & Gaillard, C. 1901, 1907. Madeira Islands General. Hartwig, W. 1886; Koenig, A. F. 1890; Meinertzhagen, R. 1925c; Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1896. Morocco General. Drake, C. F. 1869; Lynes, H. 1920, 1933; Meade-Waldo, E. G. 1903; Tristram, H. B. 1859b. Sahara Desert See also under Sudanese Arid District. General. Balsac, H. 1926; Geyr von Schweppenburg, H. 1918. Tunis Book. Text in English. Whitaker, J. I. 1905. General. Bannerman, D. A. 1921; Erlanger, C. 1898; Koenig, A. F. 1888; Tristram, H. B. 1859b; Whitaker, J. I. 1894, 1897; Zedlitz, O. 1909. Ethiopian Region Books. Text in English. Shelley, G. E. & Sclater, W. L. 1896-1912. Text in French. Levaillant, F. 1799- 1808. Text in German. Reichenow, A. 1900-05, 1918. Broadbills. Lowe, P. R. 1931. Hornbills. Book. Text in English. Elliot, D. G. 1877-82. Pigeons. Shelley, G. E. 1883. Sand grouse. Elliot, D. G. 1878b. Sunbirds. Book. Text in English. Shelley, G. E. 1876-80. Thrushes. Book. Text in English. Seebohm, H. & Sharpe, R. B. 1898- 1902. Woodpeckers. Hargitt, E. 1883. Check list. Sclater, W. L. 1924-30. Migrants. Grote, H. 1930. Origin of fauna. Lonnberg, A. J. 1929a. WEST AFRICAN SUBREGION Books. Text in English. Banner- man, D. A. 1930-36; Bates, G. L. 1930. General. Bates, G. L. 1931; Hartlaub, C. J. 1861. Guinean Forest Province Upper Guinea Forest District General. Bannerman, D. A. 1912b. Gold Coast. Alexander, B. 1902; Sharpe, R. B. 1869; Ussher, H. T. 1874. Ivory Coast. Bannerman, D. A. 1923. Liberia. Allen, G. M. 1930. Sierra Leone. Kelsall, H. J. 1914; Kemp, R. 1905; Thompson, W. R. 1925. Lower Guinea Forest District Belgian Congo. Chapin, J. P. 1932; Gyldenstolpe, N. C. 1924; Ogilvie- Grant, W. R. 1908b; Shelley, G. E. 1890. Cameroons. Bannerman, D. A. 1914c; Bannerman, D. A. & Bates, G. L. 1921; Bates, G. L. 1908, 1911, 1927; Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1917; Reichenow, A. 1892; Sharpe, R. B. 1904b. Gabon. Heine, F. 1860. Guinean Islands. Alexander, B. 1903; Bannerman, D. A. 1914c. Nigeria. Bannerman, D. A. 1914c, 1922a; Young, J. D. 1931. Guinean Savanna Province General. Chapin, J. P. 1932. Upper Guinea Savanna District General. Bannerman, D. A. 1912b. Cameroons. Bannerman, D. A. 1914c; Bannerman, D. A. & Hutson, H. P. 1924. Dahomey. Reichenow, A. 1897b. Gambia. Rochebrune, A. T. 1884. Gold Coast. Alexander, B. 1902; Sharpe, R. B. 1869; Ussher, H. T. 1874. Ivory Coast. Bannerman, D. A. 1923. Nigeria. Bannerman, D. A. 1914c, 1922a; Bannerman, D. A. & Hutson, H. P. 1924; Hutson, H. P. & Banner- man, D. A. 1930; Jourdain, F. C. 1935; Young, J. D. 1931. Sierra Leone. Kelsall, H. J. 1914; Kemp, R. 1905; Thompson, W. R. 1925. Ubangi Savanna District Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Bowen, W. W. 1925, 1926-31. 177 SUBJECT INDEX Fauna Cameroons. Banner-man, D. A. & Hutson, H. P. 1924; Bates, G. L. 1927; Grote, H. 1925a; Reichenow, A. 1892. Southern Congo Savanna District Angola. Bannerman, D. A. 1912a. Belgian Congo. Mouritz, G. B. 1914; Neave, S. A. 1910; Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1908b; Reichenow, A. 1923. Northern Rhodesia. Neave, S. A. 1910. Uganda-Unyoro Savanna District Belgian Congo. Gyldenstolpe, N. C. 1924; Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1908b. Uganda. Grant, C. H. 1915; Granvik, H. 1923; Gyldenstolpe, N. C. 1924; Jackson, F. J. 1899, 1926; Ogilvie- Grant, W. R. 1905a, 1908b; Seth- Smith, L. M. 1913; Sharpe, R. B. 1891, 1902b, d; Stoneham, H. F. 1926; Van Someren, V. G. 1916. EAST AND SOUTH AFRICAN SUBREGION Humid Montane Province Cameroon Montane District Cameroons. Bannerman, D. A. 1914c; Bates, G. L. 1931; Reichenow, A. 1892. Books. Text in English. Bannerman, D. A. 1930-36; Bates, G. L. 1930. Guinean Islands. Alexander, B. 1903; Bannerman, D. A. 1914c; Bates, G. L. 1931; Hartlaub, C. J. 1861. Books. Text in English. Bannerman, D. A. 1930-36; Bates, G. L. 1930. Eastern Montane District Belgian Congo. Chapin, J. P. 1932; Gyldenstolpe, N. C. 1924; Lowe, P. R. 1931 ; Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1908b. Kenya. Bannerman, D. A. 1910a; Dearborn, N. 1909; Granvik, H. 1923; Jackson, F. J. 1899; Meinertzhagen, R. 1921b ; Sharpe, R.B. 1891, 1902b. Book. Text in English. Jackson, F. J. 1926. Nyasaland. Belcher, C. F. 1925; Paget-Wilkes, A. H. 1928; Paget- Wilkes, A. H. & Sladen, A. G. 1930; Roberts, C. C. 1924; Shelley, G. E. 1901a, b. Book. Text in English. Belcher, C. F. 1930. Tanganyika. Bannerman, D. A. 1910a; Meinertzhagen, R. 1921b;Ober- holser, H. C. 1905a. Book. Text in German. Reichenow, A. 1894. Uganda. Granvik, H. 1923; Gylden- stolpe, N. C. 1924; Jackson, F. J. 1899; Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1908b; Sharpe, R. B. 1891, 1902b, d. Book. Text in English. Jackson, F. J. 1926. Sudanese Province Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Bowen, W. W. 1925, 1926-31; Cholmley, A. J. 1897; Heuglin, M. T. 1859, 1860; Lynes, H. 1924; Rothschild, N. C. & Wollaston, A. F. 1902; Sclater, W. L. & Mackworth-Praed, C. W. 1918. Books. Text in German. Berg, B. M. 1924; Cretzschmar, P. J. 1846. British and French West Africa. Bates, G. L. 1931; Hartert, E. J. 1921; Hartlaub, C. J. 1861. Books. Text in English. Bannerman, D. A. 1930-36; Bates, G. L. 1930. Sudanese Arid District Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Hartmann, R. 1863. Sudanese Savanna District Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Koenig, A. F. 1926a; Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1902, 1907a; Phillips, J. C. 1914a; Roche- brune, A. T. 1884; Witherby, H. F. 1901. Cameroons. Bates, G. L. 1927; Reichenow, A. 1892. Nigeria. Buxton, P. A. 1935; Hutson, H. P. & Bannerman, D. A. 1930. Northeast African Province Eritrea. Boetticher, H. 1920; Zed- litz, O. 1910. Ethiopia. Erlanger, C. 1904; Fried- mann, H. 1930a; Hawker, R. M. 1899; Mearns, E. A. 1915; Neumann, 0. 1904; Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1913c; Thesiger, W. & Meynell, M. 1935; Zedlitz, O. 1910. Kenya. Friedmann, H. 1930a; Mearns, E. A. 1915; Meinertzhagen, R. 1921b; Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1900b. Somaliland. Bannerman, D. A. 1910b; Erlanger, C. 1904; Hawker, R. M. 1899; Meinertzhagen, R. 1921b; Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1900c, 1901, 1904a; Witherby, H. F. 1905. Abyssinian Highland District Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Bowen, W. W. 1925, 1926-31; Sclater, W. L. & Mackworth-Praed, C. W. 1918. Book. Fauna BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 178 Text in German. Cretzschmar, P. J. 1846. British Somaliland. Phillips, E. L. 1896. Ethiopia. Cheesman, R. E. & Sclater, W. L. 1935. Somali Arid District Eritrea. Heuglin, M. T. 1859, 1862. Kenya. Bannerman, D. A. 1910a; Dearborn, N. 1909; Gurney, G. H. 1909; Jackson, F. J. 1899; Mackworth- Praed, C. W. 1917; Meinertzhagen, R. 1921b; Sharpe, R. B. 1891, 1902b. Book. Text in English. Jackson, F. J. 1926. Somaliland. Speke, J. H. 1860; Thesiger, W. & Meynell, M. 1935; Zedlitz, O. 1914. Tanganyika. Bannerman, D. A. 1910a; Meinertzhagen, R. 192 Ib. Eastern and Southern Province East African Highland District Belgian Congo. Chapin, J. P. 1932; Gyldenstolpe, N. C. 1924; Ogilvie- Grant, W. R. 1908b. Kenya. Bannerman, D. A. 1910a; Dearborn, N. 1909; Friedmann, H. 1928a, 1930a; Grant, C. H. 1915; Gran- vik, H. 1923; Gurney, G. H. 1909; Gyldenstolpe, N. C. 1924; Hinde, S. L. 1900b; Jackson, F. J. 1899; Mackworth- Praed, C. W. 1917; Mearns, E. A. 1915; Meinertzhagen, R. 1921b; Ogilvie- Grant, W. R. 1900b; Sharpe, R. B. 1891, 1902b; Van Someren, V. G. 1916. Book. Text in English. Jackson, F. J. 1926. Nyasaland. Paget-Wilkes, A. H. 1928; Paget-Wilkes, A. H. & Sladen, A. G. 1930; Percival, A. B. 1902; Roberts, C. C. 1924; Shelley, G. E. 1901a, b; Vincent, J. 1935. Book. Text in English. Belcher, C. F. 1930. Portuguese East Africa. Vincent, J. 1933. Tanganyika. Bannerman, D. A. 1910a; Grote, H. 1912; Lynes, H. & Lowe, W. P. 1934; Meinertzhagen, R. 1921b; Oberholser, H. C. 1905a. Book. Text in German. Reichenow, A. 1894. Angolan Highland District Angola. Hartlaub, C. G. 1861. Belgian Congo. Chapin, J. P. 1932; Mouritz, G. B. 1914; Neave, S. A. 1910; Reichenow, A. 1923. Northern Rhodesia. 1910. Neave, S. A. East African Lowland District Kenya. Dearborn, N. 1909; Gran- vik, H. 1923; Jackson, F. J. 1899; Meinertzhagen, R. 1921 b; Sharpe, R. B. 1891, 1902b. Book. Text in English. Jackson, F. J. 1926. Portuguese East Africa. Sperling, R. M. 1868; Vincent, J. 1933. Tanganyika. Bannerman, D. A. 1910a; Friedmann, H. 1928a; Grote, H. 1912, 1921; Meinertzhagen, R. 1921b; Sclater, W. L. & Moreau, R. E. 1932. Book. Text in German. Reichenow, A. 1894. Zanzibar. Sperling, R. M. 1868; Vaughan, J. H. 1929. Southeast Veldt District Cape Province. James, H. W. 1925; Paget-Wilkes, A. H. 1924; Sharpe, R. B. 1904a; Shortridge, G. C. 1904. Natal. Clarke, S. R. 1904; Gurney, J. H. 1860; Woodward, R. B. & Wood- ward, J. D. 1900. Northern Rhodesia. Alexander, B. 1899. Orange Free State. Clarke, S. R. 1904; Symonds, E. 1887; Whitehead, C. H. 1903. Portuguese East Africa. Alexander, B. 1899; Sclater, W. L. 1899; Sperling, R. M. 1868; Vincent, J. 1933. Southern Rhodesia. Chubb, C. 1909; Marshall, G. A. 1900; Mouritz, G. B. 1915; Shelley, G. E. 1882; Swynnerton, C. F. 1907. Book. Text in English. Priest, C. D. 1929, 1933. Transvaal. Gurney, J. H. 1887. Union of South Africa. Layard, E. L. 1871; Roberts, A. 1917; Sclater, W. L. 1906, 1911; Shelley, G. E. 1882; Sperling, R. M. 1868. Books. Text in English. FitzSimons, F. W. 1923; Horsbrugh, B. R. 1912; Layard, E. L. 1875-84; Stark, A. C. & Sclater, W. L. 1900-06. Southwest Arid District Angola. Bannerman, D. A. 1912b; Hartlaub, C. G. 1861. Bechuanaland. Ogil vie- Grant, W. R. 1912c. 179 SUBJECT INDEX Fauna Cape Province. Bannerman, D. A. 1912b; James, H. W. 1925; Layard, E. L. 1871; Roberts, A. 1917; Sclater, W. L. 1906, 1911; Sharpe, R. B. 1904a; Shelley, G. E. 1882; Sperling, R. M. 1868. Books. Text in English. Fitz- Simons, F. W. 1923; Horsbrugh, B. R. 1912; Layard, E. L. 1875-84; Stark, A. C. & Sclater, W. L. 1900-06. Orange Free State. Clarke, S. R. 1904. Southern Rhodesia. Chubb, C. 1909; Mouritz, G. B. 1915; Shelley, G. E. 1882. Books. Text in English. Priest, C. D. 1929, 1933. Southwest Africa. Bannerman, D. A. 1912b. Book. Text in English. Ander- sson, C. J. 1872. Malagasy Region MADAGASCAR Book. Text in French. Schlegel, H. & Pollen, F. P. 1868. General. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. 1839; Hartlaub, C. J. 1860; Oberholser, H. C. 1900a; Roch, S. & Newton, E. 1862; Sibree, J. 1891. Mauritius. Meinertzhagen, R. 1912. AMERICA Book. Text in French. Levaillant, F. 1801-02. General. *Cory, C. B. 1918; Cory, C. B. & Hellmayr, C. E. 1924. America and adjacent islands. *Hellmayr, C. E. 1925-35. North America Books. Text in English. Audubon.J.J. 1827-38, 1860-61; *Baird, S. F., Brewer, T. M., & Ridgway, R. 1874; Coues,E.B. 1903; Nuttall, T. 1832; Pearson, T. G. 1917; Ridgway, R. 1901; Wilson, A., Bonaparte, C. L., Ord, G., & Jardine, W. 1832; Wilson, A. & Ord, G. 1808-14. Anatidae. Elliot, D. G. 1898. Char- adrioidea. Elliot, D. G. 1895. Comp- sothlypidae. *Chapman, F. M. 1907b. Falconoidea. May, J. B. 1935. Game birds. Reed, C. A. 1912. Water birds. Baird, S. F., Brewer, T. M., & Ridgway, R. 1884; Elliot, D. G. 1898; Phillips, J. C. & Lincoln, F. C. 1930. General. Baird, S. F. 1866; *Bent, A. C. 1919, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1932, 1937. Future of North American fauna. Includes birds. Hahn, W. L. 1913. Introduced species. Phillips, J. C. 1928b. Passer. Zipperlen, A. 1880. Phasianus colchicus torquatus. Leffing- well, D. J. 1928. Origin of North American fauna. Allen, J. A. 1893a; Lonnberg, A. J. 1927b. DIVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICA Boreal North America. Book. Text in English. Swainson, W. & Richard- son, J. 1831. Coasts of western North America and adjacent islands. Townsend, C. H. 1890. Eastern North America. Trotter, S. 1909, 1912. Books. Text in English. Chapman, F. M. 1912b. Land birds. Popular field guide. Reed, C. A. 1923a. Northwestern North America. Book. Text in English. Coues, E. B. 1877. Pacific Coast. Belding, L. 1890. Book. Text in English. Eliot, W. A. 1923. Pacific Northwest. Tetraonidae. Book. Text in English. Shaw, W. T. 1908. Western North America. Popular field guide. Book. Text in English. Reed, C. A. 1923b. Alaska Books. Text in English. Nelson, E. W. 1887; Turner, L. M. 1886. General. Bailey, A. M. 1925, 1927; Chapman, F. M. 1902c; Grinnell, J. 1909b; Hersey, F. S. 1916; Jacques, F. S. 1930. Includes birds. Laing, H. M., Taverner, P. A., & Anderson, R. M. 1927; Osgood, W. H. 1904, 1909. Arctic Ocean in region of Alaska. Jacques, F. S. 1930. Bering Sea. Friedmann, H. 1932a. Bering Sea and Strait. Jacques, F. S. 1930. Fort St. Michael region. Hersey, F. S. 1917. Kotzebue Sound region. Grinnell, J. 1900. Michalaski, Norton Sound. Adams, E. 1878. Fauna BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 180 Prince William Sound. Grinnell, J. 1910. Islands near Alaska Aleutian Islands. Bent, A. C. 1912; Jacques, F. S. 1930. Forrester Island. Heath, H. 1915; Willett, G. 1915. Pribilof Islands. Hanna, G. D. 1920; Osgood, W. H., Preble, E. A., & Parker, G. H. 1915. Book. Text in English. Palmer, W. 1898. St. Lawrence Island. Friedmann, H. 1932a. St. Matthew Island. Hanna, G. D. 1917. Canada Books. Text in English. Macoun, J. & Macoun, J. M. 1909; Nuttall, T. 1832. General. Taverner, P. A. 1934. Athabaska-MacKenzie region. Preble, E. A. 1908. Baffin Land. Hesse, E. 1915; Soper, J. D. 1928. Central Canada. Blakiston, R. A. 1861, 1863. Eastern Canada. Palmer, W. 1890. Islands in Gulf of St. Lawrence. Palmer, W. 1890. Labrador. Hantzsch, B. 1908; Lewis, H. F. 1925; Norton, A. H. 1901; Palmer, W. 1890; Townsend, C. W. 1917a; Townsend, C. W. & Bent, A. C. 1910. Magdalen Islands. Palmer, W. 1890. Manitoba. Fleming, J. H. 1920; Seton, E. T. 1891, 1909. New Brunswick. Philipp, P. B. & Bowdish, B. S. 1917. St. John Valley. Townsend, C. W. 1912a. Newfoundland. Griscom, L. 1926a; Noble, G. K. 1919; Palmer, W. 1890; Rooke, K. B. 1935. Sula [Moris] bas- sana. Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1935a. Nova Scotia. Cape Breton Island region. Allen, F. H. 1891. Prince Edward Island. MacSwain, J. 1908. Saskatchewan. Bent, A. C. 1907; Fleming, J. H. 1920; Mitchell, H. H. 1924. Vancouver Island. Alford, C. E. 1928; Brown, R. 1868. Includes birds. Swarth, H. S. 1912c. Western Canada. Taverner, P. A. 1926. Alberta General. Taverner, P. A. 1919. Alix and Buffalo Lake districts. Horsbrugh, C. B. 1915. British Columbia Book. Text in English. Brooks, A. 1925b. General. Chapman, F. M. 1890a; Kelso, J. E. 1926. Includes birds. Swarth, H. S. 1924. Canadian Rockies, Jasper Park, Yel- lowhead Pass, Mount Robson. Riley, J. H. 1913. Chilliwack District. Brooks, A. 1917. Northern British Columbia. Stikine River region. Swarth, H. S. 1927. Queen Charlotte Isles. Includes birds. Osgood, W. H. 1901. Ontario Books. Text in English. Mcllwraith, T. 1894; Nash, C. W. 1900, 1904. Falcones & Strigidae. Snyder, L. L. 1932. General. Faull, J. H. & Fleming, J. H. 1913; Nash, C. W. 1898; Soper, J. D. 1923. Parry Sound and Muskoka. Flem- ing, J. H. 1901. Point Pelee in Lake Erie. Taverner, P. A. & Swales, B. H. 1908. Quebec Hatley, Stanstead County. Mousley, W. H. 1916, 1921a. Perce and Bonaventure Island. Sea birds. Book. Text in English. Wynne- Edwards, V. C. 1937. Greenland Books. Text in English. Hagerup, A. T. 1891. Text in Danish. Schiller, E. L. 1925-31. General. Helms, O. 1926; Nichol- son, E. M. 1930; Pedersen, A. 1926; Schaanning, H. T. 1933b. 181 SUBJECT INDEX Fauna West Greenland. Schalow, H. 1895; Stone, W. 1892. Island of Mellum. Culemann, H. W. 1928. United States See Chapman, F. M. 1912b, for State bibliographies. General. Breeding colonies of Pele- canus erythrorhynchos. United States National Park Service 1932. Introduced species. Prout, J. S. 1884. New England. Allen, G. M. 1909. Book. Text in English. *Forbush, E. H. 1925-27. Stearns, W. A. 1883- 85. Game birds, wild fowl, and shore birds. Forbush, E. H. 1912. Northeastern United States. Book. Text in English. Saunders, A. A. 1935. Western United States Books. Text in English. Bailey, F. A. 1921; Myers, H. W. 1922. Great Basin. Oberholser, H. C. 1921. Pacific states. Book. Text in English. Hoffmann, R. 1927. Southwestern United States. Fisher, A. K. 1893c. National Parks General. Books. Text in English. Wright, G. M. & Thompson, B. H. 1935. Include birds. United States National Park Service 1933, 1935b. Check list. United States National Park Service 1937b. Bryce Canyon. Includes birds. United States National Park Service 1934. Carlsbad Cavern. Includes birds. United States National Parks 1928. General Grant. Includes birds. Check list. Book. Text in English. United States National Park Service 1920b. Glacier National Park. Includes birds. Book. Text in English. United States National Park Service 1918. Grand Canyon. Check list. United States National Park Service 1930, 1937a, 1939. Mount McKinley National Park. Includes birds. Book. Text in English. United States National Park Service 1938a. Mount Rainier National Park. United States National Park Service 1920e. Includes birds. Taylor, W. P. & Shaw, W. T. 1927. Rocky Mountain National Park. Includes birds. United States National Park Service 1920c. Sequoia. Includes birds. Check list. United States National Park Service 1920b. Yellowstone. Kemsies, E. 1935; Skinner, M. P. 1925. United States National Park Service 1920a. Includes birds. United States National Parks 1938. Yosemite. United States National Park Service 1938b. Includes birds. Grinnell, J. & Storer, T. 1. 1924. Book. Text in English. Grinnell, J. & Storer, T. I. 1921. Summer birds. United States National Park Service 1920d. Zion National Park. United States National Park Service 1935a. Alabama Book. Text in English. Howell, A. H. 1924. Autauga and Montgomery counties. Golsan, L. S. & Holt, E. G. 1914. Arizona General. Fisher, A. K. 1893c; Ober- holser, H. C. 1930; Swarth, H. S. 1914. Cochise County. Osgood, W. H. 1903. Gila and Final counties. Scott, W. E. 1887-88. Huachuca Mountains. Southeastern part. Swarth, H. S. 1904. Keam Canyon. Fisher, A. K. 1903. Pima County. Scott, W. E. 1887-88; Visher, S. S. 1910. Southern Arizona. Includes birds. Swarth, H. S. 1929. Arkansas General. Baerg, W. J. 1931 ; Howell, A. H. 1911. California Books. Text in English. Wheelock, I. G. 1904. Game birds. Grinnell, J., Bryant, H. C., & Storer, T. I. 1918. Fauna BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 182 General. Hall, H. M. & Grinnell, J. 1919. Trochilidae. Woods, R. S. 1927. Water birds. Loomis, L. M. 1900. Death Valley. Fisher, A. K. 1893c; Grinnell, J. 1923. Deserts. Howell, A. B. 1923. Fresno district. Tyler, J. G. 1913. Inner Coast Range. Mailliard, J. 1919b. Lassen Peak region. Includes birds. Grinnell, J., Dixon, J. S., & Linsdale, J. M. 1930. Lower Colorado River Valley. In- cludes birds. Grinnell, J. 1914a. Modoc County. Includes birds. Mailliard, J. 1927b. Mount Sanhedrin. Includes birds. Stone, W. 1904. Mount Shasta. Includes birds. Mer- riam, C. H. 1899. Northern California. Includes birds. Grinnell, J. 1916. Pacific slope of southern California. Willett, G. 1912. Salton Sea. Grinnell, J. 1908b. San Bernardino Mountains. In- cludes birds. Grinnell, J. 1908a. San Clemente Island. Howell, A. B. 1917. San Diego County. Stephens, F. 1919. San Francisco Bay region. Grinnell, J. & Wythe, M. W. 1927. San Jacinto area. Grinnell, J. & Swarth, H. S. 1913. San Miguel Island. Howell, A. B. 1917. Santa Barbara Islands. Howell, A. B. 1917. Siskiyou County. Includes birds. Mailliard, J. 1921. Siskiyou Mountains. Anderson, M. P. & Grinnell, J. 1903. Southern California. Fisher, A. K. 1893c. Southwestern California. Willett, G. 1933. Colorado Books. Text in English. Bergtold, W. H. 1928a; Sclater, W. L. 1912. General. Cooke, W. W. 1900. Barr Lake district. Hersey, L. J. & Rockwell, R. B. 1909. Elk Mountain region. Warren, E. R. 1916. Golden region. Rockwell, R. B. & Wetmore, A. 1914. Montrose County. Warren, E. R. 1909. Northwestern Colorado. Warren, E. R. 1908. Includes birds. Felger, A. H. 1910. Winter fauna. Sclater, W. L. 1908. Rocky Mountain National Park. United States National Park Service 1920c. Yuma County. Lincoln, F. C. 1915. Connecticut General. Sage, J. H. & Bishop, L. B. 1913. Delaware General. Rhoads, S. N. & Pennock, C. J. 1905. District of Columbia Washington region. Cooke, M. T. 1929. Florida Books. Text in English. Bailey, H. H. 1925; Cory, C. B. 1896; Howell, A. H. 1932; Maynard, C. J. 1872-78. Includes birds. Catesby, M. 1731-43. East Florida. Includes birds. Allen J. A. 1871b. Leon County. Williams, R. W. 1904, 1928. Lower Suwanee River region. Chap- man, F. M. 1891a. Georgia Atlanta region. Greene, E. R. 1933. Northeastern Georgia. Burleigh, T. D. 1927. Illinois Book. Text in English. Gault, B. T. 1922. General. Cory, C. B. 1909a. Autumn birds. Forbes, S. A. 1910. Summer birds. Forbes, S. A. 1908, 1921. Champaign County. Hess, I. E. 1910. - 183 SUBJECT INDEX Fauna Chicago region. Ford, E. R., San- born, C. C., & Coursen, C. B. 1934; Woodruff, F. M. 1907a. Iowa General. Anderson, R. M. 1907; Du Mont, P. A. 1934. Rapacious birds. Bailey, B. H. 1918. Clay and O'Brien counties. Gabriel- son, I. N. 1917. Winnebago and Hancock counties. Book. Text in English. Anderson, R. M. 1897. Kansas Book. Text in English. Goss, N. S. 1891. General. Lantz, D. E. 1899; Snow, F. H. 1903. Johnson County. Harris, H. 1919. Missouri River region. Doniphan County. Linsdale, J. M. 1928a, b. Louisiana General. Alexander, M. L. 1918; Beyer, G. E. 1900b; Beyer, G. E., Allison, A., & Kopman, H. H. 1906; Kopman, H. H. 1915; Mcllhenny, E. A. 1897. Chenier au Tigre. Bailey, A. M. 1928b. Jefferson Parish. Kopman, H. H. 1905a. Southern Louisiana. Bailey, A. M. 1931. West Baton Rouge Parish. Allison, A. 1904. Maine Book. Text in English. Knight, 0. W. 1908. Lake Umbagog region. Brewster, W. 1924. Maryland General. Kirkwood, F. C. 1895. Allegany County. Eifrig, C. W. 1904; Merriam, C. H. & Preble, E. A. 1900. Baltimore. Andrews, E. A. 1925. Garrett County. Eifrig, C. W. 1904. Massachusetts G. M. 1901. Game birds, wild fowl, and shore birds. Forbush, E. H. 1912. General. Allen, J. A. 1864. Berkshire County. Faxon, W. & Hoffmann, R. 1900. Cambridge region. Brewster, W. 1906. Essex County. Townsend, C. W. 1905. Hampshire County. Clark, H. L. 1906a. Ipswich region. Book. Text in English. Townsend, C. W. 1912b. Muskeget Island. Asio /. flammeus. Brewster, W. 1898b. Michigan Book. Text in English. Barrows, W. B. 1912. General. Cook, A. J. 1893. Check list. Van Tyne, J. 1938. Au Sable Valley. Wood, N. A. & Frothingham, E. H. 1905. Charity Islands. Wood, N. A. 1911. Dickinson County. Gaige, F. M. 1914. Douglas Lake region. Sheboygan County. Wood, N. A. 1916. Hamlin Lake region. Mason County. Chaney, R. W. 1910b. Mackinac Island. White, S. E. 1893. Minnesota Book. Text in English. *Roberts, T. S. 1932. General. Roberts, T. S. 1919. Winter birds. Roberts, T. S. 1916. Crooked Lake region. Honywill, A. W. Jr. 1911. Leech Lake region. Currier, E. S. 1904. Mississippi General. Stockard, C. R. 1905. Tishomingo County. Allison, A. 1907. Missouri Books. Text in English. *Forbush, General. Bennitt, R. 1932; Wid- E. H. 1925-27; Howe, R. H. & Allen, mann, O. 1907a. Fauna BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 184 Carter and Shannon counties. Wood- ruff, E. S. 1908b. Johnson, Clay, and Platte counties. Harris, H. 1919. Kansas City region. Harris, H. 1919. Montana General. Saunders, A. A. 1921a. Custer and Dawson counties. Cam- eron, E. S. 1907. Fergus County. Silloway, P. M. 1903b. Flathead Lake. Silloway, P. M. 1903a. Fort Buford region. Bailey, V. 1888. Swan Lake. Silloway, P. M. 1903a. Nebraska General. Bruner, L. 1896; Wolcott, R. H. 1909. Thomas County Forest Reserve. Zimmer, J. T. 1913. Nevada Humboldt County. Taylor, W. P. 1912. Southern Nevada. Fisher, A. K. 1893c. New Jersey Book. Text in English. Stone, W. 1894a. General. Harlow, R. C. 1918; Stone, W. 1909. Newark marshes. Abbott, C. G. 1907. New Mexico General. Bailey, F. A. 1928; Ober- holser, H. C. 1930. Gila River headwaters. October birds. Bergtold, W. H. 1912. Lake Burford. Wetmore, A. 1920e. New York Book. Text in English. Eaton, E. H. 1910-14. Central New York marshes. Summer birds. Saunders, A. A. 1926. Dutchess County. Griscom, L. 1933. Finger Lakes region. Spiker, C. J. 1935. Cayuga Lake basin. Includes birds. Reed, H. D. & Wright, A. W. 1909. Long Island. Braislin, W. C. 1907. Shore birds. Nichols, J. T. & Harper, F. 1916. Northern New York, St. Lawrence Valley and lowlands. Book. Text in English. Sawyer, E. J. 1916. Oneida County. Ralph, W. L. & Bagg, E. 1890. Oneida Lake region. Stoner, D. 1932. Palisades Interstate Park. Bear Mountain and Harriman Park sections. Summer birds. Silloway, P. M. 1920. North Carolina General. Book. Text in English. Pearson, T. G., Brimley, C. S., & Brimley, H. H. 1919. Sand hills. Winter birds. Book. Text in English. Skinner, M. P. & Achorn, J. W. 1928. Western North Carolina. Summer birds. Oberholser, H. C. 1905b. North Dakota General. Wood, N. A. 1923. Water- fowl. Lincoln, F. C. 1925a. Bottineau, Devil's Lake, Grand Forks, Harwood, & Pembina. Bailey, V. 1888. Ohio Book. Text in English. Dawson, W. L. & Jones, L. 1903. General. Hicks, L. E. 1935b; Jones, L. 1903; Kirkpatrick, J. 1859; Wheaton, J. M. 1882. Game and song birds. Hicks, L. E. 1932c. Winter birds. Hicks, L. E. & Chapman, F. B. 1933. Ashtabula County. Hicks, L. E. 1933a. Central Ohio. Hicks, L. E. 1935e. Wayne County. Oberholser, H. C. 1896. Oklahoma General. Nice, M. M. 1931a; Nice, M. M. & Nice, L. B. 1924. Picinae. Crabb, E. D. 1930. Campus of University of Oklahoma. Nice, M. M. 1930b. Central Oklahoma. Nice, M. M. 1928. 185 SUBJECT INDEX Fauna Oregon Book. Text in English. Shaw.W.T. 1908. Portland region. Jewett, S. G. & Gabrielson, I. N. 1929. Willow Creek Valley, Malheur County. Summer birds. Peck, M. E. Pennsylvania Book. Text in English. Sutton, G. M. 1928; Warren, B. H. 1888. General. Harlow, R. C. 1918. Anthracite coal region. Summer birds. Young, R. T. 1896. Eastern Pennsylvania. Stone, W. 1894. Erie and Presque Isle. Todd, W. E. 1904. Lancaster. Book. Text in English. Beck, H. H. 1924. Northern Elk County. Baily, W. L. 1896. Chester County Book. Text in English. Burns, F. L. 1919. Rapacious birds. Warren, B. H. 1884. Small area. Burns, F. L. 1901a. West Chester. Montgomery, T. H. 1897. South Carolina Books. Text in English. Wayne, A. T. 1910. Includes birds. Catesby, M. 1731-43. General. Loomis, L. M. 1894; Sprunt, A. & Chamberlain, E. B. 1931. Chester County. Loomis, L. M. 1891. Coast. Sprunt, A. 1925. South Dakota Flandreau. Bailey, V. 1888. Fort Sisseton. Bailey, V. 1888; Youngworth, W. 1935. Harding County. Visher, S. S. 1911. Tennessee General. Ganier, A. F. 1933a; Howser, W. D. 1917. Nashville, George Peabody College campus. Shaver, J. M. 1934. Reelfoot Lake. Ganier, A. F. 1933c. Texas General. Eifrig, C. W. 1929. Austin region. Book. Text in English. *Simmons, G. F. 1925. Brewster County. Van Tyne, J. & Sutton, G. M. 1937. Brownsville region, southern Texas. Griscom, L. & Crosby, M. S. 1925. Kerr County. Smith, A. P. 1916. Kerrville and vicinity. Lacey, H. G. 1911. Lower Rio Grande Valley. Fried- mann, H. 1925. Southeastern Texas. Pearson, T. G. 1921. Utah General. Fisher, A. K. 1893c. Bear River marshes. Wetmore, A. 1921c. Vermont General. Perkins, G. H. & Howe, C. D. 1901. Mount Mansfield region. Howell, A. H. 1901. Virginia Book. Text in English. Bailey, H. H. 1913. General. Murray, J. J. 1933; Rives, W. C. 1890. Cobb's Island. Kuerzi, J. F. 1929. Rockbridge County. Murray, J. J. 1935. Washington Book. Text in English. Dawson, W. L. & Bowles, J. H. 1909. Cape Disappointment. Kobbe, W. H. 1900a. Central and southeastern Washing- ton. Snodgrass, R. E. 1904. Mount Rainier National Park. Book. Text in English. Taylor, W. P. & Shaw, W. T. 1927. Olympic Mountains, Lake Crescent region. Rathbun, S. F. 1916. Puget Sound region. Water and shore birds. Rathbun, S. F. 1915. Walla Walla and Columbia counties. Dice, L. R. 1918. Fauna BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 186 West Virginia Book. Text in English. Johnston, I. H. 1923. General. Brooks, E. A. 1908; Rives, W. C. 1890, 1898. Game birds. Brooks, E. A. 1916b. Wisconsin General. Cory, C. B. 1909a; King, F. H. 1883. Dane County. Schorger, A. W. 1931. Lake Owen, Bayfield County. Schorger, A. W. 1925. Mamie Lake region. Jackson, H. H. 1923. Shiocton, Outagamie County. Grundtvig, F. L. 1888, 1895. Wyoming General. Fuller, A. B. & Bole, B. J. 1930; Knight, W. C. 1902. Yellowstone National Park. Kemsies, E. 1935; Skinner, M. P. 1925. Book. Text in English. United States Na- tional Park Service 1920a. West Indies Books. Text in English. Cory, C. B. 1889, 1892. Text in French. Levaillant, F. 1801- 02. General. Denny, W. 1847; *Hell- mayr, C. E. 1925-35; Kaempfer, E. 1924; Nicoll, M. J. 1904a. Antigua Island. Riley, J. H. 1904. Barbados Islands. Bond, J. 1929. Barbuda Island. Riley, J. H. 1904. Bermuda Islands. Kennedy, J. N. 1914; Martens, E. 1859. Cayman Islands. Lowe, P. R. 1911. Grand Cayman Island. Savage- English, T. M. 1916. Guadeloupe Island. Noble, G. K. 1916. Leeward Islands. Cory, C. B. 1909b. Mona and Desecheo Islands. Stru- thers, P. H. 1927. St. Croix. Beatty, H. A. 1930; Newton, A. & Newton, E. 1859. St. Lucia. Bond, J. 1929. St. Vincent Island. Bond, J. 1929; Lister, C. E. 1880. Tobago. Belcher, C. F. & Smooker, G. D. 1935; Feilden, G. S. 1914. Trinidad Island. Belcher, C. F. & Smooker, G. D. 1935; Hellmayr, C. E. 1906; Feilden, G. S. 1914. Book. Text in French. L4otaud, A. 1866. Virgin Islands. Danforth, S. T. 1930. Bahama Islands Books. Text in English. Include birds. Catesby, M. 1731-43; Cory, C. B. 1890; Riley, J. H. 1905a. General. Albrecht, R. 1861 ; Bonhote, J. L. 1901a, 1903b; Riley, J. H. 1905b; Todd, W. E. & Worthington, W. W. 1911. Evolution of bird fauna. Chapman, F. M. 1891b. New Providence Island. Bonhote, J. L. 1899. Northern Islands. Bonhote, J. L. 1903a. Cuba General. Barbour, T. 1923; Chap- man, F. M. 1892; Gundlach, J. C. 1861a, b. Isle of Pines. Bangs, O. & Zappey, W. R. 1905; Todd, W. E. 1916. Dominica Book. Text in English. Verrill, A. H. 1905. General. Bond, J. 1929; Verrill, G. E. & Verrill, A. H. 1892. Haiti (Hispaniola) Island General. Danforth, S. T. 1929. Haiti Republic. Bond, J. 1929; Wet- more, A. & Swales, B. H. 1931. Book. Text in English. Cory, C. B. 1885. San Domingo (Dominican Republic). Kaempfer, E. 1924; Verrill, A. E. & Verrill, A. H. 1909; Wetmore, A. & Swales, B. H. 1931. Book. Text in English. Cory, C. B. 1885. Jamaica Book. Text in English. Bangs, O. & Kennard, F. H. 1920. General. Albrecht, R. 1862; Scott, W. E. 1891a, b. Port Henderson. Field, G. W. 1894. 187 SUBJECT INDEX Fauna Puerto Rico General. Bowdish, B. S. 1902; Struthers, P. H. 1923; Wetmore, A. 1916a. Cartagena Lagoon. Danforth, S. T. 1926. Culebra Island. Wetmore, A. 1917b. Desecheo Island. Wetmore, A. 1918a. Guanico Lagoon. Danforth, S. T. 1931. Middle America Books. Text in English. Ridgway, R. 1901; Salvin, O. & Godman, F. D. 1879-1904. Text in French. Levaillant, F. 1801- 02. General. Hellmayr, C. E. 1925-35; Pycraft, W. P. 1915; Salvin, 0. 1861; Sclater, P. L. & Salvin, 0. 1859; van Rossem, A. J. 1934. Bay of Honduras region. Coastal islands. Salvin, O. 1890. British Honduras. Salvin, 0. 1864. Chiriqui. David and Divala. Bangs, 0. 1901b. Cocos Island. Gifford, E. W. 1913; Snodgrass, R. E. & Heller, E. 1902; Townsend, C. H. 1895. El Salvador. Dickey, D. R. & van Rossem, A. J. 1938. Malpelo Island. Townsend, C. H. 1895. Nicaragua. Rendahl, H. 1919a; Salvin, O. 1872. COSTA RICA General. Bangs, O. 1908b, 1909; Cabanis, J. L. & others 1860; Cherrie, G. K. 1891; Rendahl, H. 1919a. Western Costa Rica. Bangs, 0. 1907. GUATEMALA General. Dearborn, N. 1907; Nelson, E. W. 1897; Salvin, 0. & Sclater, P. L. 1860. Highlands. Wetmore, A. 1937. Northern Peten. Van Tyne, J. 1935. Sierra de las Minas. Griscom, L. 1935a. HONDURAS General. Peters, J. L. 1929b ; Taylor, G. C. 1860. Ceiba and Yaruca. Bangs, O. 1903. MEXICO General. *Hellmayr, C. E. 1925-35; Nelson, E. W. 1897. Chihuahua, northwestern region. Allen, J. A. 1893b. Durango, northwestern region. Miller, W. D. 1906. Nayarit. McLellan, M. E. 1927. Sinaloa. McLellan, M. E. 1927; Miller, W. D. 1905. Sonora, northeastern region. Allen, J. A. 1893b; van Rossem, A. J. 1931. Tres Marias Isles. Includes birds. Nelson, E. W. 1899. Vera Cruz. Jalapa and Las Vigas. Chapman, F. M. 1898a. Rain Forest region. Bangs, 0. & Peters, J. L. 1927. Yucatan. Griscom, L. 1926b. Isle of Cozumel. Salvin, O. 1885. Coastal islands. Salvin, O. 1890. Lower California Cape region. Brewster, W. 1902. Colorado Desert. Murphy, R. C. 1917. Delta of Colorado River. Stone, W. & Rhoads, S. N. 1905. Guadaloupe Island. Bryant, W. E. 1887; Ridgway, R. 1876, 1877. Los Coronados Islands. Grinnell, J. & Daggett, F. S. 1903; Howell, A. B. 1917. PANAMA Book. Text in English. Canal Zone. Sturgis, B. B. 1928. Panama. Griscom, L. 1935b; Ren- dahl, H. 1919a. Canal Zone. Hallinan, T. 1924; Stone, W. 1918. Pearl Islands. Thayer, J. E. & Bangs, O. 1905. San Miguel. Bangs, O. 1901a. South America Books. Text in English. Brabourne, W. W. & Chubb, C. 1913; Gould, J. 1861a. Fauna BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 188 Text in French. Levaillant, F. 1801-02. Central region. Includes birds. Des Murs, M. A. 1855. General. Hellmayr, C. E. 1925-35. Curacao Island. Berlepsch, H. H. & Peters, E. 1892; Peters, E. 1892. Falkland Islands. Abbott, C. C. 1861; Bennett, A. G. 1926; Brooks, W. S. 1917. Galapagos Islands. Gifford, E. W. 1913; "Hellmayr, C. E. 1925-35; Ridgway, R. 1889, 1897; Salvin, O. 1876; Slevin, J. R. 1931; Snodgrass, R. E. & Heller, E. 1904; Swarth, H. S. 1931. Juan Fernandez Islands. Text in English. Skottsberg, C. J. 1920-31. La Plata River region. Burmeister, C. H. 1860. Book. Text in English. Hudson, W. H. 1920b. Oceanic birds. Book. Text in English. *Murphy, R. C. 1936. ARGENTINA Book. Text in English. Sclater, P. L. & Hudson, W. H. 1888-89. General. Chubb, C. 1919; Fried- mann, H. 1927b; Grant, C. H. 1911; Holland, A. H. 1891; Wetmore, A. 1926e. Cape San Antonio. Buenos Aires. Gibson, E. 1918. Lower Pilcomayo. Kerr, J. G. 1892. Northwestern Argentina. Lonnberg, A. J. 1903a. Patagonia. Durnford, H. 1878; Scott, W. E. 1904e; Stone, W. 1928; Wetmore, A. 1926g. Central region. Durnford, H. 1878. Tucuman and Salta. Salvin, 0. 1880. BOLIVIA General. Chubb, C. 1919; Grant, C. H. 1911. Chaco region. Lonnberg, A. J. 1903a. BRAZIL Books. Text in German. Pelzeln, A. 1868-70. Text in Portuguese. Ihering, H. & Ihering, R. 1907. General. Euler, C. 1900; Holt, E. G. 1928; Ihering, H. 1900b, 1914b; Sneth- lage, E. 1930; Stone, W. & Roberts, H. R. 1934. Includes birds. Bur- meister, C. H. 1856b. Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro region. Passeres. Ihering, H. 1900a. Capim River region. State of Para. Goeldi, E. A. 1903. Lower Amazon Basin. Hellmayr, C. E. 1912; Snethlage, E. 1913. Matto Grosso. Naumburg, E. M. 1930. Northeastern Brazil. Forbes, W. A. 1881b; *Hellmayr, C. E. 1929b; Sneth- lage, H. 1928. Northern Brazil. Snethlage, E. 1925. Southern Brazil. Grant, C. H. 1911. Sao Paulo. Ihering, H. 1898, 1904. Tapajoz River and Tocantins River regions. Snethlage, E. 1908. Trinidad Islet. Murphy, R. C. 1915a. BRITISH GUIANA Books. Text in English. Chubb, C. 1916. Includes birds. Beebe, C. W. & Hartley, G. I. 1917. General. Sclater, W. L. 1887. Coast region. Young, C. G. 1928. Savannas. Rupununi district. Davis, T. A. 1935. CHILE General. Hellmayr, C. E. 1932; Wetmore, A. 1926e. Cape Horn. Reynolds, P. W. 1935. COLOMBIA General. *Chapman, F. M. 1917b; Goodfellow, W. 1901. Trochilidae. Oberholser, H. C. 1902. Darien district. Bangs, 0. & Bar- bour, T. 1922. Magdalena River region. Wyatt, C. W. 1871. Santa Marta region. Todd, W. E. & Carriker, M. A. 1923. Sierra Nevada. Salvin, O. & Godman, F. 1879, 1880. Western Colombia. Bangs, 0. 1908a. ECUADOR General. Chapman, F. M. 1926; Chubb, C. 1919; Goodfellow, W. 1901; Salvadori, A. T. & Festa, E. 1899. Trochilidae. Oberholser, H. C. 1902. 189 SUBJECT INDEX Fauna FRENCH GUIANA General. Klaptocz, A. 1913. Cayenne. Berlepsch, H. H. 1908. PARAGUAY General. Chubb, C. 1910; Grant, C. H. 1911; Ihering, H. 1904; Ober- holser, H. C. 1903; Wetmore, A. 1926e. Gran Chaco region. Book. Text in German. Laubmann, H. 1931. v PERU General. Chubb, C. 1919; Murphy, R. C. 1923b, 1927; Zimmer, J. T. 1930. Sea coast and islands. Murphy, R. C. 1920. Southeast Peru. Hellmayr, C. E. 1920. URUGUAY General. Aplin, O. V. 1894b; Wet- more, A. 1926e. VENEZUELA General. Beebe, C. W. 1909a. Aruba, Curagao, and Bonaire Islands. Hartert, E. J. 1893b. Bermudez. Phelps, W. H. 1897. Blanquilla Island. Lowe, P. R. 1907a. Guanta and Laguayra. Robinson, W. & Richmond, C. W. 1896. Guarico and Apure. Delacour, J. T. 1923. Margarita Island. Lowe, P. R. 1907b; Robinson, W. & Richmond, C. W. 1896. Northwestern Venezuela. Osgood, W. H. & Conover, H. B. 1922. Orinoco Delta and Paria Peninsula. Stone, W. 1913b. Orinoco River region. Berlepsch, H. H. & Hartert, E. 1902; Cherrie, G. K. 1916. Silla de Caracas. Hellmayr, C. E. 1924. Trinidad Island. Hellmayr, C. E. 1906. Valencia. Hellmayr, C. E. & Seilern, J. 1912. WEST GUIANA Book. Text in Dutch. Penard, F. P. & Penard, A. P. 1908-10. General. Young, C. G. 1927. ASIA General. Kinnear, N. B. 1922- Sievertsov, N. A. 1873. Andaman Islands. Walden, A. 1873. Baluchistan. Kelat. St. John, O. B 1889. Himalaya Mountains. Pelzeln, A 1868. Malay Peninsula. Robinson, H. C. & Kloss, C. B. 1910. Manchuria (Manchukuo). Ingram, C. 1909a; Taka-Tsukasa, N., Hachisuka, M., Kuroda, N., Yamashina, Y., & Uchida, S. 1933; Stegmann, B. C. 1930. Persian Gulf. Bahrein Island. Tice- hurst, C. B. & Cheesman, R. E. 1925. Southern Asia. Sievertsov, N. A 1873. Syria and adjacent countries. Car- ruthers, D. 1910b; Meinertzhagen, R. 1935. Transjordania and Petra. Meinertz- hagen, R. 1925b. Afghanistan General. St. John, 0. B. 1889. Hariab district. Ramsay, R. G. 1880. Southern Afghanistan. Swinhoe, C. 1882. Arabia Aden. Barnes, H. E. 1893; Meinertz- hagen, R. 1924b; Yerbury, J. W. 1896. Central Arabia and Jidda. Bates, G. L. & Philby, H. S. 1936. Dead Sea region. Carruthers, D. 1910b. Jabrin, Jafura, and Hasa. Ticehurst, C. B. & Cheesman, R. E. 1925. Northwestern Arabia. Carruthers, D. 1910b. Yemen, southwestern Arabia. Sclater, W. L. 1917. SYRIAN DESERT General. Sclater, P. L. 1906; Weigold, H. 1912a. Central Syrian Desert. Weigold, H. 1912a. Southern Syrian Desert. Meinertz- hagen, R. 1924a. Fauna BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 190 Central Asia Book. Text in French. Menzbir, M. A. 1888-94. General. Hellmayr, C. E. 1929a; Kollibay, P. R. 1916a; Loudon, H. 1909; Oberholser, H. C. 1900b; Schalow, H. 1901, 1908. Kirghiz Steppe. Sushkin, P. P. 1914. TURKESTAN General. Sievertsov, N. A. 1873. Chinese Turkestan. Ludlow, F. & Kinnear, N. B. 1933. Kara-Kum Desert. Snigirewski, S. I. 1928. Pamir Mountains. Sievertsov, N. A. 1883b. Zarafschan Basin, Russian Turke- stan. Carruthers, D. 1910a. China Book. Text in English. Gee, N. G., Moffett, L. I., & Wilder, G. D. 1926. General. La Touche, J. D. 1913; Swinhoe, R. 1873a. Quangtung coast. Kershaw, J. C. 1904. Talien Bay. Swinhoe, R. 1861a. Wei Hai Wei. Jones, K. H. 1911. West China. Gan-su (Kan-su) prov- ince. Deditius, K. 1897; Lonnberg, A. J. 1924; Riley, J. H. 1930a. CENTRAL CHINA Chihli province. La Touche, J. D. 1920; Riley, J. H. 1930a. Hupeh province. La Touche, J. D. 1922. Kansu. Riley, J. H. 1930a. EASTERN CHINA Book. Text in English. La Touche, J. D. 1925-34. Amoy. Swinhoe, R. 1860, 1867. Canton. Swinhoe, R. 1861b. Hongkong and Macao. Swinhoe, R. 1861b; Vaughan, R. E. & Jones, K. H. 1913. Jehol. Taka-Tsukasa, N., Hachisuka, M., Kuroda, N., Yamashina, Y., & Uchida, S. 1933. Peking (Peiping). Walton, H. A. 1903; Wilder, G. D. 1930. Shantung province. Chefoo. Swin- hoe, R. 1874. Si Kiang River region. Vaughan, R. E. & Jones, K. H. 1913. LOWER YANGTSE VALLEY General. Gee, N. G. & Moffett, L. I. 1917; Styan, F. W. 1891. Chinkiang. La Touche, J. D. 1906. SOUTHEASTERN CHINA Fokien. Bangs, 0. 1921; La Touche, J. D. 1899, 1917; Martens, G. H. 1910; Rickett, C. B. 1900. Foochow. La Touche, J. D. 1892; Styan, F. W. 1887. Kwangsi. Stresemann, E. 1930a, b. Swatow. La Touche, J. D. 1892. SOUTHERN CHINA General. Mell, R. 1923; Ogilvie- Grant, W. R. 1900a. Hainan Island. Swinhoe, R. 1870. Szechwan province. Riley, J. H. 1926. Western section. Seebohm, H. 1891. YUNNAN PROVINCE General. Bangs, 0. 1921 ; Riley, J. H. 1926. Southeast Yunnan. La Touche, J. D. 1923. West-central and northwest Yunnan. Rothschild, L. W. 1921, 1926b. Western Yunnan. Anderson, J. 1879a. French Indo-China General. Bangs, O. & Van Tyne, J. 1931; Delacour, J. T. & Jabouille, P. 1928. Migratory birds. Delacour, J. T. 1929. Annam. Robinson, H. C. 1919. Columbiformes & Galliformes. Book. Text in French. Delacour, J. T. & Jabouille, P. 1927. Cochin China. Robinson, H. C. 1919. Northern Tonkin (Tongking). Kin- near, N. B. 1929. Quangtri (Kwangtri), Annam. Dela- cour, J. T. & Jabouille, P. 1925. 191 SUBJECT INDEX Fauna India Books. Text in English. Baker, E. C. 1921-30; Dewar, D. 1909, 1915, 1923; Jerdon, T. C. 1862-64; Murray, J. A. 1888-90; Whistler, H. 1935. Anatidae. Wright, R. G. & Dewar, D. 1925. Game birds. Hume, A. O. & Marshall, C. H. 1879-81; Le Messurier, A. 1904. General. Baker, E. C. 1922b;Beavan, R. C. 1865; Blyth, E. 1863, 1866. Bashehr. Whistler, H. 1923a. Calcutta district. Munn, P. W. 1894. Central India. Swinhoe, C. & Barnes, H. E. 1885. Kashmir. Whistler, H. 1923a. Ladak. Meinertzhagen, R. 1927; Osmaston, B. B. 1925. Lahul. Whistler, H. 1925. Lucknow. Jesse, W. 1902. Nynee Tal and Almorah. Brooks, W. E. 1869. Oudh and Kumaon. Irby, L. H. 1861. Punjab. Jhang district. Whistler, H. 1922. Jhelum district. Whistler, H. 1916. Kangra district. Whistler, H. 1926. Quetta. Meinertzhagen, R. 1920a. Rawal Pindi district. Whistler, H. 1930. Sikkim. Meinertzhagen, R. 1927. Sind province. Ticehurst, C. B. 1922. BURMA Books. Text in English. Baker, E. C. 1921-30; Gates, E. W. 1883. Game birds. Hume, A. O. & Marshall, C. H. 1879-81. General. Bangs, 0. 1921; Stanford, J. K. 1935; Walden, A. 1875. Southern Shan States, Upper Burma. Bingham, C. T. 1903; Rippon, G. 1897, 1901. CEYLON Books. Text in English. Baker, E. C. 1921-30; Murray, J. A. 1890. Game birds. Hume, A. 0. & Marshall, C. H. 1879-81. General. Blyth, E. 1867; Layard, E. L. 1880b. Malay Peninsula. Book. Text in English. Robinson, H. C. 1927-28. Northern India. Gilgit. Biddulph, J. 1881; Scully, J. 1881. Kohat and Kurram. Whitehead, C. H. 1909. Sabaragamuwa province. Lewis, F. 1898. Southern Ceylon. Legge, W. V. 1875. Spiti. Whistler, H. 1923a. Straits Settlement. Kelham, H. R. 1881. Tenasserim. Lowe, W. P. 1933. Iraq (Mesopotamia) General. Meinertzhagen, R. 1914, 1924c. Northwest. Weigold, H. 1912a. Japan Books. Text in English. Hachisuka, M. 1925; Kuroda, N. & others 1922; Seebohm, H. 1890c; Taka-Tsukasa, N. 1932-35. General. Blakiston, T. & Pryer, H. 1878; Ingram, C. 1908c; Seebohm, H. 1879; Taka-Tsukasa, N. & Hachisuka, M. 1925. Fujiyama. Book. Text in Japanese. Kuroda, N. 1926a. Hakodadi. Whitely, H. 1867. Kuril Islands. Stejneger, L. H. 1899a. Northern Japan. Blakiston, R. A. 1862; Swinhoe, R. 1863a. Tsushima and Iki Islands. Kuroda, N. 1922. FORMOSA ISLAND General. Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1908a; Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. & La Touche, J. D. 1907; Swinhoe, R. 1863b, 1866. Southern region. La Touche, J. D. 1895. Korea General. Campbell, C. W. 1892. Island of Askold. Taczanowski, W. 1881. Mongolia Book. Text in Slavic. Kozlova, E. V. 1930. Hill region. Legge, W. V. 1874, 1875. Central Gobi. Kozlova, E. V. 1932. Fauna BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 192 Inner Mongolia. Riley, J. H. 1930a. Northern Mongolia. Kozlova, E. V. 1932. Palestine General. Carruthers, D. 1910b; Meinertzhagen, R. 1925b; Phillips, J. C. 1915b; Sladen, A. G. 1919. Dead Sea. Carruthers, D. 1910b. Jerusalem. Sheppard, R. W. 1933. Southern Palestine. Meinertzhagen, R. 1920b; Tristram, H. B. 1859a, 1865. Persia (Iran) General. Sarudny, N. A. 1911; Stresemann, E. 1928a. Elburz Mountains. Heinrich, G. 1928; Witherby, H. F. 1910. Fars (Farsistan). Witherby, H. F. 1903. Western Persia. Sarudny, N. A. & Harms, M. 1913; Witherby, H. F. 1907b. Siarn General. Gyldenstolpe, N. C. 1916, 1920; Kloss, C. B. 1918; Lowe, W. P. 1933; *Riley, J. H. 1938; Robinson, H. C. 1931. Salang Island. Muller, A. 1882. Southeastern coasts and islands. Robinson, H. C. 1915. Southern Laos. Engelbach, P. 1932. MALAY PENINSULA General. Kelham, H. R. 1881; *Riley, J. H. 1938. Langkawi and Terutau Islands. Robinson, H. C. & Kloss, C. B. 1910. Siberia General. Jones, K. H. 1909; See- bohm, H. 1878, 1882a; Sievertsov, N. A. 1873. Altai Mountains, and adjacent parts of northwestern Mongolia. Book. Text in Slavic. Sushkin, P. P. 1938. Anadyr region. Belopolski, L. 1933. Northeastern Siberia. Hersey, F. S. 1916. Tobolsk. Bianchi, V. L. 1922. Tundra region. Pleske, T. D. 1928. Wrangell Island. Snyder, L. L. 1926. Yenisei River region. Popham, H. L. 1901. EASTERN SIBERIA General. Domes, F. 1888; Homeyer, E. F. 1868. Arctic coast. Thayer, J. E. & Bangs, O. 1914. Lena River mouth region. Hartert, E. J. 1904. Tibet General. Pelzeln, A. 1868. Gyantse region. Ludlow, F. 1927. Southern Tibet. Walton, H. J. 1906. Western Tibet. Whistler, H. 1923a. Transbaikalia Book. Text in Slavic. Kozlova, E. V. 1930. Southwest Transbaikalia. Kozlova, E. V. 1932. Turkey General. Elwes, H. J. & Buckley, T. E. 1870. Erzerum. McGregor, J. G. 1917. Islands of Milos, Lemnos, and Im- bros. Stenhouse, J. H. 1920. ASIA MINOR General. Braun, F. 1908d; Danford, C. G. 1877, 1880; Kummerlowe, H. & Niethammer, G. 1934; Weigold, H. 1914. Anatolian Plateau. Ramsay, L. N. 1914. Armenia. Witherby, H. F. 1907b. EUROPE Books. Text in English. Dresser, H. E. 1871-96; Ramsay, R. G. 1923. Text in French. Degland, C. D. 1849; Des Murs, M. A. 1886. Falconi- formes & Strigidae. Madon, P. 1933. Text in German. Arnold, F. 1897; Friderich, C. G. 1923; Gloger, C. W. 1834. Central Europe. *Heinroth, 0. & Heinroth, M. 1924, 1924-28. General. Sievertsov, N. A. 1873. 193 SUBJECT INDEX Fauna Aegean Sea area. Harrison, J. M. 1925. Baltic Sea region. Bianchi, V. L. 1926. Montenegro. Lilford, B. 1860. Pyrenees Mountains. Saunders, H. 1897. Central Pyrenees Mountains. Wallis, H. M. 1895. Western and cen- tral Pyrenees. Whistler, H. & Harrison, J. M. 1930. Austria Bocche di Cattaro. Kollibay, P. R. 1904. Bohemia. Fritsch, A. 1871. German-Bohemian mountain chain. Peiter, W. 1899, 1900. Elbe Valley. Peiter, W. 1900. Southern Dalmatian province. Kolli- bay, P. R. 1916b. Belgium General. Dubois, A. J. 1912b; Havre, G. C. 1928. Scheldt River region. Book. Text in French. Quinet, A. 1897. British Isles Books. Text in English. Butler, A. G. 1896-98; Coward, T. A. 1920; Hachisuka, M. 1925; Lilford, B. 1891-98; Witherby, H. F. & others 1920-24. Aquatic birds. Patten, C. J. 1906. Muscicapidae. Howard, H. E. 1907-15. Passeriformes. Wyatt,C.W. 1894-99. Song birds. Nash, J. 1872. Ireland. Book. Text in English. Ussher, R. J. & Warren, R. 1900. CHANNEL ISLANDS Book. Text in English. Smith, C. 1879. Alderney. Clarke, W. E. 1899b; Thompson, W. R. 1921. Sark. Howard, H. E. 1902. GREAT BRITAIN Books. Text in English. Atkinson, J. 1820; Gould, J. 1862-73; Hudson, W. H. 1895. Check list. Witherby, H. F. & others 1920-24. Isle of Man. Book. Text in English. Ralfe, P. G. 1905. England Kent. Ticehurst, N. F. 1909. Suffolk County. Book. Text in English. Ticehurst, C. B. 1932. Sussex. Book. Text in English. Walpole-Bond, J. A. 1938. Scotland Isle of May. Entrance to Firth of Forth. Baxter, E. V. & Rintoul, L. J. 1918. Isle of Raasay. Collier, C. 1909. Moray Basin. Includes birds. Book. Text in English. Harvie-Brown, J. A. & Buckley, T. E. 1895. Bulgaria General. Finsch, 0. 1859. East Bulgaria. Harrison, J. M. 1933. Finland Book. Text in Finnish. Hortline, I. J. 1929. General. Bianchi, V. L. 1926; Nord- mann, A. 1864. Heinasaaret Island, Arctic coast of Finland. Emeis, W. 1929. Nothamn. Nyberg, E. 1915. Southern Finland. Palmgren, P. 1928, 1930. France Books. Text in French. M6negaux, H. A. 1932; Paris, P. 1921. General. Legendre, M. 1926. Ancre Valley. Kennedy, J. N. 1917a. Brittany. Clarke, W. E. 1899b. Camargue Island. Glegg, W. E. 1931. Central and northeast France. Crette de Palluel, A. 1899b. Effects of world war. Kennedy, J. N. 1917a. Marne district. Book. Text in French. Lescuyer, J. F. 1878a. Northeast France. Schuster, L. 1921. Pyrenees-Orientales. Ticehurst, C. B. 1927. Rhone River Delta. Clarke, W. E. 1895. Ushant Island. Clarke, W. E. 1899b. Fauna BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 194 Var district and vicinity. Gurney, J. H. Jr. 1901. Germany Books. Text in German. Brehm, C. L. 1820-22; Miiller, A. & Muller, K. 1897. Anhalt. Passler, C. W. 1861. Brandenburg Lowlands. Book. Text in German. Schalow, H. 1919. Eastern Erz Mountains. Heyder, R. 1913. Ems River region. Detmers, E. 1911. Upper Ems region. Peitzmeier, J. 1925. German-Bohemian mountain chain. Peiter, W. 1899. Elbe Valley. Peiter, W. 1900. Greifswald. Koske, F. 1919. Helgoland Island. Weigold, H. 1925. Hessen-Nassau province. Hagen, W. 1916. Hildesheim province. Lachmund, F. 1676a. Magdeburg province. Nathusius, G. 1925. Miinster province. Reichling, H. 1917. Changes in 60 years. Koch, R. 1924. Neu-Vorpommern. Holtz, L. 1865. Pomerania province. Koske, F. 1917; Kriiper, T. J. 1853. Posen. Hammling, J. & Schulz, K. 1911. Prussia. Geyr von Schweppenburg, H. 1913. Riigen and neighboring islands. Fall fauna. Schilling, H. 1853. Saxony. Heyder, R. 1916, 1922. Schlesien. Kayser, C. 1914. Zobten. Knauthe, K. 1888. Greece General. Parrot, C. P. 1905a. Acarnania province. Lilford, B. 1860. Cyclades Islands. Kriiper, T. J. 1863. Ionian Islands. Lilford, B. 1860. Struma Plain. Chasen, F. N. 1921. Holland see The Netherlands Hungary Book. Text in Hungarian. Gyula, M. 1903. General. Schenk, J. 1918. Puszta-Hortobagy. Nagy, E. 1924. Siebenbiirgen (Transylvania). Zeyk, N. 1920a. Iceland Books. Text in Danish. Dinesen, G. B. 1926; Schi01er, E. L. 1925-31. Text in German. Iceland and ad- jacent islands. Hantzsch, B. 1905. Italy Books. Text in Italian. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1904, 1929; Giglioli, E. H. 1907; Martorelli, G. 1895a; Savi, P. 1873-76. General. Giglioli, E. H. 1881. Island of Capri. Koenig, A. F. 1886. Isle of Pantelleria. Steinfatt, O. 1934. Naples district. Tucker, B. W. & van Oordt, G. J. 1929. Phlegraean Plain included. Tucker, B. W. 1927. Padua province. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1894b. Southern Venice and coastal regions. Tratz, E. P. 1919. Jugoslavia General. Ticehurst, C. B. & Whistler, H. 1929. Bosnia. Reiser, 0. 1888. Syrmien. Geyr von Schweppenburg, H. 1915. Lapland General. Nordmann, A. 1864; Passler, C. W. 1853. RUSSIAN LAPLAND Book. Text in English. Pearson, H. J. 1904. General. Pearson, H. J. 1896. Kola Peninsula. Witherby, H. F. 1900. Murman Coast. Pearson, H. J. 1899. Latvia General. Goebel, H. 1873a. 195 SUBJECT INDEX Fauna Lithuania General. Sachtleben, H. 1922a. The Netherlands Books. Text in Dutch. Schlegel, H. 1859; van Oort, E. D. 1922-35; van Oordt, G. J. & Verwey, J. 1925. General, van Oort, E. D. 1908. Texel Island. Ticehurst, C. B. 1920. Poland General. Hammling, J. 1918; Tac- zanowski, W. 1888. Galicia. Prazak, J. P. 1897a. Region of Janowitz. Szulczewski, A. 1910. Portugal Book. Text in English. Tait, W. C. 1924. General. Key, J. G. 1872c; Smith, A. C. 1868c; Tait, W. C. 1887; Tice- hurst, C. B. 1935b; Ticehurst, C. B. & Whistler, H. 1933. Rou mania Transylvania (Siebenbiirgen). Dan- ford, C. G. & Brown, J. A. 1875. Russia Books. Text in French and Slavic. Bogdanow, M. N. 1884. Text in German and Slavic. Pleske, T. D. 1889-92. General. Goebel, H. 1870. Falconi- formes. Stegmann, B. C. 1937. Astrakhan province. Seebohm, H. 1882b. Kiev province. Goebel, H. 1870. Kolguev Island. Pearson, H. J. 1896. North Russia. Bianchi, V. L. 1926. Nova Zembla Island. Gillett, G. 1870; Heuglin, M. T. 1872; Jordans, A. 1925; Pearson, H. J. 1896. Orenburg province, southern region. Grote, H. 1920. Pripet River swamps. Zedlitz. O. 1920. South Russia. Kennedy, J. N. 1921. Transcaucasia province. Buturlin, S. A. 1906. Tundra region. Pleske, T. D. 1928. Ural region. Clerc, W. 0. 1910. Volga River Delta and adjacent steppes. Worobiew, K. A. 1929. Waigats Island. Heuglin, M. T. 1872. Scandinavia Book. Text in Swedish. Kolthoff, G. I. & Jagerskiold, L. 1898. DENMARK Book. Text in Danish. Schiller, E. T. 1925-31. General. Elwes, H. J. 1880; Herring, R. 1926; Skovgaard, P. 1933c. Amager Island. Skovgaard, P. 1913- 14. Esbjerg region. Skovgaard, P. 1914, 1915. Rold forest. Skovgaard, P. 1912. NORWAY Bodo. Godman, F. D. & Godman, P. 1861. Finmarken. Heuglin, M. T. 1871. Western Norway. Stejneger, L. 1907. SWEDEN Book. Text in Swedish. Sundevall, C. J. 1856-57. General. Zedlitz, 0. 1925. Island of Oland. Wahlgren, E. 1917. Isle of Gottland. Holtz, L. 1866. Jemtland province. Meves, F. W. 1860. Muonio River. Davies, S. A. 1905. Spain General. Lilford, B. 1866. Andalusian Sierras. Lynes, H. 1912a. Cantabrian Mountains. Witherby, H. F. 1922a. Central and southern Spain. Wither- by, H. F. 1928. Eastern Spain. Ticehurst, C. B. & Whistler, H. 1930. Galicia. Ticehurst, C. B. 1928. Malaga. Boxberger, L. V. 1934. Navarre. Ticehurst, C.B.& Whistler, H. 1925. Fauna BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 196 Southern Spain. Saunders, H. 1871; Stenhouse, J. H. 1921. Switzerland Books. Text in French. Knopfli, W. & Burg, G. 1930. Text in German. Studer, T. & Fatio, V. 1889-1938. Alps in winter. Watson, J. B. 1929b. Lake of Geneva. Kennedy, J. N. 1923. Turkey Albania province. Lilford, B. 1860. Constantinople. Sclater, P. L. & Taylor, E. C. 1876. Monastir province. McGregor, J. G. 1906. MACEDONIA Book. Text in English. *Strese- mann, E. 1920. General. Fehringer, 0. 1922; Glegg, W. E. 1924; Harrison, J. M. 1925; Schlegel, R. 1918; Sladen, A. G. 1917. MEDITERRANEAN SEA REGION Book. Text in German. Hartert, E. J. 1903-22. General. Lilford, B. 1887; Lynes, H. 1912b; Miiller, J. W. 1856. Corsica Island. Jourdain, F. C. 1911 ; Payn, W. A. 1927; Whartoh, C. B. 1876; Whitehead, J. 1885. Crete Island. Meinertzhagen, R. 1921a. Cyprus Island. Bucknill, J. A. 1909. Gozo Island. Wright, C. A. 1864. Malta Island. Despott, G. 1917; Wright, C. A. 1864. Sardinia Island. Brooke, A. B. 1873; Salvadori, A. T. 1865. Book. Text in Italian. Martorelli, G. 1884. Straits of Gibraltar. Book. Text in English. Irby, L. H. 1895. Balearic Islands General. Munn, P. W. 1926. Mallorca (Majorca) Island. Jordans, A. 1924. Alcudia. Munn, P. W. 1921. Minorca Island. Munn, P. W. 1924. Pityusae Islands. Ticehurst, C. B. & Whistler, H. 1930. OCEANICA Australia Books. Text in English. Gould, J. 1865; Lucas, A. H. & Le Souef, W. H. 1911; Mathews, G. M. 1910-28; Wol- stenholme, H. 1926. General. White, S. A. 1914. Abrolhos or Houtman's Rocks. Alexander, W. B. 1922; Cosgrave, C. P. 1916. Alexander district, North Territory. Ingram, C. 1907a. Dirk Hartog Island. Carter, T. 1917. Melville Island. Mathews, G. M. 1914a. Peron Peninsula. Carter, T. 1917. South Australia. Eylmann, E. 1911, 1914. Tasmania. Hutton, F. W. 1865. Book. Text in English. Littler, F. M. 1910a. Victoria. Mattingley, A. H. 1909. Western Australia. Carter, T. 1920; Hall, R. 1902; Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1910c. NEW SOUTH WALES Book. Text in English. Lewin, J. W. 1838. Mermot, Barrington. Hyem, E. L. 1936. Sidney. Hutton, F. W. 1865; Ram- say, E. P. 1863. NORTH QUEENSLAND Cooktown and neighborhood of Cairns. Robinson, H. C. & Laverock, W. S. 1900. Inkerman Station. Ingram, C. 1908b. Richmond district. Berney, F. L. 1905. Hawaiian (Sandwich) Islands Books. Text in English. Rothschild, L. W. 1893-1900; Wilson, S. B. & Evans, A. H. 1890-99. Includes birds. Bryan, W. A. 1915. General. Gaum, E. L. 1933; Perkins, R. C. 1895, 1901; Wilson, S. B. 1890. Laysan Island. Dill, H. R. 1912; Fisher, W. K. 1903a, b. Includes 197 SUBJECT INDEX Fauna neighboring islands. Book. Text in English. Rothschild, L. W. 1893-1900. Leeward Islands. Fisher, W. K. 1903a. Midway Island. Mearns, E. A. 1909. Malaysia Book. Text in Dutch. Schlegel, H. 1863-66. General. Wallace, A. R. 1865. Alor and Lomblen islands. Rensch, B. 1929. Anambas Islands. Oberholser, H. C. 1917b. Bawean Island. Oberholser, H. C. 1917c. Natuna Islands. Oberholser, H. C. 1932. Tambelan Islands. Oberholser, H. C. 1919b. Timor Island. Wallace, A. R. 1861. BORNEO General. Mearns, E. A. 1909; Sharpe, R. B. 1876-77. Lumbidan province. Sharpe, R. B. 1879. Mount Dulit and Baram district. Hose, C. 1893. Northeast Borneo. Elliot, D. G. 1891. Coast islands. Riley, J. H. 1930b. Northern Borneo. Sharpe, R. B. 1887, 1890; Walden, A. 1872. CELEBES General. Blasius, W. 1885a; Meyer, A. B. 1879; Riley, J. H. 1918; Walden, A. 1874. Celebes and neighboring islands. Book. Text in English. Meyer, A. B. & Wiglesworth, L. W. 1898. Northern Celebes. Wallace. A. R. 1860. JAVA Book. Text in English. Kuroda, N. 1933. General. Finsch, 0. 1906; Nicholson, F. 1881. Java Sea islands. Oberholser, H. C. 1917a. Western region. Nicholson, F. 1879. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Books. Text in English. Hachisuka, M. 1929, 1931; McGregor, R. C. 1909- 10; McGregor, R. C. & Worcester, D. C. 1906. General. Bourns, F. S. & Worcester, D. C. 1894; McGregor, R. C. 1903, 1920; Mearns, E. A. 1909; Ogilvie- Grant, W. R. 1895a, 1906a; Steere, J. B. 1891; Whitehead, J. 1899; Worcester, D. C. & Bourns, F. S. 1898. Balabac Island. Everett, A. H. 1895. Benguet province, Luzon Island, also islands of Mindoro, Lubang, Cuyo and Cagayancillo. McGregor, R. C. 1904. Mindanao. McGregor, R. C. 1909. Southeast region. Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1906a. Palawan Island. Everett, A. H. 1895; Lowe, W. P. 1916; Worcester, D. C. & Bourns, F. S. 1898. Sulu Archipelago. Sharpe, R. B. 1894. SUMATRA General. Oberholser, H. C. 1912; Stone, W. 1902; Stresemann, E. 1921b. Acheen. Snouckaert van Schauburg, R. C. 1922. Barussan Islands. Oberholser, H. C. 1912. Pulo Taya, Berhala Strait. Ober- holser, H. C. 1919c. Simalu Island. Oberholser, H. C. 1919d. Southeastern Sumatra. Nicholson, F. 1882. Melanesia Book. Text in Dutch. Schlegel, H. 1863-66. General. Murphy, R. C. & others 1924-39. Loyalty Islands. Layard, E. L. 1880a. Book. Text in German. Sarasin, C. F. 1913a. Molucca Islands. Book. Text in Italian. Salvadori, A. T. 1880-82. Northern Molucca Islands. Wallace, A. R. 1862. New Caledonia. Book. Text in German. Sarasin, C. F. 1913a. New Hebrides. Sharpe, R. B. 1900. Fauna BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 198 Solomon Islands. Tristram, H. B. 1882. Talaut Islands. Meyer, A. B. & Wiglesworth, L. W. 1894. Tanah Jampea and neighboring is- lands. Meise, W. 1929. BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO General. Heinroth, O. 1902. Feni and Nissan islands. Hartert, E. J. 1926b. French Islands. Hartert, E. J. 1926c. EAST INDIES Lihir group. Meyer, O. 1934. New Britain. Talasea. Hartert, E. J. 1926a. New Hanover. Hartert, E. J. 1899a. NEW GUINEA Books. Text in English. Gould, J. & Sharpe, R. B. 1875-88. Text in Italian. Salvadori,A.T.1880- 82. General. Rosenberg, G. 1864; Strese- mann, E. 1923c. Kaiser Wilhelm Land. Reichenow, A. 1897a. Northeastern New Guinea (Papua) coastal range between Markham and Waria rivers. Greenway, J. C. 1935. Northwestern New Guinea. Hartert, E. J. 1930. Western New Guinea. Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1913b, 1915b. Micronesia Caroline Islands. Kusai (Strong) Island. Finsch, O. 1880a. Guam Island. Mearns, E. A. 1909. Marcus Island. Bryan, W. A. 1903. Ponape" Island. Finsch, 0. 1880b. New Zealand Books. Text in English. Buller, W. L. 1882, 1888; Oliver, W. R. 1930; Stead, E. F. 1932. General. Buller, W. L. 1874, 1895a; McLean, J. C. 1907; Mathews, G. M. 1913; Nutting, C. C., Wylie, R. B., Thomas, A. C., & Stoner, D. 1924. Include adjacent islands. Gray, G. R. 1862; Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1905b. Kermadec Islands. Iredale, T. 1914. Nelson province. Haast, J. 1862. Polynesia General. Murphy, R. C. 1924c; Murphy, R. C. & others 1924-39; Townsend, C. H. & Wetmore, A. 1919. Fiji Islands. Bahr, P. H. 1912b; Layard, E. L. 1876a, b; Nutting, C. C., Wylie, R. B., Thomas, A. O., & Stoner, D. 1924; Wood, C. A. & Wetmore, A. 1925. Henderson Island. Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1913d. Lord Howe and Norfolk islands. Book. Text in English. Mathews, G. M. 1928. Samoan Islands. Finsch, 0. 1872; Whitmee, S. J. 1875a. Tahiti Island. Wilson, S. B. 1907. Tonga Islands. Finsch, O. & Hart- laub, C. J. 1870. FEATHERS For colors of feathers and feather pig- ments see under Coloration. See also under Growth, Plumage, Integu- ment, and Sex. Books. Text in Danish. Phasianus. Heilmann, G. 1916a. Text in English. Anas. Allen, G. M. 1925; Aristotle 1868; Reynolds, S. H. 1897. Text in French. Jammes, L. 1904; Malmont, H. M. 1866; Milne-Edwards, A. & Grandidier, A. 1879-81; Montillot, J. M. 1891. Text in German. Camper, P. 1793; Gadow, H. F. 1891d; Stresemann, E. 1927-34. Text in Latin. Fabricius ab Aqua- pendente, H. 1618b. General. Brass, M. 1886; Meijere, J. C. 1895; Anon. 1878. Cochleariidae. Murie, J. 1872b. Coracias. Sharpe, R. B. 1871. Corpus. Hartert, E. J. 1901. Eurypygidae. Murie, J. 1872b. Larus melanocephalus. Ninni, A. P. 1883. Leptosoma discolor. Sclater, P. L. 1865c. Rhea. Zander, R. 199 SUBJECT INDEX Feathers 1889. Rhinochetidae. Murie, J. 1872b. Somateria spectabilis. Norton, A. H. 1900. Sphenisciformes. Lowe, P. R. 1933a. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1919e, 1920c; Lowe, P. R. 1928; Nolte, C. W. 1895. Adaptation to function. Circus. Chandler, A. C. 1914b. Age indication. Dendragapus. van Rossem, A. J. 1925. Bifurcated feathers. Rutherford, W. J. 1902-03. Breeding to increase number. Stru- thio. Duerden, J. E. 1918. Chemical composition. Different age stages. Weiske, H. 1889. Classification. Montessus, F. B. 1886. Diastataxy or aquintocubitalism. Ap- parent absence of fifth remex in some groups of birds. See Pycraft, W. P. 1910a, pp. 409-410 for explanation of this condition. Bates, G. L. 1923; *Pycraft, W. P. 1899d, 1902a; *Steiner, H. 1916. Alcedinidae. Mitchell, P. C. 1901b. Columbae. *Mitchell, P. C. 1899. Double-shafted feathers. Pavo. Giebel, C. G. 1869. Electrically charged feathers. Mayer, J. 1782; Hugo, L. A. 1876. Psittacus. Exner, S. 1895; Hartmann, J. F. 1770. Evolution and phylogeny. Born- stein, F. 1912; Duerden, J. E. 1923; Ewart, J. C. 1921; Gadow, H. F. 1912a; Keibel, F. 1896. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1922. Fluids in lumen of quills. Columba, Callus, & Mekagris. Lewis, G. A. 1870. Function. Cyanocitta cristata. Peck, M. E. 1900. Hollow-shafted feathers. Bucorax. Webb, W. M. 1914. Iron content. Hodek, E. 1883. Gypaetus. Homeyer, E. F. 1883b. Gypaetus barbatus. Krukenberg, C. F. 1883a. Light effects on feathers. Cartwright, B. W. & Harrold, C. G. 1925; Pucheran, J. 1844. Monoamino acids content. Anser. Abderhalden, E. & Le Count. E. R. 1905. Nutrition of feathers. Poupart, F. 1732; Rostan, E. M. 1762. Oil of feathers. Origin. Anas. Joseph, M. 1891. Photographs of feathers. Gladstone, J. S. 1918b. Regeneration. Bornstein, F. 1912; Dutrochet, H. 1819b; Samuel, S. 1870. Ricin in quills. Numenius. Troues- sart, E. L. 1886. Ruffling of feathers. Mechanism. Columba. Langley, J. M. 1902. Use as currency. Waite, E. R. 1927. ABNORMAL AND DEFECTIVE FEATHERS General. Holland, T. 1864. Columba. Luck, V. 1856. Miliaria. Angelini, G. 1915. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1907b, 1912d, 1920d. Abrasion or wear of feathers. See also under Coloration: Abrasion or wear of feathers. Dwight, J. 1905. Fringilla. Gornitz, K. 1927. Damage to feathers by other birds. Pomatorhina. Barrington, R. M. 1915. Degeneration due to disease. Columba. Otto, Herman 1910. Perforations of parasitic origin. Columba. Henry, & Leblois, . 1923. Scaliness and failure of germs to open. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1907b. Fault bars Causes. Struthio. Duerden. J. E. 1909d, e. Development. Columba. Riddle, O. 1908b. Turtur hybrid. Strong, R. M. 1902a. DEVELOPMENT Books. Text in German. Gadow, H. F. 1891d; Schneider, K. C. 1902; Stresemann, E. 1927-34. Gallus. Mau- rer, F. 1895. General. Alix, H. E. 1865; Bornstein, F. 1912; Cuvier, F. G. 1834; *Davies, H. R. 1888, 1889; Engel, Johannes 1857; Fatio, V. 1866; Ficalbi, E. 1891; Keibel, F. 1896; Kingsley, J. S. 1897; Klee, R. 1886; Kosmak, G. W. 1894; Kuhn, O. 1928b; Lvov, V. N. 1884; Meckel, A. 1815; Montessus, F. B. 1886; Poupart, F. 1732; Reclam, C. Feathers BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 200 H. 1847; Samuel, S. 1870; Schleidt, J. 1913; Schrenk, G. 1848; Stieda, C. H. 1889; Studer, T. 1873; Voronin, V. V. 1894. Many species. Holland, T. 1860, 1864. Anas. Jeffries, J. A. 1883b; Kuhn, 0.1930. Aquila. Sushkin, P. P. 1896a. Coccyzus. Herrick, F. H. 1910b. Columba. Reclam, C. H. 1846; *Strong, R. M. 1902b; Waldeyer, H. W. 1882. Eudyptes. Studer, T. 1877, 1878. Gal- lus. Hennicke, C. R. 1889b; Jeffries, J. A. 1883b; Pearl, R. & Boring, A. M. 1914; Reclam, C. H. 1846; Remak, R. 1848; Stieda, C. H. 1869b; Strong, R. M. 1917c; Studer, T. 1877, 1878. (Polish fowl.) Klatt, B. 1910. (Silver- spangled fowl.) Landauer, W. & Dunn, L. C. 1930b. Megapodius. Studer, T. 1877, 1878. Melopsittacus. Ghigi, A. 1907b. Munia & Passerina. *Strong, R. M. 1902b. Pica caudata. Raspail, X. 1896a. Rhinoplax vigil. Wetmore, A. 1915c. Sphenisciformes. Kerbert, C. 1877. Sterna. 'Strong, R. M. 1902b. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1913, 1922. Turacus. Pycraft, W. P. 1904b. Turtur \Streptopelia] hybrid. Strong, R. M. 1902a. First description. Book. Text in Latin. Malpighi, M. 1697. Pattern development. Gallus. *Lillie, F. R. & Juhn, M. 1932. Numida. Hardesty, M. 1933. Relation in development to other integumental structures. Davies, H. R. 1889. Shaft and quill included. Anas, Anser, & Meleagris. *Meckel, A. 1815. Silky and woolly feathers. Gallus. Taubert, F. 1910. Taxonomic significance. Chigi, F. 1908. Continuity in development of feather with preceding feather General. Kleinschmidt, O. 1903. Continuity of nestling and definitive feathers. Landois, H. 1888a. Many species. Schaub, S. 1912.- Anas. Ewart, J. C. 1921. Chunga. Schaub, S. 1914. Columba. Reclam, C. H. 1846. Erismatura. Coues, E. B. 1878d. Gallus. Reclam, C. H. 1846; Taubert, F. 1910. Mesites, Psophia, & Rhino- chetus. Schaub, S. 1914. Continuity at second autumnal molt. Columba. Jackson, A. C. 1913a. Development of various parts Blood vessel development in feather germ. Gallus. Peska, W. 1927. Epidermal fibrillae in feathers. Histo- genesis. Role of chondriosomes. GaJ- lus. Firket, J. 1911. Experimental modification of devel- opment General. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1918. FEEDING EFFECTS General. Struthio. Bassermann, W. 1911. Thymus gland extract. Columba & Gallus. KffZenecky, J. 1927b. Gallus. KffSenecky, J. & Nevalonnyj, M. 1927, 1929. Vitamin B. See also under Vita- mins. KffSenecky, J. & Petrov, 1. 1926. GRAFTS Development of feather primordia in embryo grafts. Gallus. Hoadley, L. 1926a. Resemblance to donor. Gallus. Dan- forth, C. H. & Foster, F. 1927. HORMONE EFFECTS See also under Reproduction and Thyroid gland. General. K?i2enecky, J. & Podh- radsky, J. 1926. Hyperthyroidism. Effect of feed- ing thyroid gland on development and pigmentation. Horning, B. & Torrey, H. B. 1923, 1927; Podhradsky, J. 1926. Columba. Zawadowsky, B. M. 1926. Gallus. Juhn, M. & Fraps, R. M. 1934; Kfizenecky, J. 1926a, 1927a, b; Kfi- Senecky, J. & Nevalonnyj, M. 1929; Kuhn, O. 1928a; Schwarz, E. 1931; Torrey, H. B. & Horning, B. 1925a, b, c; Zawadowsky, B. M. 1926; Zawa- dowsky, B. M. & Rochlin, M. 1928. Paw. Zawadowsky, B. M. 1926. Sex hormone effects General. Gallus. Juhn, M., Faulkner, G. H., & Gustavson, R. G. 1931; Kuhn, 0. 1928a. Female sex hormones General. Gallus. Lillie,F.R. 1932b; Lillie, F. R. & Juhn, M. 1932. 201 SUBJECT INDEX Feathers Action of female hormone on capon feathers. Juhn, M. & Gustavson, R. G. 1930a. Growth General. Schlegel, H. 1853a, 1855a. Amazilia t. tzacatl. Skutch, A. F. 1931. Carpodacus. Keeler, C. A. 1890. Chor- deiles. Bowles, J. H. 1921. Ciconia alba. Schmidt, M. 1868b. Cryptoglaux acadica. Terrill, L. M. 1931. Gallus. Chodziesner, M. 1929. Pica caudata. Raspail, X. 1896a. Climatic change effects. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1907b. Forced regeneration effects. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. & Landauer, W. 1930. Normal and experimental conditions compared. Gliozzi, S. 1926. Rate of growth. Heinroth, 0. 1906b. Anas, Anser, & Columba. Streich, G. & Swetosarov, E. 1937. Gallus. Holmes, A. 1935; Lillie, F. R. 1932a; *Lillie, F. R. & Juhn, M. 1932; Martin, J. H. 1929b; Streich, G. & Swetosarov, E. 1937. Numida. Hardesty, M. 1933. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1907b. Regeneration. Gallus. Landauer, W. 19305. HISTOLOGY AND GENERAL STRUCTURE See also under Coloration. Books. Text in English. Leeuwen- hoek, A. 1816, vol. 1, pp. 271-274, pi. 9; Parker, T. J. & Haswell, W. A. 1897. Text in French. Cornevin, C. E. 1895. Good figures. Mandl, L. 1838. Anas & Argus. Nietzsch, C. L. & Burmeister, C. C. 1840. Struthio. Perrault, C. 1671. Text in German. Engelmann, F. 1928; Gadow, H. F. 1891d; Schwann, T. 1839. Excellent figures. Columba. *Krause, R. 1922. Text in Latin. Leeuwenhoek, A. 1722, pp. 287-291. General. Acloque, A. 1909; Alix, H. E. 1865; Brooks, W. K. 1874; Carlisle, G. C. 1925; Clement, E. C. 1876; Cuvier, F. G. 1834; Dutrochet, H. 1819b; Elsasser, T. 1925; Ewart, J. C. 1921; Fatio, V. 1866; Gladstone, J. S. 1918a, b; Gragert, R. 1925; Gundlach, J. C. 1837; *Haecker, V. 1890; Holland, T. 1861, 1864; Janda, V. 1929; Kingsley, J. S. 1897; Klee, R. 1886; Ladebeck, E. 1923; Lvov, V. N. 1884; Macgillivray, W. 1827; Mascha, E. 1903a, b; Meijere, J. C. 1895; Montessus, F. B. 1886; Poupart, F. 1732; Pycraft, W. P. 1893a; Reichenbach, H. G. 1855; Sappey, M. P. 1893; Wray, R. S. 1887c. Many species. *Mascha, E. 1904; Schroeder, R. 1880. Alcedo. Stubbs, F. J. 1910a. Anas. Niermann, H. 1925. Anser. Niermann, H. 1925; Rondelli, M. 1924. Apteno- dytes & Casuarius. Marshall, W. A. 1875. Columba. Lewis, G. A. 1871b; Oels, . 1913; Reclam, C. H. 1846; Stieda, C. H. 1872, 1889; Strong, R. M. 1902c, 1903. Corpus corax. Klein- schmidt, O. & Hartert, E. J. 1901. Cotinga. Strong, R. M. 1902b. Cyano- citta cristata. Peck, M. E. 1900; Strong, R. M. 1902b. Didus. Moseley, H. N. 1885. Dinornis. Dallas, W. S. 1865. Dromiceius. Marshall, W. A. 1875. Eudyptes. Studer, T. 1877. Gallus. Reclam, C. H. 1846; Rondelli, M. 1924; Stieda, C. H. 1869b; Studer, T. 1877; Taubert, F. 1910. Loxiacocco- thraustes. Szeliga-Mierzeyewski, W. 1927. Megapodius. Studer, T. 1877. Pitta. Strong, R. M. 1902b. Podiceps. Pycraft, W. P. 1907h. Ratitae. Hut- ton, F. W. 1872b. Sialia. Strong, R. M. 1902b. Spheniscidae. Pycraft, W. P. 1907g. Streptopelia. Strong, R. M. 1902a, b, c. Strigidae. Quekett, J. T. 1849a. Struthio. Marshall, W. A. 1875; Perrault, C. 1672, 1733a. Turacus macrorhynchus. Pycraft, W. P. 1904b. Barb structure in blue feathers. Many species. Haecker, V. 1890; Haecker, V. & Meyer, G. 1901; Strong, R. M. 1902b. Barbule structure in iridescent fea- thers. Rensch, B. 1927b; Strong, R. M. 1902c. Popular article. Many species. Mar- tin, B. W. 1902. Significance of feather structure in criminology. Kockel, R. 1909. Taxonomic significance of feather structure. *Chandler, A. C. 1916; Goepfert, W. 1925. MUSCULATURE. CONSISTS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE General. *Helm, A. F. 1884; Jac- quemin, E. 1836c; *Langley, J. N. 1904; Seuffert, L. 1862, 1863. Pelecanus. Mery, J. 1730. Sphenisciformes. Lowe, P. R. 1933a. Feathers BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 202 Cerebral cortex center for feather muscles. Anas & Gallus. Weber, E. 1906. Head crest feathers. Meleagris. Jegorow, J. 1890. Innervation of head crest feather muscle. Meleagris. Jegorow, J. 1890. Muscles of individual feathers and of an entire tract. Helm, A. F. 1886. NEOSSOPTYLES (NESTLING DOWN FEATHERS) General. Dunlop, E. B. 1911c; Leigh, A. G. 1909; Ticehurst, C. B. & Leigh, A. G. 1909. Many species. Ticehurst, C. B. 1908a. Anatidae. Jackson, A. C. 1918a. Centurus auri- frons santacruzi. Scharnke, H. 1930a. Falcones. Ingram, C. 1921. Motacilla. Ticehurst, C. B. 1921b. Phalacrocorax. Ticehurst, C. B. 1922b. Pterodes. Ticehurst, C. B. 1921a, b, 1922a. Somateria. Ingram, C. 1920. Sphenis- cidae. Pycraft, W. P. 1907g. Sterna. Ticehurst, C. B. 1921b. Turacus. Pycraft, W. P. 1904b. Structure. Pernitza, E. 1871. Many species. Schaub, S. 1912. Anas. *Ewart, J. C. 1921. Columba. Kordoss, G. 1908. Papilliform neossoptyles on forehead. Structure and development. Fulica atra. Steinbacher, G. 1930. Development General. Jones, L. 1907b; Poupart, F. 1732; Reclam, C. H. 1847. Anas. *Lamont, A. 1922. Ardeidae. Schaub, S. 1908. Coccyzus. Herrick, F. H. 1910b. Columba. Kordoss, G. 1908. Eudyptes. Studer, T. 1877, 1878; *Wohlauer, E. 1902. Fulica. Ghigi, A. 1905a,1907b. Gallus. Glasewald, F. K. 1926; Pernitza, E. 1871; Studer, T. 1877, 1878. Megapodius. Studer, T. 1877, 1878. Strulhio. Hildebrandt, G. F. 1805. Homology with scutes. Davies, H. R. 1889. Book. Text in German. Maurer, F. 1895; Meckel, A. 1915; Meijere, J. C. 1895. Gallus & Turdus. Schleidt, J. 1913. Rudimentary neossoptyles in mouth cavity of embryo tongue papillae. Anas. Fraisse, P. 1881b. TELEOPTYLES (ADULT OR DE- FINITIVE FEATHERS) Blue-colored feathers. Structure. Haecker, V. & Meyer, G. 1901. Bristle feathers of crown. Balearica. Hesse, E. 1907a. Fossil feathers. Bayan, F. 1873; Meyer, A. B. 1887b. Good figures in early publications. Blanchard, C. E. 1851-60. "Hairy" feathers. Gallinula. Gur- ney, J. H. Jr. 1884b. Nuptial feathers. Botaurus lenti- ginosus. *Brewster, W. 1911a; Strong, R. M. 1911a. Secondary coverts. Aix gakriculata & Aix sponsa. Miller, W. D. 1925. Tactile feathers. Development and innervation. Kiister, E. 1905. Uropygeal gland feathers. Many species. Book. Text in German. Nitzsch, C. L. & Burmeister, C. C. 1840. Figures for many species. Paris, P. 1910. Velvet and silky feathers. Many species. Rensch, B. 1923c. Down feathers General. Anatidae. Harvie-Brown, J. A. 1906; Workman, W. H. 1907a. Abnormal down feathers due to mal- nutrition. Gallus & Slreptopelia. Riddle, 0. 1908a. "Specialization" of tail down feathers. Anatidae. Beebe, C. W. & Crandall, L. S. 1914. Structure. Anas. *Ewart, J. C. 1921. Weights. Magnan, A. 1912g. Filoplumes General. Strigidae. Pycraft, W. P. 1898a. Filoplumes projecting beyond ends of contour feathers. Emberiza polio- pleura. Witherby, H. F. 1906. Flight feathers Book. Text in German. Prechtl, J. J. 1846. General. Amans, P. C. 1885. 203 SUBJECT INDEX Feathers RECTRICES General. Many species. Marshall, W. A. 1872a. Columbae. Garrod, A. H. 1874d. Phasianus. Seligmann, C. G. 1906. Podiceps. Pycraft, W. P. 1909c. Separate control claimed for outer two rectrices. Gyps. Jourdain, F. C. 1907b. Structure. Tachybaptus. Pycraft. W. P. 1907h. Submedial pair. Barbs united at distal ends to form filament which becomes detached as growth advances. Vidua paradisiaca. Strickland, H. E. 1850. Unusual length. Race of fowls bred in Japan. Gallus. Chamberlain, B. H. 1899; *Cunningham, J. T. 1901; Dean, B. 1907; Finn, F. 1901a; Gloger, C. W. 1860b. Weights. Many species. Magnan, A.1912L Number of rectrices General. Ardetta cinnamomea. Kel- sall, H. J. 1900. Taxonomic significance. Cabanis, J. L. 1847. REMIGES General. Alix, H. E. 1874f ; *Pycraft, W. P. 1899d, 1902a; *Steiner, H. 1916; Vian, J. 1871-72. Archaeopteryx. Hurst, C. H. 1893; Pycraft, W. P. 1894. Gruiformes. Mitchell, P. C. 1901a. Meleagris. Amans, P. C. 1913b. Ligaments. Pelissier, M. 1923. Phylogeny of remiges. Gadow, H. F. 1888. Weights. Magnan, A. 1912e. Number of retnlges General. Gadow, H. F. 1888. Taxonomic significance. Cabanis, J. L. 1847. Primaries Abbreviated inner primaries. Pici- dae. Chapin, J. P. 1921. Bastard primary. Alaudidae. Witherby, H. F. 1916a. Emargination. Interlocking. Func- tion in soaring flight. Coues, E. B. 1888a; Trowbridge, W. P. 1887-91, 1891-92. Buteo, Circus, & Pandion. Trowbridge, C. C. 1904, 1906. Enormously elongated primary feathers. Cosmetornis vexillarius & Macrodipteryx macrodipterus. Pycraft, W. P. 1904c. First primary. Passeriformes. But- ler, A. Gardiner & Butler, A. George 1898; Hartert, E. J. 1899b. Number of primaries. Jeffries, J. A. 1881b. Passeres. Coues, E. B. 1876b. Relation of outer primary to migra- tion. Averill, C. K. 1925. Separate control of the two outermost primaries claimed. Gyps. Jourdain, F. C. 1907b. Secondary remiges (Cubitals) General. Aix gakriculata & Aix sponsa. Miller, W. D. 1925. Fifth cubital remex. Presence or absence. Neognathae. Sclater, P. L. 1890b. Powder-down Peculiar, highly modified, oily feathers occurring in concealed patches, in some groups of birds. Book. Text in German. Nitzsch, C. L. & Burmeister, C. C. 1840. General. Ardea. Dewar, J. M. 1909a; Pycraft, W. P. 1908e; Rim- rod, F. A. 1855. Ardeidae. Schaub, S. 1908. Botaurus s. stellaris. *Stieda, C. H. 1870b. Chunga. Schaub, S. 1914. Circus. Chandler, A. C. 1914b. Cochleariidae. Murie, J. 1872b. Columbae. Pycraft, W. P. 1908d. Eurypygidae. Murie, J. 1872b. Gallus. Stieda, C. H. 1869b. Leptosoma dis- color. Sclater, P. L. 1865c. Mesites. Bartlett, E. 1877; Forbes, W. A. 1882e; Schaub, S. 1914. Nycticorax n. naevius [hoactli]. Gross, A. 0. 1923a. Podargus. Sclater, P. L. 1866a. Psophia. Schaub, S. 1914. Rhinochetidae. Murie, J. 1872b. Rhinochetus jubatus. Schaub, S. 1914. Development. Many species. *Schuz, E. 1927. Function. Supplies grease for dress- ing feathers when uropygeal gland is absent. Ardeidae. Wetmore, A. 1920c. Nomenclature. Rhinochetus jubatus. Murie, J. 1871. Feathers BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 204 Structure and function. Many spe- cies. "Schiiz, E. 1927. VARIOUS FEATHER STRUCTURES Appendages due to continuity at second autumnal molt. Columba. Jackson, A. C. 1913a. Terminal shaft dilation structure and pigmentation. Ampelis. *Anderson, C. H. 1859. Aftershaft (Hyporhachis) General. Dallas, W. S. 1865. Many species. Beddard, F. E. 1885b; *Roche- brune, A. T. 1884. Chaetura, Cypselus, Numida, & Perdix. Beddard, F. E. 1885b. Development, degeneration, and function. Clark, H. L. 1893a. Structure. Miller, W. D. 1924b. Platelet appendages Due to fusion of feather elements in development. General. Ampelis [Bombycilla], Hatch, P. L. 1893. Ampelis [Bomby- cilla] g. garrulus. Schlegel, R. 1893; Stieda, C. H. 1872; Anon. 1835a. GaUus sonneratii. Marshall, W. A. 1874. Rallus. Bonhote, J. L. 1911c, d. Wax-like tips to secondaries. Devel- oped in juvenal plumage. Bombycilla. Phillips, G. G. 1913. Shape changes Due to loss of feather elements. Loss of distal portions of breast feathers reducing feathers to short stiff structures. Centrocercus urophasianus. Horsfall, R. B. 1920. Racket feathers formation. Barbs drop off naturally from large portion of elongated central rectrices. Momo- tidae. Am6dee-Pichot, P. 1917. Momo- tus. Astley, H. D. 1916; Beebe, C. W. 1910a; Delacour, J. T. 1917a; Pichot, P. A. 1917; Salvin, O. 1873. Prioni- turus. Wiglesworth, L. W. 1900. FECUNDITY For fecundity in poultry see under Poultry culture: Egg production. Books. Text in English. Tympanuchus cupido amerieanus. Gross, A. O. 1930. Text in French. References to medieval and classical literature. Gallus. Buffon, G. L. 1770-86. General. Fox, W. S. 1899b; Heier, E. 1909; Mousley, W. H. 1917c; Rey, J. G. 1872a; Riviere, B. B. 1897, 1899. In- cludes birds. Bellingeri, C. F. 1841. Anas boschas. Austin, E. H. 1908. Anthus pratensis. Thomasson, J. P. 1893. Cuculus. Rey, J. G. 1894a; Stimming, R. 1927. Cygnus atratus. Schmidt, M. 1882. Fringilla. Butter- field, E. P. 1908a; Gyngell, W. 1908. Gallus. Card, L. E. 1917; *Goodale, H. D. 1916a, 1918c, 1919f; Hall, G. O. & Marble, D. R. 1931; Jull, M. A., Quinn, J. P., & Godfrey, A. B. 1933; Pearl, R. 1910b; Rice, J. E. 1915. Oxyechus v. vociferus. Pickwell, G. B. 1925a. Passer. Christy, M. 1914a; Reese, A. M. 1907. Pinicola. Knight, O. W. 1896. Podiceps. Bentham, C. H. 1908. Serinus. Greiff, J. 1886. Stru- thio. Duerden, J. E. 1907b. Zenaidura. Nice, M. M. 1922, 1931b. Hybrids. Ghigi, A. 1923a. Columba livia X C. leu- conata. Ghigi, A. 1920b. Dafila acuta X Anas boschas. Lecaillon, A. 1922a. Biometric study. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. 1924g. Pearl, R. & Surface, F. M. 1908c, 1909b, 1914a. Breeding for fecundity. Gallus. *Pearl, R. 1912a, 1914a. Comparison of wild species with domestic fowl. Tollenaar, D. 1922a. Cross between two highly productive races of poultry. Goodale, H. D. 1925b. Egg-weight as a criterion of numerical egg production. Gallus. Hadley, P. B. 1919a. Measurement of changes in fecundity rate. Gallus. Pearl, R. 1914c. Methods for increasing fecundity in winter. Gallus. Goodale, H. D. 1924b. Number of eggs in set. Many species. Hamonville, J. C. 1894; Moquin- Tandon, C. H. 1859. Variations in fecundity. Davies, B. 1898, 1899a, b; Fox, W. S. 1899b. Gallus. Pearl, R. & Surface, F. M. 1911. CORRELATIONS General. Gallus. Harris, J. A. & Blakeslee, A. F. 1918; Harris, J. A., 205 SUBJECT INDEX Fecundity Blakeslee, A. F., Warner, D. E., & Kirkpatrick, W. F. 1917; Harris, J. A. & Lewis, H. R. 1921, 1922a, b, c. Brooding tendency. Gallus. Hays, F. A. & Sanborn, R. 1926b. Hatching power of hen. Gallus. Hyre, H. M. & Hall, G. O. 1932. Period of year. Gallus. Harris, J. A. & Goodale, H. D. 1922; Harris, J. A. & Lewis, H. R. 1922a, b, c, d, 1923a, b. Pigmentation of body. Gallus. Harris, J. A., Blakeslee, A. F., Warner, D. E., & Kirkpatrick, W. F. 1917. Rate of laying. Gallus. Hays, F. A. & Sanborn, R. 1927a. Sex ratio. Callenbach, E. W. 1929. Gallus. Jull, M. A. 1931b. Skull measurements. No correlation. Gallus. Marble, D. R. 1932. Type of activity. Hann, O. 1879. Yellow carotinoid pigments. Gallus. Blakeslee, A. F. & Warner, D. E. 1915; Palmer, L. S. & Kempster, H. L. 1919b, c. EXCEPTIONAL FECUNDITY Hen laying 1,000 eggs. Gallus. Dack- weiler, W. 1909. Laying two eggs in a day. Gallus. Drew, G. A. 1907. Two normal eggs laid in ten minutes. Gallus. Crichton, A. 1873. Ten egg Massey, I in nest. Sterna h. hirundo. 1915. Eggs removed soon after laying in most (presumably in all) cases General. Anas. Erdmann, . 1886. Eighteen eggs laid. Scolopax. Banks, A. 1897. Totanus. Alderson, H. 1897. Sixty-two eggs laid. lynx. Alderson, xi. 1897. Thirty-nine eggs laid in 39 days. Colaptes. Bales, B. R. 1917. Thirty-two eggs laid. Cinclus. Aider- son, H. 1897. Twenty-eight eggs laid. Cinclus. Grabham, 0. 1897a. Twenty-one eggs recorded for one female. Cuculus. Chance, E. P. 1919, 1921. Birds in captivity 146 eggs laid in 158 days. Anas boschas. Mouquet, A. 1924. 491 eggs laid in seven years. Por- phyrio. Brazier, J. 1886. FACTORS IN FECUNDITY General. Gallus. *Goodale, H. D 1918c. Anatomical basis. Gallus. Pearl, R. & Schoppe, W. F. 1921. Correlation of factors. Gallus. Hays, F. A. & Sanborn, R. 1927b. Disease. Gallus. Goodale, H. D. 1919b. Food supply. Harvie-Brown, J. A. & Bunyard, P. F. 1910. Inbreeding experiments. Goodale, H. D. 1924a. Light. Hesse, R. 1923. Effect of daylight on size of clutch. Haviland, M. D. 1923. Male not a factor, but food and good conditions are. Gallus. Lafon, J. 1891. Period following copulation. Gowell, G. M. 1902, 1906. Selection. Gallus. Goodale, H. D. 1919d. Weight at sexual maturity. Gallus. Hays, F. A. 1933b. Age factors General. Gallus. Pearl, R. 1913d. Decline in old age. Gallus. Brody, S., Henderson, E. W., & Kempster, H. L. 1923. AGE OF Parents. Gallus. Hays, F. A. 1928. Gallus incidental. Pearl, R. 1913d. Sexual maturity. Gallus. Kempster. H. L. 1921. Experimental feeding General. Anas. Magnan,A.1912b,m. Milk in diet. Clement, E. C. 1874-75. Pituitary extract. Gallus. Simpson, S. 1923. INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY General. Gallus. Foreman, E. C. 1922; Hurst, C. C. 1923. Fecundity BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 206 Winter egg production. Callus. Goodale, H. D. 1918b, d; Goodale, H. D. & Macmullen, G. 1919. FOOD See also under Economic ornithology and Habits: Feeding habits. Books. Text in English. Beebe, C. W. 1906a; Catesby, M. 1731-43; Collinge, W. E. 1913b, 1924-27; Cranz, D. 1767; Pycraft, W. P. 1910a; Sillo- way, P. M. 1897. Australia. Mathews, G. M. 1910-28. British Isles. Morris, F. O. 1870. New Zealand. Oliver, W. R. 1930; Thomson, G. M. 1922. United States. Pearson, T. G. 1917. Florida. Howell, A. H. 1932. Maine. Knight, O. W. 1908. New England. Forbush, E. H. 1907. Aquila chry- saetos. Gordon, S. P. 1927. Collnus v. virginianus. Stoddard, H. L. 1925b, 1931. Falconiformes. Swann, H. K. 1924. Lagopus scoticus. Lovat, and others 1911. Lams. Semper, K. G. 1881. Sturnus vulgaris. Bready, M. B. 1929. Syrrhaptes paradoxus. Tegetmeier, W. B. 1888. Tympanuchus cupido americanus. Gross, A. 0. 1930. Text in French. Corvidae. Madon, P. 1928. Rapacious birds. Madon, P. 1933. Text in German. Floericke, C. E. 1908-13. Pici. Marshall, W. A. 1889. General. Aplin, 0. V. 1906, 1910; Baker, F. C. 1889b; Baldamus, A. C. 1880; Bauer, C. 1877; Beal, F. E. & McAtee, W. L. 1912; Brass, M. 1887; Brewer, T. M. 1866; Butler, A. G. 1912; Chaignon, . 1912; Chernel von Chernelhaza, I. 1901a; Collinge, W. E. 1918c; *Csiki, E. 1904; Csorgey, T. 1926b; Delevoy, G. 1909; Finn, F. 1896; Gabrielson, I. N. 1922; Grobbels, F. 1928; Groom, C. O. 1865; Krohn, H. 1903; McAtee, W. L. 1905a, 19135, 1915f; Macpherson, H. A. 1895b; Millet-Horsin, . 1920; Morris, F. O. 1866; Neu, J. 1880a; Norgate, F. 1881; Plafizek, B. 1901; Poulton, E. B. 1908; Roberts, G. 1863; Saxby, H. L. 1861; Schuster, W. 1906a; Skovgaard, P. 1920c; Snell, F. H. 1857d; Stubbs, F. J. 1914; Woodruffe-Peacock, E. A. 1919; Anon. 1914d. Many species. Boucard, A. 1901. Include birds. Balland, J. A. 1900; Osgood, W. H. 1909; Rorig, G. 1911. Includes Arctic birds. Stappers, L. 1910. AFRICA Books. Text in English. Shelley, G. E. & Sclater, W. L. 1896-1912. Madagascar. Text in French. Schle- gel, H. & Pollen, F. P. 1868. AMERICA North America General. *Bent, A. C. 1919, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1932, 1937. Game birds. Henshaw, H. W. 1915. Alaska. Pribilof Islands. McAtee, W. L. & Preble, E. A. 1923. Eastern North America. Book. Text in English. Chapman, F. M. 1912b. CANADA General. Kingston, A. G. 1892a; Witchell, C. A. 1896c. Western Canada. Taverner, P. A. 1926. Vancouver Island. Alford, C. E. 1928. UNITED STATES General. Cockerell, T. D. 1901; Marshall, W. 1887. New England. Book. Text in English. Forbush, E. H. 1907. Southeastern United States. Beal, F. E., McAtee, W. L., & Kalmbach, E. R. 1916. Southern United States. Brimley, C. S. 1887b. California. Beal, F. E. 1910; Davis, W. B. 1933; Tyler, J. G. 1913. Colorado. Cockerell, T. D. 1896. Florida. Book. Text in English. Howell, A. H. 1932. Illinois. Forbes, S. A. 1880a, b, c, d, 1883, 1884, 1908. Indiana. Butler, A. W. 1891. Maine. Book. Text in English. Knight, O. W. 1908. Michigan. Gaige, F. M. 1914. Nebraska. Aughey, S. 1878. New Mexico. Cockerell, T. D. 1901. New York. Oneida Lake region. Stoner, D. 1932. 207 SUBJECT INDEX Food North Carolina. Brimley. C. S. 1888b. Ohio. Wheaton, J. M. 1874. Oklahoma. Nice, M. M. 1931a; Tate, R. C. 1925. Pennsylvania. General. Warren, B. H. 1886a. Book. Text in English. Warren, B. H. 1888. Texas. Oberholser, H. C. 1925. Utah. Food in Salt Lake. Water birds. Wetmore, A. 1917d. Virginia. Clayton, J. 1694. West Virginia. Brooks, E. A. 1908, 1916a. WEST INDIES Puerto Rico. Beatty, H. A. 1930. Trinidad Island. Williams, C. B. 1922a. Trinidad and Tobago islands. Feil- den, G. S. 1914. Middle America Panama region. Hallinan, T. 1924. South America Chile. Johow, F. 1898. Ecuador. Chapman, F. M. 1926. North Atlantic Ocean General. Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1935b. ASIA India. Mason, C. W. 1912. West India. Bowdish, B. S. 1903. Siberia. Grote, H. 1926. EUROPE General. Beal, F. E. 1897a. Austria General. Talsky, J. 1896. British Isles General. Collinge, W. E. 1915b, 1918e, 1919a; Elmhirst, R. 1910; Hooper, C. H. 1907; Newman, E. 1863; Newstead, R. 1908. Game birds. Collinge, W. E. 1917c. Recent changes. Wilson, W. 1911. Scotland. Florence, L. 1912, 1914, 1915; Ritchie, J. 1918. Denmark General. Skovgaard, P. 1920c. Faroe Islands. Arenberg, E. & Anthony, R. L. 1913. Finland General. Includes birds. Palmgren, P. 1928. France General. Carie, P. 1916; Chaignon, . 1912; Cocu, G. 1899; Delevoy, G. 1909; Lescuyer, J. F. 1887; Madon, P. 1926a; Prevost, F. 1858; Quinet, A. 1901b; Anon. 1914b. Germany General. Baer, W. 1897b, 1903b, 1909; Baer, W. & Uttendorfer, O. 1897a; Bandekow, L. 1903; Braun, F. 1900a, 1918a; Bukowsky, J. W. 1906; *Eckstein, K. 1887; Grobbels, F. 1928; Haller, G. 1873a, b; Hesse, E. 1921; Leisewitz, W. 1906, 1907; Loos, C. 1892, 1894, 1897, 1902c; Parrot, C. P. & Leisewitz, W. 1905; Placzek, F. 1901; Rorig, G. 1905b; Walter, J. 1892; Winkelmann, J. 1878. Hungary General. Herman, O. 1903b, 1904, 1907b. Italy General. Moltoni, E. & Sciacchitano, I. 1926; Passerini, N. & Cecconi, G. 1907. Norway Spitzbergen. Summerhayes, V. S. & Elton, C. S. 1928. Russia General. Grote, H. 1926. OCEANICA Marcus Island. Bryan, W. A. 1903. Australia General. Berney, F. L. 1907; McAtee, W. L. 1917d. New South Wales. Hyem, E. L. 1936; McKeown, K. C. 1934. Food BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 208 North Queensland. Robinson, H. C. & Laverock, W. S. 1900. East Indies Java. Koningsberger, J. C. 1909. New Guinea. Greenway, J. C. 1935. Hawaii Introduced birds. Bryan, W. A. 1912. EXPERIMENTAL FEEDING General. Archilochus. Sherman, A. R. 1913a. Gallus. Schimanski, H. 1879. Calcium administration. Laying hens. Buckner, G. D. & Martin, J. H. 1920. Glycine administration in diet defi- cient in Vitamin B. Columba. Kon, S. K. 1927a. Intestinal effects. Magnan, A. 1910a, , 1912a. Iron and copper in relation to hemo- globin formation. Gallus. Hart, E. B. and others 1929-30. Results of feeding eggs of Porthetria dispar to birds. Collins, C. W. 1910. Vegetable material to carnivorous birds. Carradori, & Spallanzani, L. 1798. Carnivorous diet for granivorous birds General. Columba. Holmgren, F. 1867. Gallus. Houssay, F. 1901a, 1902a, c, d, 1903a, 1907. Meat diet causing atrophy of gonads. Gallus. Pe"zard, A. 1919a. STOMACH EFFECTS General. Anas. Magnan, A. 1911c, 1912p. No effect on lining of stomach. Gal- lus. *Brandes, G. 1896b. Relative size of gizzard and proven- triculus. Magnan, A. 1911k. FOOD OF VARIOUS BIRDS British birds. Recent changes. Wil- son, W. 1911. British game birds. Col- linge, W. E. 1917c. Captive birds. See also under Avi- culture. Many species. Gunther, A. C. 1910. Young birds. Rey, J. G. 1872a. Nycticorax. Bailey, B. H. 1912a. Sitta. Daley, F. K. 1926. Sphyrapicus. Bolles, F. 1892b. Strix. Bolles, F. 1890, 1912. Farm birds. Forbush, E. H. 1903; Henshaw, H. W. 1913. Nestling birds. Cahn, A. R. 1914; Collinge, W. E. 1912c; Enders, H. E. & Scott, W. 1915; Judd, S. D. 1900; Jones, L. 1913. Carduelis. Wood, J. C. 1913. Passer. Collinge, W. E. 1914b. Progne s. subis. Doolittle, E. A. 1919. Turdus migratorius. Slade, E. 1882; Treadwell, D. 1859. Predaceous birds. Hennicke, C. R. 1903; Lataste, F. 1892. California. Bryant, H. C. 1918. Denmark. Ferdi- nand, J. 1923. Europe. Book. Text in French. Madon, P. 1933. Sea birds. Book. Text in English. Cranz, D. 1767. Small birds. Bennett, E. T. 1863; Harting, J. E. 1863. Waterfowl. Nebraska. Oberholser, H. C. & McAtee, W. L. 1920. Acanthis. Loos, C. 1894. Accipiter nisus. Lambrecht, K. 1914b; Meade- Waldo, E. G. 1914; Owen, J. H. 1915; Schnurre, O. 1932. Acredula. Loos, C. 1894. Agelaius. Allen, A. A. 1914b; Gabrielson, I. N. 1914b, 1915c. Alauda arvensis. Smith, J. A. 1867b. Alcedo. Waterton, C. 1835d. Alcedo attis ispida. Liebe, K. T. 1883. Anas. La Fresnaye, F. 1842; Norton, A. H. 1909. Anas mollissima & Anas nigra. Allis, T. 1832a. Anatidae. Adams, L. E. 1905-06; Corbin, G. B. 1889; Mabbott, D. C. 1920; McAtee, W. L. 1911i, 1914b, 1915e; Merlet, N. 1886; Norton, A. H. 1909; Wetmore, A. 1921c. Anous s. stolidus. Watson, J. B. 1908. Anser. La Fresnaye, F. 1842. Anserinae. Norton, A. H. 1909. Aphriza. Dixon, J. S. 1927. Aptenodytes. Sclater, P. L. 1888. Aquila. Rothermundt, J. 1905; Sumner, E. L. 1929. Aquila glitchii. Sushkin, P. P. 1896a. Ardea. Mat- tingley, A. H. 1908b; Waterton, C. 1835c. Ardea purpurea. Vasvari, N. 1931. Ardeidae. Bartsch, P. 1903. Ardeinae. Baynard, O. E. 1912. Ardetta minuta. Lucanus, F. K. 1914. Arenan'a & Arqualella. Norton, A. H. 1909. Asio /. flammeus. Urner, C. A. 1925. Asto o. otus. Geyr von Schwep- 209 SUBJECT INDEX Food penburg, H. 1907a; Lambrecht, K. 1914b. Asio wilsonianus. Murray, J. J. 1930; Stoddard, H. L. 1922b; Warthin, A. S. & Van Tyne, J. 1922. Astur. Grossmann, H. 1909; Sutton, G. M. 1927b. Athene noctua. Atchin- son, G. T. 1912; Collinge, W. E. 1922b, c; Lancum, F. H. 1925; Loyd, L. R. 1912. Bombycilla cedrorum. Post, K. C. 1916; Saunders, A. A. 1911. Bonasa. Bennetts, W. J. 1900b; Gross, A. O. 1925a; Johnson, R. A. 1928; Knappen, P. M. 1928a. Bubo vir- ginianus. Gardner, L. L. 1929; Pitt- man, H. H. 1925. Buteo. Barthos, G. 1908; Stresemann, E. 1925d. Buteo p. platypterus. Burns, F. L. 1911. Buteo swainsoni. Griddle, N. 1915. Buteo vulgaris. La Fuye, M. & Dumast, G. 1911. Calornis. Banfield, E. J. 1912. Ca- primulgus. Collinge, W.E.1920a. Capri- mulgus europaeus. Heinroth, O. A. 1909a. Carpodacus. Bergtold, W. H. 1914. Casuarius. Rothschild, L. W. 1901. Ceophloeus. Bryant, H. C. 1916b. Ceryle [Megaceryle] alcyon. Coues, E. B. 1878a. Charadrius [Plu- tialis] d. dominicus. Mackay, G. H. 1891a. Charadrius h. hiaticula. Per- cival, W. G. 1902b. Ciconia alba. Skovgaard, P. 1920d. Ciconia nigra. Skovgaard, P. 1932d. Cinclus. Ehinger, C. E. 1930; RSehak, E. C. 1895b. Cinclus aquaticus. Saxby, H. L. 1863b. Circus. Chiquet, . 1924. Circus hudsonius. Urner, C. A. 1925. Clan- gula hyemalis. Mackay, G. H. 1892d. Coccothraustes vespertina. Shufeldt, R. W. 1890c. Coccyzus. Herrick, F. H. 1910b. Colinus v. virginianus. Nice, M. M. 1910; McAtee, W. L. 1910c. Columba. Snell, F. H. 1857c. Columba palumbus. Pethybridge, G. H. 1911; Pfannenschmid, E. 1892; Tegetmeier, W. B. 1871; Waterton, C. 1834a. Columbidae. Butler, A. G. 1903a; Whitman, C. O. 1919a. Colymbidae. Wetmore, A. 1924. Coracias. Phillipps, R. 1898. Corvidae. Collinge, W. E. 1930; Pearson, T. G. 1933a; *R6rig, G. 1898b, c, 1900d. Corvus. Barrows, W. B. 1888; Dodsworth, P. T. 1911; Loos, C. 1896b; Schleh, E. 1904; Townsend, C. W. 1918. Corvus c. corax. Neale, J. J. 1901. Corvus corone. Aplin, O. V. 1883; Haller, G. 1873a; Meise, W. 1928; Waterton, C. 1833a. Corvus f. frugilegus. Beal, F. E. 1896b; Csorgey, T. 1904, 1926b; Gelei, J. 1926; Hauer, B. 1904; Long, S. H. and others 1918; Smail, J. 1884; Water- ton, C. 1834b. Corvus m. monedula. Waterton, C. 1833a. Crex crex. Col- linge, W. E. 1931. Cryptoglaux a. acadica. Miller, R. F. 1923; Terrill, L. M. 1931. Crypturus tataupa. Seth- Smith, D. 1903. Cuculidae. Beal, F. E. 1898b. Cuculinae. Abadie, R. 1927. Cuculus. Blyth, E. 1835a; Link, J. A. 1889; Schiermann, G. 1926. Cyanocitta. Beal, F. E. 1896a. Cyg- ninae. Beebe, C. W. 1906e. Cygnus. Blundell, J. M. 1905-06. Cypselidae. Shufeldt, R. W. 1893a. Dendroica kirtiandi. Leopold, N. F. 1924. Dicho- ceros bicornis. Bingham, C. T. 1897. Diomedeidae. Sanford, W. A. 1880. Dromiceius. Tegetmeier, W. B. 1868b. Dryobates. Owen, J. H. 1925; Snyder, W. E. 1897. Dumetella carolinensis. Gabrielson, I. N. 1913b. Ectopistes. Bishop, S. C. 1924; Dury, C. 1910b. Elanus. Barlow, C. 1897. Falco. Ghigi, A. 1912f. Falco mexicanus. Tyler, J. G. 1923. Falco peregrinus. Cordeaux, J. 1876; Nagy, E. 1907a; Peters, J. F. 1920; Winkler, H. 1908. Falco sacer. Johansen, H. 1904b. Falco sparverius. Sherman, A. R. 1913b. Falco subbuteo. Poncy, R. 1925. Falcones. Bittera, J. 1916; Dury, C. 1885; Fisher, A. K. 1888b; Olivier, G. 1926. Falconiformes. Le Souef, W. H. 1918; Errington, P. L. 1933; Uttendorfer, 0. 1934. Fulmarus. Anthony, A. W. 1895b; Patursson, S. 1927. Galeoscoptes [Dumetella] caro- linensis. Judd, S. D. 1897. Garrulus. Burg, G. 1902; Gurney, J. H. 1892; La Fuye, M. 1911; Loos, C. 1896b; Muller, K. 1890; Phillipps, R. 1898. Gavia. Ganong, W. F. 1896. Gecinus viridis. Kriidener, A. 1889. Gelo- chelidon. Blanchet, A. 1925. Geococcyx calif ornianus. Bryant, H. C. 1915b, 1916a. Geothlypis. Shaver, N. E. 1918. Gerontiacus eremita. Pallary, P. 1922. Glaucidium. Ihering, H. 1899. Gypaetus barbatus. Kamner, A. 1922-24. Gyps kolbii. Taylor, C. H. 1908. Haliaeetus leucocephalus. Brooks, A. 1922; Crabb, E. D. 1922; Herrick, F. H. 1924a. Himantopus. Wetmore, A. 1925a. Hirundinidae. Beal, F. E. 1918. Hirundo erylhrogaster. Adams, S. J. 1898. Histrionicus. Michael, C. W. & Michael, E. 1922; Whitfield, R. P. 1894. Hypoleucus. Morgan, A. M. 1917b; White, S. A. 1916, 1918. Icter- idae. Beal, F. E. 1900a. lonornis martinicus. Gross, A. O. & Van Tyne, J. 1929. Lagopus. Grimshaw, P. H. 1925; Kolderup, C. F. 1924; Morand, P. 1913. Lagopus scoticus. Stubbs, Food BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 210 F. J. 1909c. Laniidae. Judd, S. D. 1898. Lanius b. borealis. Gaboon, J. C. 1888; Smith, H. G. 1888. Lanius collurio. Csiki, E. 1911; RSehak, E. C. 1895a, 1905b. Lanius erythronotus. Magrath, H. A. 1910. Lanius ludo- vicianus. Mounts, B. T. 1923, 1925; Stephens, K. 1906. Larus. Blake-Knox, H. 1867b; Eifrig, C. W. 1905; Norton, A. H. 1909. Larus argentatus. Blake- Knox, H. 1866-67; Burrill, A. C. 1919; Dutcher, W. & Baily, W. L. 1903; Robinson, H. W. 1910. Larus r. ridi- bundus. Laidlaw, T. G. 1908; Macpher- son, H. A. 1899a; Pycraft, W. P. 1907J. Lathamus. Cole, C. F. 1919. Lobipes. Wetmore, A. 1925a. Lophortyx c. cali- fornica. Sumner, E. L. 1935. Loxia. Biitikofer, E. 1909; Kane, W. F. 1916; Moffat, C. B. 1916. Lyrurus. Hag- stroem, O. & Anderson, A. S. 1772. Macrorhamphus. Norton, A. H. 1909. Mareca penelope. Waterton, C. 1835g. Marila. Norton, A. H. 1909. Mega- laema. Dodsworth, P. T. 1912a. Meleagris. Barton, B. S. 1805. Meli- phagidae. Darnell-Smith, G. P. 1910. Mergus senator. Robinson, H. W. 1909b; Strong, R. M. 1912e; Szielasko, A. E. 1895. Merula boulboul. Butler, A. G. 1906b. Microcarbo. Morgan, A. M. 1917b; White, S. A. 1916, 1918. Micropus apus. Bacmeister, W. 1922. Mimus. Whittle, C. L. 1922a. Molo- thrus. McAtee, W. L. 1911h. Musci- capa. Blackwall, J. 1829. Musci- capidae. Collinge, W. E. 1928. Myc- teria americana. Bryant, H. C. 1919. Myiarchus. Gabrielson, I. N. 1915b. Nothura maculosa. Serie, P. 1921. Nudfraga. Donner, E. 1908; Fenton, L. L. 1906. Nyctea nyctea. Sutton, G. M. 1927b. Nycticorax n. naevius [hoactli]. Gross, A. O. 1923a; Noble, G. K., Wurm, M., & Schmidt, A. 1938. Oreortyx picta palmeri. Belding, L. 1892. Otis. Lafourcade, P. 1890. Otocoris. Barrows, W. B. 1893; Grid- dle, N. 1920. Otus. Clabaugh, E. D. 1926. Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi. Miller, L. H. 1925b. Parus. Cotte, J. 1913. Passer. Balandier, A. 1910; Ghigi, A. 1905b; Pion, A. 1902; Rusi- nova, K. I. 1926. Passeriformes. Trillon, J. 1887. Pelecanoididae. Mur- phy, R. C. & Harper, F. 1921. Pele- canus occidentalis. Bailey, A. M. 1918. Perdicinae. Kuroda, Y. 1928. Perdix. Kelso, L. 1932. Perdix perdix. Losy, J. 1903. Perisoreus. Bennetts, W. J. 1900a; Skinner, M. P. 1921. Pernis apivorus. Dumast, G. 1912; Mani- quet, L. 1926; Smith, J. A. 1858d. Phaethon. Gross, A. O. 1912. Phala- crocorax dilophus [a. auritus]. Mackay, G. H. 1894b. Phalaropodidae. Wet- more, A. 1925a. Phaps elegans. Seth- Smith, D. 1904b. Phasianus. Grim- shaw, P. H. 1912; Pethybridge, G. H. 1911; Waterton, C. 1833b. Pica. Aplin, O. V. 1883; Best, D. 1899; Dalla Torre, K. W. 1887; Loos, C. 1896b. Picidae. Beal, F. E. 1895b, 1911; Brim- ley, C. S. 1888c; Cook, A. J. 1896; Crabb, E. D. 1930; Cram, W. E. 1898; Smith, J. B. 1894; Trouvelot, B. 1925. Picus. Bertram, K. 1903; Loos, C. 1900a. Picus epichthonius. Snell, D. H. 1866. Picus martius. Rendle, M. 1912. Picus viridis. Buxbaum, L. 1898. Platycercus. Cole, C. F. 1919. Podiceps. Grabham, O. 1899; Madon, P. 1926b. Procellariiformes. Hom- bron, J. B. & Jacquinot, C. H. 1844; Meyer, A. B. 1886b. Progne. Jacobs, J. W. 1903, 1909; Miller, C. W. 1909. Psittacus indicus. Hauth, . 1900-01. Puffinus anglorum. Macpherson, H. A. 1889b. Puffinus p. puffinus. Warren, R. 1889a; Anon. 1888a. Pyrenestes. Chapin, J. P. 1924b. Pyrrhula. Col- linge, W. E. 1912b. Quiscalus. Beal, F. E. 1894; Carman, H. 1907. Rallus aquaticus. Allis, T. 1832b. Ram- phastos. Stevens, R. P. 1870. Ram- phastos brevicarinatus. Van Tyne, J. 1929. Rostrhamus. Lang, H. 1924. Sayornis. Lincoln, F. C. 1926b. Schi- zura. Detwiler, J. D. 1922. Scolopax rusticola. La Rochefoucauld, P. 1911b. Sialia. Forbes, S. A. 1880b. Soma- teria. Embody, G. C. 1910; Evans, W. 1909; Robinson, H. W. 1909a; Whit- field, R. P. 1894. Somateria dresseri. Mackay, G. H. 1890. Sphyrapicus. Bolles, F. 1892a. Spinus spinus. Heindl, E. 1908. Spinus t. tristis. Wood, J. C. 1913. Spiza. Gross, A. O. 1921. Steatornis. McAtee, W. L. 1922f. Steganopus. Wetmore, A. 1925a. Sterna. Cahn, A. R. 1916. Sterna f. fuscata. Watson, J. B. 1908. Sterninae. Collinge, W. E. 1926a. Streptopelia. Waterton, C. 1834a. Strigidae. Altum, B. 1863b; Cahn, A. R. & Kemp, J. T. 1930; Dury, C. 1885; Fisher, A. K. 1888b; Lataste, F. 1884; Olivier, G. 1926; Strode, W. S. 1889; Uttendor- fer, O. 1934; Werner, P. 1904. Strigi- formes. Geyr von Schweppenburg, H. 1906; Jacobi, A. 1907. Strix flammea. Bernhard, & Schneider, W. 1928; Collinge, W. E. 1919c, 1922a; Geyr von Schweppenburg, H. 1907b; Jackel, A. J. 211 SUBJECT INDEX Food 1866; Owen, J. H. 1911a; Ticehurst, C. B. 1935a. Sturnella. Bryant, H. C. 1912c. Sturnus vulgaris. Forrest, H. E. 1900; Lewis, H. F. 1927b. Sylvia hortensis. Anzinger, F. 1893a. Syrnium. Beits, E. S. 1927; Czynk, E. 1897. Syrnium aluco. Loos, C. 1905; Waterton, C. 1835f. Syrrhaptes para- doxus. Eder, R. 1889b; Harz, C. O. 1889; Smith, J. A. 1867c. Tetraonidae. Belding, L. 1892. Threskiornithinae [Ibididae]. Baynard, O. E. 1912. Toxostoma rufum. Gabrielson, I. N. 1913a. Tringa. Feilden, H. W. 1897. Trochilidae. Badier, . 1787; Eaton, A. A. 1893b; Grew, N. 1694; Shufeldt, R. W. 1893a; Traill, T. S. 1840. Tro- chilus. Barton, B. S. 1804; Bolles, F. 1892a; Brewster, W. 1890b; Gibbs, R. M. 1892e; Lucas, F. A. 1893b; Wied-Neuwied, M. 1822. Troglodytes. Allen, A. S. 1921; Rope, G. T. 1889. Turdidae. Beal, F. E. 1915a, b; Forbes, S. A. 1881. Turdus. Bunyard, P. F. 1906. Turdus merula. Collinge, W. E. 1924; Wolley-Dod, C. 1881. Turdus m. migratorius. Jenks, J. W. 1859; Lyle, D. A. 1878; Treadwell, D. 1859; Wells, D. A. 1861; Wilcox, E. V. 1892. Tyrannidae. Beal, F. E. 1912; Cook, A. J. 1896. Tyrannus tyrannus. Bar- rows, W. B. 1894. Tyio alba pratincola. Reed, J. H. 1897. Urinator [Gavia] arcticus. Zedlitz, O. 1913. Vermitora chrysoptera. Jacobs, J. W. 1904. Vireo philadelphicus. Lewis, H. F. 1921. Xanthocephalus. Gabrielson, I. N. 1914b. Zamelodia. Gabrielson, I. N. 1915a. Zenaidura. Nice, M. M. 1921. Zonotrichia querula. Semple, J. B. & Sutton, G. M. 1932. IDENTIFICATION OF INGESTED FOOD Crop contents Book. Text in English. Lovat, and others 1911. General. Rzehak, E. C. 1905a. Germany. Helm, A. F. 1895; Loos, C. 1896a; Rzehak, E. C. 1897. Ardea. Rowley, G. D. 1869. Bonasa umbellus. Weber, J. A. 1906. Falco subbuteo. Salzmann, E. 1906b. Leptop- tilus. Van Someren, V. G. 1926. Tetrao ietrix. Poulton, E. B. 1908. Nestlings. Zenaidura macrov.ro.. Townsend, C. W. 1906. Stomach contents Books. Text in English. Lagopus. Lovat, and others 1911. Text in French. Farsky, O. 1928. General. Bryant, H. C. 1913c; Greschik, J. 1924; Koningsberger, J. C. 1908; Marelli, C. A. 1919; Rey, J. G. 1903, 1907b; Rey, J. G. & Reichert, A. 1908; Stekhoven, J. H. 1925; Swynner- ton, C. F. 1912. Many species. Gil, A. 1927. Value of such observations. Loos, C. 1904. AFRICA East Africa. Loveridge, A. 1922. EUROPE General. Beal, F. E. 1897a; Rorig, G. 1900c; Stemmler, K. 1915. Austria. Zdobnitzky, F. F. 1905; Zdobnitzky, F. F. & Zdobnitzky, W. 1906. England. Hibbert-Ware, A. 1924. France. Poncy, R. 1924, 1927-28. Germany. Dalla Torre, K. W. 1888; Daut, K. 1915; Helm, A. F. 1895; Loos, C. 1896a; Rorig, G. 1898a, b, 1900b, 1907a, b; Rzehak, E. C. 1897. Pre- daceous birds. Leisewitz, W. 1911. Spain. Gil, A. 1927. Switzerland. Many species. Poncy, R. 1924. NORTH AMERICA General. Glover, T. 1866. Canada. Eifrig, C. W. 1910. Florida. Baker, F. C. 1889a. OCEANICA Australia. Cleland, J. B. 1910, 1916, 1918; Lea, A. M. 1914, 1915. New South Wales. McKeown, K. C. 1934. Java. Koningsberger, J. C. 1909. Acdpiter. Rorig, G. 1910. Archi- buteo. Greschik, J. 1910b; Rorig, G. 1910. Ardea. Guimard, V. 1925; Rowley, G. D. 1869. Asio. Greschik, J. 1910b; Schwartz, M. 1906. Bonasa. Bryant, H. C. 1917. Buteo. Greschik, J. 1910b; Rey, J. G. & Reichert, A. 1908. Buteo b. buteo. Rorig, G. 1908. Cinclus cinclus. Hesse, E. 1916a. Food BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 212 Corvidae. Loos, C. 1898a, 1900b. Corpus /. frugilegus. Racz, B. 1914; Theobald, F. V., McGowan, W., & Leigh, H. S. 1916. Cuculus. Key, J. G. 1894b. Cypselus apus. Pe"rez, J. 1894a. Falco. Rev, J. G. & Reichert, A. 1908. Rorig, G. 1910. Falco sub- buteo. Salzmann, E. 1906b. Fringilla c. coelebs. Theobald, F. V., McGowan, W., & Leigh, H. S. 1916. Melospiza. Stevenson, J. 1933. Pandion. Rey, J. G. & Reichert, A. 1908. Passer. Fisher, A. K. 1889g; Stevenson, J. 1933. Picidae. Landois, H. 1884c, 1885a, 1888c. Podiceps rubricollis. Nehring, A. 1894. Podicipedidae. Wood, N. 1836. Sitta. Stevenson, J. 1933. Strigidae. Greschik, J. 1911; Lataste, F. 1884. Strix. Fisher, A. K. 1896; Kilham, L. 1930. Sturnus vulgaris. Stevenson, J. 1933; Theobald, F. V., McGowan, W., & Leigh, H. S. 1916. Tinnunculus. Rorig, G. 1910. Toxo- stoma r. redivivum. Grinnell, J. 1917b. Feathers in stomach. Podiceps. Biedermann, R. 1897a. Gizzard contents. Book. Text in English. Lovat, and others 1911. Oceanic birds. Guppy, H. B. 1882. Bonasa umbellus. Weber, J. A. 1906. Importance of studies of stomach contents. Loos, C. 1904. Mollusks. Loens, H. 1892. Anas boscas. Raeymaekers, D. 1894. Shells, seeds, berries and, in one, a crab. Larus argentatus. Eifrig, C. W. 1905. Value of different methods of study. Collinge, W. E. 1918a. REGURGITATED PELLET STUDIES General. Geyer von Schweppenburg, H. 1904a; Greschik, J. 1924; Thompson, P. 1923. Archibuteo, Asio, & Buteo. Greschik, J. 1910b. Corvusf. frugilegus. Lister, G. 1910. Cuculus. Smith, J. A. 1858b. Dacelo. Hays, R. 1920. Falco. Daut, K. 1906. Strigidae. Greschik, J. 1911. Turdidae. Beal, F. E. 1915a, b. Tyto. White, S. A. 1915. Tyto alba pratincola. Townsend, C. W. 1926b. Predaceous birds. Joleaud, A. 1911; Lataste, F. 1888. Insect contents of pellets. Strigidae. Davis, W. T. 1909. Pellets ejected after meal of butter- flies. Insectivorous birds. Swynnerton, C. F. 1913. Observations made on excrement General. Corpus. Loos, C. 1902b. Indigestible substance including poi- sonous fruit. Langley, E. M. 1898. QUANTITIES OF FOOD EATEN General. Ardea. Smiley, C. W. 1885. Strix. Brimley, C. S. 1887a. ^ Comparison of total food consump- tion with that of man. Lapicque, L. & Lapicque, M. 1911. Daily quantity digested. Taber, W. B. 1928. High altitude effects. Includes birds. Kingston, R. W. 1926. Minimum food ratio. Casuarius & Struthio. Sheak, W. H. 1923. Necessary amount. Aubouer, L. 1912. Ratio of total food consumption to body size. Food consumption inversely Eroportional to body weight. Lapicque, . & Lapicque, M. 1909a. Temperature (external) effects. Lapicque, L. & Lapicque, M. 1909b. Columba. Larguier des Ban eels, J. 1902. UNUSUAL OR PECULIAR FOOD General. Buxbaum, L. 1903. Ardetta. Brewster, W. 1876. Larus r. ridibundus. Hauptvogel, A. 1905. Corn. Lams. Connell, C. G. 1926. Melanerpes. Aldrich, C. 1879a. Frogs. Larus canus. Ritchie, J. 1926. Miscellany in one stomach. Nails, buttons, knife-blade, brush, fork, grass, etc. Struthio. Humbert, F. 1798. Sheep-killing. See also under Be- havior. Nestor notabilis. White, T. 1894, 1895. Fruit General. Anas & Gallinula. Robin- son, H. W. 1917. Gallinula chloropus. Haviland, M. D. 1917; Lewis, S. 1917. Oranges. Dendroica. Brewster, W. 1890a. Poisonous fruits. Seeds and skins regurgitated soon after eating. Bird thus escapes poisoning. Lowe, J. 1898. 213 SUBJECT INDEX Food Insects General. Megaceryle a. alcyon. Hay- ward, R. 1885. Bad-tasting insects eaten by birds if they are sufficiently hungry. Pocock, R. I. 1911a, b. Distasteful insect larvae. Collinge, W. E. 1919e. Edibility of pupa of Aporia. Merri- field, F. 1900. VARIOUS TYPES OF FOOD Recent changes. British birds. Wil- son, W. 1911. Animal food General. Chernel von Chernelhaza, I. 1909a. Amphipoda eaten by birds. McAtee, W. L. 1913d. Refusing to eat worms. Passer. White, C. A. 1880. Small fish eaten by Charadrioidea. Clark, A. H. 1905b. Quiscalus. Warren. B. H. 1886b. Starfish as food. Larus. Swarth, H. S. 1926a. BIRDS AS FOOD Eating flesh of birds, when offered. Icterus. Ayres, W. O. 1886. Horned larks as food of Speotyto. Patton, F. A. 1926. i INSECT FOOD General. Pomerancev, D. V. 1910; Sauermann, C. 1892b; Schuster, W. 1906a; Wiese, H. F. 1884. Insectivor- ous birds of Japan. Wiener, A. F. 1881. Dryobates. Snyder, W. E. 1897. Falco. Berge, R. 1900. Larus. Col- linge, W. E. 1927a; Dutcher, W. 1905. Passer. Riley, C. V. 1889. Perdix. Csiki, E. 1912. Sturnella neglecta. Bryant, H. C. 1912e. Humming birds eating insects. Calypte anna. Clark, F. C. 1902. Feed- ing young on insects. Trochilidae. Brewster, W. 1887. Insect larvae eaten by Acanthis linaria & Acredula caudata. Loos, C. 1894. Various Insects eaten by birds Bee moth. Troglodytes. Aldrich, C. 1879b. Bees. Penthestes. Shelley, L. 0. 1926. Eating drone bees. Micropodi. Lacey, E. 1910. Belostomidae and other fish-destroy- ing bugs eaten by Anatidae. Dimmoch, G. 1886. Butterflies. Cockerell, T. D. 1905; Doflein, F. 1907; Dudgeon, G. C. 1895; Hilse, C. 1901; Poulton, E. B. 1902, 1926; Ribbe, C. 1901; Seligmann, C. G. 1902; Shaw, G. E. 1927; Soper, G. A. 1900; Stephan, J. 1908; Uffeln, K. 1914; Veley, L. J. 1902a, b; Weir, J. J. 1869, 1870. Butterflies and moths. Muscicapidae. Van Someren, V. G. 1926. Caterpillars. Buteo. Storer, F. H. 1883. Dragon flies. Martin, R. 1910; Needham, J. G. 1898. Tyrannus. Moore, J. P. 1900. Elm aphis. Loxia. Stoner, T. 1. 1921. Elm tree beetle larvae. Passer. Wil- mot, N. E. 1917. Grasshoppers. Bryant, H. C. 1912a. Ardeidae. J., W. S. 1895. Melanerpes. Aldrich, C. 1878, 1879a. Locusts. Gardner, L. L. 1927b. Termites. Passer, Sialia, & Turdus. Hagen, H. A. 1882. Wasps. Hesse, E. 1916b. Piranga. Cohen, D. A. 1894a. Protective resemblances in moths eaten by birds. Stiff, A. T. 1912. MAMMALS AS FOOD Bats. Asio flammeus. Huey, L. M. 1926. Field mice. Ardea. Phillips, E. C. 1885a. Mice. Larus. Dutcher, W. 1905. Shrews. Strix flammea. Gurney, J. H. Jr. 1876a. Skunks. Cathartes aura. Kite, W. 1878. MOLLUSKS AS FOOD Columba palumbus. Langdale, H. M. 1900; Page, W. T. 1901. Turdidae. Bullen, R. A. 1900. List of species of birds eating mol- lusks. Willett, G. 1917. Food BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 214 Snails. Columbae. Friedel, E. 1890; Loens, H. 1891. Turdus merula. Pickard-Cambridge, O. 1906. SNAKES AS FOOD Buteo borealis. Jensen, J. K. 1926. Gallus. Roberts, M. B. 1907. Mineral food Salt. Carpodacus cassini. Kelly, J. W. 1921. Salt not poisonous to birds. Birds fond of it. Kelso, J. E. 1921. Plant food General. Thais, L. 1899. Granivo- rous singing birds. Schwartz, M. 1908. Acorns. Gibbs, R. M. 1892a. Ferns. Philohela minor. Webster, F. S. 1887. Flowers. Delichon & Hirundo. Mas- say, H. 1917. Fungi. Hall, R. 1899a. Lilac seeds. Pyrrhula europaea. Laver, H. 1893. Nectar. Swynnerton, C. F. 1914. Parus, Phylloscopus, & Sylvia. Swyn- nerton, C. F. 1917b. Sap. Trochilidae. Bruner, H. L. 1892. Sap from sapsucker holes. Trochilidae. Mitchell, H. H. 1919. FRUITS AS FOOD General. Edson, W. L. 1918. Many species. Warga, K. 1922a. Anas & Gallinula chloropus. Robinson, H. W. 1917. Trochilidae. Smith, A. P. 1926. Tyrannus intrepidus [tyrannus]. Young birds. Slade, E. 1883. Cherries. Larus r. ridibundus. Hartert, E. J. 1927. Cherry-stones. Columba. Storer, F. H. 1898. Fruit of Celtis australis. Warga, K. 1921. Berries General. McNab, J. 1879; Rope, G. T. 1911; Schuster, L. 1930. Daphneberries. Aplin, O. V. 1910. Hollyberries. Hart, W. E. 1870. Mulberries. Holt, E. G. 1918; Merriam, C. H. 1890. Winter food General. British Isles birds. Fyfe, W. W. 1867c, d. Bonasa. Somers, J. 1883. Dendroica coronala & Irido- procne bicolor. Hausman, L. A. 1927. Leucosticte lephrocotis littoralis. Shaw, W. T. 1936. Parus. Becker, R. 1887. Parus [Penthestes] atricapillus. Weed, C. M. 1898. Penthestes. Beal, F. E. 1899b. Spizella passerina. Weed, C. M. 1899. Virginia creeper berries. McAtee, W. L. 1906b. FORM See also under Adaptation and Locomotion : Mechanics of flight. General. Lescuyer, J. F. 1883; Les- miiller, A. 1906. ASYMMETRY General. Gallus. Landauer, W. 1930b. Strigidae. Kaup, J. J. 1862. Claws. Boas, J. E. 1898. Hemihypertrophy causes. Lillie, F. R. 1931. Rudiment of right ovary in adult. Gallus. *Brode, M. D. 1928. Shoulder girdle. Includes birds. Bayer, F. 1882. Skull. Nyctale. Streets, T. H. 1870. VARIOUS TOPICS INVOLVING FORM Aesthetic consideration. Mobius, K. A. 1904. Alteration in form with activity. Braun, F. 1899a. Cochlea. Includes birds. Watt, H. J. 1917. Comparison of curvature of culmen of beak and of claws. Many species. Scrofani, P. 1899. Comparison of egg form with skele- ton form. La Fresnaye, F. 1845. Development of body form. Gallus. Hauschildt, J. 1929; His, W. 1874. Form differentiation. *Schmalhausen, I. 1927. Dimorphism. Right and left crossing of mandibles compared. Loxia. Tice- hurst, C. B. 1910a. 215 SUBJECT INDEX Form Egg. Wagner, V. A. 1889. Experimental study of center of gravity. Zimmer, K. 1935b. Hemilateral hypertrophy. Gallus. Lillie, F. R. 1932a. Heredity of form and function. Gal- lus. Jull, M. A. 1925b; Kopec, S. 1926b, 1927. Mechanical advantage for feeding. Cygninae. Cleland, J. B. 1906. Posture of neck. Effect on loco- motion. Gallus. Koppanyi, T. & Kleitman, N. 1926. Proportions. Measurements. Many species. Regalia, E. 1908. Ratio of length of wing and tarsus. Boubier, M. 1919a. Stream-lining. Putter, A. 1917. Tail. Folded vertically as in part- ridges. Galloperdix. Finn, F. 1899d. Wing and body in adaptation to flight. Legal, E. & Reichel, P. 1879-85; Lilienthal, G. 1917. GENERAL WORKS Comprising publications mostly books dealing with a number of topics. See also under Natural history. Books. Text in English. Albin, E. 1740; Allen, G. M. 1925; Coues, E. B. 1890; Eckstorm, F. H. 1901a; Grew, N. 1681; Knowlton, F. H. 1909; Latham, J. 1781-1802, 1790; Lydekker, R. 1894- 95; Muirhead, G. 1889-95; Priest, C. D. 1929, 1933; Pycraft, W. P. 1910a; Rees, A. and others 1819; Sturgis, B. B. 1928; Tait, W. C. 1924; Thomson, J. A. 1923a, b, 1936; Wright, [Mrs.]. 1857; Yarrell, W. 1837-43. Anatidae. Phil- lips, J. C. 1922-26. Capitonidae. Mar- shall, C. H. & Marshall, G. F. 1870-71. Columbidae. Selby, P. J. 1843. Didus. Strickland, H. E. & Melville, A. G. 1848. Ectopistes. Mitchell, M. H. 1935. Lagopus. Lovat, and others 1911. Loriinae. Mivart, S. J. 1896a. Phasianidae. Beebe, C. W. 1926. Picidae. Eckstorm, F. H. 1901b. Popular books. Merriam, F. A. 1898; Patten, C. J. 1928; Whistler, H. 1935. Text in French. Belon du Mans, P. 1555; Boubier, M. 1926b; Buffon, G. L. 1770-86; Cuvier, G. L. 1817; Daudin, F. M. 1800; Gervais, F. L. & Beneden, P. J. 1859; Lesson, R. P. 1834-35; Paris, P. 1921; Quinet, A. 1897; Temminck, C. J. 1820-40; Trouessart, E. L. 1895; Anon. 1920a. Picidae. Malherbe, A. 1859-62. Text in German. *Floericke, C. E. 1908-13; Gesner, C. 1600; Kaup, J. J. 1835-37; Lucanus, F. K. 1925; Nau- mann, J. A. 1820-47; Pelzeln, A. 1868- 70; Radde, G. F. 1884; Reichenow, A. 1913; Selenka, E. 1870b; Stresemann, E. 1927-34; Tiedemann, F. 1810-14; Anon. 1930, 1934. Paradiseidae. Roths- child, L. W. 1898. Picidae. Marshall, W. A. 1889. Includes Trochilidae. Hartert, E. J. 1900a. Text in Latin. Aldrovandus, U. 1610-13; Gesner, C. 1555; Wagler, J. G. 1827; Willughby, F. 1676. Bible references. Book. Text in German. Frey, H. H. 1595. Greek classics references. Books. Text in German. Pischinger, A. 1901, 1904, 1907. DICTIONARIES Text in English. Devoted entirely to birds. *Newton, A. 1893-96. Text in French. Include birds. Bory de Saint-Vincent, J. B. 1822-31. Orbigny, A. C. 1849-61. For references to general dictionaries in various languages see Guide to Re- ference Books. By I. G. Mudge, 6th ed. pp. 51-85. 1936. Amer. Libr. Assoc., Chicago. ICJ. ENCYCLOPEDIAS Text in Dutch. Winkler Prins, An- thonij 1938, vol. XVI, 220-221. ICU. Text in English. Catholic Encyclo- pedia. 1913, vol. II, 576-577. ICJ. Chambers' Encyclopedia. 1923, vol. 2, 166-176. Encyclopedia Americana. 1938, vol. Ill, 728-735, 3 pis. (1 col.). ICU. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1910- 11, llth ed. vol. Ill, 959-978, 23 figs. 1929, 14th ed. vol. Ill, 623-640, 3 pis. (col.) 1 fig. ICU. New American Encyclopedia. 1872, vol. Ill, 279-284. ICU. Nelson's Perpetual Loose-Leaf Encyclopaedia. 1905-20, vol. II, 101- 102, 1 pi. (col.) 17 figs. ICU. New International Encyclopaedia. 1914, 2nd ed. vol. Ill, 307-321, 4 pis. (1 col.) 13 figs. ICU & ICJ. Text in French. Nouveau Larouse, 1898-1905. Oustalet, J. F. 1880b. General Works BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 216 Text in Italian. Encyclopedia Itali- ana. 1937, vol. XXXIV, 587-594, 4 pis. (col.) 41 figs. ICU. Nuovo Encyclo- pedia Italiana. 1887, vol. XXII, 879- 883, 3 figs. ICU. For references to other encyclopedias in various languages, see Guide to Reference Books. By I. G. Mudge, 6th ed. pp. 37-50. 1936. Amer. Libr. Assoc. Chicago. ICJ. VARIOUS REGIONS Africa Books. Text in English. Shelley, G. E. & Sclater, W. L. 1896-1912. Text in German. Reichenow, A. 1900-05. Madagascar. Text in French. Schle- gel, H. & Pollen, F. P. 1868. North Africa. Text in English. Ramsay, R. G. 1923. South Africa. Text in English. Layard, E. L. 1875-84; Stark, A. C. & Sclater, W. L. 1900-06. Southern Rhodesia. Text in English. Priest, C. D. 1933. Tunis. Text in English. Whitaker, J. I. 1905. West African subregion. Text in English. Bannerman, D. A. 1930-36. America Fifty years' progress in America. Book. Text in English. Stone, W. 1933. NORTH AMERICA Books. Text in English. Audubon, J. J. 1827-38, 1860-61; Baird, S. F., Brewer, T. M., & Ridgway, R. 1874, 1884; Coues, E. B. 1877, 1903; Nehrling, H. 1893-96; Nuttall, T. 1832; *Ridg- way, R. 1896, 1901-; Wilson, A. & Bonaparte, C. L. 1831; Wilson, A., Bonaparte, C. L., Ord, G., & Jardine, W. 1832, 1876; Wilson, A. & Ord, G. 1808-14. Text in German. Nehrling, H. 1893- 96. Eastern North America. Book. Text in English. Chapman, F. M. 1912b. Various birds. Alcae. *Bent, A. C. 1919. Anatidae. Book. Text in English. Yorke, F. H. 1899. Anseres. *Bent, A. C. 1923, 1925. Ardeae. *Bent, A. C. 1926. Charadriiformes. *Bent, A. C. 1927, 1929. Columbi- formes. *Bent, A. C. 1932. Colymbi- formes. *Bent, A. C. 1919. Falconi- formes. *Bent, A. C. 1937. Galli- formes. *Bent, A. C. 1932. Gavii- formes. *Bent, A. C. 1919. Grues. *Bent, A. C. 1926. Laridae. *Bent, A. C. 1921. Pelicaniformes. *Bent, A. C. 1922. Phoenicopteri. *Bent, A. C. 1926. Procellariiformes. *Bent, A. C. 1922. Canada Book. Text in English. Nuttall, T. 1832. General. Taverner, P. A. 1934. Northern British America. Book. Text in English. Swainson, W. & Richardson, J. 1831. Ontario. Ectopistes. Mitchell, M. H. 1935. Western Canada. Taverner, P. A. 1926. Greenland Books. Text in Danish. Schi01er, E. L. 1925-31. Text in English. Hagerup, A. T. 1891. United States Books. Text in English. Nuttall, T. 1832. New England. Book. Text in English. Stearns, W. A. 1883-85. Northern and eastern United States. Book. Text in English. Samuels, E. A. 1883. Western United States. Book. Text in English. Bailey, F. A. 1921. Arizona. Book. Text in English. Swarth, H. S. 1920a. California. Book. Text in English. Wheelock, I. G. 1904. Colorado. Book. Text in English. Sclater, W. L. 1912. Connecticut. Sage, J. H. & Bishop, L. B. 1913. Illinois. Book. Text in English. Ridgway, R. 1889-95. Minnesota. Book. Text in English. Roberts, T. S. 1932. North Carolina. Book. Text in English. Pearson, T. G., Brimley, C. S., & Brimley, H. H. 1919. Pennsylvania. Book. Text in Eng- lish. Sutton, G. M. 1928. 217 SUBJECT INDEX General Works MIDDLE AMERICA Books. Text in English. Ridgway, R. 1901; Salvin, O. & Godman, F. D. 1879-1904. SOUTH AMERICA Guiana. Book. Text in Dutch. Penard, F. P. & Penard, A. P. 1908-10. Book. Text in English. Sclater, P. L. & Hudson, W. H. 1888-89. Asia Phasianidae. Book. Text in English. Beebe, C. W. 1926. Burma. Book. Text in English. Gates, E. W. 1883. India. Anatidae. Wright, R. G. & Dewar, D. 1925. Australia Books. Text in English. Lucas, A. H. & Le Souef, W. H. 1911 ; Mathews, G. M. 1910-28, 1925, 1928; Mathews, G. M. & Iredale, T. 1921. Europe Books. Text in English. Ramsay, R. G. 1923. Text in French. Des Murs, M. A. 1886; Paris, P. 1906a; Temminck, C. J. 1820-40. Nestling birds. Marchand, Armand & Marchand, Albert 1883. Text in German. Friderich, C. G. 1923; Naumann, J. F. 1905. Tetra- onidae. Meyer, A. B. 1887c. BRITISH ISLES Books. Text in English. Atkinson, John 1820; Hudson, W. H. 1895; MacGillivray, W. 1837-52; Morris, F. 0. 1870; Patten, C. J. 1906; Saunders, H. 1899; Thorburn, A. 1926; Witherby, H. F. & others 1920-24; Yarrell, W. 1837-43. Nyrocinae. Millais, J. G. 1913a. England. Sussex. Book. Text in English. Walpole-Bond, J. A. 1938. Ireland. Book. Text in English. Ussher, R. J. & Warren, R. 1900. DENMARK Book. Text in Danish. Schiller, E. T. 1925-31. GERMANY Books. Text in German. Brehm, C. L. 1820-22, 1831b; Meyer, B. & Wolf, J. 1810; Muller, A. & Muller, K. 1897; Schalow, H. 1919. ICELAND Book. Text in Danish. Schiller, E. T. 1925-31. ITALY Books. Text in Italian. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. 1929; Giglioli, E. H. 1907; Savi, P. 1873-76. THE NETHERLANDS Book. Text in Dutch, van Oort, E. D. 1922-35. RUSSIA Book. Text in German and Russian. Pleske, T. D. 1889-92. SCANDINAVIA Book. Text in Swedish. Kolthoff, G. I. & Jagerskiold, L. 1898. Sweden Book. Text in Swedish. Sundevall, C. J. 1856-87. Islands Formosa. Swinhoe, R. 1863b. HAWAIIAN (SANDWICH) ISLANDS Book. Text in English. Wilson, S. B. & Evans, A. H. 1890-99. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Book. Text in English. McGregor, R. C. 1909-10. GENETICS Comprising heredity especially but also other related topics such as species changes, origin of varieties, experi- mental breeding, etc. See also under Evolution, Fecundity, Hybrids, Poultry culture, Sex, Speciation, and Variation. Books. Text in English. Brambell, F. W. 1930; Castle, W. E., Coulter, J. M., Davenport, C. B., East, E. M., & Tower, W. L. 1912; Crew, F. A. 1925a; Darwin, C. R. 1868; Morgan, T. H. 1907; Punnett, R. C. 1923. Text in German. Altum, B. 1868; Baur, E. 1911; Hansemann, D. P. 1909; Roux, W. 1881. Genetics BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 218 General. Davenport, C. B. 1913, 1914a; Detmers, E. 1913; Gayot, E. 1867; Ghigi, A. 1911; Kutter, O. F. 1877; Rensch, B. 1923b, 1924a, 1925a. Anatidae. Finn, F. 1913; Panton, H. 1913; Ternier, L. 1909. Columba. Bessmertnaja, S. I. 1928; Christie, W. & Wriedt, C. 1931; Haecker, V. 1912; Loisel, G. 1904c. Cygnus. Maillefer, A. 1921. Gallus. Davenport, C. B. 1906c, 1912a; Tegetmeier, W. B. 1901; Anon. 1886, 1923a. Gallus temminckii. Lotsy, J. P. 1920. Gennaeus. Ghigi, A. 1908a. Meleagris. Osgood, W. H. 1921b. Passer. Daut, K. 1920. Serinus. Fassbender, J. 1905. Struthio. *Duerden, J. E. 1919c, e, 1920b. Tetra- onidae & Turdidae. Collett, R. 1906. Blood group agglutination tests. Gallus. Caridroit, F. & Regnier, V. 1929b. Breed characteristics. Gallus. War- ren, D. C. 1926. Castration. See also under Castra- tion. Zawadowsky, M. M. 1928. Correlation studies. See also under Quantitative works. Gallus. Harris, J. A. 1922, 1926b, c. Eggs. Nathusius, W. 1879a. Large eggs. Gallus. Kohmura, T. 1931. Hybridization. Game birds in cap- tivity. Evans, W. 1911. Poultry. Chodat, R. 1921. Identity of domestic and Chinese geese. Goodacre, F. B. 1879. Inbreeding in nature. Degeneration. Kricheldorff, A. 1925. Influence of strain upon resistance to lowered air pressure. Aggazzotti, A. 1901. Mortality of embryos. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. 1924e. Polemical discussion. Davenport, C. B. 1910a. Race relationship measured by pre- cipitation reactions. Columba, Gallus, & Numida. *Glock, H. 1914. Racial modifications. Gallus. Pezard, A. 1925b. Rate of feather growth. Gallus. Book. Text in English and Russian. Saharova, L. N. 1926. Throat color not correlated with song. Hansmann, A. 1855. ATAVISM General. Gressner, H. 1886. Creeper fowls. Gallus. Cutler, I. E. 1925. Hybrids of Gallus X Numida. Guyer, M.F. 1909a. Phasianus. Ryx, 1. 1902. Color of eggs. Alcedinidae. Hall, R. 1903a. EXPERIMENTAL BREEDING Many references involving experimental breeding occur in other parts of this section (Genetics). General. Thomas, R. H. 1909, 1911, 1912b, 1914, 1916. Gallus. Pearl, R. 1914a. Gennaeus. Ghigi, A. 1909a, b. Serinus. Davenport, C. B. 1907c; *Galloway, A. R. 1909; Noorduyn, C. L. 1907a. Struthio. Duerden, J. E. 1918. Drug effects. Gallus. Pearl, R. 1916a. Fecundity. Gallus. Bittenbender, H. A. 1921; Pearl, R. 1912a, 1914a. Fixed strains. Gallus. Houwink, P. 1913. Improvement of plumes. Struthio. Elley, S. 1909. Increase in number of plumes. Struthio. *Duerden, J. E. 1919b, c. System of recording. Pearl, R. 1915d. Experimental hybridization Book. Text in German. Baur, E. 1911. General. Braune, . 1910a; Falss, E. 1902a; Kuiper, K. Jr. 1920; Noor- duyn, C. L. 1913. Anas. *Goldschmidt, R. 1913; Goodale, H. D. 1911b; Voitellier, H. 1901. Anatidae. Lotsy, J. P. & Kuiper, K. 1922; *Poll, H. 1910; Poll, H. & Tiefensee, W. 1907. Columba. Cole, L. J., Painter, T. S., & Zeimet, A. 1928-29; Haecker, V. 1904a; Staples- Browne, R. 1912. Columba X Turtur. Bonizzi, P. 1875; Guyer, M. F. 1899. Columbae. 'Poll, H. 1910; 'Whitman, C. O. 1904a, 1919b. Columbidae. Ghigi, A. 1912c, 1914c, 1915; Guyer, M. F. 1900, 1903. Corvus. Haecker, V. 1904b. Dafila X Anas. *Phillips, J. C. 1915a. Euplocamus. Mudge, G. P. 1913. Fringillidae. *Klatt, G. T. 1901; *Poll, H. 1910; Poll, H. & Tiefensee, W. 1907. Gallus. Bateson, W. & Punnett, R. C. 1902; Chodat, R. 219 SUBJECT INDEX Genetics 1921; Ghigi, A. 1912b; Haecker, V. 1904b; Holdefleiss, P. 1911; Hurst, C. C. 1905; Poll, H. 1912; Schmidt, Jobs. 1922; Serebrovsky, A. S. 1925. Gallus X Numida. Guyer, M. F. 1905a, 1909a, b, 1912a. Gallus son- nerati X Gallus domesticus. Ghigi, A. 1916a. Gallus stanleyi. Thomas, J. L. 1906. Gennaeus. Thomas, R. H. 1922. Numida. Ghigi, A. 1907c. Phasianidae. Ghigi, A. 1907a; Guyer, M. F. 1908; Haecker, V. 1904a, b; *PhUlips, J. C. 1915a; *Poll, H. 1910, 1912; Poll, H. & Tiefensee, W. 1907; Thomas, R. H. 1912a, b, 1916. Sennits. *Galloway, A. R. 1909, 1912. Streptopelia. Strong, R. M. 1911c, 1912c. Aberrant sex ratios. Columba. Cole, L. J., Painter, T. S., & Zeimet, A. L. 1928-29. Color, form, luster, and weight of eggs. Gallus. Walther, A. R. 1914. Dissociation of characters. Phasia- nidae. Ghigi, A. 1908b. Distribution of traits. Bantams. Danforth, C. H. 1929a. Fecundity of hybrids. Columba livia X C. leuconata. Ghigi, A. 1920b. Genesis of domestic birds. Ghigi. A. 1922a. Improvement of races by hybridiza- tion. Anas, Gallus, & Meleagris. Voitellier, H. 1901. Production of new breed by blending characters of three breeds. Gallus. Lamon, H. M. 1921. Reciprocal crosses. Columba. Ghigi, A. 1914c. Phasianus. Phillips, J. C. 1913b. Role in development of new races. Riemann, R. 1877. Tendency of species of Anatidae to hybridize. Gloger, C. W. 1853c. Inbreeding Book. Text in French. Includes birds. La Perre de Roo, V. 1881. General. Columba. Saint-Loup, R. 1898. Gallus. Cole, L. J. & Halpin, J. G. 1916, 1922; Goodale, H. D. 1927b; Dunn, L. C. 1923b. EFFECTS ON Egg production. GaUus. Goodale, H. D. 1924a; *Hays, F. A. 1924, 1924- 25, 1929. Fertility. Gattus. Jull, M. A. 1929b, c, 1930b. Skeleton. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. 1928. Selective breeding Book. Text in English. Hagedoorn, A. L. & Hagedoorn, A. C. 1921. General. Gallus. Pearl, R. 1912a, 1916b. Includes Gallus. Hagedoorn, A. L. & Hagedoorn, A. C. 1914. Breeding males. Gallus. Hays, F. A. 1923. Fecundity. Gallus. Pearl, R. & Surface, F. M. 1911. Improvement of plumes. Slrulhio. Duerden, J. E. 1918, 1919d. Mass selection. *Castle, W. E. 1915. EGG EFFECTS ON Size, shape, and color. Gallus. Ben- jamin, E. W. 1920. Weight. Gallus. Waters, N. F. & Weldin, J. C. 1929. NEW RACE FORMATION General. Ghigi, A. 1916b. Gallus. Gourgaud, . 1896. New buff race. Gallus. Davenport, C. B. 1919. PURE STOCK USE General. Gallus. Lippincott, W. A. 1919. Serinus. Brandner, O. 1886. Improvement of mongrel poultry stock by use of standard-bred cockerels. Gallus. Lippincott, W. A. 1920b. Pure line concept. Gallus. Pearl, R. 1916b. HEREDITY All other publications listed under Genetics also involve heredity more or less directly. Books. Text in Dutch. Serinus. Noorduyn, C. L. 1907b. Text in English. Include birds. Brooks, W. K. 1883; Morgan, T. H. 1913, 19195. Gallus. 'Davenport, C. B. 19065. Text in French. Includes birds. La Perre de Roo, V. 1881. Text in German. Baur, E. 1911. Heredity of sex. Includes Gallus. Witschi, E. 1929. Genetics BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 220 General. Potts, T. H. 1884b. Anas. *Phillips, J. C. 1914c; Seidlitz, G. K. 1868; Stanley, H. W. 1896. Columba. Christie, W. & Wriedt, C. 1924; *Don- caster, L. 1912; *Ghigi, A. 1914c, 1918. Cuculus. Seidlitz, G. K. 1868. Gallus. Davenport, C. B. 1906c, 1907b; Dunn, L. C. & Jull, M. A. 1927; Frateur, L. 1914; Hertwig, P. 1923; Kope6, S. 1926b, 1927; Lewis, H. R. 1913, 1915b; Lippincott, W. A. 1919; Mehnert, E. 1897; Mercier, L. & Poisson, R. 1925b, c, 1926a, 1927; Phillips, J. C. 1914c; Seidlitz, G. K. 1868. Paw. Ghigi, A. 1928. Phasianus. Phillips, J. C. 1914c. Serinus. Davenport, C. B. 1908b; Durham, F. M. 1926; *Noqr- duyn, C. L. 1908. Streptopelia risoria. Vian, J. 1880. Struthlo. Mehnert, E. 1897. Vermivora leucobronchialis. Car- ter, T. D. & Rowland, R. H. 1923. Acquired characters. Alca & Corpus. Shitkow, B. M. 1907. Fratercula. Shitkow, B. M. 1907. Gallus. Hanse- mann, D. P. 1911. Stercorarius. Shitkow, B. M. 1907. Struthio. Lowe, P. R. 1926b. Syrrhaptes & Uria. Shitkow, B. M. 1907. Blood sugar values. Streptopelia. Riddle, 0. & Honeywell, H. E. 1923b. Body weight. Gallus. May, H. G. 1925. Callosities. Struthio. *Duerden, J. E. 1919d, 1920a. Chemical constituents of blood. Gal- lus. Koltzoff, N. K. 1928. Chondrodystrophia. Gallus. Lan- dauer, W. & Dunn, L. C. 1930a. . Constitution of White Leghorn breed. Gallus. Hadley, P. B. 1913a, b, 1915. Differences in reciprocal crosses. Columba. Ghigi, A. 1914c. Gallus. Tschermak, A. 1917. Dorsosacrum. Gallus. Promptov, A. N. 1928. Eugenic bearing of experimental work. Gallus. Pearl, R. 1910b. Fertility. Gallus. Hays, F. A. & Sanborn, R. 1924. First crowing of rooster in morning. Gallus. Hottinger, R. 1926. Genotype sex differences. Gallus. Pezard, A. & Caridroit, F. 1927b. Growth rate. Asmundson, V. S. & Lerner, I. M. 1933. Habit. Butler, A. G. 1897c. Hatchability of eggs. Dunn, L. C. 1923f. Gallus. Hays, F. A. & Sanborn, R. 1924; Pearl, R. 1910a, 1911d. Head crest. Book. Text in German. Anas & Gallus. Krautwald, F. 1910. Serinus. *Duncker, H. 1923a, 1924. Length of beak. Columba. Lien- hart, R. 1928. Memory. Holden, J. S. 1879. Mutation. Feathers on neck. Gallus. Davenport, C. B. 1914a, b. Pathological characteristics of hered- ity. Gallus. Freund, L. 1925. Phylogenetic characters. Effects on development. Gallus & Struthio. Mehnert, E. 1897. Potentialities of heredity. Gallus. Pezard, A., Sand, K., & Caridroit, F. 1924i, 1925d. Size. Anas. Phillips, J. C. 1912b, 1914c. Skull and brain of Polish fowl. Gallus. Dareste, C. 1865d. Specific characters. Birds incidental. Sumner, F. B. 1923. Spurs. In female. Gallus. Goodale, H. D. 1925a. Transmission from female to egg. Riddle, O. 1910. Uropygeal gland characters. Johans- son, I. 1927. Vigor, constitutional. Gallus. Rogers, C. A. 1914. Includes birds. Book. Text in English. Colored plates. Anatidae. Bonhote, J. L. 1915. Weight. Gallus. Punnett, R. C. & Bailey, P. G. 1914. Anomalies Anomalies in races of Gallus. Reg- nault, F. 1907. Creeper fowl condition. Cutler, I. E. 1925. Dwarfism. Mayhew, R. L. & Upp, C. W. 1932; Rensch, B. 1923a. Giantism. Gallus. *Rensch, B. 1923a. Rumplessness. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. 1925b, 1926a; Dunn, L. C. & Landauer, W. 1924; Landauer, W. 1928; Landauer, 221 SUBJECT INDEX Genetics W. & Dunn, L. C. 1925; Lang, A. 1912; Ulm-Erbach, H. 1886. Tendency to lay eggs with two yolks. Gallus. Fere, C. 1899a. HEAD ANOMALIES General. Gallus. Turnbull, H. M. 1913. Cranial (cerebral) hernia. Polish fowl. Gallus. Dareste, C. 1867a. Ghigi, A. 1912b, 1916b, 1923b. Eye anomalies. Columba. Wriedt, C. & Christie, W. 1925. PLUMAGE ANOMALIES Absence of lipochrome pigment. *Duncker, H. 1927b. Featherless race. Gallus. Hecht, E. 1901. Frizzled plumage. Gallus. Hutt, F. B. 1930s. Scotch Dumpie and Frizzle fowls. Gallus. Landauer, W. 1930a. "Porcupine" feathers. Columba. Cole, L. J. & Hawkins, L. E. 1930. Silky feathering. Gallus. Jones, S. V. 1921. Silky and woolly feathers. Gallus. Taubert, F. 1910. Silky and Yokohama fowl hybrids. Bonhote, J. L. 1914b. TOE ANOMALIES Complex of brachydactyly, syndac- tyly, and ptilopody (leg feathering). Gallus. *Danforth, C. H. 1919a, b, 1929a. Hyperdactyly (polydactyly). Gal- lus. Barfurth, D. 1908a, b, 1909, 1910, 1911a, b, c, d, 1914. Left-sided incidences of supernumer- ary digit. Gallus. Bond, C. J. 1920b, 1926; *Davenport, C. B. 1909c; Dunn, L. C. & Jull, M. A. 1927; Matthias, K. 1912. Syndactyly (webfoot). Davenport, C. B. 1909c, 1910e. Columba. Bon- hote, J. L. 1911b; Staples-Browne, R. 1905, 1906. Color General. Columba. Cole, L. J. 1911; Lloyd-Jones, O. 1913; Metzelaar, J. 1928; *Staples-Browne, R. 1908, 1912. Columbidae. Nuttall, J. S. 1918. Gal- lus. Dunn, L. C. 1923a. Melopsittacus. Duncker, H. 1928. Barring factor. Gallus. Goodale, H. D. 1909; Lewis, H. R. 1915b. "Blue" color. Gallus. *Lippincott, W. A. 1921a. Breast color. Gallus. Warren, D C 1930c. Color races in poultry. Haecker, V. j. y . -L . Egg color. Gallus. Punnett, R C & Bailey, P. G. 1920. Factor hypothesis in plumage color. Gallus. Davenport, C. B. 1909b. Plumage color in poultry crosses. Dunn, L. C. 1922b. Relation of white and "blue" colors Go Wits. Lippincott, W. A. 1923b. Skin color. Gallus. Lambert, W V & Knox, C. W. 1927. Somatic segregation of factors for plumage color. Meleagris. Robertson, W. R. 1925. White plumage. Columba. Walker J. R. 1925. Gallus. Bateson, W. 1905 Serinus. *Duncker, H. 1923b, 1924. COLOR PATTERN General. *Cole, L. J. 1914. Aegi- alitis & Charadrius. Lowe, P. R. 1914. .Columba. *Bonhote, J. L. & Smallev F. W. 1911; *Jones, S. V. 1922; LoiseL G. 1905b. Gallus. Blanchon, H. L 1911; Davenport, C. B. 1910c; Hays, F. A. 1926a; Knox, C. W. 1927; Pearl R. 1916g; *Pearl, R. & Surface, F. M! 1910b, d; Tjebbes, K. 1926. Barring. Gallus. Punnett, R. C. & Pease, M. S. 1921. Black and white. Gallus. Jull, M. A. & Quinn, J. P. 1929. Pied plumage. Gallus. Punnett, R. C. & Pease, M. S. 1927. Spangling. Gallus. Lefevre, G. & Rucker, E. H. 1923. Unusual changes. Gallus. Godbey, C. B. & Reid, D. H. 1931. White spotting. Anatidae. Jaap, R. G. 1933. EYE COLOR General. Cuculus. Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1933. Red eyes. Serinus. Noorduyn, C. L. 1906a. Genetics BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 222 PIGMENTATION General. Columba. Lloyd-Jones, O. 1915. Columbidae. Loisel, G. 1904b. Callus. Davenport, C. B. 1912a; *Pearl, R. & Surface, F. M. 1910d; Punnett, R. C. & Pease, M. S. 1921. Serinus. Philiptschenko, J. A. 1919. Factor for black pigmentation in White Leghorn breed. Gallus. Hadley, P. B. 1914c. Pigmentation of the silky fowl. Gal- lus. Bateson, W. & Punnett, R. C. 1910-11. Comb characters General. Gallus. Asmundson, V. S. 1926; Davenport, C. B. 1911b; Pearl, R. & Pearl, M. D. 1909. "Walnut" comb. Gallus. Bateson, W. & Punnett, R. C. 1905. Disease Bacillary white diarrhea. Roberts, E. & Card, L. E. 1926. Diphtheria. Gallus. Frateur, L. 1924. Inheritance in rabbits of immunity to fowl cholera. Hadley, P. B. 1914a. Resistance or immunity to disease. General. Gallus. Roberts, E. 1927. Typhoid. Gallus. Lambert, W. V. & Knox, C. W. 1928. SUSCEPTIBILITY OR TENDENCY TO DISEASE Bacillary white diarrhea. Gallus. Rettger, L. F., Kirkpatrick, W. F., & Jones, R. E. 1914. Fowl sarcoma. Ikeda, T. 1930. Egg characteristics Egg weight. Gallus. *Hadley, P. B. & Caldwell, D. W. 1920; Waters, N. F. & Weldin, J. C. 1929. Resemblance of sisters in mean weight of eggs produced. Gallus. Atwood, H. 1926b. Experimental studies Book. Text in German. Gallus. Baur, E. 1911. General. Anas. Loisel, G. 1905d. Columba. *Wriedt, C. & Christie, W. 1925. Gallus. Davenport, C. B. 1907c; Loisel, G. 1905d; Serebrovsky, A. S. 1925. Gennaeus. Ghigi, A. 1909a. Serinus. Davenport, C. B. 1907c, 1908b. Offspring from eggs produced by transplanted ovaries influenced by mother in color characters. Gallus. Guthrie, C. C. 1907, 1908. Factors in heredity General. Haecker, V. 1912. Chondriosomes as units or bearers. Gallus. Meves, F. 1908. Factors responsible for feather char- acteristics are in feather follicles. Dan- forth, C. H. & Foster, F. 1927. Influencing fertility and hatchability. Gallus. Pearl, R. & Surface, F. M. 1909c. Inhibitors of pigment formation. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. 1925a. Sex determining factors. Gallus. Morgan, T. H. 1917a. SEX CHROMOSOMES See also under Cytology and Sex. General. *Davenport, C. B. 1912b. Constitution of sex chromosomes. Columbidae hybrids. Cole, L. J., Painter, T. S., & Zeimet, A. 1928-29. Genes for General. Includes Gallus. Morgan, T. H. 1917b. Crossing over in sex chromosomes. Gallus. Goodale, H. D. 1917a; Sere- brovsky, A. S. 1922; Serebrovsky, A. S. & Wassina, E. T. 1926. Extension of black pigment. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. 1922a; Lippincott, W. A. 1923a. Hybridization effect. Tschermak, A. 1917. Inhibiting comb development. Gal- lus. Petroff, S. G. 1929. Lethal gene. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. 1923c. "Creeper" variation. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. & Landauer, W. 1926. Somatic nondisjunction of chromo- somes carrying genes for skin color. Gallus. Lambert, W. V. 1929. Somatic segregation of genes. Gal- lus. Serebrovsky, A. S. 1925. 223 SUBJECT INDEX Genetics Feathers Down feathers on toes. Callus. Warren, D. C. 1930c. Leg-feathering. Gallus. Danforth, C. H. 1929a; Punnett, R. C. & Bailey, P. G. 1918. Rate of feathering. Gallus. Warren, D. C. 1925. Shank feathering. Gallus. Lambert, W. V. & Knox, C. W. 1929. NUMBER OF FEATHERS General. Columba. *Morgan, T. H. 1918. Number of tail feathers. Columba. Johansson, I. 1927. Fecundity General. Gallus. Goodale, H. D. 1916a, 1918c, 1919a, b, 1924a, b; Harris, J. A. & Lewis, H. R. 1923a; *Pearl, R. 1910b, 191 Ib, c, 1912c, 1915b; *Pearl, R. & Surface, F. M. 1909b, d, e. Fecundity inherited through male. Gallus. Hays, F. A. & Sanborn, R. 1923. Statistical study. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. 1924g. Winter egg production. Gallus. Goodale, H. D. 1918b; Goodale, H. D. & Macmullen, G. 1919. Instinct General. Butler, A. G. 1897d; Weissenborn, W. 1838. Brooding instinct. Goodale, H. D., Sanborn, R., & White, D. 1920. Gallus. Punnett, R. C. & Bailey, P. G. 1920. Nest-building instinct. Hand-reared birds. Zamelodia [Hedymeles] ludo- viciana. Scott, W. E. 1904c. M endelian heredity Publications considering the application of Mendel's law. General. Gill, E. L. 1922; Schultz, W. 1915. Anas. Goldschmidt, R. 1913. Ana- tidae. Schultz, W. 1913. Columba. Ewart, J. C. 1910; *Whitman, C. 0. 1919b. Columbidae. Nuttall, J. S 1918; Schultz, W. 1915. Compsoth- lypidae. Hybrids. Morss, N. 1926. Fringillidae. Schultz, W. 1913. Gallus. Blanchon, H. L. 1912; *Cunningham, J. T. 1912, 1919; Davenport, C. B. 1906a, 1907a, 1910b; Lefevre, G. 1917; Lefevre, G. & Rucker, E. H. 1916. Includes Gallus. Hagedoorn, A. L. & Hagedoorn, A. C. 1914. Metopia pepo- saca X Netta rufina. Neunzig, R. 1924c. Phasianus. Thomas, R. H. 1912a, 1915. Serinus. *Duncker, H. 1923a, 1924; Heron, D. 1910. Strep- topelia. Strong, R. M. 1911c, 1912c; Tange, M. 1932. Blue Andalusian fowl. Gallus. Lippincott, W. A. 1918. Exception to Mendel's law. Noor- duyn, C. L. 1906b. Inversion of dominance. Gennaeus. Ghigi, A. 1920a. Multiple coupling of factors. Gallus. Wilson, J. 1915. Production of pile breed. Gallus. Cunningham, J. T. 1912, 1919. Relation to sex hormones. Gallus. Pezard, A. 1927b. Seasonal effects on Mendelian segre- gation and sex ratios. Columba & Gal- lus. Christie, W. & Wreidt, C. 1930. Spurious allelomorphism. Includes Gallus. Spillman, W. J. 1908. COLOR General. Columbae & Serinus. *Lit- tle, C. C. 1920. Black color. Gallus. Frateur, L. 1914. Sex General. Gironcoli, S. 1890. Gallus. Hagedoorn, A. L. 1909; *Morgan, T. H. 1919a. Serinus. Durham, F. M. 1908, 1926. Experimental study of eggs producing male birds. Columba. Riddle, O 1912c. Female heterozygous for sex. Gallus & Serinus. Hagedoorn, A. L. 1909. Secondary sexual characters. In- cludes birds. ""Cunningham, J. T. 1908. Phasianus. Thomas, R. H. Sex ratio. Anas. *Phillips, J. C. 1914c. Gallus. Jull, M. A. 1932a; Lambert, W. V. & Curtis, V. 1929; Lambert, W. V. & Knox, C. W. 1926; 'Phillips, J. C. 1914c. Phasianus. *Phillips, J. C. 1914c. Genetics BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 224 SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE General. Brooksbank, H. 1922; *Cole, L. J. & Kelley, F. J. 1919. Includes birds. Cole, L. J. 1913. Columba. Cole, L. J. 1912; *Staples- Browne, R. 1912; Steele, D. G. 1925. Columbae. Morgan, T. H. 1913, 1917a, 1919a. Galli. Pe"zard, A. & Caridroit, F. 1922b. Callus. *Davenport, C. B. 1911a, 1912b; Goodale, H. D. 1910a, 1911a; Hadley, P. B. 1910b, 1913b; Haldane, J. B. 1921; Lefevre, G. 1916; Lewis, H. R. 1915b; 'Morgan, T. H. & Goodale, H. D. 1912; Pearl, R. 1915b, c; Petard, A. & Caridroit, F. 1924; Punnett, R. C. 1923; Rucker, E. H. 1916; Serebrovsky, A. S. 1925; *Sturte- vant, A. H. 1911, 1912; Warren, D. C. 1924. Serinus. *Davenport, C. B. 1912b. Streptopelia. Strong, R. M. 1912a, c. Change in sex linkage with age. Gal- lus. Haldane, J. B. & Crew, F. A. 1925. Crossing over of sex-linked genes. Columbae. Bridges, C. B. 1913. Gal- lus. Agar, W. E. 1924; Serebrovsky, A. S. 1922. Sex-linked barred pattern. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. 1924d; *Pearl, R. & Sur- face, F. M. 1910a, d. Special characters Comb. Gallus. Taibell, A. 1930b; Wilson, J. 1912. Fecundity. Gallus. *Pearl, R. 1912b, c, 1913c, 1915b. Voice General. Luscinia & Serinus. Duncker, H. 1922. Hand-reared birds. Zamelodia [Hedymeles] ludoviciana. Scott, W. E. 1904c. Song. Braun, F. 1915a; Witchell, C. A. 1892b. Agelaius phoeniceus. Scott, W. E. 1904b. Dolichonyx ory- zivorus. Scott, W. E. 1904b. Luscinia & Serinus. Duncker, H. 1922. ORIGIN OF DOMESTIC BIRDS General. Lotsy, J. P. & Kuiper, K. 1922. Includes birds. Geoffrey Saint- Hilaire, I. 1859. Origin and operation of changes in races of domestic birds. Lavalle, A. 1911. Origin and history of races of poultry, including pigeons Classification of races of fowls. Dechambre, P. 1895. Poultry. Lotsy, J. P. & Kuiper, K. 1922; Scheidemantel, G. 1888. Include poultry. Keller, C. 1911, 1913. Anser Includes domestic goose. Keller, C. 1912. Domestic and Chinese geese. Goodacre, F. B. 1879. Columba Domestic pigeon. *Ghigi, A. 1908c, 1914c; Martell, P. 1926; Townsend, C. W. 1915. "Tumbling" pigeons. Howes, G. B. 1901. Statistical study of origin of domestic pigeon. Loisel, G. 1905e. Gallus Book. Text in English. Gurney, J. F. Jr. 1921. General. Davenport, C. B. 1914c; Ghigi, A. 1912a; Jeitteles, L. H. 1878; Lotsy, J. P. 1920; Martell, P. 1929; Palacky, J. 1885; Phillips, E. C. 1881, 1885b; Pichot, P. A. 1914; Raggi, L. 1904; Sainville, E. 1910; Stubbs, F. J. & Rowe, A. J. 1912; Tegetmeier, W. B. 1890. Barred breeds of poultry. Pearl, R. 1912b; Punnett, R. C. & Pease, M. S. 1921. Earliest appearance of common fowl in Egypt. Lowe, P. R. 1929. Featherless race with abnormal feathers. Taubert, F. 1910. Giantism and dwarfism. *Rensch, B. 1923a. Hackleless fowl. Greenwood, A. W. 1927. Jungle fowl. Gallus bankiva. Ball, S. C. 1933. Ancient records (3000- 4000 B.C.) in Babylonia. Stresemann, E. 1924d. Long-tailed breed of fowls in Japan. Chamberlain, B. H. 1899; '"Cunning- ham, J. T. 1901, 1903; Dean, B. 1907; Finn, F. 1901a; Forbin, P. 1908; Gloger, C. W. 1860b. Race with no feathers. Hecht, E. 1901. 225 SUBJECT INDEX Genetics Tailless fowl. Origin and heredity. Book. Text in German. Libon, G. 1911. Meleagris gallopavo Domestication. Caton, J. D. 1877. Domestic turkey. Pennant. T. 1781: Wright, A. H. 1914. Numida Ancestry. Ghigi, A. 1907c. Serinus Canary in wild state. Bolle, C. 1858. Establishment of white race. Martin, M. S. 1913. Streptopelia risoria Origin of ring dove. Oustalet, J. F. 1901. PLUMAGE PECULIARITIES Albinism. Schifferli, A. 1920a. Cock-feathering. Gallus. Eliot, T. S. 1928. Leg-feathering. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. 1929. Hen-feathering of male General. Koehler, 0. 1922. Gallus. Danforth, C. H. 1928, 1929a; Eliot, T. S. 1928; Feldman, H. W. 1927; Pease, M. S. 1922. Effect of thyroid gland removal on hen-feathering. Crew, F. A. 1927a. Factors in hen-feathering. Lowering of endocrine stimulus for cock-feather- ing. Raising of threshold at which feather follicles respond to this stimulus. Gattut. Danforth, C. H. 1930. Genetic factor for hen-feathering. Seabright Bantam. Morgan, T. H. 1920d. Origin of hen-feathering. Cunning- ham, J. T. 1924-25. Skin transplantation experiments. Gallus. Danforth, C. H. 1929b, c; Danforth, C. H. & Foster, F. 1927. REVERSION General. Columba. Ghigi, A. 1911; Staples-Browne, R. 1906. Gallus & Seri- nus. Davenport, C. B. 1910d. Mendelian explanation. Davenport, C. B. 1910d. Reversion case of Darwin explained on Mendelian basis. Davenport, C. B. 1909a. SEX General. Columbae. *Riddle, O. 1916a. Persistence of sex characters in feathers of skin graft, also sex reversal. Gallus. Danforth, C. H. 1928, 1929b. Sexual selection. Polyplectron. Finn, F. 1902g. Significance of sex hormones. Gallus & Gennaeus. Cue"not, L. 1923. XENIA Possibility of male influencing color of eggs fertilized by him. General. Bulman, G. P. 1901; Glad- stone, H. S. 1911a; Grobbels, F. 1934; Heinroth, O. 1913. Anas. Goldschmidt, R. 1913. Colum- ba. Sellheim, H. 1912. Serinus hybrids. Tschermak, A. 1912. Struthio. Me"n&- gaux, H. A. 1922a. Experimental study. Gallus. Kope6, S. 1926a. Gallus hybrids. Holdefleiss, P. 1911. GLANDS A limited number of references to glands are given here. The more important glands such as the thyroid, suprarenal, etc. are entered separately. References to glands of various organs will be found entered under these structures, as a rule. Book. Text in German. Gadow, H. 1891d. Carotid gland. Kose, W. 1902, 1904. Ducts of glands. Physiology. Rhyth- mic contractions. Brown-Se"quard. C E 1858b. Glandular bodies in adipose tissue of greater omentum near spleen. Struthio. Vallillo, G. 1910. Oviducal glands. Secretion. Riddle, O. & Spohn, A. A. 1916. ALIMENTARY CANAL, GLANDS OF General. Jobert, C. 1873b; Leydig, F. 1854a. Glands BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 226 Crop glands. Histology and physiol- ogy. Hasse, C. 1865. Esophageal glands Development. Gallus. Schumacher, S. 1925b, 1926. Phylogeny. Androglossa. Greschik, J. 1917a. Intestinal glands Histology. Lagopus. Schumacher, S. 1921. Stomach glands See also under Alimentary canal. Structure and function. Includes Columba. Nussbaum, M. 1877. Histology. Wilczewski, P. 1870. Aqui- la, Casuarius, Rhamphastidae, Rhea, & Struthio. Remouchamps, E. 1880. GIZZARD Histology. Columba. Wiedersheim, R. E. 1872. Reactions of gland cells to stains. Anas, Columba, & Gallus. Pilliet, A. H. 1886. BURSA FABRICII Glands of the bursa Fabricii. Co- lumba. Retterer, E. 1885b. Columbi- dae. Riddle, O. 1928b. Gallus & Uria. Retterer, E. 1885b. HEAD GLANDS Histology. Columba. *Teichmann, M. 1889. Ear glands. External auditory meatus. Anas, Asturinus, & Columba. Di Colo, F. 1909. Gallus. Di Colo, F. 1909; *Schwalbe, G. A. 1890. Melea- gris & Phasianus. Di Colo, F. 1909. Tetrao. *Schwalbe, G. A. 1890. Gl. mandibularis. Histology and cytology. lynx. *Greschik, J. 1913. Glands of mouth and nasal chambers. Innervation. Includes Anas, Anser, & Gallus. Gaupp, E. W. 1888. Mucus glands of head. Picus. Wolf, J. 1805a. Gl. lacrimalis General. Hosch, F. 1876; Pilliet, A. 1889. Many species. Coues, E.B. 1868- 69; Franz, V. 1924. Structure of Gl. lacrimalis. Includes birds. Tillaux, P. 1859. HISTOLOGY General. Columba, Corvus, Falco, Gallus, Struthio, & Tetrao. Sardemann, E. 1888. Duct. Gallus. Bertin, E. J. 1769. Golgi apparatus. Anas. Bowen, R. H. 1926. Gl. nasalis (Nasolacrimal or supra- orbital gland) General. Pilliet, A. 1889; Wet- schlesloff, M. 1900. Many species. Nitzsch, C. L. 1820; Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1866a; Selby, P. J. 1834; *Technau, G. 1936; Willink, H. D. 1899b. Includes birds. Parker, W. K. 1888c. Anser. *Miiller, J. P. 1830b; Rochas, F. 1886. Diomedea. Bennett, G. 1834c. Podoa surinamensis. Giebel, C. G. 1861b. Steatornis caripensis. Miiller, J. P. 1841. Anatomy. Many species. Jobert, C. 1869. Function. Charadrius. Smith, J. N. 1923. DEVELOPMENT General. Pygoscelis papua. *Ask, F. 1913. Effect of salt water. Schildmacher, H. 1932. DUCTS General. Includes Anas, Buceros, Buteo, Gallus, & Psittacus. *Hoffmann, B. 1882. Homology of medial portion of duct with Jacobson's organ. Ganin, M. S. 1890. Posterior portions of ducts represent reduced Jacobson's organs. *Ganin, M. S. 1890. Gl. nictitans (Harder's Gland) General. Hosch, F. 1876; Jacobson, L. L. 1813; Leydig, F. 1854a; Pilliet, A. 1889. Many species. Coues, E.B. 1868- 69; Franz, V. 1924. Includes birds. Altmann, R. 1889. Anas. MacLeod, J. 1879. Anser. Muller, J. P. 1830b; Rochas, F. 1886. Steatornis caripensis. Muller, J. P. 1841. 227 SUBJECT INDEX Glands Development. Pygoscelis papua. *Ask, F. 1913. Histology. Taddei, D. 1900. Anas. MacLeod, J. 1879; *Peters, A. 1891. Anser, Fringilla, & Gallus. *Peters, A. 1891. Physiology. Taddei, D. 1900. Glandulae salivales Including various salivary glands. Books. Text in English. Owen, R. 1866-68. Text in German. Gadow, H. F. 1891d. Gallus. Heidrich, P. K. 1905; *H6lting, H. 1912. General. Batelli, A. & Giacomini, E. 1887-89, 1892; Cholodkovsky, N. A. 1892; *Heidrich, P. K. 1908. Include birds. Duvernoy, G. L. 1804, 1811a; Ranvier, L. A. 1884. Aegithalos. Tichomirov, B. 1925. Anas. Pilliet, A. H. 1889, 1893a. Anser. Miiller, J. P. 1830b; Reichel, P. 1883. Columba. *Reichel, P. 1883. Corvus. Muller, J. P. 1830b. Cypselus. Batelli, A. 1890a. Galli. Batelli, A. 1890b. Gallinula. Muller, J. P. 1830b. Gallus. Pilliet, A. H. 1893a, b; *Reichel, P. 1883. Lams & Lestris. *Reichel, P. 1883. Otis. Murie, J. 1869. Paridae & Parus. Tichomirov, B. 1925. Pro- cettaria. Reichel, P. 1883. Regulus. Greschik, J. 1918b; Tichomirov, B. 1925. Development. Giacomini, E. 1890. Histology. Antony, M. 1920; Batelli, A. & Giacomini, E. 1892. Include birds. Bernard, C. 1852; Botezat, E. 1910a; Giacomini, E. 1890. Accentor, Cocco- thraustes, Coturnix, & Cypselus. Batelli, A. & Giacomini, E. 1889. Gallus. Heidrich, P. K. 1908. Gecinus, Pica. Strix, & Turdus. Batelli, A. & Gia- comini, E. 1889. Phylogeny of salivary glands. Botezat, E. 1910a. Physiology of salivary glands. Botezat, E. 1910a. Gallus. Heidrich, P. K. 1905. Includes birds. Bernard, C. 1852. Tongue glands Development. Anas & Passer. Kal- lius, E. 1905. Melopsittacus. Kallius, E. 1906. UROPYGEAL GLAND Books. Text in German. Gadow, H. F. 1891c. Many species. Nitzsch, C. L. & Burmeister, C. C. 1840. General. Coupin, H. 1914; *Schmidt, F. 1924; Tyson, E. 1683. Many spe- cies. Kossmann, R. 1871 ; Schumacher, S. 1919. Includes birds. Altmann, R. 1889. Anas. Pilliet, A. H. 1889. Anser. Plato, J. 1902. Circus. Pilliet, A. H. 1889. Columbae. Garrod, A. H. 1874d. Gallus. Crisp, E. 1862a; Pilliet, A. H. 1889. Passer & Sphenis- cus. Pilliet, A. H. 1889. Abnormal sebaceous horn-shaped ex- crescence. VaneUus. Ticehurst, C. B. 1910b. Development of uropygeal gland. Lunghetti, B. 1903, 1905. Gallus. Lunghetti, B. 1902; Orlandi, S. 1902. Feathers on gland. Figures for many species. Paris, P. 1910. Good figures of entire gland. Many species. Granvik, H. 1913. Significance in treatment of rickets by irradiation. Hou, H. C. 1931. Taxonomic consideration of uropy- geal gland. Psittacidae. Garrod, A. H. 1874e. Physiology General. Hussey, A. 1860; Matthews, H. S. 1861; Morris, F. 0. 1836b; Trouessart, E. L. 1906; Waterton, C. 1832b, 1860. Many species. Crisp, E. 1860; Paris, P. 1906b, 1910, 1913. Electrical characteristics. Strix flam- mea. Schauer, E. 1877. SECRETION General. Rohmann, F. 1902, 1904b. Anas & Anser. *Stern, M. 1905a. Linota cannabina. Monterosso, B. 1915. Extirpation effects. Anas. Joseph, M. 1891. Fetid secretion. Upupa. Ghidini, A. 1906; Wigger, P. 1906. Relation of secretion to oil and milk secreted by mammals. Anatidae. Jonge, D. 1878. Structure General. *Lunghetti, B. 1907. Many species. Crisp, E. 1860; Paris, P. Glands BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 228 1906b, 1910, 1911a; 'Schmidt, F. 1924. Callus. Orlandi, S. 1902. HISTOLOGY General. Lunghetti, H. 1903, 1905; Rohmann, F. 1904a; Stern, M. 1905b. Many species. Granvik, H. 1913; Holting, H. 1912. Anas & Anser. *Stern, M. 1905a. Gallus. Lunghetti, B. 1902. Linota cannabina. *Monte- rosso, B. 1915. Loxia. Paris, P. 1911b. Rhynchotus rufescens. Paris, P. 1912a. Cytology. Linota cannabina. Monte- rosso, B. 1915. GRAFTS Comprising publications involving experimental grafting or transplanta- tion of tissues and organs. See also under Embryology, Teratology, and Uro- genital system. Adult organ grafts into embryos. Gallus. Murphy, J. B. 1916. Effects on secondary sex characters. Gallus. Domm, L. V. 1931b. Heteroplastic tissue grafting. De- fense mechanism. Gallus. Murphy, J. B. 1912, 1913, 1914a, b, 1926. Homo- and heteroplastic grafts. Eggs and tissues of embryos and adult animals. Includes birds. Ikematsu, T. 1923. Individuality of tissues. Birds inci- dental. Loeb, L. 1921. Lymphocyte, role in grafting. Gallus. Murphy, J. B. 1926. Shell membrane use. Gallus. Book. Text in German. Haug, R. 1889. Subcutaneous graft. Eye. Gallus embryo. Fe're', C. 1897c. Suprarenal glands into young birds. Columbidae. Riddle, 0. & Minoura, T. 1923. Thyroid gland. Columba. Cristiani, H. 1904. Gallus. Cristiani, H. 1904; *Willier, B. H. 1923, 1924. EMBRYONIC GRAFTS General. Gallus. Tiesenhausen, M. 1909. Development of organs in embryonic grafts into skin of adult birds. Gallus. Fe're', C. & Elias, H. 1898. Embryonic tissue from different ani- mal species. Anas & Gallus. Kiyono, K. & Sueyasu, Y. 1917. Fate of embryonic tissue mixed with tumor tissue myxosarcoma. Anas, Columba, & Gallus. Mukoyama, T. & Yagi, K. 1923. Fragments. Gallus. Murray, P. D. & Huxley, J. S. 1925a. Internal shell membrane use in heteroplastic grafts. Amat, C. 1895. Reaction to embryonic grafts. Gal- lus. Fere", C. 1897e. BLASTODERM Developmental potencies of parts of early blastoderm. Gallus. Hoadley, L. 1926a. Fate. Gallus. Fe>e", C. 1895g. Forty-eight hour stage. Teratoma formation. Fere, C. 1897o. Grafts into adults of other species. Anas, Columba, & Gallus. Fe're, C. 1896b. GONADS Behavior. Gallus. Willier, B. H. 1925, 1927a. Relation to sexual differentiation. Gallus. Greenwood, A. W. 1925a, b. Sex hormone effects of embryonic grafted gonads. Gallus. Willier, B. H. 1927a. Sex not modified by host. Gallus. 'Willier, B. H. 1925, 1927b. LIMB BUDS Interchange of limbs. Gallus. Peebles, F. 1910. Longitudinal halves. Gallus. Selby, D. & Murray, P. D. 1928. Self differentiation. Gallus. Murray, P. D. & Huxley, J. S. 1925b. Subcutaneous. Strangeways, T. S. & Fell, H. B. 1926. MAMMALIAN TISSUE TRANSPLANTED IN BIRD EMBRYO Fate. Gattus. Murphy, J. B. 1914a. Rat embryo tissue into bird embryos. Gallus. Hiraiwa, Y. K. & Willier, B. H. 1927. 229 SUBJECT INDEX Grafts Ghorio-allantoic grafts Blastoderm portion containing heart and liver rudiments. Gallus. *Willier, B. H. & Rawles, M. E. 1931a. Embryonic rat tissue. Gallus. Hirai- wa, Y. K. 1927, 1930. Fragments of two-day chick. Gallus. Murray, P. D. 1928a. Gonads. Gallus. Corinaldesi, F. 1926, 1927a, b. Gonads and non-gonadic tissue. Gal- lus. Corinaldesi, F. 1926; *Willier, B. H. & Yuh, E. C. 1928. Limb buds. Gallus. Hunt, E. A. 1932; Murray, P. D. 1926, 1928a. Mesonephros. Gallus. Corinaldesi, F. 1926; *Willier, B. H. 1930. Neural tube. Gallus. Dantschakoff, W. & Agassiz, A. 1924. Ovary grafts. Effects on the embryo. Gallus. Minoura, T. 1921. General. Includes birds. Steinach, E. 1919a. Anas. Poll, H. 1909. Gal- lus. Caridroit, F. 1926; Field, G. W. 1901b; Finlay, G. F. 1925; Goodale, H. D. 1918a; Guthrie, C. C. 1910; Hanau, A. 1897; Petard, A. 1926, 1928; Pezard, A., Sand, K., & Caridroit, F. 1923a; Poll, H. 1909. Netta. Poll, H. 1909. Serinus. Schultz, W. 1915. Cross transplantation of gonads. Gallus. Roxas, H. A. 1926. Histology of graft. Greenwood, A. W. 1928. Transplanting gonads into cocks and capons. Gallus. Domm, L. V. 1928b. VARIOUS EFFECTS Endocrine. Gallus. Pezard, A. 191 Ic, 1921c; Pezard, A., Sand, K., & Cari- droit, F. 1924h. Plumage. Gallus. Greenwood, A. W. 1928. Reactions. Gallus. Huxley, J. S. & Sex - Pezard, A. 1918. Murray, P. D. 1924. Skin. Gattus. Murray, P. D. 1928a. Spleen tissue. Gallus. *Dantscha- koff, W. 1918a, b. Testes. Effects on the embryo. Gal- lus. Minoura, T. 1921. Ovary grafts General. Anas. Kaltenbach, R. 1917. Development and function. Gallus. Pezard, A., Sand, K., & Caridroit, F. 1924a. DIFFERENTIATION General. Gallus. Hoadley, L. 1924, 1925. Anas tissue on Anas and Gallus. Sandstrom, C. J. 1932. Capacity of blastoderm. Gallus. *Willier, B. H. & Rawles, M. E. 1931 b. Isolated liver and pancreatic pri- mordia in chorio-allantoic grafts. Gal- lus. Holton, R. G. 1929. Kidney tissue of Anas on chorio- allantoic membrane of Gallus. Sand- strom, C. J. 1929. GROWTH Grafts from various organs. Gallus. *Dantschakoff, W. 1924. Kidney tissue of Anas on Anas and Gallus. Sandstrom, C. J. 1932. GONAD GRAFTS Book. Text in Russian with German re'sume. Includes Gallus. Zawadowsky, M. M. 1922. Failure to function. Gallus. Daven- port, C. B. 1910c, 1911c. Functioning grafts. Gallus. *Guth- rie, C. C. 1907, 1908, 1910. Into offspring. Gallus. Guthrie, C. C. 1911. Plumage effects. Gallus. Pezard, A., Sand, K., & Caridroit, F. 1926g. Regeneration of extirpated ovaries. *Davenport, C. B. 1911c. Testis development in interior. Gal- lus. Caridroit, F. & Pezard, A. 1925. OVARY GRAFTS INTO MALE Castrated male. Sex hormone effects. Gallus. Domm, L. V. 1928c; Goodale, H. D. 1917b. Effect on race characters. Gallus. P&sard, A., Sand, K., & Caridroit, F. 1924f, 1. Feminization. Gallus. *Goodale, H. D. 1914, 1918a. Grafts BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 230 Testes grafts General. Gallus. Caridroit, F. & RSgnier, V. 1929b; Lode, A. 1895; Pezard, A. 1913b, d. Histogenesis. Gallus. Caridroit, F. 1925a. Juvenile testicular tissue into hyper- trophied right gonad of ovariotomized bird. Gallus. Domm, L. V. 1930c. Plumage and secondary sex charac- ter effects. Gallus. Foges, A. 1898, 1903. Survival of testis graft in presence of active ovary. Gallus. Pezard, A., Sand, K., & Caridroit, F. 1924J. INTEGUMENTAL GRAFTS Comb grafts On back, head, and legs. Gallus. Kozelka, A. W. 1929. HOMOPLASTIC GRAFTS Elimination of innervation in testing for sex hormone effects. Gallus. Cari- droit, F. 1925b. Fragments of comb. Male hormone effects. Caridroit, F. & Pezard, A. 1926. Skin transplants with observations on feather development General. Gallus. Danforth, C. H. & Foster, F. 1927. Crests of crested fowl. Gallus. Klatt, B. 1917; Mauclaire, . 1923. Subcutaneous. Hybrids. Schultz, W. 1913. White plumage retained on brown bird. Gallus. Kozelka, A. W. 1929. PATCHES OF SKIN TO OTHER SPECIES General. Columbidae & Fringillidae. *Schultz, W. 1912. Guinea-pig skin on to Columba. Loeb, L. & Addison, W. H. 1908. Skin grafts of Columba onto Columba, Gallus, frog, guinea pig, and rabbit. Loeb, L. & Addison, W. H. 1911. SEX DIFFERENTIATION General. Gallus. Masui, K. 1930. Feathers retained sex characters. Gallus. Danforth, C. H. 1928. Sex reversal. Gallus. Danforth, C. H. 1929b. Spur grafts on Back and legs. Gallus. Kozelka, A. W. 1929. HEAD General. Gallus. Behrends, . 1890; Brunotte, C. 1907; Gadeau de Kerville, H. 1896; Kozelka, A. W. 1929; Wardrop, J. 1840. Capons. Gallus. Book. Text in Italian. Redi, F. 1688. Comb. Fe>e", C. 1900e; Graf, H. 1926; Philipeaux, J. M. 1872. Heteroplastic grafts. Gallus. V., D. 1899. TUMOR GRAFTS Chicken sarcoma into embryo. Gal- lus. Murphy, J. B. & Rous, F. P. 1912. Different animals into Anas & Gallus. Kiyono, K. & Sueyasu, Y. 1921. Rat sarcoma into Adult bird. Gallus. Shirai, C. 1923. Brain. Includes birds. Shirai, C. 1922. Columba. Yamazaki, K. 1922. Embryo. Gallus. Murphy, J. B. 1912. GROWTH See also under Embryology and Life histories. Books. Text in English. Include Gallus. Minot, C. S. 1908; Robertson, T. B. 1923. Phalacrocorax auritus. Lewis, H. F. 1929. General. Grobbels, F. 1927g. In- clude birds. Davy, J. 1860, 1862. Anas. Horton, D. H. 1928; Titus, H. W. 1928b. Aquila chrysaetos cana- densis. Sumner, E. L. 1929. Aquila glitchii. Sushkin, P. P. 1896a. Bomby- cilla. Phillips, G. G. 1913. Bubo v. virginianus. Gardner, L. L. 1929; Reed, B. P. 1925. Calypte. Woods, R. S. 1922. Cariama cristala. Hein- roth, O. 1924a. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. Bergtold, W. H. 1914; Keeler, C. A. 1890. Circus hudsonius. Shelley, L. O. 1935. Include Columba. Brody, S. and others 1926, 1930. 231 SUBJECT INDEX Growth Cuculus. Bahr, P. H. 1908a; Gurney, J. H. Jr. 1905. Falco sparverius. Sher- man, A. R. 1913b. Falcones. Sumner, E. L. 1933. Gallus. Fe>e", C. 1901a; Henderson, D. C. 1928; Hendricks, W. A. & Lee, A. R. 1929; Latimer, H. B. 1932; Mairs, T. 1. 1908; Mitchell, H. H., Card, L. E., & Hamilton, T. S. 1926; Philips, A. G. 1916a; "Schmal- hausen, I. 1927. Include Gallus. Brody, S. and others 1926, 1930. Guara. Beebe, C. W. 1914c. Hirundo erythrogaster. Stoner, D. 1935b. Hylo- cichla. Perry, W. A. & Perry, E. M. 1918. Include Meleagris. Brody, S. and others 1926, 1930. Nyctlcorax n. naevius [hoactti]. Gross, A. O. 1923a. Pooecetes g. gramineus. Perry, W. A. & Perry, E. M. 1918. Include Struthio. Brody, S. and others 1926, 1930. Turdus m. migratorius. Wells, D. A. 1861. Zenaidura. Nice, M. M. 1921. In laboratory. Gallus. Drummond, J. C. 1916-17. Unequal growth. Accipiter nisus. Warga, K. 1929b. Variation in growth. Gallus. Funk, E. M., Knandel, H. C., & Callenbach, -' W I 7iiU. Growth of various structures General. Gallus. Latimer, H. B. 1925a. Appendages of head. Gallus. Domm, L. V. 1930b. Beak. Kohn, A. 1877. Body. Columbidae. Riddle, 0. 1928b. Cells. Columba. Kaufman, L. 1925. Comb. Fluctuations. Gallus. Benoit, J. 1927d; Smith, G. 1911. Connective tissue in tissue culture. Gallus. *Carrel, A. 1913b, 1914. Epidermis. Compared with guinea pig. Columba. *Addison, W. H. & Loeb, L. 1913. Heart. Hasebroek, K. 1917. Muscles. Columba. Kaufman, L. 1926b. Ovary. Gallus. Sindo, T. 1929; Stieve, H. 1918. Spleen. Gallus. Carrel, A. & Bur- rows, M. T. 1911. Weights compared. Gallus. Latimer, H. B. 1925c. Wings. Changes in proportions dur- ing development. Measurements. Marples, B. J. 1930. FEATHERS General. Gliozzi, S. 1926. Calypte Woods, R. S. 1922. Falcones. Sumner, E. L. 1933. Gallus. Juhn, M. & Fraps R. M. 1934. Rectrices. Long-tailed Japanese fowls. Gallus. ""Cunningham, J. T. 1901, 1903; Dean, B. 1907; Forbin, P. 1908. Experimental studies General. Many species. Gliozzi, S. 1926; *Riddle, 0. 1908b. Sex hormone injections. Gallus. *Juhn, M., Faulkner, G. H., & Gustav- son, R. G. 1931. NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain. Gallus. Latimer, H. B. 1924a. Brain and spinal cord. Weights at various stages. Gallus. Latimer, H. B 1925b. SKELETON General. Latimer, H. B. 1923. Columba. Kaufman, L. 1926b. Bones of limbs. Gallus. Schmal- hausen, I. & Stepanowa, J. 1926. Long bones. Columba & Gallus. Maas, H. 1877. Weight comparisons. Gallus. Latimer, H. B. 1927. CORRELATIONS Body weight and age at sexual maturity. Gallus. Hays, F. A. 1933a. Carotinoid pigments, occurrence. Gallus. Palmer, L. S. 1919. Early post-embryonic growth of internal organs and body. Anas & Gallus. Kaufman, L. 1927. Columba. Kaufman, L. 1926b. Metabolic rate and differentiation of embryo. Gallus. Murray, H. A. 1925a. Negative correlations of later post- embryonic growth of internal organs and organs of flight. Columba. Kauf- man, L. 1926b. Relation to specific gravity of egg. Gallus. Mussehl, F. E. & Halbersleben, D. L. 1923. Growth BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 232 Sex. Gallus. Holmes, A. D., Pigott, M. G., & Campbell, P. A. 1932; Jull, M. A. 1923a. EMBRYONIC GROWTH General. Gallus. *Fischel, A. 1896; Graper, L. 1911 ; Romanoff, A. L. 1929a; *Schmalhausen, I. 1926, 1927. Blastoderm. Experimental. Gallus. Strahl, H. & Grundmann, E. 1902. Centers of growth. Gallus. Schaper, A. & Cohen, C. 1905. Cycles in growth of embryo. Gallus. Romanoff, A. L. 1929a. Embryonic tissue. Gallus. Thomson, D. 1914a, b. Growth rate graph. Gallus. *Schmal- hausen, I. 1926. Local growth in dead embryos. Byerly, T. C. 1926c. PHYSIOLOGY OF GROWTH General. Includes Gallus. Kolb, K. 1921. Negative acceleration of embryo. Gallus. Cohn, A. E. & Murray, H. A. 1925. Experimental feeding General. Gallus. Allardyce, J. W., Henderson, W., & Asmundson, V. S. 1933; Bethke, R. M., Kennard, D. C., & Kik, M. C. 1925; Hart, E. B., Halpin, J. G., & McCollum, E. V. 1917; Hart, E. B., Halpin, J. G., & Steenbock, H. 1917; Hogan, A. G., Hunter, J. E., & Kempster, H. L. 1928; Hogan, A. G., Shrewsbury, C. L., & Kempster, H. L. 1928; Jull, M. A. & Titus, H. W. 1928; Prange, R. W., Carrick, C. W., & Hauge, S. M. 1928; Titus, H. W. & Jull, M. A. 1928. Amino acid content of diet. Gallus. Osborne, T. B. & Mendel, L. B. 1916. Calcium from various sources. Gal- lus. Massengale, O. N. & Platt, C. S. 1930. Cod liver oil. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. 1924a. Fluorine effects. Gallus. Hauck, H. M., Steenbock, H., Lowe, J. T., & Halpin, J. G. 1933. Forced feeding, effects on viscera in normal and castrated birds. Gallus. Yosikawa, M. & Tomisima, R. 1932. Gritless diet. Gallus. Buckner, G. D., Martin, J. H., & Peter, A. M. 1926. Ground phosphate rock. Halpin, J. G. & Lamb, A. R. 1932. Inadequate diet, effects on weights of internal organs. Gallus. Hogan, A. G., Shrewsbury, C. L., & Kempster, H. L. 1929b. Mineral requirements. Gallus. Kaupp, B. F. 1918b, 1919c. Philippine foods. Gallus. Cruz, F. F. 1918. Requirements. Gallus. Hendricks, W. A., Jull, M. A., & Titus, H. W. 1932. Value of yeast. Gallus. Mussehl, F. E. & Ackerson, C. W. 1931. Factors Autointoxication in growth of embryo. Includes Gallus. Houssay, F. 1902b. Confinement conditions. Gallus. Osborne, T. B. & Mendel, L. B. 1918. Early handicaps. Gallus. Parker, S. L. 1929. Extirpation of gonads and pineal body. Gallus. Yokoh, A. 1927. Plant carotinoid pigments. Gallus. Palmer, L. S. & Kempster, H. L. 1919a, b, c. Suffocation, effects. Gallus. *Byerly, T. C. 1926b. Temperature, effects. Gallus. *Edwards, C. L. 1902; Henderson, E. W. 1930; Henderson, E. W. & Brody, S. 1927. Thyroidectomy. Anas & Anser. Parhon, C. J. & Parhon, C. 1924. Tolerance to nicotine. Gallus. Hunter, J. E. & Haley, D. E. 1930. LIGHT General. Gallus. Hart, E. B. & others 1922. Sunlight. Gallus. Bethke, R. M., Kennard, D. C., & Kik, M. C. 1925. Ultraviolet light. Gallus. Wood, W. F. 1926. Glandular extract effects Anterior lobe of hypophysis. Gallus. Wulzen, R. 1915; Pearl, R. 1916f, i; Winternitz, M. C. 1919. 233 SUBJECT INDEX Growth Thyroid extract. E. 1925. Callus. Reggiani, Sex hormone effects General. Pfeard, A. 1919b. Callus. Hogben, L. T. 1924. Corpus luteum. Callus. Pearl, R. 1916f, i. RATE OF GROWTH General. Anas. Kaufman, L. 1927. Columba. Brody, S. 1926; Kaufman, L. 1926b. Columbidae. Riddle, O. 1928b; Riddle, O., Charles, D. R., & Cauthen, G. E. 1932. Callus. Brody, S. 1921a, 1926, 1927a, b; Buckner, G. D., Wilkins, R. H., & Kastle, J. H. 1918; Card, L. E. & Kirkpatrick, W. F. 1918; Hays, F. A. & Sanborn, R. 1929; Kaufman, L. 1927; Kaupp, B. F. 1921-22; Kempster, H. L. & Hender- son, E. W. 1923; Upp, C. W. 1928a. Mekagris. Funk, E. M. 1930. Age cycles in growth. Callus. Brody, S. & Ragsdale, A. C. 1922. Climatic relation. Gloger, C. W. 1860c. Daily records. Callus. Fe>e\ C. 1898b. Early growth rate. Callus. *Goodale, H. D. 1926a. Embryo. Callus. Henderson, E. W. 1930. Relation to time of hatching. Callus. Upp, C. W. & Thompson, R. B. 1927. Experimental Acceleration by diet. Callus. Hogan, A. G., Hunter, J. E., & Kempster, H. L. 1928; Hogan, A. G., Shrewsbury, C. L., & Kempster, H. L. 1928. Calcium salts effects. Callus. Pearl, R. 1916d. Capons compared with cockerels. Food consumption. Callus. Waite, R. H. 1920a. Thyroid feeding. Callus. Crew, F. A. & Huxley, J. S. 1923a. Ultraviolet light irradiation effects. Callus. ,Goodale, H. D. 1926a. Various structures Brain. Anas & Callus. Kaufman, L. 1927. Eyes. Anas & Callus. Kaufman, L. 1927. Foot. Megapodius. Friedmann, H. 1931. Gonads. Columbidae. Riddle, O. 1928b. Heart. Anas&Gallus. Kaufman, L. 1927. Internal organs. Anas & Callus. Kaufman, L. 1927. Columba. Kauf- man, L. 1926b. Spinal cord. Includes birds. Milone, S. 1921. FEATHERS General. Heinroth, O. 1906b. Developing feather germs. Holmes, A. 1935. Callus. Lillie, F. R. 1932a; Martin, J. H. 1929b. Growth rate correlation with length of feather. Anas, Anser, Columba, & Callus. Streich. G. & Swetosarov, E. 1937. HABITS This section does not cover all the literature dealing with the habits of birds. See also under Behavior, Ecol- ogy, Life histories, Natural history, and Taxonomy. For references to hab- its of birds in ancient Greek and Roman literature see Lenz, H. O. 1856. Book. Text in German. Books. Text in English. Aristotle 1910; *Audubon, J. J. 1831-39; Blan- chan, N. 1898; Cordier, A. H. 1923; Dixon, C. 1897a; Gilbert, H. A. & Brook, A. 1924; Gray, G. R. 1844-49; Hudson, W. H. 1920a; Hunter, J. 1861; Jardine, W. 1833-43; Jennings, J. 1829; Mosenthal, J. & Harting, J. E. 1879; Shelley, G. E. 1872; Stanley, E. 1848. Many species. Kidd, W. 1856a, b, c. Include birds. Allee, W. C. & Allee, M. H. 1925; Brown, T. 1876; Ealand, C. A. 1921 ; Morgan, C. L. 1896a. Div- ing birds. *Dewar, J. M. 1924. Trop- ical birds. Wallace, A. R. 1878. Alce- dinidae. Sharpe, R. B. 1868-71. Anatidae. Elliot, D. G. 1898; Millais, J. G. 1902b; Phillips, J. C. 1922-26. Apteryx. Mosenthal, J. & Harting, J. E. 1879. Aquila. Gilbert, H. A. & Brook, A. 1925. Aquila chrysaetos canadensis. Gordon, S. P. 1927; Mac- pherson, H. B. 1909a. Casuarius. Habits BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 234 Mosenthal, J. & Harting, J. E. 1879. Collnus v. virginianus. *Stoddard, H. L. 1925b, 1926b, 1931. Columbae. Whitman, C. 0. 1919a. Coraciidae. Dresser, H. E. 1893. Dromiceius. Mosenthal, J. & Harting, J. E. 1879. Falconiformes. Swann, H. K. 1924. Haliaeetus. Gilbert, H. A. & Brook, A. 1925. Menura. Littlejohns, R. T. 1933. Meropidae. Dresser, H. E. 1884-86. Molothrus. Friedmann, H. 1929. Nectariniidae. Shelley, G. E. 1876-80. Phalacrocorax auritus. Lewis, H. F. 1929. Plautus impennis. Towns- end, C. W. 1911a. Rhamphastidae. Gould, J. 1833-35, 1855. Rhea. Mosenthal, J. & Harting, J. E. 1879. Sphenisciformes. Levick, G. M. 1914. Struthio. Martin, A. 1891; Mosenthal, J. & Harting, J. E. 1879. Sturnus vul- garis. Bready, M. B. 1929. Syrrhaptes paradoxus. Tegetmeier, W. B. 1888. Trochilidae. Gould, J. 1861b. Turdi- dae. Seebohm, H. & Sharpe, R. B. 1898-1902. Tympanuchus cupido amer- icanus. Gross, A. O. 1930. Text in French. Berthoud, S. H. 1891. Text in German. Aristotle 1868. Lucanus, F. K. 1925; Reichenau, W. 1887. Swimming birds. Floericke, C. E. 1898. Falconiformes. Schlegel, H. 1845. Picidae. Marshall, W. A. 1889. Text in Latin. Aldrovandus, U. 1610-13; Plinius, C. 1832-34. General. Abbott, C. C. 1876a; Abel, O. 1911; Alexander, H. G. 1921; Fyfe, W. W. 1867a, b; Grobbels, F. 191 la; Haskins, C. H. 1921; Pommerol, F. 1900. Include birds. Hunter, J. 1868; Seemann, W. 1898. Palearctica. Moreau, R. E. & Moreau, W. M. 1928. Tropics. Book. Text in English. Wallace, A. R. 1878. AFRICA Book. Text in English. Shelley, G. E. & Sclater, W. L. 1896-1912. Belgian Congo. Chapin, J. P. 1932. Central Africa. Gyldenstolpe, N. C. 1924. Book. Text in English. Jack- son, F. J. 1926. East Africa. Egypt. Hartmann, R. 1864. Book. Text in English. Shelley, G. E. 1872. Nubia. Hartmann, R. 1864. Nyasaland. Roberts, C. C. 1924. Sudan. Phillips, J. C. 1914a. Madagascar. Sibree, J. 1891. South Africa. Books. Text in English. FitzSimons, F. W. 1923; Stark, A. C. & Sclater, W. L. 1900-06. Tropical West Africa. Book. Text in English. Bannerman, D. A. 1930-36. AMERICA North America Books. Text in English. Bendire, C. E. 1892-95; Langille, J. H. 1884; Wilson, A. & Bonaparte, C. L. 1831; Wilson, A., Bonaparte, C. L., Ord, G., & Jardine, W. 1832, 1876. Water birds. Elliot, D. G. 1898; Phillips, J. C. & Lincoln, F. C. 1930. Anseres. Bent, A. C. 1923, 1925. Charadriiformes. Elliot, D. G. 1895. Compsothlypidae. Chapman, F. M. 1907b. Columbiformes. Bent, A. C. 1932. Falconiformes. Bent, A. C. 1937. Galliformes. Bent, A. C. 1932. Herodiones. Bent, A. C. 1926. Limicolae. Bent, A. C. 1927, 1929. Longipennes. Bent, A. C. 1921. Odontoglossae & Poludicolae. Bent, A. C. 1926. Pygopodes. Bent, A. C. 1919. Pelecaniformes & Procellariifor- mes. Bent, A. C. 1922. Deserts of North America. Ober- holser, H. C. 1921. Greenland. Nicholson, E. M. 1930. Book. Text in Danish. Schi01er, E. T. 1925-31. Northeastern coast. Game birds. Book. Text in English. Rich, W. H. 1907. Pacific coast. Book. Text in English. Eliot, W. A. 1923. ALASKA General. Hersey, F. S. 1917. CANADA Labrador. Palmer, W. 1890. Manitoba. Seton, E. T. 1891. Newfoundland. Palmer, W. 1890. Ontario. Sturnus vulgaris. Lewis, H. F. 1927b. Quebec General. Mousley, W. H. 192 la. Funk, Magdalen, Mingan, & Pen- guin islands. Palmer, W. 1890. 235 SUBJECT INDEX Habits Vancouver Island. Alford, C. E. 1928. UNITED STATES Book. Text in English. Pearson, T. G. 1917. General. Game birds. Elliot, D. G. 1865. Western United States. Book. Text in English. Myers, H. W. 1922. Alabama. Book. Text in English. Howell, A. H. 1924. California. Islands off southern coast. Howell, A. B. 1917. Colorado. Book. Text in English. Sclater, W. L. 1912. Dakota. Bailey, F. A. 1915. Florida. Book. Text in English. Howell, A. H. 1932. Ardeae. Bent, A. C. 1904. Illinois. Book. Text in English. Silloway, P. M. 1897. Iowa. Bailey, B. H. 1918. Kansas City region. Harris, H. 1919. Louisiana water-birds. Bailey, A. M. 1919. Maine. Brewster, W. 1924. Book. Text in English. Knight, O. W. 1908. Massachusetts. Forbush, E. H. 1903, 1909-19. Phaeopus hudsonicus. Mackay, G. H. 1892c. New Jersey. Abbott, C. G. 1907; Stone, W. 1909. New Mexico. Lake Burford. Wet- more, A. 1920e. New York. Long Island. Charadri- iformes. Nichols, J. T. & Harper, F. 1916. Oneida Lake region. Stoner, D. 1932. North Carolina. Book. Text in English. Skinner, M. P. & Achorn, J. W. 1928. Ohio. Book. Text in English. Dawson, W. L. & Jones, L. 1903. Rapacious birds. Kirkpatrick, J. 1859. Oklahoma. Nice, M. M. 1931a. Picidae. Crabb, E. D. 1930. Oregon. Gabrielson, I. N. 1924b. Pennsylvania. Wissahickon Hills. Book. Text in English. Weygandt, C. 1930. Rhode Island. Phalacrocorax dilo- phus [a. auritus]. Mackay, G. H. 1894b. South Carolina. Book. Text in English. Wayne, A. T. 1910. Virginia. Clayton, J. 1694. Washington. Book. Text in English. Dawson, W. L. & Bowles, J. H. 1909. West Virginia. Brooks, E. A. 1908. WEST INDIES Barbados Island. Bond, J. 1929. Bermuda Islands. Plath, K. 1914. Dominica Island. Bond, J. 1929. Guadeloupe Island. Noble, G. K. 1916. Haiti. Bond, J. 1929. Jamaica. Scott, W. E. 1891a, b. St. Lucia Island. Bond, J. 1929. St. Vincent Island. Bond, J. 1929. Tobago and Trinidad. Williams, C. B. 1922a. Middle America Mexico. Saussure, H. L. 1858. Panama, Barro Colorado Island. Gross, A. O. 1927a. Book. Text in English. Allee, W. C. & Allee, M. H. 1925. South America General. Wetmore, A. 1926e. Oce- anic birds. Book. Text in English. *Murphy, R. C. 1936. Argentina. Friedmann, H. 1927b. Ardeidae. Hudson, W. H. 1875. Progne. Hudson, W. H. 1872. British Guiana. Beebe, C. W., Hartley, G. I., and others 1917. Book. Text in English. Chubb, C. 1916. Falkland Islands. Brooks, W. S. 1917. Galapagos Islands. Snodgrass, R. E. & Heller, E. 1904; Swarth, H. S. 1931. Orinoco region. Cherrie, G. K. 1916. Peru, islands of. Book. Text in Eng- lish. Murphy, R. C. 1925. South Georgia Island. Spheniscidae. Murphy, R. C. 1915c. Venezuela. Book. Text in English. Beebe, C. W. 1909a. Habits BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 236 ASIA Arabia. Bates, G. L. & Philby, H. S. 1936. Ceylon. Legge, W. V. 1874. China. Mell, R. 1923. Book. Text in English. Gee, N. G. & Mdffett, L. I. 1917. India. Adams, A. L. 1858; Philipps, T. 1857. Book. Text in English. Whistler, H. 1935. Palestine. Tristram, H. B. 1865. EUROPE Books. Text in German. Arnold, F. 1897; Gloger, C. W. 1834; Heinroth, 0. & Heinroth, M. 1924-28. Falconi- formes. Schlegel, H. 1845. British Isles. Hepburn, A. 1843d. Books. Text in English. Gould, J. 1862-73; Morris, F. O. 1870. Song birds. Nash, J. 1872. Ireland. Book. Text in English. Ussher, R. J. & Warren, R. 1900. Denmark. Elwes, H. J. 1880. Book. Text in Danish. Schiller, E. T. 1925-31. Finland, southern. Palmgren, P. 1928. France. Savoie. Bailly, J. B. 1850. Germany. Holtz, L. 1865. Book. Text in German. Brehm, C. L. 1820- 22. Corvus. *R6rig, G. 1900a. Iceland. Book. Text in Danish. Schi01er, E. T. 1925-31. The Netherlands. Book. Text in Dutch, van Oort, E. D. 1922-35. Norway. Spitzbergen. Birula, A. 1910; Newton, A. 1865. OCEANICA Australia Books. Text in English. Gould, J. 1865; Mathews, G. M. 1910-28. General. Ardeae. Mattingly, A. H. 1908c. Abrolhos Islands. Alexander, W. B. 1922. New South Wales. Hyem, E. L. 1936. North Queensland. Robinson, H. C. & Laverock, W. S. 1900. Hawaiian Islands General. Perkins, R. C. 1895. Laysan Island. Dill, H. R. 1912; Fisher, W. K. 1903a, b. Leeward Islands. Fisher, W. K. 1*3*. New Zealand Book. Text in English. Stead, E. F. 1932. General. Buller, W. L. 1870; Haast, J. 1862. "Bush-birds." McLean, J. C. 1907. Philippine Islands General. Ogilvie-Grant, W. R. 1895a. Polynesia Fiji Islands. Layard, E. L. 1876a. Samoa. Whitmee, S. J. 1875a. OCEANS Book. Text in English. Alexander, W. B. 1928. Antarctic Ocean. Siple, P. A. & Lindsey, A. A. 1937. Books. Text in English. Lowe, P. R. & Kinnear, N. B. 1930. Text in French. Menegaux, H. A. 1907a. Arctic Ocean region. Book. Text in German. Faber, F. 1925-26. North Atlantic Ocean. Wynne- Edwards, V. C. 1935b. Southern oceans. Hutton, F. W. 1865. VARIOUS BIRDS Accipiter n. nisus. Maniquet, E. 1927; Owen, J. H. 1915. Agelaius p. phoeniceus. Allen, A. A. 1914b. Aix. *Dixon, J. S. 1924. Alcedo. Waterton, C. 1835d. Ampelis garrulus. Schaan- ning, H. T. 1917. Anas boschas. La Fresnaye, F. 1842; Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1923a; Waterton, C. 1835e. Anas [Somateria] mollissima. Eudes-Des- longchamps, J. A. 1841b. Anas ru- bripes trislis. Wright, H. W. 1919. Anatidae. Alford, C. E. 1921; Crisp, E. 1861; Griscom, L. 1922. Anser. La Fresnaye, F. 1842. Anserinae. Chris- toleit, E. 1929. Aptenodytes. Bennett, G. 1834b. Apteryx. Haeusler, H. R. 1923; Schaff, E. A. 1892; Wolley, J. 1852. Aquila glitchii. Sushkin, P. P. 237 SUBJECT INDEX Habits 1896a. Archaeopteryx. Hurst, C. H. 1895. Ardea. Waterton, C. 1835c. Ardetta minuta. Lucanus, F. K. 1914. Arenaria i. interpres. Smith, C. B. 1909. Asio. Goddard, T. R. 1935. Astur palumbarius. Weckwerth, W. 1925. Bonasa u. umbellus. Gross, A. O. 1928. Buceros. Bartlett, A. D. 1869; Gloger, C. W. 1854J; Shelford, R. 1899. Bucerotidae. Anderson, J. 1877. Buteo. Stresemann, E. 1925d. Buteo p. platypterus. Burns, F. L. 1911. Campephilus principalis. Kennard, F. H. 1915b. Caprimulgus europaeus. Selous, E. 1899. Carpodacus. Berg- told, W. H. 1914. Casuarius. Roths- child, L. W. 1901. Casuarius bennetti. Powell, W. 1880. Catharacta. Momi- yama, T. 1921; Service, R. 1910. Cathartes. Owen, R. 1837. Cepphus. Waterton, C. 1835b. Charadriidae. Dewar, J. M. 1912. Charadrius [Pluvi- alis] d. dominions. Mackay, G. H. 1891a. Charadrius [Squatarola] squa- tarola. Mackay, G. H. 1892b. Chor- deiles. Gross, A. O. 1926b. Ciconia. Baker, W. 1850. Ciconia c. ciconia. Schenk, J. 1908a. Cinclus. Cordier, A. H. 1927; Crisp, E. 1865; Ehinger, C. E. 1930. Circus hudsonius. Fisher, A. K. 1889d. Clangula c. americana. Brewster, W. 1900. Clangula hyemalis. Mackay, G. H. 1892d. Colaptes. Burns, F. L. 1900. Columba. Harris, E. D. 1868; Townsend, C. W. 1915. Columba [Ectopistes] migratorius. Audu- bon, J. J. 1827. Columba palumbus. Waterton, C. 1834a. Columbidae. Gates, W. H. 1909; McAtee, W. L. 1910b. Colymbus. Dubois, A. D. 1919. Colymbus stellatus. van Oordt, G. J. & Huxley, J. S. 1922. Coracias. Phillipps, R. 1898. Corvidae. Pearson, T. G. 1933a. Corvus. Gardner, L. L. 1926; Townsend, C. W. 1918. Corvus c. cor ax. Neale, J. J. 1901. Corvus c. corone. Meise, W. 1928; Waterton, C. 1833a. Corvus f. frugilegus. Hauer, B. 1904; Waterton, C. 1834b. Corvus m. monedula. Waterton, C. 1833d. Cryp- turus. Beebe, C. W. 1925b. Cuculus. Gurney, J. H. Jr. 1899a; Ley, A. 1896; Oliver, H. A. 1889; Schreiber, J. A. 1827; Vian, J. 1865. Cuculus saturatus. Kawaguchi, M. 1919. Cygninae. Beebe, C. W. 1906e. Cygnus. *Christoleit, E. 1926a. Cypseloides. Michael, E. 1926. Dendragapus obscurus [/.] fuliginosus. Bendire, C. E. 1889. Dendroica c. caeru- lescens. Mousley, W. H. 1917a. Didun- culus. Bennett, G. 1864. Diomedea. *Fisher, W. K. 1904b. Diomedea exulans. Reischek, A. 1889. Drepan- ididae. Perkins, R. C. 1901. Dryobates villosus. Van Aken, A. G. 1883. Ectopistes migratorius. Dury, C. 1910b. Eudromias morinellus. Angelini, G. 1906. Eurynorhynchus. Dixon, J. S. 1918. Falco eleonorae. Kriiper, T. J. 1864. Falco mexicanus. Tyler, J. G. 1923. Falco peregrinus anatum. Allen, J. A. 1866. Fregata aquila. Chapman, F. M. 1908. Fringilla. Iverus, J. D. 1902. Fulmarus. Anthony, A. W. 1895b. Gallinago. Wormald, H. 1909b. Gal- linago gallinago. Stubbs, F. J. 191 la. Gallinula chloropus. Brewster, W. 1891; Coopman, L. 1923; Evans, A. 1850. Gallinula porzana. Floericke, C. E. 1890a. Gennaeus. Seth-Smith, D. 1915b. Geococcyx. Bryant, H. C. 1916a. Geothlypis. Shaver, N. E. 1918. Glaucidium. Ihering, H. 1899. Gruinae. Astley, H. D. 1901. Grus canadensis tabida. Caton, J. D. 1880. Gypaetus barbatus. Kamner, A. 1922-24. Gypo- ictinia. Bennett, K. H. 1882. Haliae- etus leucocephalus. Brooks, A. 1922; "Herrick, F. H. 1924c, 1932. Harelda hyemalis. Hull, E. D. 1914. Hetera- locha. Buller, W. L. 1871. Hirundo. Brewer, T. M. 1839; Iverus, J. D. 1902. Hirundo rupestris. Moggridge, M. W. 1863. Hirundo [Stelgidopteryx rufi- collis] serripennis. Van Fleet, W. 1876. Icteridae. Bailey, V. 1888. Lagopus. Morand, P. 1913. Lampronessa sponsa. Heinroth, 0. 1910a. Lanius. Miller, A. H. 1931. Larus argentatus. Bart- lett, A. D. 1859; Dunlop, E. B. 1916; Butcher, W. & Baily, W. L. 1903; Langille, J. H. 1892; Lucas, F. A. 1892a; Popham, H. L. 1894; Strong, R. M. 1914. Larus pipixcan. Bailey, V. 1888. Larus r. ridibundus. Noll, H. 1931; Stadie, R. 1929. Leucosticte tephro- cotis littoralis. Shaw, W. T. 1936. Lophortyx. Gprsuch, D. 1934. Lophor- tyx c. californica. Stunner, E. L. 1935. Loxia. Fisher, W. H. 1888a. Mareca penelope. Waterton, C. 1835g. Megalaema. Dodsworth, P. T. 1912a. Megapodidae. *Le Souef, W. H. 1899. Megascops [Otus] asio. Fisher, A. K. 1889a. Megascops [Otus] flammeolus. Fisher, A. K. 1889c. Mekagris gallo- pavo. Grinnell, G. B. 1909; Pennant, T. 1781. Meleagris ocellata. Cabot, S. 1844b. Melospiza. Nice, M. M. 1933a, b, c, e. Menurus. Lewis, G. A. 1871a. Mergus. Christoleit, E. 1927a. Mergus senator. Szie- lasko, A. E. 1895. Micropus melano- leucus. Shufeldt, R. W. 1887g. Molo- Habits BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 238 thrus. Bendire, C. E. 1895. Nephoe- cetes niger borealis. Rathbun, S. F. 1925. Nestor notabilis. Potts, T. H. 1881; White, T. 1895. Nycticorax n. naevius [hoactli]. Gross, A. O. 1923a. Ocydromus. Wolley, J. 1852. Oedic- nemus crepitans. Ogilvie, F. M. 1891. Oidemia. Mackay, G. H. 1891b. Opisthocomus. Beebe, C. W. 1909b; Deville, E. 1852. Opisthocomus cris- tatus. Quelch, J. J. 1890. Otis. Lafourcade, P. 1890. Otis tarda. Yar- rell, W. 1855. Otus asio. Allen, A. A. 1924. Palamedea cornuta. Martin, W. C. 1842. Paradiseidae. Simson, C. C. 1907. Passer. Townsend, C. W. 1909b. Passerella iliaca. Linsdale, J. M. 1928c. Passeriformes. Trillon, J. 1887. Pavo cristatus. Heron, R. 1835. Pavoncella pugnax. Csorgey, T. 1922. Pedioecetes. Johnson, C. E. 1934. Pelecanoididae. Murphy, R. C. & Harper, F. 1921. Perisoreus cana- densis capitalis. Skinner, M. P. 1921. Pernis a. apivorus. Maniquet, L. 1926. Phaethonflavirostris. Scott, W. E. 1891a. Phalacrocorax. Waterton, C. 1835a. Phasianidae. Schafer, E. 1934. Phasi- anus. Waterton, C. 1833b. Phaslanus colchicus torquatus. Leffingwell, D. J. 1928. Philohela minor. Fisher, A. K. 1902. Phoenicopterus ruber. Chapman, F. M. 1905. Pholeoptynx [Speotyto] cunicularia. Hudson, W. H. 1874b. Pica. Dice, L. R. 1917; Kalmbach, E. R. 1927. Picidae. Burt, W. H. 1930; Cram, W. E. 1898. Picus. Loos, C. 1907a. Pisobia bairdi. Dixon, J. S. 1917. Plectrophenax n. nivalis. Cordeaux, J. 1881a; Lockwood, S. 1881. Plegadis autumnalis. Baynard, O. E. 1913. Pluvianus aegyptius. Flower, S. S. 1908. Podiceps [Podicipes] cristatus. Gawen, C. R. 1889; Selous, E. 1901. Podilymbus podiceps. Ga- brielson, I. N. 1914a. Procellariidae. Meyer, A. B. 1886b. Progne s. subis. Jacobs, J. W. 1909; Ziegler, G. F. 1923. Ptilonorhynchidae. Alexander, W. B. 1927; Gill, T. N. 1900; Simson, C. C. 1907. Puffinus anglorum [P. puffinus}. Macpherson, H. A. 1888, 1889c; Anon. 1888b. Puffinus major. Saunders, H. 1901. Pycnoptilus floccosus. Howe, F. E. 1907. Pygoscelis. Gain, L. 1912; Osgood, W. H. 1921a. Pyrrhocorax. Zollikofer, E. H. 1927b. Pyrrhocorax alpinus. Reiser, O. 1926. Pyrrhocorax graculus. Russell, H. 1910. Pyrrhula. Iverus, J. D. 1902. Ramphastos brevicarinatus. Van Tyne, J. 1929. Rhea. Pride, A. 1915. Rhinochetus jubatus. Bartlett, A. D. 1862a; Ben- nett, G. 1863. Rhytidoceros. Shelford, R. W. 1899. Sarcorhamphus papa. Schomburgk, R. H. 1838. Scolopax. Biitow, A. 1909; Harting, J. E. 1879b. Selasphorus rufus. Kobb6, W. H. 1900b. Serinus. Bolle, C. 1858. Somateria dresseri. Mackay, G. H. 1890. Speo- tyto. Canfield, C. A. 1869; Williston, S. W. 1878. Speotyto floridana. Palmer, W. 1896a. Sphenisciformes. Bartlett, A. D. 1879; Gain, L. 1913; Murphy, R. C. 1915c. Spiza americana. Gross, A. O. 1921. Sterna paradisaea & Sterna s. sandvicensis. Dircksen, R.' 1932. Strix flammea. Bernhard, & Schneider, W. 1928; Waterton, C. 1832a. Struthio. Schreiner, S. C. 1897. Sturnus vulgaris. Forrest, H. E. 1900; Parrott, F. H. 1888; Stubbs, F. J. 1912c. Sula bassana. Cunningham, R. O. 1866. Sula leucogaster. Chap- man, F. M. 1908. Syrnium aluco. Waterton, C. 1835f. Tachypetes aquilus. Vigors, N. A. 1830-31b. Tetrao inter- medius. Jackel, A. J. 1881. Topaza pella. Nicholson, E. M. 1931b. Tringa [Calidris] canutus. Mackay, G. H. 1893c. Trochilidae. Deville, E. 1852. Woods, R. S. 1927. Troglodytes a. aedon. Baldwin, S. P. & Bowen, W. W. 1928; Brooks, A. 1925c; Chapman, F. M. 1925a. Trogon. Bonaparte, C. L. 1837. Tympanuchus cupido americanus. Johnson, C. E. 1934. Tympanuchus c. cupido. Gross, A. O. 1923b, 1926a. Tyto alba pratincola. Reed, J. H. 1897. Urinalor arcticus. Zedlitz, O. 1913. Vanellus vulgaris. Selous, E. 1901. Vireo philadelphicus. Dwight, J. 1897. Vultur papa. Mackay, R. 1836. Acquiring new habits. Buytendijk, F. J. 1921. Birds and fishes compared. Book. Text in French. Berthelot, S. 1875-76. Cackling. Gallus bankiva. Romanes, G. J. 1891. Comparison with seals. Pygoscelis. Osgood, W. H. 1921a. Concealing. See also under Colora- tion: Concealing coloration. Botaurus lentiginosus. Barrows, W. B. 1913. Crouching. Oedicnemus. Farren, W. 1908. Development. Kuhlmann, F. 1909. Hoarding. Howard, L. O. 1918. Hole drilling. Melanerpes. Ritter, W. E. 1922. 239 SUBJECT INDEX Habits Imitation. See also under Behavior. Pershouse, S. 1924. List of species. Crette de Palluel, A. 1903-04. Neck mechanism in connection with habits. Plotus. Forbes, W. A. 1882k. Perching. Passer. Schaffer, J. 1902a. Periodism, causes of. Moreau, R. E. 1931. Play. See also under Behavior. Beebe, C. W. 1905b. Scenopaeus. Cornwall, E. M. 1904. Relation to eyes. Includes birds. Billard, G. & Dodle, P. 1922. Replacement of habit by another. Many species. Schut, L. W. 1921. Roosting, including roosting places. Schacht, H. 1878; Werner, P. 1906a. Colaptes cafer collaris. Stoner, E. A. 1922b. Corvus f. frugilegus. Stewart, W. 1924. Larus. Lyon, W. I. 1924. Passer. Witchell, C. A. 1896d. Quis- calus. McAtee, W. L. 1926a. Sturnus. Forrest, H. E. 1900. Turdus m. migra- torius. Widmann, O. 1895. Sleeping habits. Northern birds. Faber, F. 1833. Certhia. Foster, N. H. 1923. Columbae. Whitman, C. 0. 1919a. Tetrao. Loewis, 0. 1881a; Wurm, W. 1881. Time when birds "get up" in morning. Fisher, M. L. 1917. Swimming habits. See also under Locomotion. Cinclus. Coburn, F. 1894. Variation. Scott, D. 1877. Pants coeruleus. Witchell, C. A. 1896e. Winter habits. Zonotrichia albicollis. Ferine, T. R. & Keble, B. 1925. World war effects. Book. Text in English. *Gladstone, H. S. 1919. Yawning. Birds incidental. Cocks, A. H. 1910. BATHING HABITS General. Heinroth, O. 1912b; Scud- der, H. 1915; Seton, E. T. 1920-21. Cinclus. Ehinger, C. E. 1930. Trochil- idae. Bassett, F. N. 1922. Preference for falling water. Gloger, C. W. 1861b. BREEDING HABITS Books. Text in English. Dixon, C. 1897a; Herrick, F. H. 1902, 1935; Nicholson, E. M. 1936. Corvus fru- gilegus. Yeates, G. K. 1934. Mega- podidae. Gould, J. 1865. Rhytido- ceros. Shelford, R. W. 1899. Tym- panuchus cupido americanus. Gross, A. O. 1930. Text in German. Thienemann, F. A. 1845-56. Text in Italian. Zinanni, G. 1737. General. Barlow, C. 1897; Bartlett, A. D. 1868a; Bates, G. L. 1908; Christoleit, E. 1926b; Clark, J. N. 1903; Cosgrave, R. 1911; Craig, W. 1918; Dunlop, E. B. 1910; Ferrier, J. 1894; Fowler, A. 1868; *Herrick, F. H. 1911; Jones, C. M. 1870; Pitman, C. R. 1922; Reichenau, W. 1887; Schuster, L. 1925b; Selous, E. 1916; Wallace, A. R. 1860, 1868a. Many species. Stockard, C. R. 1905. Africa East Africa. Loveridge, A. 1922, 1923. Nyasaland. Paget-Wilkes, A. H. & Sladen, A. G. 1930. America NORTH AMERICA Books. Text in English. Wilson, A. & Bonaparte, C. L. 1831; Wilson, A., Bonaparte, C. L., Ord, G., & Jardine, W. 1832, 1876. Alaska. Grinnell, J. 1909b. Forrester Island. Heath, H. 1915. Ontario, Canada. Book. Text in English. Mcllwraith, T. 1894. West coast, North America. Cooper, J. G. 1880. United States California. Salton Sea. Grinnell. J. 1908a. Georgia. Greene, E. R. 1933. Kansas. Linsdale, J. M. 1933. Louisiana. Bailey, A. M. 1931. Maryland. Kirkwood, F. C. 1895. Mississippi. Stockard, C. R. 1905. Oregon. Jewett, S. G. & Gabrielson, I. N. 1929. Pennsylvania. Burns, F. L. 1924. South Carolina coast. Sprunt, A. Habits BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 240 West Indies St. Croix. Beatty, H. A. 1930. Asia Burma, Ceylon, and India. Game birds. Book. Text in English. Baker, E. C. 1921-30. China. East China. Vaughan, R. E. & Jones, K. H. 1913. India. Hartlaub, C. J. 1859. Book. Text in English. Baker, E. C. 1932-35. Australia Book. Text in English. North, A. J. 1901-14. General. Keartland, G. A. 1916. Tasmania. Book. Text in English. North, A. J. 1901-14. Europe BRITISH ISLES Book. Text in English. Butler, A. G. 1896-98. General. Davenport, H. S. 1896. DENMARK Book. Text in Danish. Koefoed, A. 1926. General. Skovgaard, P. 1916. GERMANY Book. Text in German. Naumann, J. F. & Buhle, C. A. 1818-28. ITALY Book. Text in Italian. Zinanni, G. 1737. RUSSIA General. Grote, H. 1926. Islands Not assignable to continents. Dutch East Indies. Celebes. Wal- lace, A. R. 1860. Gough Island. Verrill, G. E. 1895. Kerguelen Island. Verrill, G. E. 1895. South Georgia Island. Verrill, G. E. 1895. VARIOUS BIRDS Accipiter nisus. Selous, E. 1911. Amazilia t. tzacatl. Skutch, A. F. 1931. Anatidae. Bent, A. C. 1901; Eckardt, W. R. 1925a; Job, H. K. 1899; Murphy, R. C. 1916. vinous 8. stolidus. Watson, J. B. 1908; Watson, J. B. & Lashley, K. S. 1915. Anthoscopus p. pendulinus. Steinbacher, F. 1926. Aptenodytes longirostris. Hazard, R. G. 1894. Aquila chrysaetos canadensis. Cameron, E. S. 1905; Slevin, J. R. 1929. Aramus p. pictus. Nicholson, D. J. 1928. Archibuteo ferrugineus [Buteo regalis}. Cameron, E. S. 1914. Archilochus colubris. Eames, E. H. 1890. Ardea c. cinerea. Huxley, J. S. 1924c. Asio f. flammeus. Urner, C. A. 1923, 1925. Bombycilla cedrorum. Saunders, A. A. 1911. Branta leucopsis. Jourdain, F. C. 1922b. Bubo b. bubo. Wachtler, W. 1933. Bubov.virginianus. Gardner, L. L. 1929. Buceros. Shelf ord, R. W. 1899. Capella delicata. Sutton, G. M. 1923. Caprimulgus europaeus. Hein- roth, 0. 1909a. Casuarius. Le Prestre, F. 1871. Cathartidae. Stockard, C. R. 1904. Certhia familiaris americana. Tyler, W. M. 1914. Charadrius melodus circumcinctus. Pickwell, G. B. 1925b. Chen rossi. Blaauw, F. E. 1905b. Chordeiles. Bowles, J. H. 1921. Ciconia alba. Schmidt, M. 1868b. Ciconia nigra. Skovgaard, P. 1932d. Circus hudsonius. Urner, C. A. 1925. Clan- gula c. americana. Brewster, W. 1900. Coccothraustes vespertinus. Birtwell, F. J. 1901. Coccyzus. Herrick, F. H. 1909. Columba palumbus. Skovgaard, P. 1931e. Columba turtur. Caster, G. 1906. Columbae. Whitman, C. 0. 1919a. Colymbus septentrionalis. Selous, E. 1912b. Colymbus stellatus. van Oordt, G. J. & Huxley, J. S. 1922. Corvus corax. Skovgaard, P. 1933a. Corvus corax principalis. Harlow, R. C. 1922. Corvus corone. Selous, E. 1912a. Cryptoglaux acadica. Terrill, L. M. 1931. Cuculus. Astley, H. D. 1915; Godwin- Austen, H. H. 1899; Jourdain, F. C. 1917; Meiklejohn, A. H. 1900a; Seid- litz, G. K. 1868. Dendragapus obscurus [f.] fuliginosus. Bendire, C. E. 1889. Dendroica c. caerulescens. Harding, K. C. 1931; Mousley, W. H. 1917a. Dendroica cerulea. Saunders, W. E. 1900. Dendroica c. coronata. Nice, M. M. 1930c. Dendroica kirtlandi. Leopold, N. F. 1924. Dendroica mag- nolia. Nice, M. M. 1926. Dendroica v. virens. Nice, M. M. 1932c. Dio- medea albatrus. Campbell, A. J. 1898. Dromiceius. Le Prestre, F. 1871. Dryobates major. Owen, J. H. 1925. Dumetella carolinensis. Gabrielson, I. N. 241 SUBJECT INDEX Habits 1913b; Whittle, H. G. 1920. Egretta alba. Warga, K. 1931-34. Elanus. Barlow, C. 1897. Emberiza hortidana. Schuster, L. 1926b. Empidonax traitti alnorum [traitti]. Farley, J. A. 1901; Mousley, W. H. 1931. Eurynorhynchus. Dbcon, J. S. 1918. Falco a. aesalon. Rowan, W. 1922b. Falco p. peregrinus. Allen, J. A. 1866. Falco sparverius. Sherman, A. R. 1913b. Fringilla ben- galus. Lapicque, L. & Lapicque, M. 1911. Fulica. Aplin, O. V. 1912. Callus. Schjelderup-Ebbe, T. 1923d; Turpin, G. M. 1918. Gavia stettata. Johnson, R. A. & Johnson, H. S. 1935. Geothlypis t. trichas. Shaver, N. E. 1918. Haliaeetus albicilla. Skov- gaard, P. 1927a. Haliaeetus Indus. Inglis, C. M. 1910. Haliaeetus leuco- cephalus. "Herrick, F. H. 1924b, c. Helminthophila ruficapilla gutturalis. Osgood, W. H. 1896. Hesperiphona v. vespertina. Ligon, J. S. 1923. Hetero- scelus [Heteractilis] incanus. Osgood, W. H. 1907b. Hirundo. Fabani, C. 1900b. Hylocichla. Perry, W. A. & Perry, E. M. 1918. Icteria virens. Beckham, C. W. 1881. lonornis martinicus. Gross, A. O. & Van Tyne, J. 1929. Jacana. Miller, A. H. 1930. Larus argentatus. Herrick, F. H. 1912; Strong, R. M. 1912b, 1914; Ward, H. L. 1906a. Larus franklinii. Roberts, T. S. 1900. Larus hyperboreus. Paget-Wilkes, A. H. 1922. Leipoa ocellata rosinae. Bellchambers, T. P. 1916; Bennett, K. H. 1884. Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis. Shaw, W. T. 1936. Leucosticte t. tephrocotis. Ray, M. S. 1910. Ligurinus chloris. Skovgaard, P. 1931a. Lophoceros. Cowles, R. B. 1926. Loxia. McCabe, T. T. & McCabe, E. B. 1933. Loxia curvirostra. Cavazza, F. 1909. Machetes pugnax. Selous, E. 1906-07. Megalaema mar- shallorum. Dodsworth, P. T. 1912a. Megapodidae. Oustalet, J. F. 1880a; Wallace, A. R. 1860. Melospiza melodia. Nice, M. M. 1933c. Menura. Ramsay, E. P. 1868. Mergus serrator. Strong, R. M. 1912e. Merula [Turdus] migra- toria. Scott, W. E. 1902b. Micranous worcesteri. Worcester, D. C. 1911b. Micropus a. apus. Daut, K. 1927. Milvus govinda. Inglis, C. M. 1910. Mimus. Michener, H. & Michener, J. R. 1935. Nyctiardea. Lpckwood, S. 1878. Nycticorax n. naevius [hoactti], Bailey, S. W. 1915; 'Gross, A. 0. 1923a. Oporornis agilis. Huff, N. L. 1929. Otocoris alpestris praticola. Criddle, N. 1920; Sutton, G. M. 1927a. Otus. Sherman, A. R. 1911. Oxyechus v. vociferus. Pickwell, G. B. 1925a. Passerherbulus caudacutus. Peabody P. B. 1901. Pernis. Chigi, F. 1904. Phainopepla nitens. Merriam, F. A. 1896b. Phalaenoptilus nuttalli cali- fornica. Dixon, J. S. 1923. Philohela minor. Cottam, C. & Kelso, L. 1933. Phlogoenas crinigera. Sclater, P. L. 1865a. Picidae. Stockard, C. R. 1904. Ploceidae. Finn, F. 1900a. Podiceps cristatus. *Schiermann, G. 1927b. Polioptila c. caendea. Nice, M. M. 1932a. Pooecetes g. gramineus. Perry, W. A. & Perry, E. M. 1918. Porzana jamaicensis. Allen, J. A. 1900b. Proto- notaria citrea. Roberts, T. S. 1899. Puffinus. Anthony, A. W. 1900. Pyrrhocorax alpinus. Reiser, O. 1926. Pyrrhula. Pitt, F. 1918b. Querquedula discors. Austin, O. L. 1932. Ram- phastos brevicarinatus. Van Tyne, J. 1929. Remiza. Steinbacher, F. 1926. Remiza p. pendulina. Danilovitch, A. P. 1926. Rostrhamus sociabilis plum- beus. Nicholson, D. J. 1926. Seiurus aurocapillus. Nice, M. M. 1931d. Somateria. Best, M. G. & Haviland, M. D. 1913a. Speotyto cunicularia. Kennard, F. H. 1915a. Spheniscus. Gillespie, T. H. 1923. Spiza. Gross, A. O. 1921. Steganopodes [Pelecani- formes]. Jourdain, F. C. 1913; Robin- son, H. W. 1913a. Sterna. Mackay, G. H. 1895, 1899. Sterna caspia. Ward, H. L. 1906a. Sterna f. fuscata. Watson, J. B. 1908; Watson, J. B. & Lashley, K. S. 1915; Worcester, D. C. 1911b. Sterna hirundo. Thienemann, J. 1913. Strigidae. Raspail, X. 1890; Wend- landt, . 1913. Struthio. Moseley, H. N. 1883; Schreiner, S. C. 1900. Sturnus vulgaris. Blake, E. R. 1930. Sula. Worcester, D. C. 191 Ib. Syno- ecus australis. Seth-Smith, D. 1905. Talegalla. Bartlett, A. D. 1860b; Bertling, A. E. 1904a, b. Telmatodytes p. palustris. Welter, W. A. 1935. Totanus flavipes. Street, J. F. 1923. Totanus solitarius. Jourdain, F. C. 1905b. Troglodytes a. aedon. *Bald- win, S. P. & Bowen, W. W. 1928; 'Baldwin, S. P. & Kendeigh, S. C. 1927; Sherman, A. R. 1925a, b, c. Tubinares [Procellariiformes]. Bannerman, D. A. 1914a. Turdus m. migratorius. Tyler, W. M. 1913. Turnix nigricollis. Decoux, A. 1927. Tympanuchus c. cupido. Gross, A. O. 1926a. Vermi- vora leucobronchialis. Carter, T. D. & Rowland, R. H. 1923. Vireo b. belli. Nice, M. M. 1929a. Vireo olivaceus. Habits BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 242 Stephens, T. C. 1917b. Vireo phila- delphicus. Brewster, W. 1903; *Lewis, H. F. 1921. Zenaidura macroura marginella. Nice, M. M. 1922. Zono- trichia querula. Semple, J. B. & Sutton, G. M. 1932. Acceptance and rejection of foreign eggs. Experimental. *Swy&nerton, C. F. 1918b. Alleged incubation in ant hill. Pha- sianus. Sprenger, B. 1767. Alluring intruders from nest. Con- way, C. 1834. Artificial nest use. Belleville, . 1893. Bird on nest faces wind or water. Gibbs, R. M. 1892b. Carrying eggs. Not done by Columba f. fasciata. Craig, W. 1912c; Swarth, H. S. 1912b. Copulation position assumed by hen. Gallus, Gallopavo, & Meleagris. Schjeld- erup-Ebbe, T. 1924c. Covering eggs when leaving nest. Podicipes. Waterton, C. 1832e. Daubing egg with clay. Corvus monedula. Wiglesworth, J. 1910. Discovery of first nest. Helmintho- phila ruficapilla gutturalis. Osgood, W. H. 1896. Totanus [Tringa] so itarius. Jourdain, F. C. 1905b. Late breeding. Snell, F. H. 1861a. Bombycilla. English, A. O. 1930. Columba. Biedermann-Imhoof, R. 1913c. Columba oenas. Moor, E. C. 1869. Corvus f. frugilegus. Moor, E. C. 1871. Cuculus. Borrer, C. D. 1911. Delichon. Werner, P. 1906c. Otis. Konig-Warthausen, R. 1892. Podiceps. Aplin, O. V. 1908; Bentham, C. H. 1908. Strix [Tyto alba] pratincola. Wayne, A. T. 1908. Turtur. Konig- Warthausen, R. 1892. Natural enemies, effects. Peck, M. E. 1910. Nuptial song-flight. Asio. Dubois, A. D. 1924. Capella delicata. Hoff- mann, R. 1924. Other males pursuing nesting females. Anas boschas. Huxley, J. S. 1912a. Precocious breeding. Passer. Coch, M. 1907. Protective adaptations. Middle America. Peck, M. E. 1900, 1908. Relation of breeding habits to food. Davis, W. B. 1933. Removing egg shells. "Ground- building" birds. Godfrey, R. 1892. Return to nesting place in spring. Lucanus, F. K. 1919b. Hirundo. Abadie, R. 1925, 1926; Masefield, J. R. 1912. Troglodytes a. aedon. Baldwin, S. P. 1921b. Secreting eggs. Gallus. Schjelderup- Ebbe, T. 1931. Silence during breeding period. Raspail, X. 1911. Singing on nest. By male only. Gibbs, R. M. 1893b. Temperature effects. Charadrius apricarius altifrons & Turdus pilaris. Pitt, F. 1929. Time of day when eggs are laid. Boyes, F. 1876b; Christy, R. M. 1883; Payne, J. W. 1898; Saxby, S. H. 1876. Usually breed in first season. Riparia r. riparia. Stoner, D. 1937b. Variation. Cockerell, T. D. 1889; RSehak, E. C. 1890; Schuster, L. 1904. War effects. Vallon, G. 1920. Weather effects. Bau, A. 1910. Brooding habits General. Dunlop, E. B. 1912. Gal- lus. Brass, M. 1917. Brooding of eggs. Monro, H. C. 1899. Male brooding young hatched in incubator. Perdix. Fortune, R. 1911. Preceding laying. Owen, J. H. 1920. Thermo-biological study of brooding. Book. Text in German. Fischer, J. 1913. Young and parent return to nest at night for 20 days. Fulica americana. Hollister, N. 1919. Care of young General. Herrick, F. H. 1900; Raspail, X. 1903c. Many species. Raspail, X. 1903d. Cannabina linota. Raspail, X. 1904c. Emberiza cirlus. Raspail, X. 1903a. Polioptila c. caerulea. Nice, M. M. 1932a. Pyrrhula. Raspail, X. 1899a. Acridotheres tristis feeding young of Sturnia contra. Inglis, C. M. 1910. 243 SUBJECT INDEX Habits Orphaned young fed by other indi- viduals of species. Maclntyre, D. 1919. Removing matter from mouths of nestlings by parents. Owen, J. H. 1913b. Young of first brood assisting in feeding second brood. Hirundo. Gold- smith, H. S. 1890. CARRYING YOUNG (USUALLY FROM ELEVATED NESTS) ALLEGED General. Gloger, C. W. 1860f; Hartert, E. J. 1887; Wied-Neuwied, M. 1863. Anthus. Lengerken, H. 1924. Charadrius auratus. Laidlaw, T. G. 1888. Gallinula. Gurney, S. 1854. Mergus. Lumsden, J. 1898. Philo- hela minor. McDermid, C. C. 1914. Scolopax r. rusticola. Hart, H. C. 1889; Rzehak, E. C. 1906; St. Quintin, W. H. 1926b; Stendall, J. A. 1926; Sword, J. and others 1912. Somateria. Hallock, C. 1874. Vanellus. Service, R. 1892. Carrying young from tree nests to water. Aix sponsa. Forbush, E. H. 1922a. Critical discussion. Szikla, G. 1887. Clangula. Brewster, W. 1900. FEEDING OFFSPRING General. Leichtentritt, B. 1919b; McAtee, W. L. 1915c; Stephens, T. C. 1917a. Accipiter cooperi. Roddy, H. J. 1888. Accipiter n. nisus. Penrose, F. G. 1914. Buteo pennsylvanica & Cathartes aura. Roddy, H. J. 1888. Fringilla bengalus. Lapicque, L. & Lapicque, M. 1911. Melospiza & Spizella. Jones, L. 1913. Syrnium nebulosum. Roddy, H. J. 1888. Troglodytes. Jones, L. 1913. Frequency of feeding young. Werner, -[" J-i/U / D. Male feeding young. Falconiformes and Strigiformes. Brehm, C. L. 1855a. Methods of feeding young. Accipiter n. nisus. Meade-Waldo, E. G. 1914. Regurgitative feeding. Myers, H. W. 1910; Stephens, T. C. 1917a. Many species. *Wheelock, I. G. 1905. Book. Text in English. *Wheelock, I. G. 1904. Bombycilla cedrorum. Post, K. C. 1916. Coragyps atratus. Audu- bon, J. J. 1831-39. Uraeginthus. Decoux, A. 1915. Tendency for older nestlings to get bulk of food. Youngest sometimes die from starvation. Dunlop, E. B. 1912. Food used See also under Food. Flies. Hirundo. Home, E. 1924. Fruit. Tyrannus intrepidus. Slade, E. 1883. Water Given to young by parents. Ciconia. Cerva, F. 1908. Supply for young in nest. Osmaston, B. B. 1909b. Wetting food intended for offspring. Turdus migratorius. Nash, F. P. 1893. Incubation General. Anas. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint-Ange, M. 1843. Apteryx. Bartlett, A. D. 1868b. Chlidonias nigra surinamensis & Corpus. Dunlop, E. B. 1915. Dromiceius. Milne- Edwards, A. 1896a. Falco. Scott, D. A. 1914. Gallus. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint-Ange, M. 1843. Hydro- progne caspia imperator & Larus dela- warensis. Dunlop, E. B. 1915. Mega- podidae. Oustalet, J. F. 1880a. Mele- agris & Numida. Baudrimont, A. E, & Saint-Ange, M. 1843. Otus. Raspail, X.1890. Palaeognathae. Sclater,P.L. 1863. Pavo. Baudrimont, A. E. & Saint-Ange, M. 1843. Struthio. Caws- ton, E. 1899; Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. 1858; Hardy, J. 1858; Romanes, G. J. 1883. Artificial incubation. See also under Poultry culture. Haskins, C. H. 1921. Damage by loud noises. Garmann, C. F. 1670b. Mortality during incubation. Dun- lop, E. B. 1910, 1915. Origin of incubation habits. Fezandie, C. 1893. Ovitegous habit, i.e. beginning incu- bation with laying of first egg. Dunlop, E. B. 1915. PERIOD OF INCUBATION Books. Text in English. Many species. *Bergtold, W. H. 1917a. Owen, R. 1866-68, p. 257. Colinus. Stoddard, H. L. 1931. Corvus f. frugi- legus. Yeates, G. K. 1934. Struthio. Habits BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 244 Mosenthal, J. & Harting, J. E. 1879. Haliaeetus leucocephalus. Herrick, F. H. 1934. Tympanuchus cupido americanus. Gross, A. O. 1930. Text in French. Many species. Cornevin, C. E. 1895. Text in German. Many species. Gadow, H. F. 1891d. General. Brock, S. E. 1910a; *Burns, F. L. 1915b; Butler, A. G. 1905a, c; Davy, J. 1864b; Dunlop, E. B. 1910; *Evans, W. 1891, 1892; Gillespie, T. H. 1919; Grobbels, F. & Mobert, F. 1927a; Gross, A. O. 1927a; Gurney, J. H. Jr. 1899b; Heinroth, O. 1922; Key, J. G. 1867; Schaeck, F. 1902; Shaw, W. 1926; Weber, H. C. 1876. Many species. Burns, F. L. 1915b; Newman, T. H. 1905; Raspail, X. 1903d; Sclater, P. L. 1859a. British birds. Brown, R. H. 1926; Carlyon-Britton, R. 1926; Long- staff, T. G. & Jourdain, F. C. 1926a, b. Captive birds. Zollikofer, E. H. 1927a. Domestic birds. Weber, H. C. 1876. Sea-birds. Witherby, H. F. 1908a. Accipiter n. nisus. Blagg, E. W. 1911b; Brown, R. H. 1925; Salter, J. H. 1894. Aix. Dixon, J. S. 1924. Ama- zilia t. tzacatl. Skutch, A. F. 1931. Anas. Jardel, E. 1916; Tessier, H. A. 1817. Anas rubripes tristis. Wright, H. W. 1919. Anatidae. Blaauw, F. E. 1919b; Heinroth, 0. 1906a. Anser. Tessier, H. A. 1817. Astur g. gentilis. Kuhk, R. 1924; Welander, E. 1924. Athene noctua. Detmers, E. 1907b. Butalis grisola. Raspail, X. 1903b. Calypte. Woods, R. S. 1922. Cannabina linota. Raspail, X. 1904c. Capri- mulgus europaeus. Heinroth, 0. 1909a. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. Berg- told, W. H. 1914; Keeler, C. A. 1890. Casuarius. Le Prestre, F. 1871. Chara- drius curonius. Ziemer, E. 1893b. Colaptes. Burns, F. L. 1900. Columbae. Whitman, C. O. 1919a. Columbidae. Raspail, X. 1907b, 1915a. Colymbus auritus. Dubois, A. D. 1919. Crypturus tataupa. Seth-Smith, D. 1903. Cuculus. Ingram, C. 1908a; Noble, H. 1908; Raspail, X. 1895a. Cygnus. Tessier, H. A. 1817. Dendrocygna. Dickey, D. R. & van Rossem, A. J. 1923. Dendroica a. aestiva. Bigglestone, H. C. 1913. Dendroica c. caerulescens. Hard- ing, K. C. 1931. Dendroica v. virens. Nice, M. M. 1932c. Dromaeus [Dro- miceius]. Le Prestre, F. 1871; Teget- meier, W. B. 1868b. Dumetella caro- linensis. Gabrielson, I. N. 1913b; Whittle, H. G. 1920. Ectopistes migra- torius. Deane, R. 1896. Emberiza cirlus. Raspail, X. 1903a. Emberiza citrinella. Raspail, X. I892c. Falco a. aesalon. Rowan, W. 1922b. Falco peregrinus. Scott, D. A. 1914. Falco sparverius. Sherman, A. R. 1913b. Gallus. Bucknell, . 1839; Darcet, . 1766; Viller, . 1770. Gavia stellata. Johnson, R. A. & Johnson, H. S. 1935. Grus. Cosgrave, R. 1911. Haliaeetus leucocephalus. Herrick, F. H. 1932. Lei- poa. Bellchambers, T. P. 1916; Mor- gan, A. M. 19l7a; 58-77 days. Leu- costicte tephrocotis littoraUs. Shaw, W. T. 1936. Ligurinus chloris. Raspail, X. 1904b. Lophortyx g. gambeli. Gor- such, D. 1934. Melopsittacus undu- latus. Tourneux, F. & Tourneux, J. P. 1901. Micropus apus. Steiele-Elliott, J. 1901. Mimus. Daniels, J. W. 1902. Molothrus. Friedmann, H. 1927a; Hudson, W. H. 1874a. Molpastes. Law, S. C. 1924. Nycticorax n. hoactli. Noble, G. K., Wurm, M., & Schmidt, A. 1938. Nyroca fuligula. Trevelyan, H. 1908. Oedicnemus oedicnemus. Meade- Waldo, E. G. 1907. Otocoris. Mac- Donald, H. 1916. Oxyechus v. vociferus. Bates, J. M. 1916; Ganier, A. F. 1934. Palaeognathae. Sclater, P. L. 1863. Passeriformes. Raspail, X. 1896b. Pavo. Tessier, H. A. 1817. Phala- crocorax graculus. Raeburn, H. 1895. Phasianus. Tessier, H. A. 1817. Philohela minor. Cottam, C. & Kelso, L. 1933. Phoenicopterus ruber. Chap- man, F. M. 1905. Pica caudata. Raspail, X. 1896a. Polioptila c. caeru- lea. Nice, M. M. 1932a. Progne. Jacobs, J. W. 1903. Prunella modu- laris. Raspail, X. 1903c. Puffinus brevicaudus. Gabriel, J. 1914. Pycnop- tilus floccosus. Howe, F. E. 1907. Pygoscelis. Gain, L. 1912. Pyrrhula. Raspail, X. 1899a. Rhynchotus. Bart- lett, A. D. 1868a. Spheniscus. Gilles- pie, T. H. 1923. Spiza americana. Gross, A. O. 1921. Steganopodes [Pelecaniformes]. Jourdain, F. C. 1913. Streptopelia. Raspail, X. 1897b. Tale- galla. Bartlett, A. D. 1860b. Tringa. Paton, E. R. 1922; Patterson, J. D. 1913; Turney, H. B. 1913. Troglodytes a. aedon. *Baldwin, S. P. 1921a. Vireo b. belli. Nice, M. M. 1929a. Vireo philadelphicus. Lewis, H. F. 1921. Hybrids of Anas & Cairina, which have respectively 28 days and 35 days. Heinroth, O. 1906a. Relation to body and egg weights. Heinroth, O. 1922. 245 SUBJECT INDEX Habits SEX OF INCUBATING BIRD General. Many species. Pickwell, G. B. 1930. Both male and female incubating. Buteo vulgaris. Kempen, C. 1905. Struthio. Harting, J. E. 1883b. Male incubating. Raspail, X. 1893a. Casuarius. Geoffrey St. Hilaire, A. 1882. Cygnus atratus. Milne-Edwards, A. 1897. Falco p. peregrinits. Stewart, J. C. 1897. Fringilla coelebs. Raspail, X. 1892d. Irregular or unusual breeding General. Wiglesworth, L. W. 1890; Williams, R. 1896. Pyrrhocorax. Zol- likofer, E. H. 1927b. Cuckoo hatching its own eggs. Miiller, A. 1889. Eggs in nests of other species. See also under Communal habits. Grif- fith, A. F. 1878; Williams, R. 1896. Food supply relation. Tropical birds. Quelch, J. J. 1898-99b. Membranous lining of cloaca inflated during sexual excitement by a particular bird. Coracopsis vasa. Sclater, P. L. 1884. Removing nesting material to another site. Congreve, W. M. 1924a. Nest construction and architecture Book. Text in English. Rennie, J. 1831. General. Fleury, E. 1920; Grobbels, F. 1925c; Hublard, E. 1899; Konig- Warthausen, R. 1889; Landois, H. 1881b, I882b, e; Oustalet, J. F. 1883; Reuselius, B. M. 1697; Schacht, H. 1869. Dendroica magnolia. Nice, M. M. 1926. Pa,nyptila. Sclater, P. L. I897b. Polioptila e. caendea. Nice, M.M.1932a. Stellula calliope. Weyde- meyer, W. 1927. Arrangement of eggs in nest. Gibbs, R. M. 1893a. Position of eggs in nest. Oxyechus v. vociferus. Pickwell, G. 1925a. Captive birds weaving nests. Quelea. Friedmann, H. 1922. Factors determining time of nest- building. Many species. Werner, P. 1907a. Flowers in nest. H., J. M. 1887; White, W. 1887. Plumage color relations. Wallace, A. R. 1868a, b; Anon. 1869a. References to Greek classics. Book. Text in German. Pischinger, A. 1907. Sanitation in nest. Cathelin, F. 1920a; Herrick, F. H. 1900. Agelaius. Gabrielson, I. N. 1915c. Dendroica. Bigglestone, H. C. 1913. Dendroica c. caendescens. Nice, M. M. 1930d. Toxostoma. Gabrielson, I. N. 1912. Size of nests. Grobbels, F. 1925c. Snake skins in nests. Strecker, J. K. 1926, 1927; Teachenor, D. 1927. Myi- archus crinitus. Whittle, C. L. and others 1927. Passerine c. cyanea. Suthard, J. 1927. Temperature effects. Corpus, Cya- nocitta, & Parus. Ragsdale, G. H. 1894b. Variations in nest-building corre- lated with climate. Gloger, C. W. 1854i. DOMED NESTS General. Moffat, C. B. 1909. Use for protection from cold, for concealment, and for defense. Ussher, R. J. 1909. MOUND BUILDING Incubation of eggs in mound without brooding. Megapodidae. Books. Text in English. Chisholm, A. H. 1935; Dixon, C. I897a. General. Campbell, A. J. 1885, 1903. Catheturus. *Le Souef, W. H. 1899; St. Quintin, W. H. 1904. Leipoa ocellata. Ashby, E. 1929; *Le Souef, W. H. 1899; Mattingley, A. H. 1908d. Megapodius. Banfield, E. J. 1913; Friedlander, B. 1899; *Le Souef, W. H. 1899; Reich- enow, A. 1896; Anon. 1896d. Tale- galla lathami. Bartlett, A. D. 1860b. MULTIPLE NESTS (OFTEN DUMMY) Book. Text in English. Herrick, F. H. 1935. General. Gloger, C. W. 1859b. Erithacus. Owen, J. H. 1911b. Tel- matodytes p. palustris. Welter, W. A. 1935. Double nests General. Greenwood, H. 1867. One alongside other and both con- taining eggs. Vireo olivaceus. Jones, L. 1904b. Habits BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 246 OLD NESTS USED General. Detmers, E. 1910. Cyp- selus apus. Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, V. 1910. Hirundinidae. Storey, W. 1895. Old nests of other species General. Tringa solitaria. Street, J. F. 1923. Nests of Pica used by Gallinula. Elliott, J. S. 1915. SITES OF NESTS City roof. Chordeiles. Townsend, M. B. 1916. Telegraph poles for nests when trees are absent. Furnarius rufus. Machon, F. 1926. Unusual. Trees. Gallinula chloropus. Lewis, S. 1899. Which sex selects nesting locality. Mousley, W. H. 1921b. UNUSUAL NESTS General. Furnarius. Mene"gaux, H. A. 1909. Peculiar nest cavity. Dryocopus m. martins. Leverkiihn, P. 1891b. Unusual nesting sites. Colinus. Osgood, W. H. 1893. Nyroca fuligula. Trevelyan, H. 1908. Parus c. cristatus & Parus m. major. Walter, Adolf 1877b. Number of broods or sets of eggs per season General. *Mousley, W. H. 1917c. Emberiza hortulana. Schuster, L. 1926b. Sturnus vulgaris. Eder, R. 1889a; Hauptvogel, A. 1889; Knauer, F. K. 1889; Ticehurst, N. F. 1913. Interval between broods. Powell, T. G. 1924. Mates for second brood. Nice, M. M. 1930a. Rearing of second brood. Few do, though second, third, and fourth sets of eggs may be laid when preceding sets are destroyed. Australia. McGilp, J. N. 1925. Time-period before second set of eggs after destruction of preceding set. Congreve, W. M. 1924b. Parasitic breeding habits Books. Text in English. Aristotle 1910; Chance, E. P. 1922; Chisholm, A. H. 1935; 'Friedmann, H. 1929; Japp, A. H. 1899; Whistler, H. 1935. Text in French. Girod, P. 1891. Text in German. Leverkiihn, P. 1891a. Includes Cuculus. Aristotle 1868. General. Laying eggs in nests of other species. Friedmann, H. I927b. Coccyzus. Widmann, O. 1882. Cucu- linae. Bacmeister, W. 1927; Barrett, C. L. 1905; Bartels, M. Jr. 1925; Black- wall, J. 1824a, 1831a; Brehm, R. 1855; Campbell, A. G. 1907, 1915; Dove, H. S. 1920; Friedmann, H. 1928b; Gloger, C. W. 1853e, 1854d, g. Cuculus. Altum, B. 1866d; Atkinson, E. W. 1894; Baker, E. C. 1922a, 1923; Bau, A. 1908b; Blyth, E. 1835a; Bolam, G. 1914; Brandes, G. 1896a; Bunyard, P. F. 1926; Capek, V. 1926; Chance, E. P. 1919, 1921, 1923a, b; Chance, E. P., Bunyard, P. F., and others 1923; Cipriani, L. 1926; Clauder, G. 1689; Forbin, P. 1912; Godwin-Austen, H. H. 1899; Hanf, P. B. 1875; Hartert, E. J. 1890; Ihering, H. 1914a; Jenner, E. 1788; Jourdain, F. C. 1917, 1925; Kollibay, P. R. 1901; Michel, J. 1890; Nibe, T. 1917; Oustalet, J. F. 1892; Raspail, X. 1889; Rensch, B. 1927a; Rey, J. G. I872b, 1894a, I895a, b, 1896, 1905b; Roberts, N. 1909; Sarasin, P. 1924; Schlegel, R. 1915; Scholey, G. J. 1924; Smith, A. C. 1873a, c; Swynnerton, C. F. 1917a, 1918b; Thienemann, G. 1908; Thienemann, G. W. 1853; Thomson, J. A. 1890; Walter, Adolf 1876, 1886, 1889, 1891, 1893; Wenzel, K. 1908; Williams, G. 1899. Cuculus canorus. Beick, W. 1926; Ceppi, L. 1908; Gurney, J. H. Jr. 1905; Meiklejohn, R. F. 1917; Muller, A. & Miiller, K. 1887; Sardinka, M. 1877. Cuculus poliocephalus. Kawa- guchi, M. 1915. Eudynamis honorata. Dewar, D. 1907. Eudynamis taitensis. North, A. J. 1896a. Molothrus. Ben- dire, C. E. 1895; Darwin, C. R. 1882; Friedmann, H. 1927b, 1930c; Stephens, T. C. 1917b. Molothrus bonariensis. Millsum, O. 1909. Ploceidae. Neun- zig, R. 1929. Urodynamis [Eudy- namis] taitensis. Fulton, R. 1904. Adoption of eggs. Cuculus. Raspail, X. 1894a, b, c. Cuculus feeding young. Klein, E. 1911. Expulsion of eggs and young of foster parent from nest. Cuculidae. Bernard, 247 SUBJECT INDEX Habits P. 1902; Campbell, A. G. 1915; Han- cock, J. 1884-89; H0yer, J. 1918. Origin of parasitic habits. Cuculus. Haacke, W. 1896b. Molothrus. Wid- mann, 0. 1897. COLOR OF EGGS General. Cuculus. Snell, F. H. 1859. Resemblance of eggs to host species. Schenk, J. 1904; Smith, A. C. 1868a, b, 1873a, b; Wachs, H. 1922b. HOST SPECIES General. Brehm, R. 1855. Chal- cococcyx. Hall, R. 1901a. Cuculus. Stimming, R. 1927. Both seed- and insect-eating birds are hosts for Cuculus. Wolf, J. 1806. Cuckoo fed by two pairs of honey- eaters. Brent, A. E. 1906. List of hosts for Molothrus. Fried- mann, H. 1934a. Parasitic breeding habits in relation to Phylloscopus. Cuculus. Schier- mann, G. I927a. OVIPOSITION Depositing of eggs General. Cuculus. Ephraim, O. 1908; Home, E. & Tucker, B. W. 1924. Deposition of egg, in laying, directly into nest of victim. Molothrus a. ater. Jacobs, J. W. 1923. Desperate efforts to deposit egg in nest difficult of access. Cuculus. Howard, H. E. 1919. TWO BIRDS REARED IN ONE NEST General. Cuculus. Le Souef, W. H. 1907. Swallow reared in nest with Cuculus. Wolley-Dod, C. 1892. Various matings See also under Behavior. General. Shufeldt, R. W. 1907c. Mates change usually each year and often for a second brood. Riparia r. riparia. Stoner, D. 1937b. Troglo- dytes a. aedon. Baldwin, S. P. I921a. Mating for more than one season. Whittle, C. L. 1926. Monogamy. Detmers, E. 1913. Scolopax r. rusticola. Luzecki, O. J. 1907. Polyandry. Calopezus. Seth-Smith, D. 1904a. Rhea. Astley, H. D. 1907. Turdus merula. Noack, T. 1910. Polygamy. Detmers, E. 1913; Jacobi, J. 1864; Rhoads, S. N. 1890. Accipiter nisus. Hughes-Onslow, J. 1925. Cor- pus. Dunlop, E. B. 1917. Euplectes hordeacea. Lack, D. 1935. Quiscalus [Cassidix]. Chapman, F. M. 1898b. Scolopax r. rusticola. Luzecki, O. J. 1907. Young of tree-nesting Anatidae getting to water General. Brewster, W. 1900; Szikla, G. 1887. Length of period before young of ducks nesting at same distance above water, get to water. Anatidae. Homeyer, A. 1868b. CAPTIVITY, HABITS IN General. Finn, F. 1892b. Apteryx. Stoner, D. 1923a. Apteryx mantelli. Newton, A. 1852. Calopezus. Seth-Smith, D. 1904a. Casuarius. Sheak, W. H. 1923. Cuculus. Meller- ish, W. L. 1896. Dromaeus [Dromiceius]. Harting, J. E. 1891b; Sheak, W. H. 1923. Dryobates m. major. Macpher- son, H. A. 1883a. Ectopistes. Craig, W. 1913b; Deane, R. 1896. Grus. Astley, H. D. 1901. Hylocichla guttata. Owen, D. E. 1897. Lanius collurio. Giinther, A. C. 1905. Nanopterum harrisi. Townsend, C. H. 1929. Nyctea scan- diaca. Gurney, J. H. 1875b, 1880. Otis. Eldred, E. J. 1909; Horsbrugh, C. B. 1906b. Paradisea apoda. Sanyal, R. B. 1895. Phalacrocorax. Blake- Knox, H. 1866b. Phaps ekgans. Seth- Smith, D. 1904b. Psittacus indicus. Hauth, . 1900-01. Rhea. Fother- gill, H. 1902; Sheak, W. H. 1923. Sphenisciformes. Sokolowsky, A. 1908. Sphyrapicus v. varius. Bolles, F. 1892b. Strix. Bolles, F. 1890. Struthio. Garrod, A. H. & Darwin, F. 1872; Hardy, J. 1860; Sheak, W. H. 1923. Tragopan. St. Quintin, W. H. 1903. Tyto. Cohen, D. A. 1899. Zenaidura. Nice, M. M. 1921. Zenaidura graysoni. Gifford, E. W. 1927. Breeding in captivity General. Zollikofer, E. H. 1927a. Ardeae. Sanyal, R. B. 1897. Dro- miceius. Milne-Edwards, A. 1896a; Zawadowsky, M. M. 1926d. Europyga. Habits BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 248 Bartlett, A. D. 1868a. Hesperiphona. Fleming, J. H. 1903. Larus. Gough, T. 1843. Nothoproctaperdicaria. Smith, C. B. 1908. Peacock parrot. Gabriac, P. J. 1823. Phalacrpcoracidae. Sanyal, R. B. 1897. Phasianus & Rhynchotus. Bartlett, A. D. 1868a. Talegalla lathami. Bartlett, A. D. 1860b. Mound-building. Catheturus lathami. St. Quintin, W. H. 1904. Weaving nests. Quelea. Friedmann, H. 1922. CHANGES IN HABITS General. Beveridge, G. 1920; Bren- inger, G. F. 1905; Kimcoll, F. H. 1894; Loewis, O. 1881b. Didunculus strigi- rostris. Whitmee, S. J. 1875b. Civilization effects. Fowler, S. P. 1860. Recent changes. British birds. Wil- son, William 1911. Breeding habit changes General. Harvie-Brown, J. A. 1896. Forty-year period. Hirundo urbica. Pouchet, F. A. 1870. COMMUNAL HABITS See also under Ecology and Social relations. Flocking. Chaetura pelagica. Witchell, C. A. 1896c. Sturmts vulgaris. Savage, E. U. 1922. Unmated birds in breeding season. Sturnus vulgaris. Tischler, F. 1908. 136,000,000 birds in one nesting colony. Ectopistes. Schorger, A. W. 1927. Gregariousness General. Forstner, G. G. 1907. Roosts. Cummings, B. F. 1908. Corvus b. brachyrhynchos. Edwards, C. L. 1888. Turdus. Brewster, W. 1890c. Unusual communal habits Eggs of two or more species in one nest. See also under Ecology: Commensal- ism. General. Mawson, G. 1865; Smith, A. C. 1880. Duck, partridge, and pheasant. Blagg, E. W. 1886. Ducks and partridges. Gurney, J. H. Jr. 1876b. Gallinago and Totanus. Sargent, J. 1886b. Larus argentatus and Larus fuscus. Mills, H. H. 1903. Lyrurus and Perdix. Sargent, J. 1886a. Mergus serrator and Tadorna tadorna. Zedlitz, 0. 1927b. Phasianus and Scolopax. Birley, F. H. 1887. Pheasant and wild duck. Haigh, G. H. 1886. Sturnus vulgaris and Columba o. oenas. Hewett, W. 1881. DISPLAY HABITS See also under Behavior. General. Alcedo. Marsden, W. M. 1927. "Booming." Tympanuchus. Bere- man, T. A. 1893. Drumming habits General. Bonasa u. umbellus. Glea- son, L. R. 1924; Jones, L. 1905; Tuttle, H. E. 1919. Gallinago. Bahr, P. H. 1907, 1912a; Evans, W. 1889, 1908; Headley, F. W. 1904; Lynes, H. 1913; Stares, J. 1895; Witherby, H. F. 1907a. Scolopax. Bahr, P. H. 1912a. Drumming with beak. Dryobates & Melanerpes. Huxley, J. S. 1919a. Picus. Landois, H. 1893. Picus v. viridis. Helm, A. F. 1893. Strutting. See also under Behavior. Centrocercus urophasianus. Horsfall, R. B. 1920. DIVING HABITS See also under Locomotion. General. Forbush, E. H. 1922b. Cinclus. Cordier, A. H. 1927. Larus. Cummings, S. G. 1913. Opisthocomus. Quelch, J. J. 1898-99a. Ability to sink in water. Hagen, W. 1909. Depth of diving. Fulica. Reaches bottom in at least 25-foot depth of water. Evermann, B. W. 1902. 249 SUBJECT INDEX Habits Period of diving 16 seconds for Fulica. Evermann, B. W. 1902. Position of wings in diving. Colymbus. Burtch, V. 1914. Taking young. Podilymbus p. podi- ceps. Strong, R. M. 1912f. DRINKING HABITS Diagrams and cross sections through beak and tongue. Trochilidae. Stein- bacher, G. 1935a. Salt water. Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1935b. Puffinus. Coles, R. J. 1925. Sap. Sphyrapicus and Trochilidae. Wright, A. A. & Wright, A. H. 1918. Young birds. Morgan, C. L. 1896b; Nash, F. P. 1893. Columbidae. Craig, W. 1912b. Gallus incidental. Craig, W. 1912b. FEEDING HABITS See also under Economic ornithology and Food. Books. Text in English. Davis, J. R. 1903. Lagopus. Lovat, S. J. and others 1911. General. Beal, F. E. & McAtee, W. L. 1912; Beebe, C. W. 1906b; Butts, W. K. 1927; Csorgey, T. 1922; Gabriel- son, I. N. 1922; Grinnell, J. & Wythe, M. W. 1927; Hall, E. R. 1923; Kojima, T. 1927; Lowe, J. 1896; McAtee, W. L. 1920d; Samuels, E. A. 1866; Wallace, A. R. 1890. Many species. Rozen- felds, M. 1929. Blood-sucking birds. Moller, W. 1931. British game birds. Collinge, W. E. 1917c. Nearctic birds. McAtee, W. L. 1932d. Sea birds. Collins, J. W. 1884. America NORTH AMERICA Book. Text in English. Coues, E. B. 1877. United States General. Marshall, W. 1887. California. Beal, F. E. 1910. Georgia. Burleigh, T. D. 1927. Kentucky. Blincoe, B. J. 1923. Maryland farm. Judd, S. D. 1902. Nebraska. Bruner, L. 1896. Ohio. Kellicott, D. S. 1898. Hawaiian Islands. Perkins, R. C. 1906. Australia General. Ashby, E. 1927. Europe Book. Text in German. Arnold, F. 1897. British Isles. Hewitt, C. G. 1908-09. France. Madon, P. 1926a. Germany. Brehm, C. L. 1831a. VARIOUS BIRDS Accipiter. Farren, W. 1914. Age- lams. Allen, A. A. 1914b; Soriano, P. S. 1931. Alcatorda. Frohawk.F.W. 1910b. Ampelis [Bombycilla] cedrorum. Beal, F. E. 1892. Anas platyrhynchos. McAtee, W. L. 1918d. Anatidae. Mabbott, D. C. 1920. Anous s. stolidus. Watson, J. B. 1908. Aphelocoma c. californica. Mailliard, J. 1900a. Archibu- teoferrugineus [Buteo regalis], Cameron, E. S. 1914. Archilochus colubris. Pickens, A. L. & Garrison, L. P. 1931. Ardea. Zimmer, J. T. 1918. Ardea cinerea. Detmers, E. 1908. Artamus. Fryer, J. C. 1913a. Asio f. flammeus. Munro, J. A. 1918. Athene [Carine] nodua. Collinge, W. E. 1922b, c; McAtee, W. L. 1922b. Bubo v. virgini- anus. Erringtpn, P. L. 1932. Buteo swainsoni. Griddle, N. 1915. Capri- mulginae. van Rossem, A. J. 1927. Carpodacus p. purpureus. Chapman, F. M. 1896b. Ceryle [Megaceryk] akyon. Abbott, C. C. 1873. Chryso- coccyx lucidus. Grimmett, R. E. 1922; Smith, W. W. 1923. Colaptes auratus. Brewster, W. 1893. Corvidae. Col- linge, W. E. 1930. Corvus. Drieberg, C. 1907; Sprenger, A. 1908. Corpus americanus [brachyrhynchos]. Judd, S. D. 1896; Nauman, C. H. 1868. Corvus comix. Collinge, W. E. 1930; Staes, G. 1901. Corvus frugilegus. Collinge, W. E. 1910. Crexcrex. Collinge, W. E. 1931. CyanocUta. Dyche, L. L. 1908. Cygninae. Beebe, C. W. 1906e. Den- dragapus. Fisher, W. H. 1888b. Den- droica c. caerulescens. Harding, K. C. 1931. Dichoceros bicornis. Wood, W. S. 1927. Euphagus cyanocephalus. Sori- ano, P. S. 1931. Falco p. peregrinus. Can-, R. 1849; Winkler, H. 1908. Falco subbuteo. Csorgey, T. 1902. Fregata minor. Hedley, C. 1926. Fringillidae. McAtee, W. L. 1908a. Fulica. Ever- Habits BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 250 mann, B. W. 1902. Gallinago. Gault, B. T. 1902. Gypagus. Funck, N. 1916. Haematopus. Dewar, J. M. 1913. Hirundinidae. Beal, F. E. 1918. Icterus. Beal, F. E.1895a. Ixoreus. Law, J. E. 1921. Lanius. Esterly, C. O. 1917; Miller, A. H. 1931. Lams. Clarke, W. J. 1912; Fisher, W. K. 1907; Wales, J. H. 1926; Ward, F. 1913. Larus argentatus smithsonianus. Mac- kay, G. H. 1892a; Strong, R. M. 1914. Larus r. ridibundus. Haviland, M. D. 1915a. Loxia. Fisher, W. H. 1888a; Robbins, C. A. 1932. Melanerpes ery- throcephalus. Aldrich, C. 1879a; Hay, O. P. 1887. Melopelia asiatica. Wet- more, A. 1920f. Merops. Waite, E. R. 1919. Nestor notabilis. Oliver, W. R. 1930; Potts, T. H. 1881. Oreoscoples montanus. Kennedy, C. H. 1911b. Passer. Judd, S. D. 1896. Passerella iliaca. Linsdale, J. M. 1928c. Pedioe- cetes phasianellus campestris. Lincoln, F. C. 1923. Pelecanus. Goss, N. S. 1888. Penthestes. Beal, F. E. 1899b. Perdix perdix. Losy, J. 1903. Phala- ropus lobatus. Pike, O. G. 1915. Phasianus. Burnett, W. L. & Maxon, A. C. 1921. Picidae. Trouvelot, B. 1925. Picus. Gloger, C. W. 1855. Puffinus opisthomelas. Anthony, A. W. 1896a. Raptores. Errington, P. L. 1933. Ramphastos. Stevens, R. P. 1870. Rhynchops nigra. Arthur, S. C. 1921. Seiurus aurocapillus. Nice, M. M. 1931d. Sitta. Averill, C. K. 1888. Spatula clypeata. McAtee, W. L. 1922e. Speotyto. Errington, P. L. & Bennett, L. J. 1935. Spizella passerina. Beal, F. E. 1899b. Weed, C. M. 1899. Stercorarius parasiticus. Momiyama, T. 1921. Sterna f. fuscata. Watson, J. B. 1908. Strigidae. Dunlop, G. A. 1910; Farley, J. A. 1924; Montgomery, T. H. 1899. Struthio. Sternberg, W. 1908. Sturnella. Beal, F. E. 1895a, 1913. Sturnus vulgaris. Kalmbach, E. R. 1922; Lewis, H. F. 1927b. Totanus. Kirkover, H. D. 1898. Toxostoma r. redivivum. Grinnell, J. 1917b. Tringa alpina. Dewar, J. M. 1909b. Trochilus [Archilochus] colubris. Eames, E. H. 1890. Turdidae. Beal, F. E. 1915a, b. Turdus TO. merula. Collinge, W. E. 1924; Meiklejohn, A. H. 1906. Tyran- nus tyrannus. Barrows, W. B. 1894. Tyto. Foster, G. L. 1927. Uraeginthus. Decoux, A. 1915. Vireoninae. Chapin, E. A. 1925. Vultur [Cathartes] aura. Hunter, P. 1833; Waterton, C. 1933c, e. Vulturinae. Reiser, 0. 1911; Sprenger, A. 1908. Atropa belladonna not eaten. S., W. G. 1898. Boring holes in trees. Picidae. Smith, J. B. 1894. Cannibalism. Sunkel, W. 1914. In- cludes Falco. Finn, F. 1899a. Quiscalus. Weber, J. A. 1912. Strigidae. Richard- son, C. H. 1906. Strix. Daggett, F. S. 1913. Young in captivity. Larus. Rendahl, H. 1913b. Captivity feeding. Dendragapus. Bishop, W. L. 1912. Carrying food adhering to plumage. McAtee, W. L. 1914a. Coloration and mimicry relations. Includes birds. Mottram, J. C. 1918. Comparison of feeding habits in British Isles and North America. Sturnus vulgaris. Kalmbach, E. R. 1922. Dividing fish with beak. Ceryle [Megaceryle]. Breed, E. E. 1873. Diving for food. Butorides. Brooks, W. S. 1923. Experiments with insects supposed to be offensive. All eaten by some species. Butler, A. G. 1889b. Farm, forest, and garden birds com- pared. Beal, F. E. & McAtee, W. L. 1912. Feet used in carrying food. Corvus. Fewkes, J. W. 1884. Finding food by sight, not by smell. Vultur [Cathartes] aura. Waterton, C. 1833c. Flower-frequenting birds. Loew, E. 1907. Nectariniidae. Werth, E. 1900. Foliage-eating. Spinus p. pinus. Bassett, F. N. 1923. Honey-eating. Nectariniidae. Porsch, O. 1924a, b, 1926. Impaling instinct. Lanius. Watson, J. R. 1910; Whyte, J. 1887. Need of more food by small birds because of greater temperature radia- tion. Lapicque, L. 1911. Pollination of flowers. Archilochus. Pickens, A. L. 1927. Nectariniidae. Schouteden-Wery, J. 1925. "Rapid peering" intense activity in searching for food. Grinnell, J. 1921a. Reactions to poisonous plants. Man- sion, A. 1901. 251 SUBJECT INDEX Habits Relation to environment in feeding habits. Haematopus. Dewar, J. M. 1915a. Robbing other birds of food. Laridae. Anthony, A. W. 1906. Strange objects swallowed by various Ratitae. Anderson, R. J. 1912. Swallowing potato. Columba p. palumbus. Marriage, A. W. 1914. Temperature effects. Many species. Stevenson, J. 1933. Time of feeding. Many species. Stevenson, J. 1933. Tongue function. Trochilus. Ballou, W. H. 1879. Use of gravel or sand. Jacobi, A. 1900; Jaeckel, H. 1925. Variation. Snell, F. H. 1861b. Voraciousness. Chordeiles popetue. Harvey, F. L. 1880. Cuculus. Frey- berg, B. 1872. Diomedeidae. Beld- ing, L. 1902. Winter feeding habits. Gabrielson, I. N. 1924a. Carnivorous habits Feeding on brain of other species, piercing skull after hypnotizing bird. Glaucidium nanum. Machon, F. 1926. Robbing nests of other birds. Laridae. Anthony, A. W. 1906. Pica. Raspail, X. 1909c. VARIOUS ANIMALS KILLED Full-grown rabbits by Pica. Thomp- son, G. W. 1926. Woodrat by Geococcyx. Anthony, A. W. 1896b. Fishes General. Ardea c. cinerea. Heller, F. 1908. Rhynchops n. nigra. Stone, W. 1921. Seiurus motacilla. Hix, G. E. 1916. Are dead fish eaten by Pandion haliaeetus carolinensis? "Roamer" 1877a, b. Peculiar mode of fishing. Larus. Hamilton, E. 1896. Insects General. Mailliard, J. 1919a. Alauda alpestris. Le Baron, W. 1870. Calypte anna. Bassett, F. N. 1920. Larus ridibundus. Brown, W. 1844. Passer. Riley, C. V. 1889. Sterna. Hald, H. A. 1925. Various insects eaten Bees. Glaser, L. 1883. Butterflies. Esben-Petersen, P. and others 1922; Finn, F. 1899-1900, 1902a, 1907; Fortescue, W. I. 1902; Fox, H. 1899; Frings, C. 1900; Fryer, J. C. 1913a, b; Hilse, C. 1901; Kennel, J. 1898; Latter, O. H. 1902a; McKay, A. E. 1902a, b; Veley, L. J. 1902a, b. Cicada (17-year). By Laridae. For- bush, E. H. 1924. Flying insects. By Melanerpes. McGregor, R. C. 1900c. By Sturnus vulgaris. Schuster, L. 1908. Grasshoppers. By Melanerpes ery- throcephalus. Aldrich, C. 1878, 1879a. Hairy caterpillars. Kingston, A. G. 1892a; Miller, M. M. 1899. Mosquitoes. By Chordeiles. Jennings, A. H. 1908. Moths. Finn, F. 1902a; McKay, A. E. 1902a, b; Veley, L. J. 1902a, b. By Troglodytidae. Aldrich, C. 1879b. Termites. By Passer, Sialia, & Turdus. Hagen, H. A. 1882. Trout fly. By Passeres. Bergtold, W. H. 1926c. Wasps. Hesse, E. 1916b. Fish-eating birds eating insects. Torka, V. 1908. Insects supposedly protectively colored or bad-tasting often devoured by birds. Judd, S. D. 1899b. Relation between color and edibility of Lepidoptera and their larvae. Weir, J. J. 1869, 1870. Warning and confusing color effects. Krausse, A. H. 1911. Mollusks General. Corvus c. comix. Michel, J. 1891. Eating Mytilus. Haematopus. Dewar, J. M. 1908b. Other birds General. By Antrostomus carolinen- sis. Stone, W. 1898a. Asio f. flammeus. Munro, J. A. 1918. Falco sparverius attacking Turdus. Mailliard, J. 1924. Habits BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 252 Young birds Anatidae. By Melanerpes erythro- cephalus. Aldrich, C. 1877b. Phasianus. By Quiscalus. Foster, F. B. 1927. Spinus t. tristis. By Euphagus cyanocephalus. Anthony, A. W. 1923. Sheep-killing See also under Economic ornithology. Nestor notabilis. Book. Text in English. Marriner, G. R. 1909; Oliver, W. R. 1930. General. Nestor notabilis. Benham, W. B. 1906a, 1907; Marriner, G. R. 1907, 1908; Potts, T. H. 1881; Wharton, H. T. 1880; White, T. 1894, 1895. Origin of sheep-killing habit. Nestor. Haacke, W. 1896a. Changes in feeding habits General. Buphaga. Hinde, S. L. 1900a; Lankester, E. R. 1900. Picidae. Calvin, S. 1877. Destructive. Gyps & Psittacus. Evans, M. S. 1895a. Feeding effects on beak. Colaptes auratus. Sharp, B. 1889. Replacement of one habit by another. Many species. Schut, L. W. 1921. Destruction of eggs General. Cuculus. Gurney, J. H. Jr. 1897a; Humphreys, G. R. 1926. Troglodytes a. aedon. Greaser, C. W. 1925. Destroying eggs of Colinus. Passer. Bowles, E. D. 1886. Disgorgement See also under Food. General. Proctor, T. 1897. Cherry stones. Baily, W. L. 1897. Poisonous seeds. Lowe, J. 1898. Feather-eating General. Podiceps. Madon, P. 1926b. Psittaci. Schaff, E. A. 1902; Schmidt, M. 1864. Feathers eaten forming a pyloric plug which aids in digestion by acting as sieve. Aechmophorus, Anhinga, Colymbus, & Podilymbus. Wetmore, A. 1920g. Fruit eaten General. Ceryle [Megaceryle]. Coues, E. B. 1878a. Oreoscoptes montanus. Kennedy, C. H. 1911b. Bayberries. Hirundinidae. Allin- son, J. 1879. Juice of unripe grapes. Compsoth- lypidae. McAtee, W. L. 1904. Opening shells of bivalve mollusks Beak used. Haematopus. Dewar, J. M. 1922. Breaking shells by dropping from considerable heights. Corvus. Loos, C. 1891. Laridae. Anthony, A. W. 1906; Oldham, C. 1930. Opening mollusk shells by dropping them from great heights. Larus. Engle, R. F. 1915; Legge, W. V. 1866. Sap-drinking General. Dendroica. Mousley, W. H. 1917b. Picidae. Lehmann, E. 1926; Osmaston, A. E. 1916. Sphyrapicus v. varius, Mousley, W. H. 1917b. Factors determining location of bor- ings. Sphyrapicus v. varius. Taggart, M. W. 1912. Good illustration of holes made in trees. Sphyrapicus v. varius. Horsford, B. 1884. Hummingbirds sucking sap from sap- sucker holes. Bolles, F. 1891. Storing food Usually in holes in trees. Acorns. Dendropicus major. Selous, E. 1908b. Melanerpes [Balanosphyra} formicivorus bairdi. Fisher, W. K. 1906; Michael, C. W. 1926; Murray, A. 1855; Ritter, W. E. 1921, 1922; Selous, E. 1908b; Stearns, R. E. 1882a. Almonds. Melanerpes [Balanosphyra] formicivorus. Gignoux, C. 1921b. Unusual feeding habits General. Turdus pilaris. Lonnberg, E. 1929c. Eating corn. Larus. Connell, C. G. 1926. 253 SUBJECT INDEX Habits Shelled corn. Melanerpes erythro- cephalus. Aldrich, C. 1879a. FLYING HABITS See also under Locomotion. General. Clark, A. H. 1925; Dewitz, J. 1901; Nauwerck, W. 1894; Nietsch, V. 1905; "Olshausen, A. 1908; Rich, W. H. 1929; Webster, G. V. 1918. Archilochus alexandri. Woodbury, A. M. 1930a. Ectopistes. Greenleaf, P. H. 1855. Fulmarus. Anthony, A. W. 1895b. Pelecanus. Roulin, F. D. 1826. Flightless birds. Fitz- Simons, F. W. 1907. Diurnal flying habits when feeding young. Strix. Dunlop, E. B. 1911a. Eating in flight. Reichenow, A. 1895. Flight habits in high gales. Anon. 1891a. Manner of holding prey. Carniv- orous birds. Nauwerck, W. 1894, 1895. Night soaring. Cypselus. Edwards, A. 1914; Kingston, A. G. 1892a. Fly- ing in evening. Hirundinidae. Kings- ton, A. G. 1892a. NOCTURNAL HABITS General. Huey, L. M. 1927b; Mattingley, A. H. 1908c. Includes birds. Hardy, C. C. 1863. Dumetella carolinensis. Stevenson, A. 1893. Laridae. Schuster, W. 1906b. Larus argentatus. Lucas, F. A. 1892a. Turdus iliacus. Booth, H. B. 1911; Stubbs, F. J. 1911b. Brooding birds and nestling birds. Haviland, M. D. 1914b. Flying. Mathew, G. F. 1871. Roosting in colony. Quiscalus. Jones, L. 1897. Singing at night. Eaton, A. A. 1893a; Edson, J. M. 1893; Fisher, M. L. 1921; Flemyng, W. W. 1886; Gibbs, R. M. 1892c. Alauda a. arvensis. Laws, M. A. 1892. Ammodramus & Calcarius. Jones, L. 1893a. Coccyzus. Lewis, J. B. 1893. Cyanospiza. Ridgway, R. 1892a. Icteria. Lewis, J. B. 1893; Ridgway, R. 1892a. Mimus. Ridg- way, R. 1892a. Nannus h. hiemalis. Rhoads, S. N. 1895. Seiurus. Lewis, J. B. 1893; Ridgway, R. 1892a. Spiza. Jones, L. 1893a. Spizella. Ridgway, R. 1892a. Telmatodytes p. palustris. Hunt, C. J. 1904b. Turdus. Ellison, A. 1894; Jones, L. 1893a. POSTURE See also under Locomotion. General. Tetrao. Loewis, O. 1881b. Attitudes on land. Colymbus & Gavia. Shufeldt, R. W. 1898c. Carriage of tail. Galloperdix. Finn, F. 1899d. Changes at various hours of day. Nyctibius jamaicensis. Goeldi, E. A. 1904. Flight posture Book. Text in English. Pycraft, W. P. 1922. Position of legs in flight. See also under Locomotion. Voigt, A. I894b. FOOT POSITION General. Floericke, C. E. 1895. Feet carried close to body in cold weather. Laridae. Anthony, A. W. 1906. SINGING HABITS See also under Behavior and Sound production. Books. Text in English. Evans, W. E. 1851; Howard, H. E. 1920; Jennings, J. 1829; Saunders, A. A. 1935. Text in German. Haecker, V. 1900. General. Barrington, D. 1773; Dorno, C. 1924; Fabani, C. 1892b; Gibbs, R. M. 1893c; Graeser, K. 1907a; Grob- bels, F. 1907; Hagen, W. 1908b; Hampel, W. 1872; Moody, M. B. 1893. Many species. Christoleit, E. 1927b; Wright, H. W. 1912. Alcedo. Marsden, W. M. 1927. Cardinalis [Richmondena] cardinalis. Nowell, J. R. 1899. Icterus. Halde- mann, S. S. 1879. Mimus. Michener, H. & Michener, J. R. 1935. Paras. Haldemann, S. S. 1879. Tyrannus tyrannus. Hausman, L. A. 1925. Crowing of male. Gallus. Peal, S. E. 1891a. Duets. Huxley, J. S. 1919b. Mocking. See also under Behavior. Braun, F. 1910. Phylloscopus rufus. Huxley, J. S. 1908; Kelsall, J. E. 1908. Habits BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 254 Origin of singing habits. Clark, X. 1879. Physiology of impulse to sing. Haecker, V. 1916, 1924a. Significance of singing habits. Headley, F. W. 1909. Location General. Grobbels, F. 1907. Distance from nest of singing male. Mousley, W. H. 1919. Flying. Csorgey, T. 1922; Ranson, J. 1864. On nests. Hales, H. 1894. Song periods General. Alexander, C. J. & Alexan- der, H. G. 1908, 1911; Baerg, W. J. 1930; Burkitt, J. P. 1922; Campbell, D. C. 1921; Godfrey, R. 1897; Saunders, A. A. 1921b. Duration and intensity of song period. Pupovac, 0. 1915. Early morning. Gyngell, W. 1903; Zimmer, C. 1919. Many species. Wright, H. W. 1912. Evening. Many species. Wright, H. W. 1912. Late evening. Gyngell, W. 1903. Mid-day. Ridgway, R. 1892a. SINGING OUTSIDE OF BREEDING SEASON General. Braun, F. 1908b, 1910; Schiirer, J. 1906; Wood, N. 1837. August. Hyatt, M. 1893. Autumn. Alauda arvensis. Gardiner, W. 1835. Phylloscopus rufus. Meikle- john, A. H. 1901; Townsend, G. 1901; Warner, W. H. 1901. October. Alauda arvensis. Wilson, W. 1899. Seasonal decline. Fry, H. J. 1916; Helms, O. 1910. Winter and on migration. Alexander, C. J. 1917b. VARIOUS FACTORS Breeding period. Burkitt, J. P. 1919. Light. Troglodytes a. aedon. Lutz, F. E. 1931. Relation to sexual selection and sex hormones. Hawkins, C. J. 1918, 1920. Weather General. Alford, C. E. 1925; Harvie- Brown, J. A. 1899b; Raspail, X. 1907a; Schwan, A. 1921. Temperature. Mimus p. polyglottos. Shaver, J. M. & Walker, G. 1930. HEAD See also under Alimentary canal, Brain, Eye, Ear, Integument, Ner- vous system, Olfactory organs, and Skull. This section includes publica- tions that are not easily referred to various organs. Anatomy and morphology. Bittner, H. 1925b. Includes birds. Goodsir, J. 1857. Birds incidental. Jager, G. 1862-63. Book. Text in Latin. Klein, J. T. 1759. Blood-sucking birds. Moller, W. 1931. Crested fowls. Gal- lus. Neumann, F. 1914. Meleagris. Petit, F. 1738. Ramphastos toco. Gould, J. 1833-35. General dissection view. Book. Text in German. Vogt, C. & Yung, E. 1889-94. Good figures of median sagittal sections. Goppert, E. 1903. Dissection including ear and skull figured. Tetrao urogallus. Graff, L. 1885. Lateral line system. Transitory in embryo. Meek, A. 1907. Palate. Includes birds. Fleisch- mann, A. 1910. Parietal eye. Development. Columba & Gallus. Livini, F. 1905a, b. Periorbital region. Structure. Anser, Corvus, Gallup, & Meleagris. Barkard, O. 1902. Development Book. Text in German. Includes birds. Dursy, E. 1869. General. Birds incidental. Jager, G. 1862-63. Anas. Kupffer, C. W. 1893; *Rex, H. 1897. Include Gallus. *Froriep, A. 1894; His, W. 1892a; Kupffer, C. W. 1893; Locy, W. A. 1895a. Larus. *Rex, H. 1901a, 1905, 1911. Crested fowl. Gallus. Neu- mann, F. 1914. Metamerism. Goronovitsch, N. 1892. Includes Gallus. Zimmermann, K. W. 255 SUBJECT INDEX Head 1891. Include Larus fuscus. Meek. A. 1907, 1912. BEAK General. Duhamel du Morceau, H. L. 1755. Diomedea. Loomis, L. M. 1919b. Opislhocomus. Deville, E. 1852. Plautusimpennis. Preyer, W. T. 1862. Comparison of curvature of beak and claws. Rapacious birds. Scrofani, P. 1899. Correlation in beak form with habitat. Gengler, J. 1911. Irregular denticulation. MacGilli- vray, W. 1832. Jaw mechanism. Includes birds. Teutleben, F. E. 1874. Nestling beak. Psephotus. Pycraft, W. P. 1907d. Periodic changes in form. Sturmis vulgaris. Rosenbach, 0. 1902. Relation in size and shape to food. No correlation. Geospiza. Snodgrass, R. E. 1902. Anatomy General. *Hesse, E. 1907b, 1913a. Includes Gallus. Albrecht, P. C. 1885. Loxia. Yarrell, W. 1829. Scolopax. Clara, M. 1925. Histology. Gallus. Cuccati, G. 1889. Platalea. Jobert, C. 1873c. Internal structure. Ramphastos toco. Owen, R. 1834a. Taxonomic anatomy. Procellarii- formes. Hombron, J. B. & Jacquinot, C. H. 1844. Vascularity of beak. Ramphastos. Traill, T. S. 1815. Development General. His, W. 1885. Birds inci- dental. Keibel, F. 1893. Ardea cinerea. Sushkin, P. P. 1912. Cra- norrhinus. Walden, A. 1874. Dryo- copus. Loos, C. 1911b. Eudyptes chrysocome. *Lewin, M. 1903. Gattus. Gardiner, E. G. 1884; *Rosenstadt, E. B. 1902, 1912. Melopsittacus. Gardiner, E. G. 1884; *Ghigi, A. 1902. Picus. Heusinger, K. F. 1812. Vanel- lus. Graul, W. 1907. Crested fowl. Gattus. Neumann, F. 1914. GROWTH General. Kohn, A. 1877. Changes in form. Diomedea brachy- ura. Shufeldt, R. W. 1885d. Metamorphosis of beak. Pici. Heu- singer, K. F. 1812. HISTOGENESIS General. Gattus. Cuccati, G. 1889. Epidermal portion of beak. Jeffries, J. A. 1888. Gattus. Remak, R. 1848! Mesodermal papillae on mouth border. Melopsittacus. Keibel, F. 1901b. Horny sheath General. Boetticher, H. 1928. Epidermal fibrillae. Histogenesis. Role of chondrosomes (Mitochondria). Gallus. Firket, J. 1911. Morphology. Doenitz, F. C. 1869b. Rhamphotheca. Homologies of ele- ments. Many species. *Lonnberg, A. J. 1904a. Crest present in both sexes General. Pelecanus. Snow, F. H. 1875. Deciduous nature. Pelecanus. Baird, S. F. 1869. Two small transitory knobs at base of upper mandible in spring. Oedic- nemus. Gurney, J. H. Jr. 1889d. Lower mandible General. Many species. Lebedin- sky, N. G. 1921a. Development. Many species. *Lebe- dinsky, N. G. 1920. Larus. Rex, H. Mandibular pouch. Pelecanus Duvernoy, G. L. 1835b. Supposed pouch under beak. Does not exist. Corvus frugilegus. Water- ton, C. 1832d. FORM Environmental effects. Many spe- cies. *Lebedinsky, N. G. 19l8b, 1921a. Feeding habits, effects. Many spe- cies. Lebedinsky, N. G. 1918a. Head BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 256 Mobility of upper mandible General. Many species. Nitzsch, C. L. 1816, 1817; Wilbrand, J. B. 1823. Gallinago. Trowbridge, C. C. 1894. Limosa haemastica. Trowbridge, C. C. 1894; Trowbridge, W. P. 1891. Philo- hela. Trowbridge, C. C. 1894. Scolo- pax. Beckmann, L. 1865. Tringa. Pycraft, W. P. 1893b. Entotympanic muscle. Gallinago. Workman, W. H. 1907b. Fronto-nasal joint. Cygnus. Boyes, F. & Boulton, W. W. 1871. Physiology Function. Grote, H. 1902; Schwartz, M. 1908; Snell, S. H. 1904. Dryocopus. Loos, C. 1911b. Ramphastos brevi- carinatus. Van Tyne, J. 1929. Male sex hormone effect on color. Larus ridibundus. van Oordt, G. J. & Junge, G. C. 1930. Movements of beak. Many species. Herissant, F. D. 1752. Use of beak as sieve or filter. Spatula. Zander, E. 1908. Soft mouth parts General. Ploceidae. Chapin, J. P. 1917. Luminous papillae of nestlings. Kil- lermann, . 1905; Lewek, T. 1901. Ploceidae. Key, J. G. 1901. Poephila. Brandes, G. 1901; Butler, A. G. 1898b; Chun, C. 1902, 1903; Knauer, F. K. 1904; Stenta, M. 1905. Ornamentation. Ortygospiza poly- zona. St. Quintin, W. H. 1910. Roof of mouth. Includes birds. Sippel, W. 1908. NASAL REGION Structure and development. Dieu- lafe, L. 1904. Includes Anas & Gallus. *Beecker, A. 1903. Nasal chamber Anatomy. Schultze, M. 1862. Many species. Hoffmann, B. 1882; *Ishihara, K. 1932; Parker, W. K. 1875, 1877, 1879b; Strong, R. M. 1911b; *Technau, G. 1936. Apteryx. Parker, T. J. 1888. Gallus. Mihalkovics, G. V. 1898. Microglossa alecto. Parker, W. K. 1865a. Phalacrocorax. Pycraft, W. P. 1899b. Ramphastos toco. Owen, R. 1834a. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea. Shufeldt, R. W. 1881g. Glands. Book. Text in German. Birds, pp. 42-48. Schultze, M. 1862. Nasal and paranasal chambers. Good drawings. Bittner, H. 1925b. Development General. Many species. Parker, W. K. 1879b. Gallinula chloropus. Willink, H. D. 1899b. Include Gallus. Born, G. 1879; Kolliker, R. A. 1860. Vestibule. Gallus. Branca, A. 1908. CONCHAE OR TURBINATES General. Mihdlkovics, G. V. 1896. Many species. Nitszch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1876; Technau, G. 1936. Birds incidental. Ingersoll, J. M. 1908. Aegithognathous birds. Parker, W. K. 1877. Includes Anas. Beecker, A. 1903. Apteryx. Parker, T. J. 1888. Caprimulgus, Columba, & Corvus. Gegenbaur, C. 1873. Gallus. Beecker, A. 1903; Gegenbaur, C. 1873; Mihalko- vics, G. V. 1898. Gypogeranus. Gegen- baur, C. 1873. Meleagris. Harwood, B. K. 1796. Microglossa alecto. Parker, W. K. 1865a. Numenius. Gegen- baur, C. 1873. Passeriformes. Giebel, C. G. 1876. Pici. Shufeldt, R. W. 1900b. Podargus, Psittacus, & Rap- tores. Gegenbaur, C. 1873. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea. Shufeldt, R. W. 1881g. Development. Includes Ga llus. Kol- liker, R. A. 1860. Homologies. Birds incidental. Peter, K. 1902. JACOBSON'S ORGAN Rudimentary in embryo only. In- cludes birds. Zuckerkandl, E. 1910. Gallus. Cohn, F. 1903; Mihalkovics, G. V. 1896, 1898. Development. Gallinula chloropus. Willink, H. D. 1899b. Medial portion of nasal gland ducts a reduced Jacobson's organ. Ganin, M. S. 1890. NASOLACRIMAL DUCT General. Many species. Technau, G. 1936. Anas, Buceros, Buteo, Gallus, & Psittacus. 'Hoffmann, B. 1882. Development. Gallus incidental. Born, G. 1877, 1879. Pygoscelis. *Ask, F. 1913. 257 SUBJECT INDEX Head Nostrils Position. Includes birds. Negus, V. E. 1925. ABSENCE General. Pekcanus [Moris] bassamis. Montagu, G. 1810. Sula. Schlegel, H. 1839. OBLITERATION General. Phalacrocorax. Ewart, J. C. 1882; Pycraft, W. P. 1899b. Nostrils present in newly hatched cormorants. Closure about time young take to water and feed themselves. Phalacrocorax. Anthony, A. W. 1897b; Lucas, F. A. I897b. HEARING See also under Ear. General. Adams, A. L. 1877; Fabani, C. 1895b; Hussey, R. F. 1917. Columba. *Breuer, J. 1907; Tjumjanzeff, N. F. 1931. Includes Falco. Breschet, G. 1833. Gallus. Breuer, J. 1907; *Goebel, O. 1913; Katz, D. & Revesz, G. 1921; Kline, L. W. 1899; Schmid, B. 1912. Larus argentatus. Strong, R. M. 1914. Meleagris. Caton, J. D. 1870. Spinus. *Breuer, J. 1907. Decerebrate bird. Columba & Gallus. Schrader, M. E. 1891. Embryos. Gloger, C. W. 1856e, 1860a. Young birds. Gallus. Thorndike, E. L. 1899. PHYSIOLOGY OF HEARING General. Anas, Anser, Columba, Gal- lus, Passer, & Serinus. Wada, Y. 1924. Deafness of male uttering loud note in sexual excitement. Erectile tissue in wall of external auditory meatus swells as result of increased blood pres- sure and, along with pressure from the contracting M. depressor mandibulae closes the passage, bird becoming deaf to outside world. Tetrao u. urogallus. Ehrlich, H. 1907; Gadow, H. F. 1891d; Graff, L. 1885; Olt, J. 1907a, b; Oppel, L. 1912; Wurm, W. 1885, 1904. Fright from loud noise. Hirundinidae. Midgley, T. 1896. Function of elastic ligaments in mid- dle ear. Gallus. Pohlman.A. G. 1921b. Perception of sounds of different pitch and timbre. Chrysotis. Lashley, K. S. 1913. Recognition of sound location. Mail- Hard, J. 1922; Pohlman, A. G. 1921a. Sound effects upon respiratory move- ments. Columba. Rouse, J. E. 1905. Experimental studies General. Columba. Jellinek, A. 1926. Electrical apparatus tests. Fre- quencies 100 to 10,000 heard. Columba. Wever, E. G. & Bray, C. W. 1936. Experimental removal of labyrinths. Columba. Ewald, J. R. 1895; Wundt, W. M. 1894. HEART Books. Text in English. Owen, R. 1866-68. Text in German. Tigerstedt, R. A. 1921-23; Vogt, C. C. & Yung, E. 1888-94. General. Many species. Parrot, C. P. 1893. Includes birds. Sabatier, C. P. 1873a. Anas & Anser. Lorenz, H. 1921. Apteryx. Beddard, F. E. 1885c; Lankester, E. R. 1885a, b; Owen, R. 1885. Balearica pavonina. Mery, J. 1733b. CocMeariidae. Murie, J. 1872b. Columba. Barge, J. A. 1914; Lorenz, H. 1921; McKenzie, I. 1910b. Dromaeus [Dromiceius], Coughtrey, M. 1873a. Eurypygidae. Murie, J. 1872b. Gallus. "Kern, A. 1926; Lorenz, H. 1921. Nucifraga, Oidemia, & Olygyps. Barge, J. A. 1914. Rhinochetidae. Murie, J. 1872b. Sar- corhamphus. Beddard, F. E. 1890a, 1902c. Struthio. Lorenz, H. 1921. Tinnunculus. Barge, J. A. 1914. Melanotic pigmentation. Gallus. Stiefel, K. 1926. ANATOMY Book. Text in French. Includes birds. Sabatier, C. P. 1873b. General. Many species. Rose, C. 1890. Include birds. *Gasch, F. R. 1888; Gegenbaur, C. 1866. Anser. Rose, C. 1890. Columba. Rose, C. 1890; Vogelsang, C. 1840. Corpus. Rose, C. 1890. Emberiza & Fringitta. Vogelsang, C. 1840. Gattus. Stiefel, K. Heart BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 258 1926; Vogelsang, C. 1840. Rhea. Rose, C. 1890. Strix. Vogelsang, C. 1840. Coronary arteries. Petren, T. 1926. Functional ductus arteriosus (Botalli). Dafila & Nycticorax. Finn, F. 1891a. Left ventricle. Carapezza, L. 1898. Muscular architecture. Gallus. Shaner, R. F. 1923. Pericardium. Columba, Nucifraga, Oidemia, Olygyps, & Tinnunculus. Barge, J. A. 1914. Thebesian veins and sinusoids. Gal- lus. Uchiyama, T. 1928. Topographic relations. Includes Gal- lus. Fleischmann, A. 1924. Atrioventricular system (Bundle of His) General. Ohmori, S. 1928. Anas. Mangold, E. 1914b. Chenopsis atrata. *Davies, F. 1930. Chloris. Keith, A. & Flack, M. 1907. Ciconia. *Davies, F. 1930. Columba. *Davies, F. 1930; Ktilbs, F. 1912. Gallus. Mangold, E. 1914b; 'Mangold, E. & Toyojiro, K. 1914a, b; Okata, Y. 1928; Shindo, T. 1927. Includes Gallus. Kulbs, F. 1912. Passer. Keith, A. & Flack, M. 1907. Struthio. *Davies, F. 1930; Drennan, M. R. 1927. Atrioventricular bundle and sino- auricular node described as absent. McKenzie, I. 1910a, b; McKenzie, I. & Robertson, J. I. 1910. Lack of typical node tissue. Anas, Anser, & Gallus. Mangold, E. & Toyojiro, K. 1914a. PURKINJE FIBERS Development. Columba. Frank, A. 1927. Gallus. Kulbs, F. 1920. Histology. Many species. Holmes, A. H. 1923. Columba, Corvus & Strigidae. Tang, E. H. 1922. Histology of myocardium General. FringiUa. Schockaert, A. 1909. Gallus. Schockaert, A. 1909; Stiefel, K. 1926. Passer. Schockaert, A. 1909. Elastic tissue. Distribution. Gallus. Rizzo, A. 1901. CARDIAC MUSCLE FIBERS Arrangement in ventricles. Includes birds. Pettigrew, J. B. 1864a. Cytology. Anas, Columba, Gallus, & Meleagris. Kato, Y. 1928. Trochilus. "Jordan, H. E. 1911. Innervation of heart General. Budge, J. 1860; Hosi, T. 1926; *Kahn, R. H. 1915. Birds inci- dental. His, W., Jr. & Romberg, . 1890; Wagner, R. 1854. Anas. Paton, D. N. 1912; Ssinelnikow, R. 1928. Anser. Ssinelnikow, R. 1928. Columba. Kasahara, I. 1928; Ssinelnikow, R. 1928. Corvus & Gallus. Ssinelnikow, R. 1928. Development. His, W. Jr. 1893. Taxonomic consideration. Kondrat- jew, N. S. 1926. GANGLIA General. Astur, Corvus, & Pica. Pisskunoff, N. N. 1911. Arrangement. Columba, Corvus, Falco, Gallus, Muscicapa, & Passer. Schklar- ewski, A. 1872b. Ganglion cells in walls of ventricles. Includes Anas, Gallus, & Meleagris. Kasem-Beck, A. 1887. Valves General. Includes birds. Pettigrew, J. B. 1866. Anas. *0ehl, S. C. 1859. Dromiceius. Piaz, A. M. 191 Ib. Gal- lus. *0ehl, S. C. 1859. Struthio. Piaz, A. M. 1911b. Cartilage in valves. Anas & Gallus. *Oehl, S. C. 1859. Pre-caval homologies. Dromaeus [Dromiceius] novae-hollandiae. Cough- trey, M. 1873a. ATRIO (AURICULAR) VENTRICULAR VALVES Development. Includes Gallus. Favaro, G. 1912. Left atrio (auricular) ventricular valves General. Many species. Hodgkin- son, A. 1901. Valve of right ventricle. Right cardiac valve General. Apteryx & Gallus. Lan- kester, E. R. 1885b. 259 SUBJECT INDEX Heart Arrangement of muscle fibers. Mcln- tosh, W. C. 1862. DEVELOPMENT See also under Embryology. Books. Text in French. Gallus. Haller, A. 1758. Text in Latin. Gallus. Haller, A. 1767a; Lancisi, M. G. 1738. General. Szaniawski, W. 1925. In- cludes birds. Hasebroek, K. 1917. Birds incidental. Spitzer, A. 1919; Ziegler, H. E. 1915. Anas. Graper, L. 1907; *Weber, A. 1902g. Anas inci- dental. Strahl, H. & Carius, F. 1889. Anser. Graper, L. 1907. Fringilla. Schockaert, A. 1909. Gallus. Afanas- sieff, N. 1869; Assaky, G. 1883; Bosio, C. & Midana, A. 1924; Fano, G. 1889; *Gasser, E. 1876, 1877c; Graper, L. 1907; *Masius, J. 1889; Olivo, 0. 1925a, b; *Patten, B. M. 1922; Pre- vost, J. L. & Dumas, J. B. 1824; Prevost, J. L. & Lebert, H. 1844, 1850; Reichert, C. B. 1837; Schenk, S. L. 1866; Schockaert, A. 1909; Turstig, J. 1886. Includes Gallus. Spitzer, A. 1921. Larus. Graper, L. 1907. Pas- ser. Schockaert, A. 1909. VaneUus. *Fuchs, F. 1924. Includes Vanellus. Spitzer, A. 1921. Embryonic duality of heart. Gallus. Dareste, C. 1866b, 1877a, 1889b, 1890a. Heart and great vessels connecting with it. Lindes, G. 1865. Tissue culture. Gallus. Rumianzew, A. 1922, 1927. Development of parts and tissue Bulbus cordis. Includes Gallus. *Langer, A. 1895. Cardiac jelly. Gallus. Davis, C. L. 1924. Chorio-allantoic grafts of blastoderm containing heart rudiment. Gallus. 'Wfflier, B. H. & Rawles, M. E. 1931a. Ductus arteriosus absent. Gallus. Kern, A. 1926. Elastic tissue. Gallus. Rizzo, A. 1901. Endocardium. Factors producing thickening. Gallus. Chang, C. 1932. Foramen ovale. Many species. Maggi, L. 1879. Gallus. Kern, A. 1926. Interatrial septum. Gallus. Chang, C. 1931a; Patten, B. M. 1925. Mesentery. Columba & Corvus. Robert, H. L. 1837. Muscle. Gallus. Chiarugi, G. 1887. Myocardium at stage of first con- tractions in embryo. Includes Gallus. Bruno, G. 1918. Myofibrillae. Gallus. Levi, G. 1922b; Olivo, O. 1924a. Pericardium. Includes Gallus. Uskov, N. V. 1883. Septa. Gallus. Takahashi, S. 1923. Sinoatrial region. Gallus. Quiring, D. P. 1933. Tissue culture. Gallus. Rumianzew, A. 1922, 1927. PHYSIOLOGY OF HEART Books. Text in French. Bernard, C. 1858, vol. 2, p. 394. Includes birds. Sabatier, C. P. 1873b. General. Murata, T. 1930. Many species. Loer, F. 1911. Birds inci- dental. Pohlman, A. G. 1914; Ziegler, H.E.1915. Anas. *Kahn, R. H. 1915; Rubbrecht, R. 1898. Anser. Rubbrecht, R. 1898. Columba. Dogiel, J. 1910; *Kahn, R. H. 1915; Wagner, R. 1860. Gallus. *Kahn, R. H. 1915; Steno, D. N. 1673a. Mekagris. Rubbrecht, R. 1898. Temperature effect on metabolism of cardiac muscle. Includes Columba & Gallus. Hess, W. R. & Ryffel, W. 1923. Contractions Rate. Many species. Buchanan, F. 1909, 1911; Stuebel, H. 1910a. Fal- cones. Sumner, E. L. 1933. Temperature effects. Includes Co- lumba & Gallus. Hess, W. R. & Ryffel, W. 1923. PROPAGATION AND CONDUCTION OF CONTRACTION WAVES General. Gallus. Firket, P. 1912. Myogenic theory of contraction waves. Includes birds. Lange, W. 1914. Origin. Anas, Anser, & Gallus. Mangold, E. & Toyojiro, K. 1914a. Heart BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 260 Atrioventrlcular bundle function General. Gallus. *Mangold, E. & Toyojiro, K. 1914b. Purkinje fibers, function. Many species. Holmes, A. H. 1923. Electrocardiograph studies General. Anas, Columba, & Gallus. *Kahn, R. H. 1915; Mangold, E. 1919. Form of electrocardiogram. Many species. Buchanan, F. 1909. Wild and tame birds compared. Anas. Buchanan, F. 1913. VAGUS NERVE ACTION See also under Nervous system. General. Wagner, R. 1854. Anser. *Einbrodt, P. 1859. Columba. *Jiir- gens, H. 1909; Wagner, R. 1860. In- cludes Columba. Knoll, P. 1897. Gal- lus. *Einbrodt, P. 1859. Drug effects. Gallus. Gibbs, 0. S. 1926. Stimulation. Budge, J. 1860. Embryonic heart General. Gallus. Cesana, G. 1911- 12; Fano, A. 1885; Fano, G. & Badano, F. 1890. CONTRACTIONS General. Gallus. Romanoff, A. L. 1929e. Abnormal. Gallus. Fere, C. 18951. Coefficients. Gallus. Cesana, G. 1911-12. Form of electrocardiogram. Gallus. Wertheim-Salomonson, J. K. 1913. Period of contractions after opening egg. Gallus. Gerlach, L. 1886. Very early observation. Gallus. Book. Text in English. Aristotle 1910. Development General. Gallus. Johnstone, P. N. 1925; Olivo, 0. 1924c, 1925c; Patten, B. M. & Kramer, T. C. 1933. Chronicity. Columba & Gallus. Olivo, O. 1926. Fragments in tissue culture General. Gallus. Bucciante, L. 1927; Cohn, A. E. 1925b; Levaditi, C. & Mutermilch, S. 1913; Rumianzew, A. 1927. Synchronous pulsation of two heart fragments. Gallus. Fischer, A. 1924b. Temperature characteristic for con- traction rate of isolated fragments. Gallus. Murray, H. A. 1926d. ' Rate of contraction General. Gallus. Cohn, A. E. 1925a. Effect of temperature. Gallus. Ohara, Y. 1923; Lewis, W. H. 1924. Temperature characteristic. Gallus. Cohn, A. E. 1928. Rhythm General. Gallus. Lewis, W. H. 1924. Isolated heart muscle cells. Myo- genic origin. Gallus. Burrows, M. T. 1912. Pharmacologic experiments General. Gallus. Cyrillo, L. 1901; Pickering, J. W. 1893. Effects of calcium and potassium salts on contraction rate of embryonic heart. Gallus. Olivo, 0. 1924b. Fibroblasts of embryonic heart. Ex- perimental treatment with hypo- and hypertonic solutions. Gallus. Hogue, M. J. 1919. Stimuli Differentiation. Gallus. Cohn, A. E. 1925b. Electrical. Gallus. Bloch, H. 1888; Johnstone, P. N. 1925. Includes Gal- lus. Pickering, J. W. 1896. SIZE Measurements. Bellinger, 0. 1894; Loer, F. 1911; Parrot, C. 1893; Piaz, A. M. 1911a. CORRELATIONS AND RELATIONS OF SIZE TO Body weight. Includes birds. Gro- ber, J. A. 1913a. Flight. Blanchard, C. E. 1860a. Heart weight. Schenkling-Prev6t, C. 1895a. Load. Gallus. Hesse, R. 1908. Pulse rate compared in wild and tame ducks. Buchanan, F. 1913. 261 SUBJECT INDEX HYPERTROPHY AND DILATION Heart J ' Anas - Germany. Stresemann, E. 1925a & ps in domesticated HIBERNATION might hibernate in the mud of stream? ponds, etc. This myth has beVn -' ' m disappearing from the lit IN OLD PUBLI- Ancient medicine. Arndt, W. 1925. J. T T A ef f re ^ ces to bird s in Bible. Book. lext in German. Frey, H. H. 1595. in. Hirundinidae. Klein, HYBRIDS See also under Genetics. Text in English. Include ^. R. 1859; Morgan, > " ; Confevron 1922; Alawla arvensis. VafeCka, P. C 1892 Hirundimdae. Aschan, N N 1851 18?s wT' H i, S ' 1923b ' Dutrochet H' 1838; Holme, F. 1845; Lerav A IRQ?.' Lesson, R. p. i 82 5; Maillef C i 897a; Sundeval?" T H 1896 Xt ^ French ' *Suchetet, A. 1888, 1^ G |" nan - Floericke, C. E. E " 1919b ' . Rallus myth. Altum, B. 1865 C . filch man, J 1836; Forster, T I 1*14. Jenner, E. 1824, 1826 ' HISTORY OF ORNITHOLOGY , . Albani, G. 1898; Arrigoni degh Oddi, E. 1887b c 1897h iq9q Berlioz , J/1927; Blaauw, F E.' m?' Blyth, E. 1835b; BrauA, F. 1908a' Braune, . 1910a- Brom 6, C. 1895f. Spiders. Trochilidae & Zosterops. Shuckard, W. E. 1842. Accidents General. Taylor, H. R. 1893a. Automobiles. White, F. B. 1927. Many species. Stoner, D. 1925b. Otus a. asio. Sutton, G. M. 1927c. Picidae. Baldwin, H. I. 1926; Dill, H. R. 1926. Cutting vagus nerve. Columba & Gallus. Anrep, B. 1880. Eating twine. Turdus m. migratorius. Bergtold, W. H. 1927. Forest fires. Bonasa u. umbellus. Richter, C. H. 1925. Fumigation operations. California. Howell, A. B. 1914. Hollow tree. Ducks sometimes unable to get out of hollow tree which they have entered. Mershon, W. B. 1927. Impaling on sharp twigs. Kumlein, A. J. 1876. Niagara Falls. Swimming birds. Cole, L. J. 1909b; Phillips, J. C. 1929. Cygnus. Fleming, J. H. 1912. Olor. Evelyn, F. W. 1909. Oil from ships. Collinge, W. E. 1912a; Wilcox, L. 1929. Book. Text in English. Wright, G. M. & Thomp- son, B. H. 1935. Swallowing large number of indi- gestible objects, including nails, but- tons, knife blade, brush, fork, grass, etc. Struthio. Humbert, F. 1798. Too large a beetle swallowed. Kum- lein, A. J. 1876. Trains. Barbour, E. H. 1895. Traps for birds. Destruction or injury. Rowan, W. 1925a. STRIKING BUILDINGS OR WIRES USUALLY IN MIGRATIONS AT NIGHT General. Culver, D. E. 1916. Electric lights. Chubb, H. B. 1884; Dannenhour, F. H. 1889. Lighthouses. Allen, J. A. 1880a; Blasius, R. 1890; Hennicke, C. R. 1914; Lewis, H. F. 1927a. Telegraph wires. Aldrich, C. 1877a; Armistead, J. J. 1881; Barbour, E. H. 1895; Coues, E. B. 1876a; Crette" de Palluel, A. 1889; Gunn, T. E. 1866a; Kettner, T. 1870; Liebe, K. T. 1882; Martin, L. 1870b. Telephone wires. Bloeker, J. C. 1927. Phalacrocorax. Towers City hall tower. Slaughter, & Baily, W. L. 1901-02. Electrified towers. Noble, G. 1885. Statue of Liberty and Washington Monument. Anon. 1887b. Asphyxiation General. Bert, P. 1872. Experimental asphyxia. Includes birds. Veratti, J. 1773. Bad weather General. Woodruff, E. S. 1907. Sea birds. Patten, C. J. 1900. Hirun- dinidae. Briggs, J. J. 1855. Excessive rains. Bowdish, B. S. 1904b. Freezing over of Lake Cayuga. Anatidae. Cahn, A. R. 1912. Severe winter weather. Bunyard, P. F. 1917a, b; Crette" de Palluel, A. 1899a; Jourdain, F. C. & Witherby, H. F. 1918; Moffat, C. B. 1917; Wallis, H. M. 1917; Whitney, E. R. 1893. Sudden cold in summer. Fitzher- bert-Brockholes, W. 1886. STORMS General. Bates, E. R. 1927; Lyell, J. C. 1872; Rice, J. H. 1924; Saunders, W. E. 1907, 1930; Wayne, A. T. 1894. Include birds. Gray, R. 1881, 1885. Sea birds. Nelson, T. H. 1914; Tuck, J. G. 1894. Young water birds. Reagan, A. B. 1910. Calcarius I. lap- ponicus. Roberts, T. S. 1907. Comp- sothlypidae. Sherman, A. R. 1916. 313 SUBJECT INDEX Mortality Turdus m. migratorius. Childs, J. L. 1913. Vanellus. Harvie-Brown, J. A. 1899a. Lightning. Gurney, J. H. Jr. 1907; Jourdain, F. C. 1907a; Leege, O. 1900. Anserinae. Portal, M. 1913. Snow storm. Austrian Alps. Many species. Tratz, E. P. 1921. During migration flight General. Hancock, J. L. 1888a. Severe storm. Deane, R. 1914. During migration over Baltic Sea. Thienemann, J. 1925. Large lake. Deane, R. 1880. Hall stones General. Felger, A. H. 1903a. Measurements and weights of hail stones. Martin, P. 1907. Poisoning by Bitter almonds. Sudden death. Serinus. Diirr, G. T. 1694. Daubentonia. Poultry. Shealy, A. L. & Thomas, E. F. 1928. Food. Shore birds. Austin, 0. L. Jr. & Sr. 1931. Lead. Water birds. Wetmore, A. 1918c. Anatidae. McAtee, W. L. 1908b. Quinine, minimum lethal dose of. Includes Gallus. Maurel, E. 1902. Rattlesnakes. Aphelocoma califor- nica woodhousei. Woodbury, A. M. 1933. Rose chafer beetles. Neurotoxin present. Gallus. Lamson, G. H. 1915, 1922. Strychnine. Falck, F. A. 1899. EATING POISON INTENDED FOR PESTS IN AGRICULTURE General. McAtee, W. L. 1917c. Arsenic used in poisoning grass- hoppers. Whitehead, F. E. 1934. Strychnine. Lophortyx c. californica. Pierce, C. C. & Clegg, M. T. 1915, 1916. Predatory animals General. Woodruff, E. S. 1907. Birds. Pica & Carine. Veveran, I. 1909. Cats. Forbush, E. H. 1916. Squirrels and Garrulinae. Bock- mann, F. 1877; Gentry, T. G. 1873. Starvation General. Newman, E. 1867. Asio brachyotus. Service, R. 1894. Cardue- lis. Hartmann, P. J. 1694. Otus a. asio. Sutton, G. M. 1927c. Petro- chelidon. Kimball, F. H. 1889. Youngest nestlings getting little food because older and stronger nest- lings get it. Dunlop, E. B. 1912. EMBRYO MORTALITY General. Dunlop, E. B. 1910; Hannas, R. R. 1917; Ingersoll, A. M. 1913. Gallus. Hutt, F. B. 1929d; Hutt, F. B. & Pilkey, A. M. 1930. Factors General. Many species. Lincoln, F. C. 1931. Gallus. Dunn, L. C. 1924e; Lewis, H. R. 1919; Sanctuary, W. C. 1925. Asphyxia. Eggs retained abnormally in oviduct. Riddle, 0. 1923e. Effect of humidity. Gallus. Roman- off, A. L. 1929c. Time of distribution. Gallus. Payne, L. F. 1919. YOUNG BIRDS General. Ingersoll, A. M. 1913; Tobias, L. 1852. Cuculus. Owen, J. H. 1913a. Gallus. Dearstyne, R. S., Kaupp, B. F., & Wilfong, H. S. 1929; Graham, C. K. 1906; Kaupp, B. F. 1916. Lents argentatus. Dutcher, W. & Baily, W. L. 1903; Strong, R. M. 1914, 1923a; Ward, H. L. 1906a. High mortality among young at breeding places. Sterna. Galloway, A. R. & Thomson, A. L. 1914. MYOLOGY Intrinsic muscles of various organs are included in the sections for such struc- tures. For the functions of voluntary muscles, see under Locomotion. Books. Text in Dutch. Man, J. G. 1873. Myology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 314 Text in English. Owen, R. 1866-68. Apertyx. *Owen, R. 1879. Corms corone. Shufeldt, R. W. 1890b. Text in French. Alix, H. E. 1874a; Cuvier, G. L. 1805. Aquila. *Milne- Edwards, A. 1867-71. Text in German. Cuvier, G. L. 1805; Gadow, H. F. 1891d; Merrem, B. 1781. Includes birds. Siebold, K. T. & Stannius, F. H. 1846. Birds incidental. Gurlt, W. 1879. Gallus. Schneider, A. F. 1879; Tiedemann, F. 1810-14. Text in Latin. *Alton, J. S. 1837; Coiter, V. 1575; Schneider, J. G. Vol. 2, page 45, 1788-89. General. Alix, H.E. 1864a, 1867; Da- below, A. 1925 ; Deiters, 0. 1856 ; Forbes, W. A. 1881g; *Furbringer, M. 1888; *Gadow, H. 1882a, 1891a; Vicq d'Azyr, F. 1776-78. Many species. Barkow, H. C. 1829; *Ulrich, C. B. 1875. Includes birds. Humphrey, G. M. 1872. Blood-sucking birds. *Moller,W. 1931. Normal and wingless fowls. Kirkham, W. B. & Haggard, H. W. 1915. Accipitres. Beddard, F. E. 1889d. Aeronautes. Marshall, M. E. 1907. Alca. *Carlsson, A. 1884. Alcedini- dae. Mitchell, P. C. 1901b. Alcedo hispida. Cunningham, R. 0. 1870. Anastomus. Beddard, F. E. 1901e. Aptenodytes patachonica. *Reid, J. 1835. Apteryx. *Owen, R. 1842, 1849. Aquila. Steno, D. N. 1673a, b. Ardeidae. 'Mitchell, P. C. 1913a. Bubo. Marshall, M. E. 1907. Buceros. Owen, R. 1833. Carpophaga latrans. Garrod, A. H. 1878a. Cathartes. Giebel, C. G. 1857a. Ceryle stellata. Cunningham, R. O. 1870. Chauna derbiana. *Garrod, A. H. 1876e. Chun- ga burmeisteri. Beddard, F. E. 1889c. Colius. Py craft, W. P. 1907e. Colum- bae. Mitchell, P. C. 1899. Colymbus. *Coues, E. B. 1867. Coradas garrula. Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1857b. Corvus c. corax. *Klemm, F. 1864. Cuculidae. Beddard, F. E. 1902b. Cygnus. Wiedemann, C. R. 1801. Cypselus apus. Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1857c. Dacelo gigas. Cunningham, R. O. 1870. Eudyptes. "Carlsson, A. 1884. Eurylaemidae. Forbes, W. A. 1880a. Eurylaemus. Garrod, A. H. 1878d. Gallinago. Beddard, F. E. 1901d. Geococcyx. Marshall, M. E. 1907; Shufeldt, R. W. 1886b. Gruiformes. Mitchell, P. C. 1901a. Gypaetos barbatus. Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1866c. Heliornis surinamensis. Beddard, F. E. 1893. In- dicator. Garrod, A. H. 1878c. Lepto- soma. Forbes, W. A. 1880c. Limicolae. *Mitchell, P. C. 1905. Megacephalon maleo. Garrod, A. H. 1878e. Mega- Rodidae. Oustalet, E. 1880a. Mergu- is. *Carlsson, A. 1884. Mormon. *Carlsson, A. 1884. Nothura. Alix, H. E. 1874b. Opisthocomus cristatus. Mitchell, P. C. 1896a; Perrin, J. B. 1877. Parridae [Jacanidae]. Forbes, W. A. 1881e. Phoenicopterus. Weldon, W.F. 1883. Picidae. Burt, W.H. 1930. Plotus. *Garrod, A. H. 1876c, 1878b. Podoa surinamensis. Giebel, C. G. 1861b. Psarisomus. Garrod, A. H. 1878d. Pseudocalyptomena. Lowe, P. R. 1931. Psittaci. Mudge, G. P. 1897; Nitzsch, C. L. 1859; Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1862c. Psittacidae. Giebel, C. G. 1862. Psophia crepitans. Traill, T. S. 1826. Pterocles. Gadow, H. F. 1882c. Rhea. Gadow, H. F. 1885; Haughton, S. 1867c. Speotyto. Shufeldt, R. W. 1889b. Spheniscidae. Filhol, H. 1883d; *Gervais, F. L. & Alix, E. 1877. Sphenisciformes. Lowe, P. R. 1933a. Spheniscus demer- sus. Smith, J. W. 1891. Steatornis. Garrod, A. H. 1873c. Strepera. Leach, J. A. 1914. Strix. Heusinger, K. F. 1822b. Struthio. Garrod, A. H. & Darwin, F. 1872; Haughton, S. 1867a, c; Sloane, H. 1724. Thalassidroma. Forbes, W. A. 1881h. Trochilus colu- bris. Crisp, E. 1862b. Upupa epops. Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1857d. Vultur fulvus. Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1863. Development. Apteryx. Parker, T. J. 1892a. Gallus. Maj, A. 1901; Olivo, 0. 1924c, 1925a, c; Paterson, A. M. 1887. Strigidae. *Muller, W. 1907. Includes birds. Schneider, A. F. 1876. Dissection of entire bird showing muscles. Columba. Book. Text in Ger- man. *Vogt, C. C. & Yung, E. 1888-94. Spinal muscles. Book. Text in English. Milne-Edwards, A. 1867-71. Taxonomic considerations of muscle. Shufeldt, R. W. 1887b. Many species. Shufeldt, R. W. 1887J. Attagis. Gar- rod, A. H. 1877c. Eurylaemus. Gar- rod, A. H. 1878d. Passeres. *Garrod, A. H. 1876g. Thinocorus. Garrod, A. H. 1877c. 315 SUBJECT INDEX Myology AXIAL MUSCLES Cervical muscles General. *Boas, J. E. 1929; Kul- czycki, W. 1908. Bucerotidae. Des- selberger, H. 1930a. Plotus. Doenitz, F. C. 1873; Forbes, W. A. 1882k; Virchow, H. J. 1917b. Rhea. Virchow, H. J. 1917a. Rhytidoceros. Dessel- berger, H. 1930a. Includes birds. Strong, R. M. 1915a. Laryngeal muscles. Casuarius. Th6- bault, V. 1891. Many species. Yarrell, W. 1833b. STERNO-TRACHEAL MUSCLES These muscles extend variably along the trachea in different groups. When a portion of the trachea enters bone, these muscles leave the trachea but rejoin it when it emerges. General. Maynard, C. J. 1889f. Many species, Yarrell, W. 1833b. Campethera. Steinbacher, J. 1935. Casuarius. Thebault, V. 1891; Wede- meyer, G. 1824. Crax yarrellii. Yarrell, W. 1831e. Dendropicus. Steinbacher, J. 1935. Erismatura jamaicensis. Wet- more, A. I917c. Ourax mitu. Yarrell, W. 1831d. Thripias. Steinbacher, J. 1935. Head muscles Book. Text in German. *Lakjer, T. 1926. General. Bittner, H. 1925b. Includes birds. Kaczander, J. 1889. Spheniscidae. Filhol, H. 1883c. Tringa. Pycraft, W. P. 1893a. Development. Includes Anas. Futa- mura, R. 1907. Gallus. *Edgeworth, F. H. 1907; Kaczander, J. 1885. Larus ridibundus. *Matys, V. 1908. Passer. Futamura, R. 1907. Morphology. Include Gallus. Edge- worth, F. H. 1907, 1911. Muscles innervated by trigeminal nerve. Includes birds. Book. Text in German. "Lakjer, T. 1926. Orbit muscles. Larus ridibundus. *Matys, V. 1908. Posterior head muscles. Chappuis, . 1877. Subhyoid region. Birds incidental. Chaine, J. 1902. BEAK MUSCLES General. HeYissant, F. D. 1752. Loxia. *Duerst, U. 1909; Yarrell, W. 1829. Entotympanic muscle. Function in control of flexible part of beak. Gal- linago. Workman, W. H. 1907b. Jaw muscles. Include birds. Du- becq, J. 1925; Teutleben, F. E. 1874. Birds incidental. Gregory, W. K. & Adams, L. A. 1915. Includes Gallus. Kaczander, J. 1889. Depressor of mandible General. Chrysalis. Chaine, J. 1901b. Colymbus. Chaine, J. 1901a. Includes birds. *Chaine, J. 1905b. Tendons. Psittacidae & Sturnus. Chaine, J. 1903b. Hyoid muscles General. Many species. Duvernoy, G. L. 1835a; Zavattari, E. 1911. Casuarius. Thebault, V. 1891. Cor- vus, Fringilla, & Parus. S., . 1854. Pelecanus. Alix, H. E. 1877. Infrahyoid muscles. Anas, Buteo, Chrysotis, Columba, Corvus, Gallus, & Picus. Rouviere, H. 1906. EYE MUSCLES Development. Anas. *Rex, H. 1901b. Gallus. Adelmann, H. B. 1927. Larus. *Rex, H. 1914, 1924. Extrinsic muscles. Burhard, O. 1902; Mery, J. 1733c. Includes Gallus. Corning, H. K. 1902. Anser, Corvus, Gallus, & Meleagris. Barkard, O. 1902. Larus ridibundus. *Matys, V. 1908. Meleagris. Schlemm, F. 1834. Eye lids. Struthio. Stibbe, E. P. 1928. TONGUE MUSCLES These muscles are intimately related to the hyoid muscles. Chaine, J. 1904c, 1905a. Acanthorhynchus. Lucas, F. A. 1894c. Alca. Chaine, J. 1904b. Casuarius. ThSbault, V. 1891. Coereba coerulea & C. cyanea. Lucas, F. A. 1894c. Corvus. S., . 1854. Den- droica. Lucas, F. A. 1894c. Fal- conidae. Greschik, E. 1928. Fringilla. S., . 1854. Fulica. Chaine, J. 1904b. Glossoptila. Lucas, F. A. 1894c. Mer- gus. Chaine, J. 1904b. Parus. S., . 1854. Podiceps. Chaine, J. 1904b. Psittaci. *Mudge, G. P. 1897, 1902. Myology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 316 Struthio. Chaine, J. 1904b. Trochili- dae. Lucas, F. A. 1892b. Branching of muscles in tongue. Gallus incidental. Rippmann, T. 1862. Development. Anas. Kallius, E. 1905. Melopsittacus. Kallius, E. 1906. Passer. Kallius, E. 1905. M. glosso-hyoideus. Many species. Chaine, J. 1905a. M. mylohyoideus. Many species. Chaine, J. 1899a, b. Trunk muscles General. Many species. *Magnus, H. F. 1867. Anas. Lateral view pictures. *Magnus, H. F. 1867. Columba. Good illustrations. Magnus, H. F. 1869. Includes Corvus. Sioli, E. 1875. Includes Gallus. Maurer, F. 1894. Diaphragm muscle. See under Res- piratory organs: Oblique septum. Tigri, A. 1871. M. trapezius. Birds incidental. Nishi, S. 1922. Respiratory muscles. Headley, F. W. 1893b. Many species. *Zimmer, K. 1935a. Ventral trunk muscles. Develop- ment. Anas & Gallus. Fischel, A. 1895. CAUDAL AND ANAL MUSCLES General. Meleagris & Pavo. Porta, A. 1908. Caudal region muscles. Birds inci- dental. Kaestner, S. 1892. Many species. Marshall, W. A. 1872a. Gallinae. Crisp, E. 1860. Caudal muscles. Colymbus & Cuculus. Paris, P. 1913. Gallus. *Toit, P. J. 1913. Pavo. Heming, G. C. 1844. Puffinus & Trypanocorax. Paris, P. 1913. Development. Kaestner, S. 1892. Myology in rumplessness. Gallus. Landauer, W. & Dunn, L. C. 1925. INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES General. Magnus, H. F. 1868. Attachments to uncinate processes. Behrens, W. 1880. PELVIC MUSCLES General. Birds incidental. Kaestner, S. 1892. Anas. *Liebe, W. 1914. Dromaeus [Dromiceius] novae-hol- landiae. Haughton, S. 1867b. Eudyptes. *Grunert, P. 1906. Gallus. Marcucci, E. 1924. Ratitae. Fine illustrations. *Gadow, H. F. 1880. Rhea. Haugh- ton, S. 1867c. Struthio. Romer, A. S. 1923. Includes Struthio. Gregory, W. K. & Camp, C. L. 1918. SYRINX MUSCLES General. Cuvier, G. L. 1802; Cyn- thius, H. 1848; Herre, R. 1859. Buce- rotidae. Beddard, F. E. 1889b. Casu- arius. Wedemeyer, G. 1824. Passeres. *Setterwall, C. G. 1901. Many species. Rethi, L. 1908, 1923. Development and structure. Many species. *Wunderlich, L. 1886. FLIGHT MUSCLES (SHOULDER AND WING MUSCLES) Books. Text in French. Alix, H. E. 1874a. Text in German. Buteo & Struthio. Pfeiffer, H. 1854. Text in Latin. Fabricius ab Aqua- pendente, H. 1618a. General. Alix, H. E. 1874e, 1875a; Buchet, G. 1885, 1888, 1892; Chabrier, J. 1829; Garrod, A. H. 1875e; Heu- singer, K. F. 1820; Jovanowitsch, M. 1876; Menier, F. 1913. Many species. *Fiirbringer, M. 1902; L'Herminier, F. J. 1827; *Rudinger, N. 1868, Schoepss, C. G. 1829a, b; Stejneger; L. H. 1887a, 1888, 1889; Strasser, H. 1877; Sundevall, C. J. 1843, 1886; Sy, M. 1936; Young, J. 1872. Accipiter. Rolleston, G. 1869. Aero- nautes. Marshall, M. E. 1907. Anas. Selenka, E. 1870a. Aquila. Strasser, H. 1886. Ardea. Lauth, E. A. 1830. Bradypterus. Pycraft, W. P. 1910b. Bubo. Marshall, M. E. 1907. Chryso- tis aestiva. Thuet, M. J. 1838. Columba. MacGillivray, W. 1837-52. Selenka, E. 1870a; Strasser, H. 1886. Coracorni- thes. *Buri, R. O. 1900. Corvus. Amans, P. C.1913b. Didunculus. Selen- ka, E.1870a. Diomedea. Hector, J. 1895. Dromiceius. Rolleston, G. 1869. Eudyp- tes. Hillel, E. 1904. Gallinae. Rol- leston, G. 1869. Gallus. Selenka, E. 1870a; Strasser, H. 1878, 1886. Geo- coccyx. Marshall, M. E. 1907. Hemi- procne zonaris. Lucas, F. A. 1899b. Larus. Nitzsch, C. L. & Giebel, C. G. 1857a. Lorius ruber. Thuet, M. J. 1838. Meleagris. Amans, P. C. 1913b. 317 SUBJECT INDEX Myology Opisthocomus. Banzhaf, W. 1929; Perrin, J. B. 1877. Pezoporus. Hector, J. 1895. Psittacus. Kuhlmann, H. 1842; Selenka, E. 1870a. Psittacus chinensis. Thuet, M. J. 1838. Strin- gops. Hector, J. 1895. Struthio. Rol- leston, G. 1869. Tubinares [Procel- lariiformes]. 'Forbes, W. A. 1882n; Reinhardt, J. T. 1873b. Development. Schestakowa, G. S. 1927. Fine illustrations. Many species. Jager, G. 1857. Nomenclature. Coues, E. B. 1888b. Relation in form to wing area. Marey, E. J. 1869a. Depressors Eight to fifteen times heavier than elevators. Houssay, F. & Magnan, A. 1911. M. deltoideus. Micropodidae. Lucas, F. A. 1896b. Mm. dermo-tensor patagii General. Shufeldt, R. W. 1887c. Taxonomic consideration. Shufeldt, R. W. 1887b. Pectoral muscles General. Fabricius ab Aquapen- dente, H. 1618a. WEIGHT RELATIONS TO Manner of flight. Many species. Magnan, A. 1913g. Power of flight. Edwards, C. L. 1886. Wing area. Houssay, F. & Magnan, A. 1911. Shoulder muscles General. Fiirbringer, M. 1885b, 1886; Retzius, A. A. 1842a. Tendons of wing muscles General. Many species. Robin, C. P. & Chabry, L. M. 1884. Procel- lariidae. Reinhardt, J. T. 1873b. Structure, gross and microscopic, of tendon of anterior patagium. Anser. Romankewitsch, N. A. 1930. LIMB MUSCLES General. Many species. Schroder van der Kolk, J. L. & Vrolik, W. 1848; Sundevall, C. J. 1856. Include birds. Macalister, A. 1868, 1869, 1875-77. Columbidae. Haswell, W. A. 1879, 1883a, b, c. Phaethon. Beddard, F. E. 1897b. Phalaenoptilus. Marshall, M. E. 1906. Rhynchotus rufescens. Alix, H. E. 1876. Scopus. Beddard, F. E. 1884. Tubinares [Procellariiformes]. *Forbes, W. A. 1882n. Zeledonid. Py- craft, W. P. 1905d. Development. Anas & Gallus. Fischel, A. 1895. Flexor muscles Homologies. Includes birds. Mac- alister, A. 1868. Perforated flexor muscles. Mitchell, P. C. 1894a. Tendons. Macropteryx. Lucas, F. A. 1895b. Leg muscles, including thigh and foot Book. Text in French. Alix, H. E. 1875a. General. Alix, H. E. 1866; Beddard, F. E. 1914. Many species. *Quen- nerstedt, A. 1872. Birds incidental. Chaine, J. 1910; Focacci, M. 1902. Aquila. Alix, H. E. 1864b. Bradyp- terus. Pycraft, W. P. 1910b. Buteo. Neander, E. 1875. Cuculidae. Bed- dard, F. E. 1885d, 1902b. Dromaeus [Dromiceius] novae-hollandiae. Haugh- ton, S. 1867b. Eudyptes. *Grunert, P. 1906. Hemiprocne zonaris. Lucas, F. A. 1899b. Megapodius. Flynn, T. T. 1910. Meleagris. *Petit, M. 1925. Opisthocomus cristatus. Mitchell, P. C. 1896a ; Perrin, J. B. 1877. Parus atrica- pillus. Palmgren, P. 1932. Pele- canoides. Garrod, A. H. 1881. Peleca- nus. Alix, H. E. 1877. Ratitae. Handsome plates. *Gadow, H. 1880. Regulus r. regulus. Palmgren, P. 1932. Rhea. Alix, H. E. 1874h; Haughton, S. 1867c. Attachments well illustrated. Dro- maeus [Dromiceius] novae-hollandiae. Haughton, S. 1867b, c. THIGH MUSCLES General. *Garrod, A. H. 1873a, 1874b. Many species. Garrod, A. H. 1873b. Gallus. Marcucci, E. 1924. Passer domesticus. Menier, F. 1912. Development. Gallus. *Romer, A. S. 1927. Myology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 318 M. amhlens General. Columbae. Garrod, A. H. 1874d. Absence or presence. Ciconiae. Garrod, A. H. 1877b. Psittacidae. Garrod, A. H. 1874e. Taxonomic consideration. Columbi- dae. Garrod, A. H. 1875a. Variation. Opisthocormis cristatus. Mitchell, P. C. 1896a. LEG MUSCLES AND TENDONS Deep flexor tendons. Macropteryx. Lucas, F. A. 1895b. Perforated flexor tendons. Mitchell, P. C. 1894b. Peroneal muscles. Mitchell, P. 'C. 1913b. FOOT MUSCLES AND TENDONS General. Alix, H. E. 1874e; Lucas, F. A. 1894a; Mitchell, P. C. 1894b. Gallus. Kaufmann-Wolf, M. 1908. Nycticorax. Resler, A. 1896. Hyperdactyl foot. Gallus. Gronberg, G. 1894; Kaufmann-Wolf, M. 1908. Tendons. Histology. Buteo, Co~ lumba, Corvus, Numenius, Passer, Scolo- pax, Sula, & Tetrao. Schaffer, J. 1903. Toe muscles. Kopperi, A. J. 1928. PLANTAR TENDONS General. Macropterygidae. *Gar- rod, A. H. 1875b. Deep plantar tendons. Galbulidae. Miller, W. D. 1919a. Trochilidae. Gadow, H. F. 1895; Lucas, F. A. 1895d. MORPHOLOGY OF MUSCLE Cardiac (heart) muscle Histogenesis. Marceau, F. 1903; Shipley, P. G. 1916. Gallup. Assaky, G. 1883; Clarke, J. L. 1862; *Schlater, G. G. 1907; *Wieman, H. L. 1907. Histology. Many species. Marceau, F. 1902, 1903. Include Columba. Gastaldi, D. B. 1861; Lebert, H. 1849a. Trochilus. *Jordan, H. E. 1911. CYTOLOGY Cytoreticulum. Gallus. H. L. 1907. Intercalated discs. Trochilus. Jor- dan, H. E. 1911. Includes Trochilus. Jordan, H. E. & Steele, K. B. 1912. Myofibrillae. Embryo. Gallus. Levi, G. 1922b, 1923; Wieman, H. L. 1907. Experimental General. Anas, Columba, Gallus, & Meleagris. Kato, Y. 1928. Tissue culture. Embryo heart. Gal- lus. Levi, G. 1922b, 1923. Skeletal muscle General. Keibel, F. 1914. Chloris, Gallus, & Passer. Schiefferdecker, P. 1913. Degeneration following lesions of vestibular apparatus. Columba. So- prana, F. 1907. Form, endings, and relations. In- cludes Passer. Gage, S. P. 1888. Measurements of fibers of skeletal muscle. Includes Carduelis. Mayeda, R. 1890. Specific gravity. Columba & Gallus. Carvallo, J. L. & Weiss, G. 1899. White and red muscle compared. Heinroth, O. 1927. Gallus incidental. Meyer, E. 1875. CYTOLOGY General. Fusari, R. 1894. Include birds. Holmgren, A. E. 1907; Kno- blauch, A. 1908, 1912; Lebert, H. 1849b; Schneider, A. F. 1876. Columba. Thulin, I. 1915. Gallus incidental. Rippmann, T. 1862. Cytological difference. Includes Co- lumba. Ewald, W. 1912. Gallus. Green, G. D. 1896. Distinction between fibers rich and poor in sarcoplasm. Columba. Prenant, A. 1912. HISTOGENESIS General. Tello, J. F. 1922a. Anas. Kaestner, S. 1890. Gallus. *Duesberg, J. 1909, 1910; Engert, H. 1900; Kaestner, S. 1890; Meves, F. 1909; Mlodowska, J. 1909; Schlater, G. G. 1905, 1906. Include Gallus. Braid- wood, P. M. 1866; Clarke, J. L. 1862; 'Lebert, H. 1849a; Rouget, C. 1862b. Myofibrillae. Gallus. Collado, A. C. 1925. Wieman, Smooth muscle See also under various organs that contain smooth muscle. General. Helm, A. F. 1884, 1886. Otis. Murie, J. 1869. 319 SUBJECT INDEX Myology Air sacs. Includes Gallus. Piso- Borme, G. 1870. Amnion. Gallus. Verzar, F. 1908. Blood vessels, development. Muller, E. 1888. Dilator pupillae. Anas & Columba. *Zietzschmann, O. 1909. Reproductive organs. Columba & Gallus. Aeby, C. T. 1859. Sphincter of iris. Structure of fibers. Grynfeltt, E. 1905b. INTEGUMENTAL SMOOTH MUSCLE General. Many species. *Helm, A. F. 1884, 1886. Includes many species. Seuffert, L. 1862. Lophorina superba. Viallane, H. 1878b. Uropygeal gland. Many species. Kossmann, R. 1871. Feather muscle General. "Langley, J. N. 1904. Many species. *Helm, A. F. 1884, 1886. Apteryx. Owen, R. 1842. Columba. Langley, J. N. 1902. Para- disea. Pycraft, W. P. 1905b. Sphenis- ciformes. Lowe, P. R. 1933a. Innervation General. Meleagris. Jegorow, J. 1890. Center in cerebral cortex. Gallus. Weber, E. 1906. STOMACH AND INTESTINE General. Columba & Gallus. Lelievre, A. & Retterer, E. 1909. Gizzard. Chloris, Gallus, & Passer. Soli, U. 1906. PHYSIOLOGY General. Columba. Schwarzkopf, E. 1908. Changes in inanition. Columba & Corvus. Eichhorst, H. L. 1879. Degeneration. Embryo. Gallus. Hunt, E. A. 1932. Hemoglobin in muscle tissue. Gallus. Kennedy, R. P. & Whipple, G. H. 1928. Lactic acid, formation in muscles. Columba & Gallus. Schmitt-Krahmer, C. 1927. Metabolism of tonic and atonic mus- cle. Mtindelein, J. 1932. Relation between amount of catalase and work done. Includes Columba. Burge, W. E. 1916. Respiratory muscle. Contractions in- hibited by stimulation of central end of vagus nerve. Gallus. Meyer, A. L. 1916-17. Atrophy After ablation of semicircular canals. Columba. Soprana, F. 1905, 1906. Due to experimental lesion of semi- circular canals. Columba. Soprana, F. 1907. Functions In flight. M. pectoralis. Brearey, F. W. 1882. Leg muscles. Rhea. Haughton, S. 1867c. M. ambiens. Columba, Corvus, Ibididae, Pavo, Psittacus, & Strigidae. Brauer, A. 1911. Respiratory muscles. Many species. *Zimmer, K. 1935a. Xiphoid bone, muscles attached to. Pelecanus [Phalacrocorax] carbo. Yar- rell, W. 1828a. Mechanics of muscle action General. Haughton, S. 1867b, c. Action in perching. Watson, M. 1869. Leg. Anser, Anthropoides, & Falco. Haughton, S. 1867d. Branta, Dro- miceius, Falco, Megalornis, Rhea, & Struthio. Haughton, S. 1867b, c. Measurements of power. Gallus. Chaine, J. 1920b. Neck. Action of bones and muscles. Rhytidoceros. Desselberger, H. 1930a. Pelvis. Rhea. Haughton, S. 1867c. Struthio. Haughton, S. 1867a, b. Respiratory muscles. Includes birds. Siefert, E. 1896. CONTRACTIONS First contractions. Embryo. Gallus. Olivo, O. 1924c, 1925c. Stimulus rhythm, effects. Includes Columba. Gildemeister, M. 1910b. Temperature effects. Includes Co- lumba & Gallus. Hess, W. R. & Ryffel, W. 1923. Mythology BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 320 MYTHOLOGY See also under Hibernation and History of Ornithology. Books. Text in English. British birds. Ingersoll, E. 1923; Swann, H. K. 1913. General. Pavo. Santini de Riols, E. N. 1907. Cock with human profile. Gallus. George, M. 1890. Egg-carrying. Columba /. fasciata. Swarth, H. S. 1912b. Native folk lore and superstitions. Madagascar. Sibree, J. 1891. Serpent in egg. Paullin, C. F. 1706. Superstitions connected with appear- ance of various birds as prognosticators. Johnson, H. H. 1899. White feathers due to pain. Gallus. Anon. 1890b. MEDICINE Medicinal virtues. Includes birds. Names of species in English, Irish, .and Latin. Book. Text in English. Keogh, J. 1739. Text in Latin. Keogh, J. 1739. Parts of birds in materia medica. Schenkling-PreV6t, C. 1895b. Swallow's herb. Harting, J. E. 1867^ Swallow-stones having medicinal use. Calcareous opercula of Turba found in nests of swallows. Harting, J. E. 1867; Lebour, G. A. 1866. NATURAL HISTORY This section includes miscellaneous publications that deal with the activi- ties of birds and were not easily clas- sified under Behavior, Ecology, and Habits. These subjects should be consulted, however, for natural history items. Books. Bible. Scheuchzer, J. J.1731- 35. Text in Danish. Schi01er, E. T. 1925-31. Text in Dutch. Leeuwenhoek, A. 1686; Nylandt, P. & Hextor, J. 1672; Thijsse, J. P. 1906. Text in English. Albin, E. 1740; Allen, G. M. 1925; Catesby, M. 1731- 43; Chisholm, A. H. 1935; Darwin, C. R. 1878; Davis, J. R. 1903; Edwards, G. 1743-51; Evans, A. H. 1909; Fitz- Simons, F. W. 1923; Harvie-Brown, J. A. & Buckley, T. E. 1895; Headley, F. W. 1895b; Herrick, F. H. 1902; Jardine, W. 1833-43; Knowlton, F. H. 1909; Langille, J. H. 1884; Lewin, J. W. 1838; Morris, F. O. 1875; Nicholson, E. M. 1927; Plinius, C. 1585; See- bohm, H. 1882d; Stanley, E. 1848; Wilson, A. & Bonaparte, C. L. 1831. Diving birds. Dewar, J. M. 1924. Nestling birds. Wheelock, I. G. 1902. Predatory birds. Blanchan, N. 1898. Waterfowl. Pirnie, M. D. 1935. Anatidae. Millais, J. G. 1902b; Phillips, J. C. 1922-26. Colinus. *Stoddard, H. L. 1925b, 1926b, 1931. Columbidae. Selby, P. J. 1843. Cygnus columbianus. Cooke, T. 1823. Gruidae. Blaauw, F. E. 1897. Haliaeetus. Gilbert, H. A. & Brook, A. 1925. Pandion. Abbott, C. G. 1911. Phalacrocorax auritus. Lewis, H. F. 1929. Phasianidae. *Beebe, C. W. 1926. Plautus impennis. Townsend, C. W. 1911a. Struthio. Martin, A. 1891. Text in French. Bory de Saint- Vincent, J. B. 1822-31; Boubier, M. 1922; Buffon, G. L. 1770-86; Chenu, J. C. & Verreaux, J. 1862; Cuvier, G. L. 1817; Daudin, F. M. 1800; Drapiez, P. A. 1842; LacSpede, B. G. 1798; Le Maout, J. E. 1853; Lesson, R. P. 1830- 31; Levaillant, F. 1801-02; Quinet, A. 1897. Includes birds. Dictionary. Orbigny, A. C. 1849-61. Casuarius. Perrault, C. 1671. Columbae. Tem- minck, C. J. 1813-15. Didus. Gervais, F. L. 1867-69. Gallinae. Temminck, C. J. 1813-15. Meleagris. Perrault, C. 1671. Paradiseidae. Lesson, R. P. 1834-35. Phoenicurus. Boubier, M. 1925b. Psittaci. Levaillant, F. 1801- 05. Psittacidae. Bourjot Saint-Hilaire, A. 1837-38. Struthio. Perrault, C. 1671. Trochilidae. Lesson, R. P. 1828, 1829-30; Mulsant, M. E. & Verreaux, E. 1873-79; Simon, E. L. 1921. Text in German. Altum, B. 1868; Aristotle 1868; [Brehm, A. E. Tierle- ben]; Brehm, C. L. 1820-22; Gesner, C. 1555, 1600; Hilzheimer, M. & Haempel, 0. 1913; Keller, C. 1905; Klein, J. T. 1760; Meerwarth, H. 1908; Merrem, B. 1788; Naumann, J. A. 1820-47; Naumann, J. F. 1905; Tiedemann, F. 1810-14. Arctic birds. Faber, F. 1825-26. European birds. Gloger, C. 321 SUBJECT INDEX Natural History W. 1834. Swimming birds. Floericke, C. E. 1898. Columbiformes. Reichen- bach, H. G. 1845-62, 1861-62. Text in Italian. Olina, G. P. 1684. Text in Latin. Friedrich II 1596; Gesner, C. 1555; Klein, J. T. 1750; Plinius, C. 1832-34. Text in Swedish. Kolthoff, G. I. & Jagerskiold, L. 1898. Many species. Magnus, O. 1555. General. Barrington, D. 1772; Blake, E. R. 1936a; Brandt, J. F. 1840a; Sokolowski, J. 1934; Ziembicki, W. 1927. Illustrations from beautiful photo- graphs. McClintock, N. 1917. AREAS Africa. Book. Text in French. Levaillant, F. 1799-1808. Dutch East Africa. Schuster, L. 1926a. Eritrea. Boetticher, H. 1920. Madagascar. Sibree, J. 1891. America NORTH AMERICA Books. Text in English. Nehrling, H. 1893-96. Waterfowl. Phillips, J. C. & Lincoln, F. C. 1930. Text in German. Nehrling, H. 1891. General. Falconiformes. Bent, A. C. 1937. Alaska. Book. Text in English. Nelson, E. W. 1887. Canada. Many species. Witchell, C. A. 1896c. Greenland. Book. Text in Danish. Schi01er, E. T. 1925-31. New England. Book. Text in English. Stearns, W. A. 1883-85. United States California. Trochilidae. Woods, R. S. 1927. Yosemite National Park. Grinnell, J. & Storer, T. I. 1924. Kansas. Book. Text in English. Goss, N. S. 1891. Maine. Brewster, W. 1924. Pennsylvania. Wissahickon Hills. Book. Text in English. Weygandt, C. 1930. MIDDLE AMERICA Book. Text in English. Salvin, 0. & Godman, F. D. 1879-1904. SOUTH AMERICA General. Blaauw, F. E. 1921; Wet- more, A. 1926e. Guiana. Book. Text in Dutch. Penard, F. P. & Penard, A. P. 1908-10. Coastal land. British Guiana. Young, C. G. 1928. South Georgia Islands. Szielasko, A. E. 1907. Asia Central Asia. Snigirewski, S. 1. 1928. Japan. Book. Text in English. Uchida, S. & Shimomura, K. 1931. Mesopotamia and Syria. Weigold, H. 1912a. Northwest Persia. Elburz Moun- tains. Heinrich, G. 1928. Europe Book. Text in German. Friderich, C. G. 1923. Denmark. Koefoed, A. 1926; Skov- gaard, P. 1912, 1928a. Book. Text in Danish. Schi01er, E. T. 1925-31. Finland. Nyberg, E. 1915. France. Book. Text in French. Lescuyer, J. F. 1878a. Germany. Holtz, L. 1865; Schneider, J. G. 1786; Stetter, F. W. 1864. Hungary. Zeyk, N. 1920b. Iceland. Book. Text in Danish. Schiller, E. T. 1925-31. Island of Mellum. Near Greenland. Culemann, H. W. 1928. Oceanica AUSTRALIA Victoria. Mattingley, A. H. 1909. NEW ZEALAND Books. Text in English. Buller, W. L. 1882, 1888; Stead, E. F. 1932. Java. Finsch, O. 1906. DIFFERENT BIRDS Acrocephalus palustris. Zimmer- mann, R. 1927. Anatidae. *Heinroth, Natural History BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 322 0. 1912a. Anser. Madarasz, G. 1909. Astur palumbarius. Weckwerth, W. 1925. Campephilus principalis. Has- brouck, E. M. 1891. Ciconia c. ciconia. Schenk, J. 1908a. Ciconia nigra. Montagu, G. 1818. Compsothlypis amer- icana pusilla. Mousley, W. H. 1926. Cuculus. Capek, V. 1926; Gurney, J. H. Jr. 1899; Jenner, E. 1788; Raspail, X. 1921; Walter, A. 1876; Wenzel, K. 1908. Dendroica a. aestiva. Mousley, W. H. 1926. Dichoceros bicornis. Bingham, C. T. 1897. Ectopistes migratorius. Alexander, A. M. 1927. Egretta alba. Warga, K. 1931-34. Falco eleonorae. Kruper, T. J. 1864. Fringilla. Iverus, J. D. 1902. Fringil- lidae. Arinkina, T. & Kolesuikov, I. 1927; Kashkarov, D., Foss, L. P., Rusinova, K. I., Sataeva, Z. L., & Zaruba, E. A. 1926. Gallinago gallinago. Stubbs, F. J. 1911a. Gallinula porzana. Floericke, C. E. 1890a. Gruidae. Blyth, E. 1881. Gypaetus barbatus. Kamner, A. 1922-24. Hirundo. Iverus, J. D. 1902. Ixobrychus. Hocke, H. 1903. Lampronessa sponsa. Heinroth, O.1910a. Lanius. *Miller, A. H. 1931. Larus. Blake-Knox, H. 1866c, 1867b, 1868. Larus r. ridibundus. Stadie, R. 1929. Megapodidae. Oustalet, J. F. 1880a. Meleagris. Wright, A. H. 1914. Melopsittacus. Russ, K. F. 1905. Melospiza. *Nice, M. M. 1934c. Mergus. Christoleit, E. 1927a. Nes- tor notabilis. Marriner, G. R. 1907. Oenanthe leucopyga eagra. Arnault, C. 1926. Oreophasis derbianus. Blake, E. R. 1936b. Pagophila eburnea. Haag, F. 1908. Parus ater. Skovgaard, P. 1928g. Passer domesticus. Mather, F. 1880. Passer montanus. Bieder- mann-Imhoof, R. 1913a. Passerella iliaca. Linsdale, J. M. 1928c. Pele- canus. Burton, E. 1822; Stetter, F. W. 1865. Phalacrocoracidae. Morgan, A. M. 1916a. Phalacrocorax. Blake- Knox, H. 1866a. Pharomacrus mo- cinno. Blake, E. R. 1936b. Phasiani- dae. Ghigi, A. 1903b. Pica. Linsdale, J. M. 1937. Picus major. Harvie- Brown, J. A. 1892a. Pisobia bairdi. Dixon, J. S. 1917. Podiceps. Lonn- berg, A. J. 1919d. Pyrrhula. Iverus, J. D. 1902. Rissa. Blake-Knox, H. 1866d, 1867a, 1870a. Scolopax. Btitow, A. 1909. Seiurus aurocapillus. Mous- ley, W. H. 1926. Serinus. Bolle, C. 1858. Spheniscidae. Bikkessy, G. 1891. Steatornis caripennis. L'Her- minier, F. J. 1834. Sterna paradisea & Sterna sandvicensis. Dircksen, R. 1932. Stringops habroptilus. Potts, T. H. 1873. Strix flammea. Bernhard, & Schneider, W. 1928. Sula [Moris] bas- sana. Cunningham, R. O. 1866. Tetrao. Wurm, W. 1899a. Trypanocorax. Har- per, E. 1905. Urinator arcticus. Zedlitz, O. 1913. Captive predatory birds. Muller, C. 1895a. Deaf when vocal. Anatomical expla- nation. Tetrao urogallus. Graff, L. 1885. Effects of violent storms. Faye, H. 1896. Existence of sea birds relatively safe. Grinnell, J. 1920a. Length of day, effects. Braun, F. 1918b. Parent carrying young. Perdix. Headley, F. W. 1907a. Re'sume' of "De arte venandi cum avibus" by Friedrich II 1596. Haskins, C. H. 1921. Significance of migrations in weather forecasting. Bjerkan